991:. The product would function strictly as an 80286 native-mode (i.e. protected-mode) operating system, allowing users to take full advantage of the protected mode to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086 emulation. This worked on the B-1 prototype step of the chip, but Digital Research discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel would develop a new version of the chip. In August, after extensive testing on E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286 errata, but said that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Nevertheless, in the E-2 step, they implemented minor changes in the
976:(GDT) and assigning them all the same privilege level), this undermined nearly all of the advantages of protected mode except the extended (24-bit) address space. The choice that OS developers faced was either to start from scratch and create an OS that would not run the vast majority of the old programs, or to come up with a version of DOS that was slow and ugly (i.e., ugly from an internal technical viewpoint) but would still run a majority of the old programs. Protected mode also did not provide a significant enough performance advantage over the 8086-compatible real mode to justify supporting its capabilities; actually, except for task switches when multitasking, it yielded only a performance disadvantage, by slowing down many instructions through a litany of added privilege checks. In protected mode, registers were still 16-bit, and the programmer was still forced to use a memory map composed of 64 kB segments, just like in real mode.
918:, which was designed to go back and forth between modes easily and to provide an emulation of real mode within protected mode. When Intel designed the 286, it was not designed to be able to multitask real-mode applications; real mode was intended to be a simple way for a bootstrap loader to prepare the system and then switch to protected mode; essentially, in protected mode the 80286 was designed to be a new processor with many similarities to its predecessors, while real mode on the 80286 was offered for smaller-scale systems that could benefit from a more advanced version of the 80186 CPU core, with advantages such as higher clock rates, faster instruction execution (measured in clock cycles), and unmultiplexed buses, but not the 24-bit (16 MB) memory space.
774:
790:
401:
649:
657:
40:
782:
972:
that did not belong to them, as real mode allowed them to do without restriction; in contrast, the design intent of protected mode was to prevent programs from accessing any segments other than their own unless special access was explicitly allowed. While it was possible to set up a protected-mode environment that allowed all programs access to all segments (by putting all segment descriptors into the
1077:
82230/82231 High
Integration AT-Compatible Chip Set – The 82230 covers this combination of chips: 82C284 clock, 82288 bus controller, and dual 8259A interrupt controllers among other components. The 82231 covers this combination of chips: 8254 interrupt timer, 74LS612 memory mapper and dual 8237A DMA
971:
DOS programs with protected mode. They simply could not natively run in this new mode without significant modification. In protected mode, memory management and interrupt handling were done differently than in real mode. In addition, DOS programs typically would directly access data and code segments
1081:
82258 Advanced Direct Memory Access
Controller – Transfer rate of 8MB per second, supports up to 32 subchannels, mask and compare, verify, translation, and assembly/disassembly operation that are being processed simultaneously. It also supports a 16MB addressing range. These were available for USD $
748:
The 80286 included, in addition to all of the 8086 instructions, all of the new instructions of the 80186: ENTER, LEAVE, BOUND, INS, OUTS, PUSHA, POPA, PUSH immediate, IMUL immediate, and immediate shifts and rotates. The 80286 also added new instructions for protected mode: ARPL, CLTS, LAR, LGDT,
934:
The protected mode of the 80286 was not routinely utilized in PC applications until many years after its release, in part because of the high cost of adding extended memory to a PC, but also because of the need for software to support the large user base of 8086 PCs. For example, in 1986 the only
902:
keyboard microcontroller to enable software to cause the reset, allowing real-mode reentry while retaining active memory and returning control to the program that initiated the reset. (The BIOS is necessarily involved because it obtains control directly whenever the CPU resets.) Though it worked
764:
supporting up to 1 GB via segmentation. However, memory cost and the initial rarity of software using the memory above 1 MB meant that until late in its production, 80286 computers rarely shipped with more than 1 MB of RAM. Additionally, there was a performance penalty involved in
749:
LIDT, LLDT, LMSW, LSL, LTR, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, SMSW, STR, VERR, and VERW. Some of the instructions for protected mode can (or must) be used in real mode to set up and switch to protected mode, and a few (such as SMSW and LMSW) are useful for real mode itself.
