972:), it too was called amber in Europe (Old French and Middle English ambre). Found along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, yellow amber reached the Middle East and western Europe via trade. Its coastal acquisition may have been one reason yellow amber came to be designated by the same term as ambergris. Moreover, like ambergris, the resin could be burned as an incense. The resin's most popular use was, however, for ornamentation—easily cut and polished, it could be transformed into beautiful jewelry. Much of the most highly prized amber is transparent, in contrast to the very common cloudy amber and opaque amber. Opaque amber contains numerous minute bubbles. This kind of amber is known as "bony amber".
787:
2038:
744:
2098:
913:
the turbidity. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish are now used on a large scale in the formation of "ambroid" or "pressed amber". The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then compressed into a uniform mass by intense hydraulic pressure, the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. The product is extensively used for the production of cheap jewelry and articles for smoking. This pressed amber yields brilliant interference colors in polarized light."
805:
2072:
976:
40:
1390:
8691:
937:
495:
1956:
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8679:
816:
409:
1304:
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29:
2004:, since it dehydrates and thus stabilizes organisms trapped inside. One projection in 1999 estimated that DNA trapped in amber could last up to 100 million years, far beyond most estimates of around 1 million years in the most ideal conditions, although a later 2013 study was unable to extract DNA from insects trapped in much more recent
1128:-labdatrienonic acids, such as ozic and zanzibaric acids. Its most familiar representative is Dominican amber,. which is mostly transparent and often contains a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest. Resin from the extinct species
1223:). Its chemical composition makes it difficult to match the amber to its producers – it is most similar to the resins produced by flowering plants; however, the first flowering plants appeared in the Early Cretaceous, about 200 million years after the oldest amber known to date, and they were not common until the
997:, just as it exuded from the ducts and receptacles of the injured trees. It is thought that, in addition to exuding onto the surface of the tree, amber resin also originally flowed into hollow cavities or cracks within trees, thereby leading to the development of large lumps of amber of irregular form.
1899:
Amber is a unique preservational mode, preserving otherwise unfossilizable parts of organisms; as such it is helpful in the reconstruction of ecosystems as well as organisms; the chemical composition of the resin, however, is of limited utility in reconstructing the phylogenetic affinity of the resin
543:
Amber is produced from a marrow discharged by trees belonging to the pine genus, like gum from the cherry, and resin from the ordinary pine. It is a liquid at first, which issues forth in considerable quantities, and is gradually hardened Our forefathers, too, were of opinion that it is the juice of
944:
Amber occurs in a range of different colors. As well as the usual yellow-orange-brown that is associated with the color "amber", amber can range from a whitish color through a pale lemon yellow, to brown and almost black. Other uncommon colors include red amber (sometimes known as "cherry amber"),
912:
When gradually heated in an oil bath, amber "becomes soft and flexible. Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. Cloudy amber may be clarified in an oil bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores that cause
2419:
firm. Polybern or sticked amber is artificial resins the curled chips are obtained, whereas in the case of amber – small scraps. "African amber" (polyester, synacryl is then probably other name of the same resine) are produced by
Reichhold firm; Styresol trade mark or alkid resin (used in Russia,
1276:
In
Lebanon, more than 450 outcrops of Lower Cretaceous amber were discovered by Dany Azar, a Lebanese paleontologist and entomologist. Among these outcrops, 20 have yielded biological inclusions comprising the oldest representatives of several recent families of terrestrial arthropods. Even older
723:
and results in the formation of amber. For this to happen, the resin must be resistant to decay. Many trees produce resin, but in the majority of cases this deposit is broken down by physical and biological processes. Exposure to sunlight, rain, microorganisms, and extreme temperatures tends to
518:
is a liquid produced by the rays of the sun; and that these rays, at the moment of the sun's setting, striking with the greatest force upon the surface of the soil, leave upon it an unctuous sweat, which is carried off by the tides of the Ocean, and thrown up upon the shores of
544:
a tree, and for this reason gave it the name of "succinum" and one great proof that it is the produce of a tree of the pine genus, is the fact that it emits a pine-like smell when rubbed, and that it burns, when ignited, with the odour and appearance of torch-pine wood.
724:
disintegrate the resin. For the resin to survive long enough to become amber, it must be resistant to such forces or be produced under conditions that exclude them. Fossil resins from Europe fall into two categories, the Baltic ambers and another that resembles the
172:
The two substances ("yellow amber" and "gray amber") conceivably became associated or confused because they both were found washed up on beaches. Ambergris is less dense than water and floats, whereas amber is too dense to float, though less dense than stone.
2109:, from 13,000 years ago. Amber ornaments have been found in Mycenaean tombs and elsewhere across Europe. To this day it is used in the manufacture of smoking and glassblowing mouthpieces. Amber's place in culture and tradition lends it a tourism value;
1999:
trapped in amber, from which they genetically clone living dinosaurs. Scientifically this is as yet impossible, since no amber with fossilized mosquitoes has ever yielded preserved blood. Amber is, however, conducive to preserving
4487:
400:, upon the shores of which, amber is thrown up by the waves in spring, it being an excretion of the sea in a concrete form; as, also, that the inhabitants use this amber by way of fuel, and sell it to their neighbors, the
2187:, but since sperm whales are endangered, the scent of amber is now largely derived from labdanum. The term "amber" is loosely used to describe a scent that is warm, musky, rich and honey-like, and also somewhat earthy.
755:) can result in the formation of amber. Impurities are quite often present, especially when the resin has dropped onto the ground, so the material may be useless except for varnish-making. Such impure amber is called
1037:
produced a third type of resin, which is often found as amber within their veins. The composition of resins is highly variable; each species produces a unique blend of chemicals which can be identified by the use of
2176:, do not normally use actual amber because fossilized amber produces very little scent. In perfumery, scents referred to as "amber" are often created and patented to emulate the opulent golden warmth of the fossil.
396:, a people of Germany, inhabit the shores of an estuary of the Ocean called Mentonomon, their territory extending a distance of six thousand stadia; that, at one day's sail from this territory, is the Isle of
456:, which were historically the richest sources of amber in northern Europe. It is assumed that there were well-established trade routes for amber connecting the Baltic with the Mediterranean (known as the "
952:
Yellow amber is a hard fossil resin from evergreen trees, and despite the name it can be translucent, yellow, orange, or brown colored. Known to the
Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba (from
1326:
crystals associated with the deposit have given an estimated depositional age of approximately 99 million years ago. Over 1,300 species have been described from the amber, with over 300 in 2019 alone.
1353:. Relics of an abundant flora occur as inclusions trapped within the amber while the resin was yet fresh, suggesting relations with the flora of eastern Asia and the southern part of North America.
858:
Pieces of amber torn from the seafloor are cast up by the waves and collected by hand, dredging, or diving. Elsewhere, amber is mined, both in open works and underground galleries. Then nodules of
4739:"Safety Communications - FDA Warns Against Use of Teething Necklaces, Bracelets, and Other Jewelry Marketed for Relieving Teething Pain or Providing Sensory Stimulation: FDA Safety Communication"
77:
There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as
4539:
4370:
J.L. Bada, X.S. Wang, H. Hamilton (1999). "Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: Current knowledge and future challenges". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Vol. 354. pp. 77–87.
3109:
Chen, Dian; Zeng, Qingshuo; Yuan, Ye; Cui, Benxin; Luo, Wugan (November 2019). "Baltic amber or
Burmese amber: FTIR studies on amber artifacts of Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed from Nanyang".
1050:. The overall chemical and structural composition is used to divide ambers into five classes. There is also a separate classification of amber gemstones, according to the way of production.
881:, which has been a major source of amber in China for at least 1,800 years. Contemporary mining of this deposit has attracted attention for unsafe working conditions and its role in funding
574:
Amber has a long history of use in China, with the first written record from 200 BCE. Early in the 19th century, the first reports of amber found in North
America came from discoveries in
2199:
are sometimes used to enhance the aroma. "Amber" perfumes may be created using combinations of labdanum, benzoin resin, copal (a type of tree resin used in incense manufacture), vanilla,
523:
Besides the fanciful explanations according to which amber is "produced by the Sun", Pliny cites opinions that are well aware of its origin in tree resin, citing the native Latin name of
1365:. It is improbable that the production of amber was limited to a single species; and indeed a large number of conifers belonging to different genera are represented in the amber-flora.
1100:. Succinite has a hardness between 2 and 3, which is greater than many other fossil resins. Its specific gravity varies from 1.05 to 1.10. It can be distinguished from other ambers via
2164:, it was customary to burn amber during large festivities. If amber is heated under the right conditions, oil of amber is produced, and in past times this was combined carefully with
893:, is mined illegally by organised crime groups, who deforest the surrounding areas and pump water into the sediments to extract the amber, causing severe environmental deterioration.
4491:
2991:
1108:
absorption peak. Infrared spectroscopy can detect the relative age of an amber sample. Succinic acid may not be an original component of amber but rather a degradation product of
990:
light source. In long-wave UV light it has a very strong reflection, almost white. Only about 100 kg (220 lb) is found per year, which makes it valuable and expensive.
862:
have to be removed and an opaque crust must be cleaned off, which can be done in revolving barrels containing sand and water. Erosion removes this crust from sea-worn amber.
246:
commanded the fleet in those parts, gave to one of these islands the name of Glæsaria, which by the barbarians was known as
Austeravia". This is confirmed by the recorded
843:
was established in the mid-19th century as a mining town of amber. About 90% of the world's extractable amber is still located in that area, which was transferred to the
1269:
fly were found in millimetre-sized droplets of amber. The oldest amber with significant numbers of arthropod inclusions comes from
Lebanon. This amber, referred to as
3659:
4453:
4817:
Perfume compositions and perfume articles containing one isomer of an octahydrotetramethyl acetonaphthone, John B. Hall, Rumson; James Milton
Sanders, Eatontown
471:
The ancient Italic peoples of southern Italy used to work amber; the
National Archaeological Museum of Siritide (Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Siritide) at
425:
4345:
1062:. It is further split into three sub-classes. Classes Ia and Ib utilize regular labdanoid diterpenes (e.g. communic acid, communol, biformenes), while Ic uses
5172:
5122:
5072:
3604:
1281:
amber has been found recently in
Lebanon as well. Many remarkable insects and spiders were recently discovered in the amber of Jordan including the oldest
986:
Although all Dominican amber is fluorescent, the rarest Dominican amber is blue amber. It turns blue in natural sunlight and any other partially or wholly
4469:
7654:
3010:
3236:
4624:
Zhu, Zhenhua; Chen, Chenkai; Zhu, Yue; Shang, Erxin; Zhao, Ming; Guo, Sheng; Guo, Jianming; Qian, Dawei; Tang, Zhishu; Yan, Hui; Duan, Jinao (2019).