921:
To support protected mode, new instructions have been added: ARPL, VERR, VERW, LAR, LSL, SMSW, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, STR, LMSW, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LTR, CLTS. There are also new exceptions (internal interrupts): invalid opcode, coprocessor not available,
1907:
Ormsby, John, Editor, "New
Product Focus: Components: Intel's 82X3X Chip-set Handles Logic Functions That Once Required The Services Of Sources Of Chips", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, January/February 1988, page
910:
if certain rules (newly proposed with the introduction of the 80286) were followed; however, as many DOS programs did not conform to those rules, protected mode was not widely used until the appearance of its successor, the
1131:
458:
that caused problems for programmers and operating-system writers in the earlier B-step and C-step CPUs (common in the AT and AT clones). This E-2 stepping part may have been available in later 1986.
1078:
controller among other components. They are available by second-sourced with Zymos Corp. Both set are available USD $ 60 for 10 MHz version and USD $ 90 for 12 MHz version in quantities of 100.
1700:
1281:
1769:
1057:. These were less hindered by the limitations of the 80286 protected mode because they did not aim to run MS-DOS applications or other real-mode programs. In its successor
717:
in many programs (i.e., a doubled performance at the same clock speed). This was a large increase, fully comparable to the speed improvements seven years later when the
733:, consuming several extra clock cycles in many cases. Also, the 80286 was more efficient in the prefetch of instructions, buffering, execution of jumps, and in complex
392:, introduced in 1984, and then widely used in most PC/AT compatible computers until the early 1990s. In 1987, Intel shipped its five-millionth 80286 microprocessor.
1380:
447:
each. The 6 MHz, 10 MHz, and 12 MHz models were reportedly measured to operate at 0.9 MIPS, 1.5 MIPS, and 2.66 MIPS respectively.
1470:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13.
1591:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: Highest Ranking 16-bit Microprocessor Meets Military Objectives", Solutions, September/October 1985, page 13
1085:
82C284 Clock
Generator and Driver – Intel second sourced this 82284 version to Fujitsu Limited around 1985. The Intel branded chipset was available in 20-pin
822:
could be equipped with an optional MMU controller). This would allow IBM compatibles to have advanced multitasking OSes for the first time and compete in the
2009:
729:) were less expensive. They were performed by a dedicated unit in the 80286, while the older 8086 had to do effective address computation using its general
664:
Intel expected the 286 to be used primarily in industrial automation, transaction processing, and telecommunications, instead of in personal computers.
3021:
2838:
725:(1993) were introduced. This was partly due to the non-multiplexed address and data buses, but mainly to the fact that address calculations (such as
3026:
3217:
3124:
3036:
1820:
1978:
3041:
3031:
3016:
2843:
443:
on "typical" programs, although it could be significantly faster on optimized code and in tight loops, as many instructions could execute in
2833:
1617:
1570:
1319:
894:") without a hardware-initiated reset. In the PC/AT introduced in 1984, IBM added external circuitry, as well as specialized code in the
1687:
1665:
2046:
1428:
1015:
version 1.3, a derivation of
Concurrent DOS 286, was developed in 1986, introduced in January 1987, and later adopted by IBM for their
837:
Several additional instructions were introduced in the protected mode of 80286, which are helpful for multitasking operating systems.
3069:
1644:"Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility"
1215:
847:
Assigning privilege levels to each segment. Segments with lower privilege levels cannot access segments with higher privilege levels.
3129:
1272:
1246:
1948:
1185:
1123:
1065:, a mode within protected mode with much better MS-DOS compatibility, in order to satisfy the diverging needs of the market.
1848:
690:
and consisted of four independent units: the address unit, bus unit, instruction unit, and execution unit, organized into a
2190:
2175:
2099:
2089:
2019:
2004:
1344:
Teixeira, Kevin, "What's Next For The 80286?", Intel
Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, November/December 1987, page 16
926:, coprocessor segment overrun, stack fault, segment overrun/general protection fault, and others only for protected mode.
2094:
1484:
Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced
Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2
1461:
Intel
Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: 80286 Workhorses: Twice As Fast", Solutions, July/August 1985, Page 17.
1236:
Ormsby, John, "Chip Design: A Race Worth Winning", Intel Corporation, Microcomputer Solutions, July/August 1988, page 18
3207:
2114:
2109:
2104:
1564:
1376:
1729:
2888:
2745:
1804:
3079:
3059:
2322:
2168:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2084:
2079:
907:
1524:
3222:
3212:
3004:
2151:
2126:
1994:
2317:
2286:
2257:
2039:
1870:
1154:– Undocumented 80286/80386 instruction that could be used to gain access to all available memory in real mode.
2389:
2298:
2158:
2121:
2074:
760:, compared to the 1 MB address space of prior x86 processors. It was the first x86 processor to support
1495:
436:
implementation, largely aimed at battery-powered devices. Intel's CMOS version of the 80286 was the 80C286.
3186:
2360:
2310:
2274:
444:
174:
2384:
2355:
2347:
2305:
2293:
2269:
1050:
699:
234:
2163:
2262:
1086:
3139:
2032:
1917:
Intel Corporation, "New Product Focus Components: The 82258 ADMA Boost iAPX 286 Family Performance",
1827:
1407:"Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed"
433:
370:
2917:
2069:
2055:
389:
840:
Another important feature of 80286 is the prevention of unauthorized access. This is achieved by:
351:
3181:
3156:
2750:
973:
726:
676:
117:
365:
and wide protection abilities. The 80286 used approximately 134,000 transistors in its original
3171:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2180:
1696:
1042:, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 (and in text mode).
811:
742:
440:
183:
1605:
1552:
1323:
3161:
2883:
1761:
1653:
1643:
1416:
1406:
1099:
875:
730:
703:
672:
240:
17:
1999:
1449:
Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1.
350:
that was introduced on February 1, 1982. It was the first 8086-based CPU with separate, non-
2493:
1061:
chip, Intel enhanced the protected mode to address more memory and also added the separate
695:
499:
2763:
1207:
713:
The performance increase of the 80286 over the 8086 (or 8088) could be more than 100% per
8:
3119:
2609:
1157:
680:
1845:"An Introduction to Coherent: General Information FAQ for the Coherent Operating System"
3166:
2999:
2994:
2781:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
1743:
1250:
984:
855:), arithmetic operations can be performed on the following different types of numbers:
844:
Forming different segments for data, code, and stack, and preventing their overlapping.
417:
89:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2014:
1973:
2932:
2816:
2786:
1800:
1793:
1657:
1560:
1420:
1062:
1027:
886:
By design, the 286 could not revert from protected mode to the basic 8086-compatible
362:
810:". In addition, it was the first commercially available microprocessor with on-chip
515:
420:
later produced 16 MHz, 20 MHz and 25 MHz parts, respectively. Intel,
167:
2927:
2905:
2869:
2667:
2561:
2416:
2248:
2203:
1944:
1135:
1073:
This list of bus interface components that connects to Intel 80286 microprocessor.
980:
912:
408:
Intel's first 80286 chips were specified for a maximum clockrate of 5, 6 or 8
344:
196:
1984:
1177:
1026:
referring to the 80286 as a "brain-damaged" chip, since it was clear that the new
773:
2524:
2497:
1888:
1844:
1601:
1306:
964:
948:
691:
683:
358:
162:
3064:
2728:
1945:"Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs"
1045:
Other operating systems that used the protected mode of the 286 were Microsoft
860:
827:
815:
807:
761:
738:
707:
451:
347:
246:
130:
2900:
2768:
3201:
2691:
2681:
2640:
2377:
2015:
Intel 80286 CPU Information, including chip errata and undocumented behaviour
1661:
1424:
1034:
applications with the 286. It was arguably responsible for the split between
1008:
789:
757:
462:
1305:
A simpler cousin in the 8086-line with integrated peripherals, intended for
698:, just as in the 8086. It was produced in a 68-pin package, including PLCC (
2944:
2630:
2281:
1725:
1557:
Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80286, 80386/80486 and the Pentium Family
1119:
1115:
995:
that would allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster. Named
923:
400:
215:
2850:
2801:
2791:
2686:
2653:
2648:
2635:
2588:
2582:
2334:
2329:
1893:
1126:
1092:
1016:
996:
915:
852:
831:
718:
714:
374:
354:
310:
299:
220:
1891:(November 25, 1986). "Intel's 32-bit Wonder: The 80386 Microprocessor".