4588:
2618:
6293:
4381:
2783:
5045:
4835:
4686:
1273:, is roughly 125–135 million years old, is considered of high scientific value, providing evidence of some of the oldest sampled ecosystems.
8051:
7792:
7388:
642:
1928:, marine microfossils, wood, flowers and fruit, hair, feathers and other small organisms have been recovered in Cretaceous ambers (deposited c.
961:"attract, snatch", referring to its electrical properties), which entered Arabic as kahraba' or kahraba (which later became the Arabic word for
4853:
1092:
varieties. The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly from this acid. Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of
3796:"The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere—III. Re-evaluation of the structure and composition of Highgate Copalite and Glessite"
3703:
2144:
with purported analgesic properties of succinic acid, although there is no evidence that this is an effective remedy or delivery method. The
4189:
2942:
8007:
7516:
4262:
Dilcher, David; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Haichun; Xia, Fangyuan; Broly, Pierre; Kennedy, Jim; Ross, Andrew; Mu, Lin; Kelly, Richard (10 May 2019).
3982:
Schmidt, A. R.; Jancke, S.; Lindquist, E. E.; Ragazzi, E.; Roghi, G.; Nascimbene, P. C.; Schmidt, K.; Wappler, T.; Grimaldi, D. A. (2012).
1254:
844:
2023:) was given a piece of amber containing prehistoric creatures from his adoptive sister; it would be the focus of his 2004 BBC documentary
238:
3234:
Assignment of vibrational spectra of labdatriene derivatives and ambers: A combined experimental and density functional theoretical study
2988:
2416:
1059:
1005:
Amber can be classified into several forms. Most fundamentally, there are two types of plant resin with the potential for fossilization.
715:
Molecular polymerization, resulting from high pressures and temperatures produced by overlying sediment, transforms the resin first into
650:
169:), this meaning was adopted in English by the early 15th century. As the use of ambergris waned, this became the main sense of the word.
5054:
4203:
Girard, V.; Schmidt, A.; Saint Martin, S.; Struwe, S.; Perrichot, V.; Saint Martin, J.; Grosheny, D.; Breton, G.; Néraudeau, D. (2008).
7839:
7290:
4425:
2404:
2297:
646:
3530:
2679:
700:
between 1.06 and 1.10, and a melting point of 250–300 °C. Heated above 200 °C (392 °F), amber decomposes, yielding an
189:
3867:
3833:
Anderson, Ken B. (1996). "New Evidence Concerning the Structure, Composition, and Maturation of Class I (Polylabdanoid) Resinites".
3507:
1560:
4626:"Exploratory Cortex Metabolic Profiling Revealed the Sedative Effect of Amber in Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Epilepsy-Like Mice"
1886:
1088:
yields on dry distillation succinic acid, the proportion varying from about 3% to 8%, and being greatest in the pale opaque or
2121:
Amber has long been used in folk medicine for its purported healing properties. Amber and extracts were used from the time of
5199:
5149:
5099:
4516:
3850:
3313:
3288:
2846:
2828:
4141:
2485:
6286:
5536:
3544:
2691:
1186:
Class V resins are considered to be produced by a pine or pine relative. They comprise a mixture of diterpinoid resins and
4912:
8160:
5290:
3752:"The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere—II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites"
3384:
Wolfe, A. P.; Tappert, R.; Muehlenbachs, K.; Boudreau, M.; McKellar, R. C.; Basinger, J. F.; Garrett, A. (30 June 2009).
4605:
Riddle, John M. (1973). "AMBER in ancient Pharmacy: The Transmission of Information About a Single Drug: A Case Study".
3651:
4446:
779:. In darkly clouded and even opaque amber, inclusions can be imaged using high-energy, high-contrast, high-resolution
7417:
6323:
5262:
4922:
4107:
4041:
Sidorchuk, Ekaterina A.; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Ragazzi, Eugenio; Roghi, Guido; Lindquist, Evert E. (February 2015).
3903:
3566:
3457:
3093:
2640:
7624:
7511:
4766:
1575:
835:
was the world's leading source of amber. The first mentions of amber deposits there date back to the 12th century.
3580:"'Blood amber' may be a portal into dinosaur times, but the fossils are an ethical minefield for palaeontologists"
3579:
8036:
7427:
6465:
6279:
2912:
1449:
3612:
2172:
odor. Although when burned, amber does give off a characteristic "pinewood" fragrance, modern products, such as
4473:
3931:
Bray, P. S.; Anderson, K. B. (2009). "Identification of Carboniferous (320 Million Years Old) Class Ic Amber".
3919:
3689:
3434:
3337:
2591:
2145:
1900:
producer. Amber sometimes contains animals or plant matter that became caught in the resin as it was secreted.
689:
5244:
8732:
7649:
7179:
6439:
4396:
1540:
1134:
is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics. It is not "succinite" but "
704:, and leaves a black residue which is known as "amber colophony", or "amber pitch"; when dissolved in oil of
603:
412:
Fishing for amber on the coast of Baltic Sea. Winter storms throw out amber nuggets. Close to Gdańsk, Poland.
6507:
5205:
5155:
5105:
2703:
901:
The Vienna amber factories, which use pale amber to manufacture pipes and other smoking tools, turn it on a
8682:
8651:
7644:
7184:
6657:
4738:
4523:
With more than a quarter of a million pieces, this is thought to be the world's largest collection of amber
3233:
2812:
2149:
2130:
1570:
1492:
1444:
882:
6333:
2608:
1231:, when it is found in association with insects. The oldest amber with arthropod inclusions comes from the
6610:
2662:
2777:
276:(with etymological roots related to "burn" and to "stone"). The Low German term became dominant also in
7912:
7713:
4832:
3024:
1879:
786:
1058:
This class is by far the most abundant. It comprises labdatriene carboxylic acids such as communic or
8727:
8666:
7718:
7533:
5747:
4894:
2452:
2390:
1757:
1706:
1686:
1030:
4873:
4559:
3561:
Wichard, Wilfred and Weitschat, Wolfgang (2004) Im Bernsteinwald. – Gerstenberg Verlag, Hildesheim,
8661:
7907:
6999:
6544:
5583:
5405:
5191:
5141:
5091:
3914:
Grimaldi, D. A. (1996) Amber – Window to the Past. – American Museum of Natural History, New York,
2152:
have warned strongly against their use, as they present both a choking and a strangulation hazard.
2129:
for a wide variety of treatments through the Middle Ages and up until the early twentieth century.
1729:
1603:
560:
from the circumstance that it attracts leaves towards it, chaff, and the light fringe of tissues".
483:) displays important surviving examples. It has been suggested that amber used in antiquity, as at
7071:
7066:
4042:
3718:
2403:. For example, unsaturated polyester resins (polymals) are produced by Chemical Industrial Works "
1361:, but as the wood does not seem to differ from that of the existing genus it has been also called
336:
A number of regional and varietal names have been applied to ambers over the centuries, including
8153:
8024:
7934:
7106:
6873:
6692:
6625:
6357:
6214:
5307:
5283:
4177:
2840:
1847:
1724:
1319:
384:
5588:
8722:
8112:
7986:
7592:
7483:
7471:
7167:
6908:
6747:
6384:
6318:
6302:
4868:
4554:
3635:
2470:
2025:
1767:
1658:
1613:
1608:
1530:
634:
20:
3522:
2818:
165:(fossil resin) from as early as the late 13th century. At first called white or yellow amber (
8290:
7851:
7787:
7661:
7354:
7280:
7054:
7049:
6987:
6926:
6863:
6811:
6804:
6350:
6114:
5234:
4506:
1979:
1872:
1862:
1653:
1643:
1550:
1507:
1101:
928:
and even glass. Baltic amber is sometimes colored artificially but also called "true amber".
7236:
4421:
2049:
8117:
8068:
8063:
8046:
8041:
8019:
7809:
7523:
7376:
7268:
7172:
6965:
6650:
6449:
6392:
5951:
5608:
4275:
4216:
4054:
3995:
3940:
3807:
3763:
3178:
3118:
2538:
2110:
2060:
2016:
1984:
1663:
1638:
1633:
1545:
1434:
591:
71:
6620:
3271:
Poinar, George O.; Poinar, Hendrik N.; Cano, Raul J. (1994). "DNA from Amber Inclusions".
2676:
730:
group. Fossil resins from the Americas and Africa are closely related to the modern genus
8:
8107:
7772:
7577:
7410:
6943:
6816:
6697:
6672:
5946:
5247:
International Paleoentomological Society: Scientific Articles on amber and its inclusions
3878:
1940:
1858:
1648:
1598:
1512:
1482:
760:
583:
322:
296:
78:
4279:
4220:
4058:
3999:
3944:
3811:
3767:
3499:
3182:
3122:
2542:
1354:
8589:
8146:
8058:
7961:
7863:
7676:
6858:
6588:
6554:
5355:
5335:
5276:
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4711:
4660:
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4306:
4263:
4239:
4204:
4078:
4018:
3983:
3964:
3410:
3385:
3196:
3167:"A chemical framework for the preservation of fossil vertebrate cells and soft tissues"
3142:
2613:
2562:
2012:
1623:
1593:
1535:
1419:
1043:
1033:
are today only produced by angiosperms, and tend to serve functional uses. The extinct
852:
587:
476:
227:
2344:(first obtained in 1833) — a product of treatment of cellulose with nitration mixture.