3089:
3084:
2939:
2878:
2823:
2796:
2740:
2621:
2576:
2570:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2512:
2506:
2440:
2425:
2365:
1520:
1023:
1012:
687:
668:
382:
378:
366:
205:
120:
3149:
3134:
3094:
2922:
2811:
2806:
2713:
2708:
2222:
1726:"Concurrent DOS 68K 1.2 - Developer Kit for Motorola VME/10 - Disk 2"
1648:
1411:
1035:
992:
968:
891:
734:
1874:
648:
3144:
2723:
2372:
2234:
2024:
1004:
960:
956:
936:
895:
753:
752:
The Intel 80286 had a 24-bit address bus and as such had a 16
421:
93:
656:
3176:
3074:
2912:
2895:
2855:
2776:
2757:
2735:
2435:
2430:
1747:
1151:
819:
722:
466:
455:
425:
377:, it can correctly execute most software written for the earlier
101:
97:
39:
3099:
2865:
2718:
2703:
2412:
2244:
1114:– Almost identical copy of the 80286 manufactured 1989/1990 in
1111:
1031:
940:
781:
179:
947:
could utilize the additional RAM available in protected mode (
2663:
2199:
1355:"Intel Architecure [sic] Programming and Information"
1058:
1054:
1046:
1003:
originally chose DR Concurrent DOS 286 as the basis of their
988:
879:
439:
On average, the 80286 was said to have a speed of about 0.21
329:
77:
44:
An Intel A80286-8 processor with a gray ceramic heat spreader
1354:
3011:
2828:
2698:
2676:
2472:
1145:
1039:
952:
899:
823:
429:
295:
291:
252:
903:
correctly, the method imposed a huge performance penalty.
675:
applications, including communications (such as automated
2605:
2557:
2344:
1000:
944:
765:
accessing extended memory from real mode as noted below.
413:
409:
85:
81:
2000:
Intel 80286 images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de
1742:(NB. This package also includes some header files from
1637:
1635:
1400:
1398:
802:
The 286 was the first of the x86 CPU family to support
1178:"CPU History - The CPU Museum - Life Cycle of the CPU"
814:(MMU) capabilities (systems using the contemporaneous
967:. The difficulty lay in the incompatibility of older
1985:
Intel 80286 Programmer's Reference Manual 1987 (txt)
1689:
FlexOS Supplement for Intel iAPX 286-based Computers
1632:
1395:
1979:
Intel 80286 and 80287 Programmer's Reference Manual
1930:Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News",
987:1.0 operating system developed in cooperation with
1792:
1718:
1680:
1760:Calvo, Melissa; Forbes, Jim (February 10, 1986).
1553:"15 Other 16-bit microprocessors 80186 and 80286"
1487:
454:of the 80286 was free of the several significant
3199:
1546:
1544:
1542:
2411:
1030:environment would not be able to run multiple
373:) incarnation and, just like the contemporary
2040:
1791:Dewar, Robert B. K.; Smosna, Matthew (1990).
1539:
1320:"Intel Museum – Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
2005:CPU-INFO: 80286, in-depth processor history
1790:
1759:
1746:, including STRUCT.H explicitly mentioning
1559:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 503–537.
1007:computer for IBM Plant System products and
906:In theory, real-mode applications could be
2047:
2033:
1606:"Obstacles to a grown up operating system"
908:directly executed in 16-bit protected mode
395:
38:
1594:
1494:Gross, Neil; Coy, Peter (March 6, 1995).
1322:. Intel.com. May 14, 2009. Archived from
935:program that made use of it was VDISK, a
1937:
1550:
1493:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1019:, but the same limitations affected it.
788:
780:
772:
655:
647:
399:
3125:Process–architecture–optimization model
1887:
1768:. Vol. 8, no. 8. p. 12.
1600:
1457:
1455:
1208:"1.5 μm lithography process - WikiChip"
14:
3218:Computer-related introductions in 1982
3200:
1799:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 110.
1668:from the original on February 27, 2017
1641:
1620:from the original on February 27, 2017
1573:from the original on February 27, 2017
1404:
1218:from the original on September 9, 2018
1011:terminals in 1986. Digital Research's
412:and later releases for 12.5 MHz.
2028:
2020:Intel 80286 Hardware Reference Manual
1951:from the original on February 9, 2017
1473:
1431:from the original on January 25, 2014
1068:
2054:
2010:Overview of all 286 compatible chips
1795:Microprocessors: A Programmer's View
1452:
1377:"80286 Microprocessor Package, 1982"
1287:from the original on August 28, 2017
793:Intersil 80286 (10 MHz version)
1821:"Microsoft XENIX 3.0 Ready for 286"
1772:from the original on April 21, 2019
1762:"IBM to use a DRI operating system"
1706:from the original on April 21, 2019
1527:from the original on March 31, 2012
1521:"Intel 80286 microprocessor family"
1265:
777:Siemens 80286 (10 MHz version)
24:
1995:Linux on 286 laptops and notebooks
1921:, November/December 1984, Page 14.