771:
owes its cloudy opacity to numerous tiny bubbles inside the resin. However, so-called
548:
He also states that amber is also found in Egypt and India, and he even refers to the
382:), whose work "On the Ocean" is lost, but was referenced by Pliny, according to whose
8224:
8100:
8090:
8080:
8029:
7686:
7604:
6898:
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5195:
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4918:
4665:
4647:
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4512:
4447:
Curt W. Beck, Anthony Harding and Helen Hughes-Brock, "Amber in the Mycenaean World"
4311:
4293:
4244:
4103:
4070:
4023:
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3956:
3915:
3899:
3846:
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3775:
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3333:
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3200:
3146:
3134:
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3054:
2824:
2687:
2636:
2587:
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2554:
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2037:
1822:
1807:
1762:
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1618:
1555:
1171:
1047:
269:
260:
158:
4890:
4584:
4082:
3191:
3166:
836:
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8312:
8295:
8095:
8002:
7745:
7528:
7328:
7248:
7204:
7004:
6826:
6677:
6637:
5712:
5541:
5495:
5415:
4878:
4655:
4637:
4564:
4301:
4283:
4234:
4224:
4062:
4013:
4003:
3948:
3838:
3815:
3771:
3405:
3397:
3358:
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3126:
2546:
2045:
1988:
1974:
1837:
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1502:
1472:
1342:
1330:
1260:
1228:
1130:
832:
697:
693:
579:
449:
416:
Earlier Pliny says that Pytheas refers to a large island—three days' sail from the
311:
304:
292:
8247:
7587:
7543:
4882:
4796:
Thermer, Ernst T. "Saturated indane derivatives and processes for producing same"
2934:
2850:
2097:
743:
58:. Examples of it have been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since the
8695:
8544:
8219:
7976:
7946:
7708:
7636:
7614:
7572:
7467:
7437:
7302:
7297:
6948:
6831:
6402:
5807:
5742:
5553:
5526:
4839:
4457:
4145:
4138:
4066:
3240:
3066:
2995:
2683:
2264:
2188:
1747:
1628:
1487:
1429:
1350:
1224:
1014:
863:
682:
465:
453:
247:
233:
4178:"Bacteria and protists from Middle Cretaceous amber of Ellsworth County, Kansas"
3548:
3280:
2720:
804:
736:, while Baltic ambers are thought to be fossil resins from plants of the family
8717:
8552:
8389:
8085:
8012:
7834:
7799:
7730:
7619:
7491:
7199:
6784:
6774:
6595:
6576:
6160:
6104:
6092:
6021:
5665:
5603:
4209:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3868:"Degradation and inhibitive conservation of Baltic amber in museum collections"
3842:
2490:
2475:
2383:
2341:
2071:
1812:
1797:
1772:
1691:
1668:
1349:
deposits and it occurs also as a derivative phase in later formations, such as
1315:
1270:
1105:
776:
670:
549:
285:
151:
123:
116:
5380:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4774:
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3130:
1439:
975:
673:. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization takes place as well as
39:
8711:
8584:
7971:
7956:
7902:
7880:
7777:
7765:
7681:
7550:
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6992:
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5250:
5049:
5039:
4651:
4297:
4074:
3046:
2757:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2393:(phenolic resins), unofficial name "antique amber", not in the use at present
2327:
2282:
2161:
1973:
The preservation of prehistoric organisms in amber forms a key plot point in
1966:
1949:
1817:
1802:
1792:
1477:
1389:
1311:
1290:
1232:
1213:
1093:
674:
630:
618:
553:
184:
130:
8495:
8229:
6512:
5123:"Natural and artificial resins – chosen aspects of structure and properties"
5058:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 792–794.
4851:
4288:
4229:
4008:
3952:
3652:"Amber: Natural Organic Amber Gemstone & Jewelry Information; GemSelect"
3383:
2839:" (for the fundamental particle) was coined in 1891 by the Irish physicist
2550:
1084:. They have a communic acid base, and they also include much succinic acid.
828:
445:
8630:
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8612:
8599:
8499:
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4027:
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3419:
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3138:
2888:
2820:
Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics
2558:
2423:
2354:
1827:
1787:
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1409:
1381:
1109:
1085:
1034:
906:
886:
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368:
162:
33:
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4158:
2677:
A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, D N MacKenzie, Oxford University Press, 1971
936:
8456:
8367:
8267:
7929:
7919:
7875:
7870:
7822:
7760:
7723:
7696:
7597:
7567:
7442:
7364:
7285:
7273:
7034:
7019:
7009:
6980:
6938:
6853:
6821:
6769:
6702:
6539:
6414:
6271:
6208:
6197:
6087:
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5876:
5871:
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5505:
5455:
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5187:
5180:Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года
5137:
5130:Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года
5087:
5080:Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года
4854:"Characterization of the Portuguese-Grown Cistus ladanifer Essential Oil"
4842:. Sorceryofscent.blogspot.com (30 July 2008). Retrieved on 23 April 2011.
4568:
2797:
2433:
2428:
2165:
2122:
1961:
1782:
1497:
1414:
1318:
in northern Myanmar is the only commercially exploited Cretaceous amber.
1297:
1244:
1159:
1146:
These ambers are formed from resins with a sesquiterpenoid base, such as
987:
962:
890:
737:
709:
494:
277:
255:
147:
2657:
8604:
8578:
8336:
8330:
8073:
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7924:
7740:
7703:
7666:
7562:
7149:
7061:
6888:
6789:
6762:
6682:
6480:
6434:
6345:
6313:
6031:
5976:
5851:
5764:
5722:
5624:
5573:
5510:
5485:
5360:
5175:[Имитация янтаря глазами химика]. In Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.).
4397:"Extracting Dinosaur DNA from Amber Fossils Impossible, Scientists Say"
4346:"A Fossilized Blood-Engorged Mosquito is Found for the First Time Ever"
2396:
2137:
1996:
1955:
1945:
1917:
1832:
1701:
1334:
1266:
1242:
230 Ma) of Italy, where four microscopic (0.2–0.1 mm) mites,
1218:
994:
979:
946:
824:
705:
678:
622:
575:
564:
480:
457:
437:
243:
5732:
4488:"Maker of amber mouthpiece for glass blowing pipes. Accessed 10-12-09"
3362:
3232:
Manuel Villanueva-García, Antonio Martínez-Richa, and Juvencio Robles
2964:
2744:
see: Abu Zaid al Hassan from Siraf & Sulaiman the Merchant (851),
2363:— a conjugated protein forming from the casein precursor – caseinogen.
2179:
The scent of amber was originally derived from emulating the scent of
1991:. In the story, scientists are able to extract the preserved blood of
8607:
8557:
8489:
8484:
8441:
8395:
8375:
8371:
8272:
8257:
8252:
8184:
7981:
7750:
7735:
7333:
7318:
7243:
7226:
7144:
7029:
6970:
6960:
6955:
6878:
6757:
6645:
6571:
6338:
6328:
6177:
6170:
6041:
6036:
6016:
5941:
5866:
5860:
5841:
5737:
5678:
5593:
5490:
5425:
5400:
5390:
5320:
5299:
5256:
4451:, vol. 69 (November 1974), pp. 145–172. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400005505
4043:"Plant-feeding mite diversity in Triassic amber (Acari: Tetrapodili)"
3680:"Amber". (1999). In G. W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, Oleg Grabar (eds.)
2801:
2336:
2312:
2272:
2244:
2180:
2106:
2056:
2041:
1992:
1930:
1842:
1752:
1293:
1282:
1147:
1118:
ambers are based on communic acid; however, they lack succinic acid.
1039:
1006:
925:
921:
840:
808:
763:
of other substances can cause the amber to have an unexpected color.
654:
226:, and their relatives because of amber's ability to bear a charge of
138:
89:
is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.
59:
3795:
3751:
3605:"The Dramatic Impact of Illegal Amber Mining in Ukraine's Wild West"
3435:"Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress, Volume 1"
2366:
Resolane (phenolic resins or phenoplasts, not in the use at present)
8626:
8594:
8573:
8519:
8507:
8461:
8436:
8426:
8384:
8346:
8169:
7755:
7691:
7538:
7496:
7231:
7139:
7014:
6836:
6799:
6779:
6245:
6219:
6145:
6072:
6011:
6001:
5996:
5956:
5896:
5886:
5846:
5828:
5817:
5812:
5727:
5683:
5568:
5563:
5500:
5440:
5430:
5395:
5370:
5345:
5340:
5075:[Подделки и имитация янтаря]. In Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.).
4120:
Azar, Dany (2012). "Lebanese amber: a "Guinness Book of Records"".
3349:
Lambert, JB; Poinar, GO Jr. (2002). "Amber: the organic gemstone".
3111:
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
2836:
2609:"That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail"
2465:
2369:
2350:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2215:
2184:
2141:
2005:
1936:
1921:
1286:
1278:
1250:
1192:
1135:
1018:
867:
732:
472:
461:
401:
203:
63:
5038:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4470:"Interview with expert pipe maker, Baldo Baldi. Accessed 10-12-09"
487:
and in the prehistory of the Mediterranean, came from deposits in
8620:
8547:
8431:
8358:
8307:
8214:
8204:
7817:
7609:
7501:
7323:
7129:
7039:
6893:
6794:
6752:
6615:
6534:
6487:
6475:
6240:
6150:
6062:
5971:
5936:
5921:
5906:
5891:
5881:
5754:
5688:
5639:
5578:
5435:
5410:
5375:
5194:, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113.
5144:, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113.
5094:, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113.
4369:
3243:
2408:
2400:
2331:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2173:
2076:
1925:
1909:
1236:
1175:
1010:
878:
726:
720:
638:
626:
614:
552:
properties of amber, by saying that "in Syria the women make the
484:
441:
417:
393:
372:
211:
67:
8178:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
4100:
Lebanese Amber: The Oldest Insect Ecosystem in Fossilized Resin.
3386:"A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber"
815:
811:
amber mine "Primorskoje" in Jantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
8539:
8502:
8379:
8363:
8262:
7885:
7422:
7400:
7253:
7189:
7134:
6524:
6502:
6470:
6444:
6140:
6046:
6006:
5981:
5916:
5901:
5797:
5782:
5777:
5693:
5644:
5634:
5350:
5315:
4202:
3704:"Geology of the Amber-Bearing Deposits of the Greater Antilles"
2412:
2373:
2360:
2316:
2305:
2126:
1905:
1901:
1404:
1346:
1323:
764:
666:
507:
488:
460:"). Pliny states explicitly that the Germans exported amber to
421:
408:
397:
207:
102:
51:
4911:
Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (23 November 2022).
4148:. Db.bbc.co.uk (16 February 2005). Retrieved on 23 April 2011.
3086:
Goodbye, Eastern Europe: An Intimate History of a Divided Land
1345:
in Prussia. It appears to have been partly derived from older
1227:. Amber becomes abundant long after the Carboniferous, in the
909:
and oil. The final luster is given by polishing with flannel.
819:
Extracting Baltic amber from Holocene deposits, Gdańsk, Poland
8479:
8352:
8342:
8301:
7951:
7671:
7405:
7359:
7221:
7076:
7024:
6600:
6566:
6119:
6109:
6099:
6082:
6077:
6026:
5856:
5836:
5772:
5704:
5445:
5420:
5365:
3981:
2874:
Gemlore: An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones
2765:
2761:
2480:
2293:
2240:
2196:
2008:
1303:
1208:
Typical amber specimen with a number of indistinct inclusions
917:
902:
870:, which is dangerous because of the risk of tunnel collapse.