1732:from the original on April 3, 2019
1405:Foster, Edward (August 26, 1985).
1383:from the original on March 6, 2019
1357:. Intel80386.com. January 13, 2004
1188:from the original on July 20, 2021
1089:in sampling at first quarter 1986.
851:In 80286 (and in its co-processor
652:Simplified 80286 microarchitecture
25:
3234:
1967:
1851:from the original on June 4, 2016
1038:and IBM, since IBM insisted that
797:
3140:Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics
2228:P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)
1934:, January/February 1985, Page 1
1924:
1911:
1901:
1881:
1863:
1837:
1813:
1784:
1753:
1642:Foster, Edward (May 13, 1985).
1585:
1513:
1464:
1443:
1369:
1274:iAPX 286 Programmer's Reference
643:
630:
621:
612:
388:The 80286 was employed for the
157:Architecture and classification
1347:
1338:
1312:
1299:
1239:
1230:
1200:
1170:
804:protected virtual-address mode
785:IBM 80286 (8 MHz version)
13:
1:
1247:"Microprocessor Hall of Fame"
1163:
955:call (INT 15h, AH=87h), as a
929:
737:numerical operations such as
432:versions of Intel's original
1652:. Vol. 7, no. 19.
1551:Bahadure, Nilesh B. (2010).
1415:. Vol. 7, no. 34.
7:
1105:
768:
700:plastic leaded chip carrier
472:
428:also designed fully static
10:
3239:
869:unsigned unpacked decimal,
404:AMD 80286 (16 MHz version)
3208:Intel x86 microprocessors
3112:
3052:
2864:
2662:
2604:
2555:
2522:
2492:
2485:
2404:
2343:
2243:
2198:
2189:
2062:
1871:"MINIX INFORMATION SHEET"
1280:. Intel. 1983. page 1-1.
1122:a clone of the 80286 was
1082:170 in quantities of 100.
667:The CPU was designed for
321:
316:
306:
287:
282:
262:
255:(engineering sample only)
226:
214:
195:
190:
173:
161:
156:
148:
140:
136:4 MHz to 25 MHz
129:
125:4 MHz to 25 MHz
115:
110:
70:
62:
54:
49:
37:
1496:"The Technology Paradox"
361:and also the first with
1249:. Intel. Archived from
974:Global Descriptor Table
721:(1989) or the original
465:this microprocessor to
396:History and performance
204:120,000 or 134,000, 1.5
191:Physical specifications
3223:X86 microarchitectures
3213:16-bit microprocessors
2223:P6 variant (Pentium M)
1750:for "8086 emulation".)
1697:Digital Research, Inc.
1139:
876:floating-point numbers
812:memory management unit
794:
786:
778:
745:than its predecessor.
661:
653:
563:September/October 1985
441:instructions per clock
405:
335:(also marketed as the
1654:InfoWorld Media Group
1417:InfoWorld Media Group
1379:. Content.cdlib.org.
939:driver included with
792:
784:
776:
704:leadless chip carrier
659:
651:
618:In quantities of 100.
602:January/February 1986
583:January/February 1986
403:
1695:. 1.3 (1 ed.).
1022:The problems led to
175:Instruction set
163:Technology node
27:Microprocessor model
1897:. pp. 150–152.
1877:on January 7, 2014.
1833:on January 7, 2014.
1728:. August 6, 1986 .
1148:, for the iAPX name
806:, commonly called "
434:depletion-load nMOS
71:Common manufacturer
50:General information
34:
3022:Sandy Bridge-based
2191:Microarchitectures
2176:Microarchitectures
1744:Concurrent DOS 286
1656:. pp. 17–18.
1069:Support components
985:Concurrent DOS 286
795:
787:
779:
662:
654:
406:
32:
3195:
3194:
3108:
3107:
2481:
2480:
2400:
2399:
1987:. Hint: use e.g.