780:
716:
607:
556:
of their spindles of this substance, and give it the name of
499:
187:
177:
55:
8138:
5268:
4040:
563:
The Romans traded for amber from the shores of the southern
8634:
8568:
8561:
8513:
8209:
7897:
7858:
7338:
7194:
7124:
7044:
6916:
6429:
5991:
5966:
5961:
5911:
5673:
3545:"Amber Trade and the Environment in the Kaliningrad Oblast"
3025:"Analysis and Provenience of Minoan and Mycenaean Amber, I"
2771:
2379:
2211:
2169:
2059:) in the manufacture of jewelry and ornaments, and also in
1913:
1357:
named the common amber-yielding pine of the Baltic forests
1204:
848:
568:
5014:
5012:
4960:
4958:
4328:
3875:
Department of Conservation, The National Museum of Denmark
3701:
2582:"Amber" (2004). In Maxine N. Lurie and Marc Mappen (eds.)
436:. Given the presence of amber, the island could have been
146:
or "gray amber"), a solid waxy substance derived from the
7209:
6975:
6933:
4852:
Gomes, Paula B.; Mata, Vera G.; Rodrigues, A. E. (2005).
3837:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 617. pp. 105–129.
2353:
or "artificial horn" (condensation product of casein and
2001:
665:) and trienes, equipping the organic skeleton with three
28:
4472:. Pipesandtobaccos.com. 11 February 2000. Archived from
3500:"BBC News, " Secret 'dino bugs' revealed", 1 April 2008"
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
2843:
whilst analyzing elementary charges for the first time.
2206:
In Arab Muslim tradition, popular scents include amber,
1174:: its ambers are not polymerized, but mainly consist of
150:. The word, in its sense of "ambergris," was adopted in
5265:
40 million year old extinct bee in Dominican amber
5009:
4955:
3390:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2904:
3896:
The Amber Forest: A Reconstruction of a Vanished World
3332:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, p. 12,
2529:
Grimaldi, D. (2009). "Pushing Back Amber Production".
2168:
to create "artificial musk" – a resin with a peculiar
2136:
Amber necklaces are a traditional European remedy for
1307:
A snail and a few insects trapped within Burmese amber
5228:
Farlang many full text historical references on Amber
4975:
4973:
4687:"Teething Necklaces and Beads: A Caution for Parents"
4175:
3523:"The History of Russian Amber, Part 1: The Beginning"
3466:
3207:
2155:
688:
Most amber has a hardness between 2.0 and 2.5 on the
5070:
4991:
4979:
4490:. Steinertindustries.com. 7 May 2007. Archived from
4094:
4092:
3275:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 92–103.
2800:" from the Greek word for amber dates to the 1600 (
2376:
are known under the misleading name "African amber".
4261:
3749:
2357:), other trade names: Alladinite, Erinoid, Lactoid.
916:Amber has often been imitated by other resins like
751:
The abnormal development of resin in living trees (
4970:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3682:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
823:Amber is globally distributed, mainly in rocks of
210:(the Sun) was killed, his mourning sisters became
5253:Physical properties and mineralogical information
4910:
4089:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3633:
202:) meaning "beaming Sun". According to myth, when
8709:
5173:"Amber imitations through the eyes of a chemist"
4343:
3865:
3452:. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. p. 70.
3450:Real Diamonds & Precious Stones of the Bible
3270:
3258:Analytical pyrolysis of natural organic polymers
3053:, a term given to a particular type of amber by
2779:The Natural History of Gems or Decorative Stones
827:age or younger. Historically, the coast west of
5170:
5071:Bogdasarov, Albert; Bogdasarov, Maksim (2013).
5018:
5003:
4964:
4623:
4508:Along the Amber Route: St. Petersburg to Venice
4268:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4159:"Scientist: Frog could be 25 million years old"
4122:Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis
3988:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3859:
3782:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3108:
2823:. University of California Press. p. 169.
2275:) and from New Zealand from trees of the genus
1368:
940:Unique colors of Baltic amber. Polished stones.
905:and polish it with whitening and water or with
428:(author of a fanciful travel book in Greek)—as
371:discussed amber in the 4th century BCE, as did
81:. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called
3984:"Arthropods in amber from the Triassic Period"
3728:
3447:
2602:
2600:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2372:resine (resol, phenolic resins), product from
993:Sometimes amber retains the form of drops and
8154:
6287:
5284:
5120:
4949:
4937:
4737:Health, Center for Devices and Radiological.
4205:"Evidence for marine microfossils from amber"
3894:George Poinar, Jr. and Roberta Poinar, 1999.
3793:
3348:
1880:
4537:
4380:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3930:
3153:
2844:
2386:, formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins.
2116:
845:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
794:
597:
136:. The word referred to what is now known as
110:
105:
4617:
3065:
2884:
2882:
2597:
2503:
2347:Acetylcellulose (not in the use at present)
712:this forms "amber varnish" or "amber lac".
8678:
8161:
8147:
6301:
6294:
6280:
5291:
5277:
4449:The Annual of the British School at Athens
4102:Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.
3547:. Gurukul.ucc.american.edu. Archived from
3255:
3083:
2979:
2849:. Emporia State University. Archived from
2656:Harper, Douglas, ed. (18 September 2022).
1887:
1873:
799:
4872:
4659:
4641:
4558:
4305:
4287:
4238:
4228:
4098:Poinar, P.O., Jr., and R.K. Milki (2001)
4017:
4007:
3750:Anderson, K; Winans, R; Botto, R (1992).
3409:
3190:
2606:
2105:Amber has been used as jewelry since the
949:, which is rare and highly sought after.
719:. Sustained heat and pressure drives off
321:('resin'), are thought to originate from
4761:
4759:
3975:
3924:
3832:
3520:
3432:
3164:
2879:
2816:
2578:
2576:
2528:
2271:of fossil resins). Copals from Manilia (
2096:
2070:
2036:
1954:
1302:
1212:The oldest amber recovered dates to the
1203:
1190:-alkyl compounds. Their main variety is
974:
935:
814:
803:
785:
742:
606:in composition, but consists of several
493:
407:
280:by the 18th century, thus modern German
161:, the sense of the word was extended to
38:
27:
5259:Image and locality information on amber
4914:QATAR (EN ANGLAIS) 2023/2024 Petit Futé
4833:Sorcery of Scent: Amber: A perfume myth
4533:
4531:
4504:
3088:. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 4.
2786:from the original on 29 September 2007.
2708:, University of Michigan, 10 March 2024
2607:St. Fleur, Nicholas (8 December 2016).
2221:
1017:, consist of ring structures formed of
236:says that the German name of amber was
8710:
5043:
4604:
4394:
4264:"An ammonite trapped in Burmese amber"
4176:Waggoner, Benjamin M. (13 July 1996).
3485:
3220:
2746:Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia)
2718:
2655:
2133:uses amber to "tranquilize the mind".
2113:is dedicated to the fossilized resin.
2055:Amber has been used since prehistory (
1341:, occurring in Upper Eocene strata of
8142:
7465:
7104:
6370:
6275:
5272:
4756:
4681:
4679:
3306:Amber: Golden Gem of the Ages. 4th Ed
2751:
2621:from the original on 8 December 2016.
2573:
514:470–413 BCE), according to whom amber
242:, "for which reason the Romans, when
7466:
5245:IPS Publications on amber inclusions
5073:"Forgery and simulations from amber"
4823:, Publication Date: 30 December 1975
4528:
4344:Joseph Stromberg (14 October 2013).
4119:
3577:
3510:from the original on 28 August 2010.
3497:
3303:
3022:
2796:The derivation of the modern term "
2775:
2651:
2649:
2101:Amber necklace from 2000 to 1000 BCE
1199:
567:at least as far back as the time of
535:"juice"). In Book 37, section XI of
198:), are connected to a term ἠλέκτωρ (
5044:Rudler, Frederick William (1911). "
4329:Don Shay & Jody Duncan (1993).
4192:from the original on 8 August 2007.
4047:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3702:Manuel A. Iturralde-Vennet (2001).
3662:from the original on 28 August 2017
3533:from the original on 15 March 2018.
3029:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
2247:resins). The African and American (
1329:Baltic amber is found as irregular
111:
13:
4736:
4676:
3835:Amber, Resinite, and Fossil Resins
3637:The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia
3634:Project Gutenberg (January 2021).
3521:Tantsura, Michael (27 July 2016).
3023:Beck, Curt W. (1 September 1966).
2915:from the original on 26 March 2018
2770:being later used as a name of the
2455:(trade mark Plexiglass, metaplex).
2156:Scent of amber and amber perfumery
66:since antiquity. Amber is used in
14:
8744:
7418:Megalithic architectural elements
5221:
4861:Journal of Essential Oil Research
3611:. 31 January 2017. Archived from
3578:Hunt, Katie (20 September 2020).
3433:Sherborn, Charles Davies (1892).
2945:from the original on 19 June 2017
2646:
2226:Young resins used as imitations:
2075:Pendants made of amber. The oval
1000:
331:
8689:
8677:
7105:
5031:
4992:Bogdasarov & Bogdasarov 2013
4980:Bogdasarov & Bogdasarov 2013
4428:from the original on 3 June 2021
3448:Braswell-Tripp, Pearlie (2013).
3013:or IV.13.95 in the Loeb edition.
1388:
883:internal conflict in the country
873:An important source of amber is
740:that once lived in north Europe.
506:Pliny also cites the opinion of
8291:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
8037:Evolutionary origin of religion
5125:. In Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.).
5064:
4997:
4985:
4943:
4931:
4904:
4845:
4826:
4811:
4790:
4730:
4704:
4598:
4511:. Sandstone Press. p. 71.
4498:
4480:
4462:
4440:
4414:
4388:
4363:
4337:
4322:
4255:
4196:
4169:
4151:
4132:
4113:
4034:
3908:
3898:, (Princeton University Press)
3888:
3826:
3695:
3674:
3644:
3627:
3597:
3571:
3555:
3537:
3514:
3498:Amos, Jonathan (1 April 2008).
3491:
3441:
3426:
3377:
3342:
3322:
3297:
3264:
3249:
3226:
3192:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104367
3102:
3077:
3059:
3039:
3016:
3001:
2957:
2927:
2897:
2891:Online Etymological Dictionary.
2866:
2847:"Welcome to the World of Amber"
2790:
2782:. Cambridge (UK). p. 315.
2436:and polystyrene-like polymers (
2330:(inorganic material) and other
2191:is usually part of the recipe.
1450:List of human evolution fossils
625:, associated with an insoluble
432:—a name generally equated with
176:The classical names for amber,
5121:Matushevskaya, Aniela (2013).
3794:Anderson, K; Botto, R (1993).
2738:
2712:
2696:
2670:
2625:
2399:(Polish amber imitation) with
2146:American Academy of Pediatrics
1080:(= 'normal' Baltic amber) and
214:trees, and their tears became
1:
8168:
7650:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
7180:British megalith architecture
5298:
5171:Wagner-Wysiecka, Eva (2013).
4883:10.1080/10412905.2005.9698864
4540:"Teething: Facts and Fiction"
3351:Accounts of Chemical Research
2764:6.513, 19.398). The feminine
2496:
2420:Reichhold, Inc. patent, 1948.
2323:Plastics used as imitations:
1239:
1066:labdanoids (ozic acid, ozol,
931:
637:of several precursors in the
511:
376:
8683:List of gemstones by species
8652:List of individual gemstones
8313:Precious White and Fire Opal
7645:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
7185:Nordic megalith architecture
4613:(1): 3–17 – via JSTOR.
4067:10.1080/14772019.2013.867373
3820:10.1016/0146-6380(93)90111-N
3776:10.1016/0146-6380(92)90051-X
3717:(3): 141–167. Archived from
3711:Caribbean Journal of Science
3684:, Harvard University Press,
2631:Poinar GO, Poinar R. (1995)
2586:, Rutgers University Press,
2453:polymethyl methacrylate PMMA
2268:
2203:and/or synthetic materials.
2131:Traditional Chinese medicine
1965:preserved in mid-Cretaceous
1445:List of transitional fossils
1369:Paleontological significance
1153:
896:
747:Baltic amber with inclusions
92:
7:
4331:The Making of Jurassic Park
3281:10.1007/978-1-4612-4318-2_6
2894:Retrieved 6 September 2018.
2663:Online Etymology Dictionary
2633:The quest for life in amber
2459:
2019:who played John Hammond in
1561:Mammalian auditory ossicles
1170:Class IV is something of a
1165:
1141:
889:of Ukraine, referred to as
106:
10:
8749:
7793:British Isles and Brittany
7714:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3843:10.1021/bk-1995-0617.ch006
3084:Mikanowski, Jacob (2022).
2766:
2584:Encyclopedia of New Jersey
2415:; estomal are produced by
2079:is 52 by 32 mm (2 by
2066:
1181:
1053:
363:
188:
70:and as a healing agent in
18:
8675:
8667:List of sapphires by size
8644:
8532:
8470:
8417:
8408:
8321:
8281:
8238:
8193:
8183:
8176:
7995:
7808:
7635:
7482:
7478:
7461:
7347:
7311:
7160:
7117:
7113:
7100:
6907:
6738:
6711:
6636:
6562:
6553:
6458:
6383:
6379:
6371:
6366:
6309:
6228:
6190:
6133:
6055:
5826:
5763:
5702:
5664:
5657:
5617:
5519:
5473:
5466:
5306:
4767:"Amber as an aphrodisiac"
4643:10.3390/molecules24030460
3866:Shashoua, Yvonne (2007).
3328:Poinar, George O. (1992)
3256:Moldoveanu, S.C. (1998).
3131:10.1016/j.saa.2019.117270
2994:24 September 2015 at the
2705:Middle English Compendium
2486:Poly(methyl methacrylate)
2117:Historical medicinal uses
1758:Invertebrate paleontology
1707:Biological classification
1687:Introduction to evolution
1588:Evolution of various taxa
1178:-based sesquiterpenoids.
795:Extraction and processing
767:may give a bluish color.
598:Composition and formation
8662:List of emeralds by size
7555:
5192:Kaliningrad Amber Museum
5184:Amber and its imitations
5179:
5142:Kaliningrad Amber Museum
5134:Amber and its imitations
5129:
5092:Kaliningrad Amber Museum
5084:Amber and its imitations
5079:
4144:12 February 2006 at the
3609:National Geographic News
2905:"Bernstein - Wiktionary"
2776:King, Rev. C.W. (1867).
2719:austin (17 April 2018).
1742:Branches of paleontology
1730:Timeline of paleontology
613:more or less soluble in
468:distributed it onwards.
8025:Evolutionary musicology
7428:Oldest extant buildings
7355:Archaeological features
6874:Prepared-core technique
5793:Nickel silver (alpacca)
5055:Encyclopædia Britannica
4838:14 January 2010 at the
4505:Schüler, C. J. (2022).
4456:5 November 2013 at the
4289:10.1073/pnas.1821292116
4230:10.1073/pnas.0804980105
4009:10.1073/pnas.1208464109
3953:10.1126/science.1177539
3304:Rice, Patty C. (2006).
3165:Anderson, L.A. (2023).
2817:Heilbron, J.L. (1979).
2682:3 December 2012 at the
2551:10.1126/science.1179328
2311:Other natural resins —
2183:and/or the plant resin
2011:. In 1938, 12-year-old
1933: million years ago
1848:Vertebrate paleontology
1725:History of paleontology
1719:History of paleontology
1440:Lagerstätte fossil beds
1265:and a poorly preserved
1221: million years ago
982:from Dominican Republic
800:Distribution and mining
310:. These words, and the
274:berne-, barn-, börnstēn
222:gave rise to the words
62:times, and worked as a
43:Unpolished amber stones
7987:Unchambered long cairn
7835:Mound Builders culture
7168:Neolithic architecture
6303:Prehistoric technology
4716:Science-Based Medicine
3402:10.1098/rspb.2009.0806
3246:(EJ-1567C) pp. 449–458
2935:"янтарь – Викисловарь"
2471:List of types of amber
2445:resins of acrylic type
2265:Amber of the Dominican
2102:
2094:
2052:
2032:
2026:The Amber Time Machine
1970:
1768:Molecular paleontology
1308:
1209:
983:
945:green amber, and even
941:
851:in 1946, becoming the
820:
812:
791:
748:
635:radical polymerization
629:substance. Amber is a
546:
521:
503:
413:
406:
392:Pytheas says that the
44:
36:
21:Amber (disambiguation)
8230:Natural marine pearls
7662:List of Stone Age art
6864:Microblade technology
6812:Langdale axe industry
6410:Ard / plough
6134:Other natural objects
5235:George Frederick Kunz
5177:Янтарь и его имитации
5127:Янтарь и его имитации
5077:Янтарь и его имитации
4820:U.S. patent 3,929,677
4805:U.S. patent 3,681,464
4799:U.S. patent 3,703,479
4771:Aphrodisiacs-info.com
4538:Lisa Markman (2009).
4139:BBC – Radio 4 – Amber
3239:12 April 2006 at the
3171:Earth-Science Reviews
3073:. p. Book 37.XI.
2872:Michael R. Collings,
2288:Other fossil resins:
2236:trees in New Zealand.
2100:
2074:
2040:
1985:1993 movie adaptation
1959:Skeleton of the frog
1958:
1908:and even their webs,
1508:Timeline of evolution
1306:
1207:
1102:infrared spectroscopy
978:
939:
818:
807:
790:Amber from Bitterfeld
789:
746:
653:. These labdanes are
641:family, for example,
541:
516:
502:, the source of amber
497:
426:Xenophon of Lampsacus
411:
390:
272:, amber was known as
264:for "amber" (compare
224:electric, electricity
154:in the 14th century.
42:
31:
16:Fossilized tree resin
8733:Traditional medicine
8349:, pink, yellow-green
8069:Prehistoric medicine
8064:Prehistoric counting
8047:Prehistoric religion
8042:Paleolithic religion
8020:Behavioral modernity
7377:Causewayed enclosure
7269:Abri de la Madeleine
6393:Neolithic Revolution
5609:Wire wrapped jewelry
5589:Repoussé and chasing
5186:] (in Russian).
5136:] (in Russian).
5086:] (in Russian).
5019:Wagner-Wysiecka 2013
5004:Wagner-Wysiecka 2013
4965:Wagner-Wysiecka 2013
4712:"Amber Waves of Woo"
4569:10.1542/pir.30-8-e59
4476:on 16 February 2006.
4422:"Jewel of the Earth"
4350:Smithsonian Magazine
3800:Organic Geochemistry
3756:Organic Geochemistry
3640:. Prabhat Prakashan.
2257:trees family (genus
2222:Imitation substances
2111:Palanga Amber Museum
1935:). There is even an
1525:Organs and processes
1435:List of fossil sites
775:is really a kind of
19:For other uses, see
8696:Minerals portal
8268:Precious Black Opal
8108:Prehistoric warfare
6854:Magdalenian culture
6817:Levallois technique
6748:Earliest toolmaking
6151:Ebonite (vulcanite)
5251:Webmineral on Amber
5208:on 16 February 2020
5158:on 16 February 2020
5108:on 16 February 2020
4691:HealthyChildren.org
4607:Pharmacy in History
4280:2019PNAS..11611345Y
4274:(23): 11345–11350.
4221:2008PNAS..10517426G
4215:(45): 17426–17429.
4165:. 16 February 2007.
4059:2015JSPal..13..129S
4000:2012PNAS..10914796S
3945:2009Sci...326..132B
3812:1993OrGeo..20.1027A
3768:1992OrGeo..18..829A
3396:(1672): 3403–3412.
3183:2023ESRv..24004367A
3123:2019AcSpA.22217270C
2725:Amber International
2543:2009Sci...326...51G
1941:Puzosia (Bhimaites)
1859:Paleontology Portal
1513:Transitional fossil
1483:Geologic time scale
1376:Part of a series on
1320:Uranium–lead dating
1124:is mainly based on
1104:through a specific
8518:Opaque iridescent
8409:Jewelry-Industrial
8355:yellow, blue, pink
8059:Origin of language
8052:Spiritual drug use
7962:Rectangular dolmen
7864:Dartmoor kistvaens
7677:Carved stone balls
7389:Circular enclosure
7348:Other architecture
7291:Alp pile dwellings
6879:Solutrean industry
6790:Gravettian culture
6440:Secondary products
5496:Jewellery designer
4950:Matushevskaya 2013
4938:Matushevskaya 2013
4777:on 17 January 2013
2845:Aber, Susie Ward.
2614:The New York Times
2304:, and simetite in
2103:
2095:
2053:
2050:Muséum de Toulouse
2013:David Attenborough
1971:
1420:Fossil preparation
1359:Pinites succiniter
1309:
1214:late Carboniferous
1210:
1044:gas chromatography
984:
942:
853:Kaliningrad Oblast
821:
813:
792:
749:
504:
477:province of Matera
414:
299:term for amber is
228:static electricity
218:, amber. The word
45:
37:
8705:
8704:
8533:Industrial stones
8528:
8527:
8404:
8403:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8081:Prehistoric music
8030:music archaeology
7687:Cup and ring mark
7512:Clothing/textiles
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
6899:Yubetsu technique
6884:Striking platform
6849:Lithic technology
6734:
6733:
6719:Game drive system
6638:Projectile points
6530:Mortar and pestle
6269:
6268:
6186:
6185:
6056:Organic gemstones
5653:
5652:
5237:, and special on
5201:978-5-903920-26-6
5151:978-5-903920-26-6
5101:978-5-903920-26-6
4900:on 24 March 2012.