1326:on March 12, 2009
1063:virtual 8086 mode
1028:Microsoft Windows
979:In January 1985,
888:real address mode
686:. It had 134,000
608:
607:
363:memory management
339:and often called
326:
325:
302:was contemporary)
16:(Redirected from
3230:
3027:Ivy Bridge-based
2618:8/16-bit databus
2490:
2489:
2409:
2408:
2405:Current products
2196:
2195:
2056:Intel processors
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
1989:Hebrew (IBM-862)
1981:at bitsavers.org
1974:Intel Datasheets
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1889:Petzold, Charles
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:. Archived from
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1826:. Archived from
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1757:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1602:Petzold, Charles
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1307:embedded systems
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1174:
1134:
981:Digital Research
866:unsigned binary,
637:
636:Sampling Q2 1986
634:
628:
627:Sampling Q3 1985
625:
619:
616:
544:July/August 1985
522:July/August 1985
477:
476:
42:
35:
31:
21:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3120:Tick–tock model
3104:
3048:
3037:Broadwell-based
2928:Extreme Edition
2860:
2658:
2600:
2551:
2518:
2477:
2396:
2339:
2239:
2185:
2058:
2053:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1754:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:November 1986.
1692:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1640:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1549:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1403:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1253:on July 6, 2007
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1212:en.wikichip.org
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1130:
1108:
1071:
1049:(around 1984),
965:expanded memory
951:) either via a
949:extended memory
943:3.0 and 3.1. A
932:
800:
771:
692:loosely coupled
684:process control
660:Intel 80286 die
646:
641:
640:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
613:
495:Date of release
475:
469:in about 1985.
467:Fujitsu Limited
398:
278:
258:
210:
106:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2839:NetBurst-based
2836:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2673:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:32-bit databus
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:16-bit databus
2625:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1968:External links
1966:
1963:
1962:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1900:
1880:
1862:
1836:
1812:
1805:
1783:
1752:
1717:
1679:
1631:
1616:(11): 170–74.
1593:
1584:
1566:978-8120339422
1565:
1538:
1512:
1486:
1472:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1419:. p. 21.
1394:
1368:
1346:
1337:
1311:
1298:
1264:
1238:
1229:
1199:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:Bus Controller
1090:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1067:
983:previewed the
931:
928:
884:
883:
878:(only with an
873:
872:signed binary,
870:
867:
864:
861:packed decimal
849:
848:
845:
816:Motorola 68010
808:protected mode
799:
798:Protected mode
796:
770:
767:
762:virtual memory
708:pin grid array
645:
642:
639:
638:
629:
620:
610:
609:
606:
605:
603:
600:
597:
595:
593:
591:
587:
586:
584:
581:
578:
576:
574:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
518:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
474:
471:
463:second sourced
452:stepping level
445:2 clock cycles
397:
394:
348:microprocessor
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:Support status
314:
313:
308:
304:
303:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
277:
276:
273:
270:
266:
264:
260:
259:
257:
256:
249:
243:
237:
230:
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224:
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212:
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209:
208:
201:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
127:
126:
123:
113:
112:
108:
107:
105:
104:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3235:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3042:Skylake-based
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Haswell-based
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Nehalem-based
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Original i586
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:Goldmont Plus
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1950:
1947:. CPU-world.
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1806:0-07-016638-2
1802:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1736:September 13,
1731:
1727:
1721:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1523:. CPU-World.
1522:
1516:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:point-of-sale
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
927:
925:
919:
917:
914:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
856:
854:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
791:
783:
775:
766:
763:
759:
758:address space
755:
750:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:systems with
670:
665:
658:
650:
633:
624:
615:
611:
604:
601:
598:
596:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
519:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
470:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
402:
393:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
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149:Address width
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61:
58:February 1982
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2594:
2486:Discontinued
2323:Cypress Cove
2282:Sandy Bridge
1988:
1953:. Retrieved
1939:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1892:
1883:
1875:the original
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1839:
1828:the original
1815:
1794:
1786:
1776:September 6,
1774:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1734:. Retrieved
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1688:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1647:
1622:. Retrieved
1613:
1609:
1596:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1556:
1529:. Retrieved
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
1466:
1445:
1435:December 25,
1433:. Retrieved
1410:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1314:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1273:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1192:September 6,
1190:. Retrieved
1182:cpushack.com
1181:
1172:
1120:Soviet Union
1116:East Germany
1072:
1044:
1021:
978:
933:
924:double fault
920:
905:
887:
885:
850:
839:
836:
803:
801:
751:
747:
712:
710:) packages.