4808:, issue date 1972
4518:978-1-912240-92-0
3994:(37): 14796–801.
3939:(5949): 132–134.
3852:978-0-8412-3336-2
3656:www.gemselect.com
3615:on 1 October 2019
3363:10.1021/ar0001970
3315:978-1-4259-3849-9
3290:978-0-387-94308-4
3055:James Dwight Dana
2939:ru.wiktionary.org
2909:en.wiktionary.org
2830:978-0-520-03478-5
2807:"amber-like", in
2342:Cellulose nitrate
2332:ceramic materials
2267:or Mexican type (
2233:Agathis australis
2230:Kauri resin from
1995:from prehistoric
1897:
1896:
1823:Paleotempestology
1808:Paleoneurobiology
1763:Micropaleontology
1363:Pinus succinifera
1200:Geological record
1193:Highgate copalite
1158:These ambers are
1096:, hence the name
1048:mass spectrometry
885:. Amber from the
866:is mined through
464:, from where the
420:coast and called
270:Middle Low German
159:Romance languages
115:(ultimately from
97:The English word
8740:
8728:Amorphous solids
8694:
8693:
8692:
8681:
8680:
8657:List of diamonds
8415:
8414:
8191:
8190:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8140:
8139:
8096:Divje Babe flute
8003:Archaeoastronomy
7746:Petrosomatoglyph
7480:
7479:
7463:
7462:
7312:Water management
7115:
7114:
7102:
7101:
7005:Denticulate tool
6827:Lithic reduction
6560:
6559:
6381:
6380:
6368:
6367:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6273:
6272:
5713:Britannia silver
5662:
5661:
5471:
5470:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5204:. Archived from
5167:
5165:
5163:
5154:. Archived from
5117:
5115:
5113:
5104:. Archived from
5059:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5022:
5016:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4968:
4962:
4953:
4952:, pp. 13–19
4947:
4941:
4940:, pp. 11–13
4935:
4929:
4928:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4893:. Archived from
4876:
4858:
4849:
4843:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4773:. Archived from
4763:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4645:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4587:. Archived from
4562:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4494:on 16 July 2011.
4484:
4478:
4477:
4466:
4460:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4291:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4149:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4117:
4111:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4011:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3928:
3922:
3912:
3906:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3877:. Archived from
3872:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3791:
3780:
3779:
3747:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3699:
3693:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3464:
3463:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3346:
3340:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2853:on 28 April 2007
2834:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2768:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2653:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2595:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2526:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
1989:Steven Spielberg
1975:Michael Crichton
1934:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1838:Sclerochronology
1566:Mosaic evolution
1503:Paleoclimatology
1473:Extinction event
1392:
1373:
1372:
1355:Heinrich Göppert
1261:Cheirolepidoptus
1241:
1229:Early Cretaceous
1222:
1131:Hymenaea protera
970:
924:, as well as by
698:specific gravity
694:refractive index
612:
580:Crosswicks Creek
513:
450:Sambia Peninsula
444:, the shores of
381:
378:
293:Baltic languages
193:
192:
114:
113:
109:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8690:
8688:
8671:
8640:
8524:
8466:
8410:
8400:
8317:
8277:
8234:
8179:
8172:
8167:
8137:
8124:
7991:
7977:Stone box grave
7947:Megalithic tomb
7852:Cotswold-Severn
7804:
7709:Guardian stones
7637:Prehistoric art
7631:
7474:
7449:
7438:Timber trackway
7343:
7307:
7303:Wattle and daub
7156:
7135:Standing stones
7109:
7088:
6903:
6730:
6707:
6632:
6549:
6459:Food processing
6454:
6403:New World crops
6375:
6362:
6305:
6300:
6270:
6265:
6224:
6182:
6171:Spondylus shell
6129:
6051:
5822:
5808:Stainless steel
5759:
5743:Sterling silver
5703:Precious metal
5698:
5666:Precious metals
5649:
5613:
5515:
5462:
5302:
5297:
5224:
5211:
5209:
5202:
5181:
5161:
5159:
5152:
5131:
5111:
5109:
5102:
5081:
5067:
5062:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4874:10.1.1.694.8772
4856:
4850:
4846:
4840:Wayback Machine
4831:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4780:
4778:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4718:. 11 April 2014
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4622:
4618:
4603:
4599:
4594:on 10 May 2013.
4591:
4560:10.1.1.695.5675
4542:
4536:
4529:
4519:
4503:
4499:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4458:Wayback Machine
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4393:
4389:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4338:
4327:
4323:
4260:
4256:
4201:
4197:
4174:
4170:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4146:Wayback Machine
4137:
4133:
4118:
4114:
4097:
4090:
4039:
4035:
3980:
3976:
3929:
3925:
3913:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3884:on 11 May 2011.
3881:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3831:
3827:
3792:
3783:
3748:
3729:
3724:on 11 May 2011.
3721:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3576:
3572:
3560:
3556:
3551:on 6 July 2012.
3543:
3542:
3538:
3519:
3515:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3467:
3460:
3446:
3442:
3431:
3427:
3382:
3378:
3347:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:. AuthorHouse.
3302:
3298:
3291:
3269:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3241:Wayback Machine
3231:
3227:
3219:
3208:
3163:
3154:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3082:
3078:
3071:Natural History
3067:Pliny the Elder
3064:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3021:
3017:
3008:Natural History
3006:
3002:
2996:Wayback Machine
2986:Natural History
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2867:
2856:
2854:
2831:
2813:William Gilbert
2795:
2791:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2721:"Amber History"
2717:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2684:Wayback Machine
2675:
2671:
2654:
2647:
2635:. Basic Books,
2630:
2626:
2605:
2598:
2581:
2574:
2527:
2504:
2499:
2462:
2224:
2158:
2119:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2035:
1929:
1893:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1748:Biostratigraphy
1743:
1735:
1734:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1571:Nervous systems
1526:
1518:
1517:
1493:History of life
1488:Geologic record
1463:
1462:Natural history
1455:
1454:
1430:List of fossils
1400:
1371:
1337:sand, known as
1296:, and achiliid
1225:Late Cretaceous
1217:
1202:
1184:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1056:
1031:Phenolic resins
1028:
1024:
1003:
968:
934:
899:
864:Dominican amber
802:
797:
738:Sciadopityaceae
664:
660:
633:formed by free
610:
600:
539:, Pliny wrote:
537:Natural History
454:Curonian Lagoon
385:Natural History
379:
366:
334:
328:("sea-resin").
248:Old High German
234:Pliny the Elder
95:
85:, and the term
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8746:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8624:
8610:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8571:
8565:
8555:
8553:Petrified wood
8550:
8542:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8522:
8516:
8510:
8505:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8423:
8421:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8361:
8356:
8350:
8340:
8339:, polychromous
8334:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8201:
8199:
8188:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8166:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8143:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8086:Alligator drum
8078:
8077:
8076:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8013:lunar calendar
8010:
7999:
7997:
7996:Other cultural
7993:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7900:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7814:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7800:Venus figurine
7797:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7731:Megalithic art
7728:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7689:
7684:
7682:Cave paintings
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7565:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7488:
7486:
7484:Material goods
7476:
7475:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7403:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7362:
7357:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7283:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7207:
7202:
7200:Cliff dwelling
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6919:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6785:Fire hardening
6782:
6777:
6775:Clovis culture
6772:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6698:Manis Mastodon
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6577:throwing stick
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6389:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6232:Related topics
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5604:Wire sculpture
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5223:
5222:External links
5220:
5219:
5218:
5200:
5168:
5150:
5118:
5100:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5050:Chisholm, Hugh
5027:
5024:
5023:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4969:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4923:
4917:. Petit Futé.
4903:
4867:(2): 160–165.
4844:
4825:
4810:
4789:
4755:
4729:
4703:
4675:
4616:
4597:
4553:(8): e59–e64.
4527:
4517:
4497:
4479:
4461:
4439:
4413:
4387:
4362:
4336:
4321:
4254:
4195:
4168:
4150:
4131:
4112:
4088:
4053:(2): 129–151.
4033:
3974:
3923:
3907:
3887:
3858:
3851:
3825:
3781:
3762:(6): 829–841.
3727:
3694:
3673:
3643:
3626:
3596:
3570:
3554:
3536:
3513:
3490:
3488:, p. 793.
3465:
3458:
3440:
3425:
3376:
3341:
3321:
3314:
3296:
3289:
3263:
3248:
3225:
3223:, p. 792.
3206:
3152:
3101:
3094:
3076:
3058:
3038:
3015:
3000:
2978:
2956:
2926:
2896:
2878:
2865:
2829:
2789:
2750:
2737:
2711:
2695:
2669:
2645:
2624:
2596:
2572:
2537:(5949): 51–2.
2501:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:Precious coral
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Petrified wood
2473:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:), especially
2449:vinyl polymers
2441:
2438:vinyl polymers
2431:
2426:
2421:
2394:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2286:
2251:) copals from
2237:
2223:
2220:
2157:
2154:
2118:
2115:
2068:
2065:
2034:
2031:
1977:'s 1990 novel
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Paleopathology
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Paleolimnology
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Palaeoxylology
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Common descent
1689:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Origin of life
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1316:Hukawng Valley
1287:clerid beetles
1271:Lebanese amber
1201:
1198:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1055:
1052:
1026:
1022:
1009:, produced by
1002:
1001:Classification
999:
933:
930:
898:
895:
801:
798:
796:
793:
696:of 1.5–1.6, a
671:polymerization
662:
658:
599:
596:
380: 330 BCE
365:
362:
333:
332:Varietal names
330:
317:and Hungarian
152:Middle English
117:Middle Persian
94:
91:
32:An ant inside
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8745:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8723:Fossil resins
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8698:
8697:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8407:
8397:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8303:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8248:Pink sapphire
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8220:Blue Sapphire
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8189:
8186:
8182:
8175:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8152:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7972:Simple dolmen
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7957:Passage grave
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7903:Gallery grave
7901:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7845:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7818:Burial mounds
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7778:Statue menhir
7776:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7766:Stone carving
7764:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7605:Sewing needle
7603:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7433:Timber circle
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7382:Tor enclosure
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7370:fulacht fiadh
7368:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7099:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:spear-thrower
6604:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6584:Bow and arrow
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6493:Grinding slab
6491:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6425:Domestication
6423:
6421:
6420:Digging stick
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6398:Founder crops
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6339:New Stone Age
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6236:Body piercing
6234:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6125:Tortoiseshell
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Bench jeweler
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5040:public domain
5029:
5028:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4926:
4924:9782305096186
4920:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4443:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4377:
4366:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4108:0-87071-533-X
4105:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3904:0-691-02888-5
3901:
3897:
3891:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3567:3-8067-2551-9
3564:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3459:9781479796441
3455:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:(8): 628–36.