673:multitasking
666:
663:
644:Architecture
632:
623:
614:
480:Model number
460:
450:The later E-
449:
438:
407:
387:
385:processors.
340:
336:
332:
327:
288:Predecessors
216:Co-processor
63:Discontinued
29:
2335:Golden Cove
2330:Willow Cove
2311:Cannon Lake
1894:PC Magazine
1672:October 11,
1624:October 11,
1610:PC Magazine
1577:October 11,
1222:January 21,
1158:Windows/286
1140:КР1847ВМ286
1127:KR1847VM286
1017:IBM 4690 OS
997:IBM 4680 OS
916:Intel 80386
853:Intel 80287
832:workstation
826:-dominated
715:clock cycle
706:) and PGA (
694:(buffered)
688:transistors
599:68 Pin PLCC
352:multiplexed
322:Unsupported
311:Intel 80386
221:Intel 80287
197:Transistors
168:1.5 μm
111:Performance
33:Intel 80286
3202:Categories
3130:Intel GPUs
2844:Core-based
2608:(external
2496:oriented (
2366:Silvermont
2318:Sunny Cove
2287:Ivy Bridge
2070:Processors
1855:January 7,
1710:August 14,
1291:August 28,
1257:August 11,
1164:References
1124:designated
1024:Bill Gates
1013:FlexOS 286
930:OS support
735:microcoded
727:base+index
669:multi-user
580:68 Pin PGA
486:Technology
379:Intel 8086
359:data buses
141:Data width
121:clock rate
3182:Codenames
3095:StrongARM
2933:Dual-Core
2906:Dual-Core
2817:Dual-Core
2787:OverDrive
2736:A100/A110
2729:OverDrive
2523:pre-x86 (
2390:Gracemont
2299:Broadwell
1991:encoding.
1955:March 24,
1932:Solutions
1919:Solutions
1766:InfoWorld
1662:0199-6649
1649:InfoWorld
1505:March 19,
1500:Bloomberg
1425:0199-6649
1412:InfoWorld
1387:April 28,
1361:April 28,
1132:‹See Tfd›
1118:. In the
1036:Microsoft
993:microcode
969:real-mode
961:emulation
892:real mode
859:unsigned
756:physical
681:real-time
483:Frequency
390:IBM PC/AT
341:Intel 286
307:Successor
3187:Larrabee
3065:iAPX 432
3000:11th gen
2995:10th gen
2834:P6-based
2724:RapidCAD
2466:14th gen
2461:13th gen
2456:12th gen
2451:11th gen
2446:10th gen
2373:Goldmont
2361:Saltwell
2275:Westmere
2235:NetBurst
2181:Chipsets
1949:Archived
1849:Archived
1770:Archived
1730:Archived
1701:Archived
1666:Archived
1618:Archived
1604:(1986).
1571:Archived
1525:Archived
1429:Archived
1381:Archived
1330:June 20,
1282:Archived
1216:Archived
1186:Archived
1106:See also
1051:Coherent
1005:IBM 4680
959:, or as
957:RAM disk
937:RAM disk
898:and the
896:ROM BIOS
834:market.
769:Features
702:), LCC (
696:pipeline
536:HMOS-III
533:12.5 MHz
530:80286-12
512:HMOS-III
506:80286-10
473:Variants
422:Intersil
337:iAPX 286
251:100-pin
227:Packages
94:Intersil
55:Launched
3177:Stratix
3113:Related
3075:Itanium
2990:9th gen
2985:8th gen
2980:7th gen
2975:6th gen
2970:5th gen
2965:4th gen
2960:3rd gen
2955:2nd gen
2950:1st gen
2913:Pentium
2896:Celeron
2856:Tolapai
2777:Pentium
2760:(1998)
2758:Celeron
2649:80387DX
2641:80387SX
2436:Pentium
2431:Celeron
2385:Tremont
2356:Bonnell
2306:Skylake
2294:Haswell
2270:Nehalem
2169:Itanium
2085:Pentium
2080:Celeron
1748:LOADALL
1531:May 19,
1152:LOADALL
1136:Russian
1100:Arbiter
820:NS320xx
723:Pentium
552:MG80286
492:Package
489:Process
426:Fujitsu
355:address
343:) is a
298:(while
283:History
272:PLCC-68
263:Sockets
245:68-pin
239:68-pin
233:68-pin
152:24 bits