3356:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:Life in amber
3325:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3095:9781524748500
3091:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:succinic acid
3042:
3035:(3): 191–211.
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2966:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2876:, 2009, p. 20
2875:
2869:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2841:George Stoney
2838:
2835:. The word "
2832:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:0 19 713559 5
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:0-201-48928-7
2638:
2634:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:Stained glass
2326:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:Araucariaceae
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:Dammara resin
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:ancient China
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:teething pain
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2061:folk medicine
2058:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:Jurassic Park
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:Jurassic Park
1976:
1968:
1967:Burmese amber
1964:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:Burmese amber
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Paleopedology
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:Paleomycology
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Paleogenetics
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Geochronology
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Fossilization
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:glacial drift
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Burmese amber
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1233:Late Triassic
1230:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:succinic acid
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:biformenes).
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
991:
989:
981:
977:
973:
971:
964:
960:
957:"straw" plus
956:
950:
948:
938:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
908:
904:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
817:
810:
806:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
745:
741:
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:isomerization
672:
668:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:communic acid
640:
636:
632:
631:macromolecule
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
605:
604:heterogeneous
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:electrostatic
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
515:
509:
501:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
389:
387:
386:
374:
370:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
324:
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
186:
185:Ancient Greek
182:
179:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
131:Middle French
128:
125:
121:
118:
108:
104:
101:derives from
100:
90:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
72:folk medicine
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
35:
30:
26:
22:
8687:
8631:Pyrophyllite
8600:Serpentinite
8581:(green mica)
8471:
8451:Baltic amber
8446:
8418:
8322:
8282:
8239:
8194:
7913:wedge-shaped
7898:Funeral pyre
7891:Great dolmen
7847:Chamber tomb
7828:Round barrow
7783:Stone circle
7655:Blombos Cave
7583:Grooved ware
7507:Chalcolithic
7411:Thornborough
7329:Flush toilet
7264:Blombos Cave
7259:Rock shelter
7215:Quiggly hole
7107:Architecture
7082:illustration
6724:Buffalo jump
6545:Storage pits
6508:Aşıklı Höyük
6498:Ground stone
6334:Subdivisions
6261:Wearable art
6256:Phaleristics
6251:Metalworking
6156:Gutta-percha
6067:
5932:Lapis lazuli
5718:Colored gold
5599:Stonesetting
5257:Mindat Amber
5239:Baltic amber
5231:Theophrastus
5210:. Retrieved
5206:the original
5183:
5176:
5160:. Retrieved
5156:the original
5133:
5126:
5110:. Retrieved
5106:the original
5083:
5076:
5065:Bibliography
5053:
5021:, p. 32
5006:, p. 31
4999:
4994:, p. 37
4987:
4982:, p. 38
4967:, p. 30
4945:
4933:
4913:
4906:
4895:the original
4864:
4860:
4847:
4828:
4813:
4792:
4781:19 September
4779:. Retrieved
4775:the original
4770:
4746:. Retrieved
4742:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4715:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4589:the original
4550:
4547:Pediatr. Rev
4546:
4522:
4507:
4500:
4492:the original
4482:
4474:the original
4464:
4448:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4400:
4395:News Staff.
4390:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4349:
4339:
4333:. p. 4.
4330:
4324:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4188:(1): 20–26.
4185:
4181:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4099:
4050:
4046:
4036:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3895:
3890:
3879:the original
3874:
3861:
3834:
3828:
3803:
3799:
3759:
3755:
3719:the original
3714:
3710:
3697:
3681:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3655:
3646:
3636:
3629:
3619:22 September
3617:. Retrieved
3613:the original
3608:
3599:
3589:20 September
3587:. Retrieved
3583:
3573:
3557:
3549:the original
3539:
3526:
3516:
3503:
3493:
3449:
3443:
3428:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3329:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3272:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3228:
3174:
3170:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3085:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2985:
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2967:. Mindat.org
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2908:
2899:
2890:
2889:"Electric."
2873:
2868:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2819:
2808:
2804:
2792:
2778:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2672:
2661:
2632:
2627:
2612:
2583:
2534:
2530:
2429:Epoxy resins
2424:Polyethylene
2355:formaldehyde
2322:
2276:
2258:
2252:
2231:
2225:
2205:
2178:
2159:
2135:
2120:
2104:
2054:
2024:
2020:
2015:(brother of
1978:
1972:
1960:
1939:
1898:
1828:Paleozoology
1788:Paleoecology
1778:Paleobiology
1531:Avian flight
1468:Biogeography
1425:Index fossil
1410:Trace fossil
1382:Paleontology
1362:
1358:
1338:
1328:
1310:
1298:planthoppers
1275:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1211:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1160:polystyrenes
1157:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1110:abietic acid
1097:
1089:
1086:Baltic amber
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1004:
992:
985:
966:
958:
954:
951:
943:
915:
911:
907:rotten stone
900:
887:Rivne Oblast
877:in northern
875:Kachin State
872:
868:bell pitting
859:
857:
822:
772:
768:
756:
752:
750:
731:
725:
714:
702:oil of amber
701:
687:
679:crosslinking
601:
573:
562:
557:
547:
542:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
517:
505:
470:
433:
429:
415:
391:
383:
369:Theophrastus
367:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
325:
318:
314:
307:
300:
288:
281:
273:
265:
259:
251:
237:
232:
223:
219:
215:
199:
195:
180:
175:
171:
166:
163:Baltic amber
156:
143:
137:
133:
126:
124:Middle Latin
119:
98:
96:
86:
82:
76:
47:
46:
34:Baltic amber
25:
8613:Ophicalcite
8494:Colorless,
8457:Chrysoprase
8368:Spessartine
8333:– Verdelite
8225:Alexandrite
7935:unchambered
7930:Long barrow
7920:Grave goods
7876:Court cairn
7871:Clava cairn
7823:Bowl barrow
7761:Rock cupule
7704:Golden hats
7697:Hill figure
7598:Unstan ware
7578:Cord-marked
7443:Sweet Track
7365:Burnt mound
7286:Stilt house
7274:Sibudu Cave
7067:Tally stick
7035:Quern-stone
7020:Hammerstone
7010:Fire plough
6981:Pesse canoe
6939:Bannerstone
6909:Other tools
6822:Lithic core
6770:Aurignacian
6658:Bare Island
6540:Quern-stone
6198:Art jewelry
6022:Tiger's eye
5927:Labradorite
5877:Chrysocolla
5872:Chrysoberyl
5788:Mokume-gane
5765:Base metals
5537:centrifugal
5506:Silversmith
5381:Ferronnière
5331:Belt buckle
5326:Belly chain
5188:Kaliningrad
5138:Kaliningrad
5088:Kaliningrad
4748:21 December
4743:www.fda.gov
4722:21 December
4696:21 December
3806:(7): 1027.
3486:Rudler 1911
3273:Ancient DNA
3260:. Elsevier.
3221:Rudler 1911
3049:as well as
2434:Polystyrene
2254:Leguminosae
2166:nitric acid
2125:in ancient
2123:Hippocrates
2044:amber from
1962:Electrorana
1944:and marine
1918:crustaceans
1783:Paleobotany
1604:Cephalopods
1599:Butterflies
1415:Microfossil
1335:glauconitic
1291:umenocoleid
1283:zorapterans
1267:nematoceran
1245:Triasacarus
1035:medullosans
1015:angiosperms
995:stalactites
988:ultraviolet
963:electricity
891:Rivne amber
773:black amber
710:linseed oil
683:cyclization
677:reactions,
669:groups for
590:, and near
358:Stantienite
278:High German
256:Old English
254:and by the
167:ambre jaune
148:sperm whale
8712:Categories
8617:Serpentine
8605:Aventurine
8579:Listwanite
8370:(malaya),
8337:Indicolite
8331:Tourmaline
8304:(Imperial)
8296:Aquamarine
8074:trepanning
7967:Ring cairn
7925:Jar burial
7908:transepted
7840:U.S. sites
7741:Petroglyph
7667:Bird stone
7625:wine press
7298:Stone roof
7281:Roundhouse
7173:long house
7150:Stonehenge
7118:Ceremonial
7062:Stone tool
6889:Tool stone
6859:Metallurgy
6763:Mousterian
6740:Toolmaking
6678:Cumberland
6651:Transverse
6621:Schöningen
6513:Qesem cave
6481:Earth oven
6435:Irrigation
6346:Technology
6314:Prehistory
6032:Tourmaline
5977:Prasiolite
5852:Aventurine
5723:Crown gold
5625:Draw plate
5574:Metal clay
5511:Watchmaker
5501:Lapidarist
5486:Clockmaker
5361:Collar pin
5356:Chatelaine
4636:(3): 460.
3920:0810919664
3690:0674511735
3338:0804720010
3177:: 104367.
3117:: 117270.
2809:De Magnete
2805:electricus
2592:0813533252
2497:References
2397:Polyesters
2093: in).
1997:mosquitoes
1946:gastropods
1833:Palynology
1702:Cladistics
1541:Multicells
1339:blue earth
1333:in marine
1255:Minyacarus
1060:ozic acids
1007:Terpenoids
980:Blue amber
947:blue amber
932:Appearance
860:blue earth
837:Juodkrantė
829:Königsberg
825:Cretaceous
769:Bony amber
753:succinosis
706:turpentine
690:Mohs scale
655:diterpenes
627:bituminous
623:chloroform
576:New Jersey
481:Basilicata
458:Amber Road
446:Gdańsk Bay
438:Heligoland
323:Phoenician
297:Lithuanian
244:Germanicus
144:ambre gris
79:inclusions
52:fossilized
8608:quartzite
8560:(Porouse
8558:Cacholong
8520:feldspars
8490:Rhodonite
8485:Amazonite
8472:2nd order
8442:Malachite
8419:1st order
8396:Turquoise
8376:Almandine
8372:Rhodolite
8323:4th order
8283:3rd order
8273:Tanzanite
8258:Tsavorite
8253:Demantoid
8240:2nd order
8196:1st order
8170:Gemstones
8118:symbolism
7982:Tor cairn
7940:Grønsalen
7881:Cremation
7773:Sculpture
7751:Pictogram
7736:Petroform
7556:amber use
7524:Cosmetics
7334:Reservoir
7319:Check dam
7249:Pueblitos
7244:Pit-house
7227:Longhouse
7161:Dwellings
7030:Microlith
6961:Bow drill
6956:Bone tool
6949:prismatic
6758:Acheulean
6673:Cresswell
6646:Arrowhead
6572:Boomerang
6488:Granaries
6450:Terracing
6329:Stone Age
6178:Toadstone
6115:Operculum
6042:Variscite
6037:Turquoise
6017:Tanzanite
5952:Moonstone
5947:Marcasite
5942:Malachite
5867:Carnelian
5842:Amazonite
5829:gemstones
5803:Pinchbeck
5748:Argentium
5738:Shibuichi
5679:Palladium
5658:Materials
5594:Soldering
5584:Polishing
5559:Engraving
5554:Enameling
5520:Processes
5491:Goldsmith
5426:Tie chain
5401:Neck ring
5391:Lapel pin
5300:Jewellery
4869:CiteSeerX
4652:1420-3049
4630:Molecules
4555:CiteSeerX
4406:23 August
4376:cite news
4298:0027-8424
4182:PaleoBios
4075:1477-2019
3969:128461248
3666:28 August
3201:257326012
3147:195261188
3051:succinite
2567:206522565
2417:Laminopol
2382:resins —
2380:Carbamide
2337:Celluloid
2313:cellulose
2273:Indonesia
2245:subfossil
2214:and oud (
2181:ambergris
2107:Stone Age
2057:Solutrean
2042:Solutrean
1993:dinosaurs
1948:found in
1843:Taphonomy
1753:Ichnology
1697:Phylogeny
1681:Evolution
1669:Tetrapods
1614:Dinosaurs
1609:Cetaceans
1314:from the
1172:catch-all
1154:Class III
1098:succinite
1078:Succinite
1076:includes
1040:pyrolysis
1029:) units.