144:16 bits
102:Fujitsu
98:Siemens
3100:XScale
2870:64-bit
2866:x86-64
2771:(2004)
2668:32-bit
2631:80C187
2624:(1980)
2597:(1982)
2591:(1982)
2585:(1982)
2579:(1979)
2573:(1978)
2562:16-bit
2556:Early
2548:(1977)
2542:(1974)
2536:(1972)
2515:(1974)
2509:(1971)
2417:64-bit
2413:x86-64
2263:Penryn
2249:64-bit
2245:x86-64
2204:32-bit
1803:
1660:
1563:
1423:
1112:U80601
1098:82289
1053:, and
1032:MS-DOS
941:PC DOS
913:32-bit
828:server
679:) and
566:$ 784
547:$ 260
539:1.5 μm
525:$ 155
516:1.5 μm
509:10 MHz
498:Price
461:Intel
456:errata
418:Harris
345:16-bit
275:LCC-68
182:(with
180:x86-16
133:speeds
90:Harris
3172:PIIXs
3053:Other
2851:Quark
2664:IA-32
2654:80487
2636:80287
2595:80286
2589:80188
2583:80186
2525:8-bit
2498:4-bit
2200:IA-32
2164:Quark
2063:Lists
1831:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1704:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
1093:82288
1059:80386
1055:Minix
1047:Xenix
989:Intel
880:80287
590:80286
571:80286
375:80186
333:80286
330:Intel
300:80186
269:PGA68
116:Max.
78:Intel
18:Am286
3167:ICHs
3162:SCHs
3157:PCHs
3090:i960
3085:i860
3080:RISC
3070:EPIC
3060:CISC
3012:Xeon
2940:Core
2879:Atom
2829:Xeon
2824:Core
2741:Atom
2699:i486
2677:i386
2670:x86)
2622:8087
2610:FPUs
2577:8088
2571:8086
2546:8085
2540:8080
2534:8008
2513:4040
2507:4004
2473:Xeon
2441:Core
2426:Atom
2258:Core
2206:x86)
2159:Xeon
2122:Core
2075:Atom
1957:2016
1857:2014
1801:ISBN
1778:2011
1738:2018
1712:2018
1674:2016
1658:ISSN
1626:2016
1579:2016
1561:ISBN
1533:2012
1507:2020
1437:2021
1421:ISSN
1389:2009
1363:2009
1332:2009
1293:2017
1259:2007
1224:2019
1194:2021
1146:iAPX
1087:PLCC
1040:OS/2
953:BIOS
900:8042
824:Unix
818:and
719:i486
677:PBXs
430:CMOS
424:and
416:and
383:8088
381:and
371:HMOS
367:nMOS
357:and
328:The
296:8088
292:8086
253:PQFP
235:PLCC
66:1991
3150:Arc
3135:GMA
2884:SoC
2802:III
2792:Pro
2751:SoC
2714:DX4
2709:DX2
2687:376
2606:x87
2558:x86
2494:BCD
2348:ULV
2345:x86
2100:III
2090:Pro
1001:IBM
963:of
945:DOS
743:DIV
739:MUL
731:ALU
500:USD
414:AMD
410:MHz
247:PGA
241:LCC
184:MMU
131:FSB
118:CPU
96:),
86:AMD
82:IBM
3204::
3145:Xe
2889:CE
2797:II
2746:CE
2719:SL
2704:SX
2692:EX
2682:SX
2218:P6
2213:P5
2147:i9
2142:i7
2137:i5
2132:i3
2095:II
1908:13
1847:.
1764:.
1664:.
1646:.
1634:^
1612:.
1608:.
1569:.
1555:.
1541:^
1498:.
1475:^
1454:^
1427:.
1409:.
1397:^
1214:.
1210:.
1184:.
1180:.
1142:).
1138::
999:,
890:("
882:).
754:MB
294:,
206:μm
100:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
3005:M
2945:2
2923:D
2918:4
2901:D
2872:)
2868:(
2812:M
2807:4
2769:D
2764:M
2666:(
2612:)
2564:)
2560:(
2527:)
2500:)
2419:)
2415:(
2251:)
2247:(
2202:(
2152:M
2127:2
2115:M
2110:D
2105:4
2048:e
2041:t
2034:v
1959:.
1859:.
1809:.
1780:.
1740:.
1714:.
1676:.
1628:.
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1535:.
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1439:.
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1365:.
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1295:.
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1129:(
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