965:, كهرباء
926:celluloid
922:kauri gum
897:Treatment
841:Lithuania
809:Open cast
761:inclusion
651:biformene
602:Amber is
354:Krantzite
350:Kochenite
342:Beckerite
338:Allingite
291:. In the
289:barnsteen
282:Bernstein
139:ambergris
93:Etymology
60:Neolithic
8627:Pagodite
8595:Fluorite
8590:Selenite
8574:Obsidian
8508:Hematite
8462:Charoite
8437:Nephrite
8427:Lazurite
8385:Amethyst
8347:Heliodor
7756:Rock art
7719:painting
7692:Geoglyph
7517:timeline
7497:Beadwork
7237:Mehrgarh
7232:Mudbrick
7140:megalith
7015:Fire-saw
6837:debitage
6832:analysis
6800:Hand axe
6780:Cupstone
6358:Glossary
6319:Timeline
6246:Gemology
6220:Fineness
6211:(purity)
6146:Bog-wood
6093:Precious
6073:Ammolite
6012:Sunstone
6002:Sodalite
5997:Sapphire
5957:Obsidian
5897:Fluorite
5887:Diopside
5847:Amethyst
5827:Mineral
5818:Tungsten
5813:Titanium
5728:Electrum
5684:Platinum
5569:Kazaziye
5564:Filigree
5542:lost-wax
5441:Toe ring
5431:Tie clip
5406:Pectoral
5396:Necklace
5371:Cufflink
5346:Bracelet
5341:Bolo tie
5321:Barrette
5263:NY Times
4891:96688538
4836:Archived
4670:30696059
4585:29522788
4577:19648257
4454:Archived
4426:Archived
4316:31085633
4249:18981417
4190:Archived
4163:NBC News
4142:Archived
4128:: 44–60.
4083:85055941
4028:22927387
3961:19797659
3660:Archived
3531:Archived
3508:Archived
3504:BBC News
3420:19570786
3371:12186567
3237:Archived
3139:31226615
3045:Compare
3011:IV.27.13
2992:Archived
2971:9 August
2943:Archived
2913:Archived
2837:electron
2798:electric
2784:Archived
2767:ἠλεκτρίς
2730:22 April
2680:Archived
2643:, p. 133
2619:Archived
2559:19797645
2466:Ammolite
2460:See also
2405:Organika
2384:melamine
2370:Bakelite
2351:Galalith
2298:rumenite
2281:(family
2260:Hymenaea
2249:Colombia
2216:agarwood
2185:labdanum
2148:and the
2046:Altamira
2006:Holocene
1983:and the
1937:ammonite
1922:bacteria
1910:annelids
1863:Category
1659:Sea cows
1654:Reptiles
1644:Molluscs
1551:Flagella
1279:Jurassic
1251:Ampezzoa
1216:period (
1166:Class IV
1148:cadinene
1142:Class II
1136:retinite
1122:Class Ic
1116:Class Ib
1106:carbonyl
1082:Glessite
1074:Class Ia
1019:isoprene
1011:conifers
733:Hymenaea
721:terpenes
647:communol
608:resinous
592:Woodbury
525:succinum
519:Germany.
473:Policoro
462:Pannonia
418:Scythian
402:Teutones
346:Gedanite
326:jainitar
308:dzintars
303:and the
301:gintaras
284:besides
220:elektron
216:elektron
196:ēlektron
190:ἤλεκτρον
181:electrum
83:resinite
64:gemstone
8645:Related
8621:Calcite
8567:Marble
8548:granite
8545:Graphic
8512:Common
8432:Jadeite
8390:Citrine
8364:Garnets
8359:Peridot
8308:Elbaite
8300:Orange
8215:Emerald
8205:Diamond
8185:Jewelry
8113:Symbols
7724:pigment
7610:Weaving
7573:Cardium
7568:Pottery
7563:Mirrors
7551:Jewelry
7492:Baskets
7472:culture
7324:Cistern
7130:Pyramid
7072:Weapons
7050:Scraper
7040:Racloir
7000:Cleaver
6988:Chopper
6894:Uniface
6805:Grooves
6795:Hafting
6753:Oldowan
6712:Systems
6663:Cascade
6626:woomera
6616:harpoon
6589:history
6555:Hunting
6535:Pottery
6476:Cooking
6385:Farming
6351:history
6324:Outline
6241:Fashion
6215:Finding
6063:Abalone
5972:Peridot
5937:Larimar
5922:Kyanite
5907:Howlite
5892:Emerald
5882:Diamond
5755:Tumbaga
5733:Shakudō
5689:Rhodium
5640:Mandrel
5579:Plating
5532:Casting
5527:Carving
5436:Tie pin
5411:Pendant
5386:Genital
5376:Earring
5052:(ed.).
5042::
4661:6384605
4424:. PBS.
4401:SciNews
4307:6561253
4276:Bibcode
4240:2582268
4217:Bibcode
4055:Bibcode
4019:3443139
3996:Bibcode
3941:Bibcode
3933:Science
3808:Bibcode
3764:Bibcode
3411:2817186
3244:Arkivoc
3179:Bibcode
3119:Bibcode
2965:"Amber"
2758:Homeric
2658:"amber"
2539:Bibcode
2531:Science
2409:Sarzyna
2401:styrene
2391:novolac
2302:Romania
2290:burmite
2278:Agathis
2269:Class I
2208:jasmine
2193:Vanilla
2189:Benzoin
2174:perfume
2088:⁄
2077:pendant
2067:Jewelry
2048:in the
2017:Richard
1926:amoebae
1906:spiders
1902:Insects
1664:Spiders
1639:Mammals
1634:Insects
1399:Fossils
1331:nodules
1294:roaches
1237:Carnian
1182:Class V
1176:cedrene
1126:enantio
1068:enantio
1064:enantio
1054:Class I
967:kahrabā
879:Myanmar
847:of the
833:Prussia
765:Pyrites
759:. Such
757:firniss
727:Agathis
639:labdane
615:alcohol
584:Trenton
531:, from
529:sūcinum
485:Mycenae
475:in the
452:or the
442:Zealand
430:Basilia
394:Gutones
373:Pytheas
364:History
305:Latvian
206:son of
204:Phaëton
200:ēlektōr
157:In the
87:ambrite
68:jewelry
8540:Jasper
8503:quartz
8411:stones
8380:Pyrope
8263:Spinel
8187:stones
8091:flutes
7886:Dolmen
7810:Burial
7620:winery
7593:Linear
7423:Midden
7401:Cursus
7394:Goseck
7254:Pueblo
7205:Dugout
7190:Burdei
6869:Mining
6693:Lamoka
6688:Folsom
6668:Clovis
6525:Metate
6503:Hearth
6471:Basket
6445:Sickle
6205:(mass)
6141:Bezoar
6047:Zircon
6007:Spinel
5982:Quartz
5917:Jasper
5902:Garnet
5798:Pewter
5783:Copper
5778:Bronze
5705:alloys
5694:Silver
5645:Pliers
5635:Hammer
5547:vacuum
5474:People
5467:Making
5451:pocket
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2306:Sicily
2241:copals
2197:cloves
2127:Greece
1649:Plants
1629:Humans
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1347:Eocene
1343:Sambia
1324:zircon
1235:(late
781:X-rays
708:or in
667:alkene
649:, and
611:bodies
588:Camden
578:along
565:Baltic
558:harpax
554:whorls
508:Nicias
489:Sicily
466:Veneti
448:, the
434:Abalus
422:Balcia
398:Abalus
356:, and
319:gyanta
315:jantar
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8718:Amber
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8480:Agate
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8394:Blue
8353:Topaz
8343:Beryl
8302:topaz
8008:sites
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7672:Cairn
7588:Jōmon
7539:shoes
7534:Hides
7406:Henge
7360:Broch
7222:Jacal
7077:Wheel
7025:Knife
6971:Canoe
6966:Burin
6944:Blade
6842:flake
6703:Plano
6611:baton
6601:Spear
6567:Arrow
6520:Manos
6373:Tools
6209:Carat
6203:Carat
6191:Terms
6166:Shell
6120:Pearl
6110:Nacre
6100:Ivory
6088:Black
6083:Coral
6078:Copal
6068:Amber
6027:Topaz
5986:smoky
5857:Beryl
5837:Agate
5773:Brass
5618:Tools
5456:strap
5446:Watch
5421:Tiara
5366:Crown
5336:Bindi
5308:Forms
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4887:S2CID
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3871:(PDF)
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3197:S2CID
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2949:7 May
2919:7 May
2802:Latin
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2563:S2CID
2481:Pearl
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2170:musky
2138:colic
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1914:frogs
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903:lathe
717:copal
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586:, at
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266:glass
258:word
250:word
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120:ambar
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8569:onyx
8562:opal
8514:opal
8500:pink
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8210:Ruby
8101:gudi
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7788:list
7615:Wine
7544:Ötzi
7529:Glue
7502:Beds
7470:and
7468:Arts
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6683:Eden
6596:Nets
6466:Fire
6430:Goad
6415:Celt
6161:Hair
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5912:Jade
5674:Gold
5630:File
5416:Ring
5214:2016
5196:ISBN
5164:2016
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5096:ISBN
4919:ISBN
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4698:2018
4666:PMID
4648:ISSN
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4434:2021
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