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sought a unified theme for these commemorations. To avoid this, the law creating the federal
Commission reflected clear expectations that most of the implementation work of the commemoration would be carried out by the various state commissions. Almost all of the states did indeed set up centennial
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The public commemoration of the Civil War began with
Congress' 1957 creation of the United States Civil War Centennial Commission. The Commission was asked to work with, and encourage, the U.S. states (especially the ones created before the war) to create commissions to commemorate the war, and to
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in April 1961 as part of the 100th-anniversary commemoration by South
Carolina's government of the reduction of Fort Sumter. Eleven months later, state lawmakers passed a law requiring the flag's commemorative appearance be made permanent and that the flag be flown over the capitol itself. This
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responded with enthusiasm to invitations to celebrate their heritage, which they saw as one of courage on the battlefield and continuity afterwards. For the first time, many
Americans, especially white Southerners, volunteered or were recruited into
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in
Kentucky, also trace their heritage back to the Centennial years. In addition, much of the current interpretive infrastructure of other major American Civil War battlefields dates back to planning decisions made in the early 1960s.
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The same geographical divisions that had helped spark the Civil War itself also affected the works of the separate state commissions that tried to oversee the
Centennial. Not surprisingly, the Northern states' commissions and the
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and other federal agencies that controlled key Civil War battlefields, used the
Centennial to successfully lobby Congress for increased funding to re-landscape and interpret these battlefields for the general public. The
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as the flag to be used in commemoration of the
Centennial, and this flag was raised at many 100th-anniversary events. For example, the modified Confederate flag was raised on the grounds of the
120:' commissions looked at the war in very different ways, used different keywords and phrases to reflect their viewpoints, and sponsored and encouraged different public memorials and activities.
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consensus to the effect that all
Americans were ideologically united, with the result that potentially divisive civil rights issues were not emphasized. The shadow of ongoing conflict over the
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on the facts and issues surrounding the war. Historian Robert J. Cook, in a 2007 study of the commemoration, argues that these efforts were unsuccessful and constituted a missed opportunity.
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364:
426:
Allen, Kevin. "The Second Battle of Fort Sumter: The Debate over the
Politics of Race and Historical Memory at the Opening of America's Civil War Centennial, 1961,"
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in Missouri, were added to the roster of parklands administered by the National Park Service during the Centennial years. Civil War-related state parks, such as
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In particular, the governments of U.S. Southern states saw the Civil War centennial as an opportunity to reinforce their view that the infrastructure of
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Before 1957, celebrants of Southern heritage had adopted a wide variety of signs and symbols. In the late 1950s, many white Southerners united around
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Teters, Kristopher A. "Albert Burton Moore and Alabama's Centennial Commemoration of the Civil War: The Rhetoric of Race, Romance, and Reunion,"
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recommended a major effort to document and preserve information from historic letters, newspapers, and public documents.
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172:
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99:, the Commission's first executive director, looked for ways it could spur economic development. They agreed on a
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168:
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91:, the first chairman, wanted to emphasize large events that appealed to the public, such as "sham battles" or
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Altogether Fitting and Proper: Civil War Battlefield Preservation in History, Memory, and Policy, 1861-2015
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groups that performed pageants and re-creations of Civil War battles, field maneuvers, and encampments.
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The Centennial also saw efforts to use the various commemorations as a launching pad for serious
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27:. Commemoration activities began in 1957, four years before the 100th anniversary of the
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Issuance of this postage stamp in April 1965 marked the end of the Civil War Centennial.
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One major legacy of the Civil War Centennial was the creation of an infrastructure of
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200:) accompanied white resistance to integration and the civil rights movement.
406:"It's Long Past Time For South Carolina to Stop Flying the Confederate Flag"
218:
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A 1961 Civil War Centennial postage stamp depicts a cannon and its gunner.
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84:
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a modified version of the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia
217:(1961), based on a long poem of the same name by Civil War historian
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Troubled Commemoration: the American Civil War centennial, 1961-1965
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Troubled Commemoration: the American Civil War centennial, 1961-1965
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Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial, 1961-1965
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At the national Commission, key members urged different priorities.
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some extent coordinate centennial activities by the private sector.
124:
100:
365:"As SC honors church victims, Alabama lowers its flags"
31:, and ended in 1965 with the 100th anniversary of the
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was an organic reflection of a distinctive Southern "
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was the official United States commemoration of the
16:
Official US commemoration of the American Civil War
325:. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. p. 4.
470:
323:Reliving the Civil War: a reenactor's handbook
261:
171:. At least two major Civil War battlefields,
269:The Civil War and Emancipation 150 Years On
181:Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site
428:Public Historian' '(2011) 33#2 pp 94–109.
203:
107:affected these commemorative activities.
38:
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196:decision (reversed in 2015 after the
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177:Wilson's Creek National Battlefield
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367:. Associated Press. Archived from
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221:, was written for the centennial.
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479:Regional centennial anniversaries
499:American Civil War anniversaries
295:Louisiana State University Press
173:Pea Ridge National Military Park
47:Neither Congress nor President
489:American Civil War reenactment
398:
383:
356:
248:
231:American Civil War reenactment
1:
494:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
454:University of Tennessee Press
241:
236:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
21:American Civil War Centennial
7:
441:Reviews in American History
439:Review by Thomas J. Brown,
321:Hadden, Robert Lee (1999).
224:
10:
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484:1960s in the United States
392:"The Day the Flag Went Up"
339:"The Day the Flag Went Up"
198:Charleston church shooting
193:South Carolina State House
154:
465:(2013) 66#2 pp 122–152.
285:Cook, Robert J. (2007).
76:to mark the centennial.
33:surrender at Appomattox
443:(2008) 36#2 pp 270–277
291:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
204:Cultural commemoration
164:
142:historical reenactment
63:At the same time, the
60:
39:Centennial Commissions
169:Civil War reenactment
162:
105:civil rights movement
65:National Park Service
58:
89:Ulysses S. Grant III
74:commemorative stamps
49:Dwight D. Eisenhower
72:issued a series of
456:, 2017) 328 pages;
448:Smith, Timothy B.
214:Names from the War
165:
61:
29:war's first battle
25:American Civil War
307:978-0-8071-3227-2
267:Edward L. Ayers,
137:white Southerners
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432:Cook, Robert J.
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371:on June 26, 2015
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254:Robert J. Cook,
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175:in Arkansas and
111:Differing themes
81:Emory University
70:U.S. Post Office
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421:Further reading
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390:BURSEY, BRETT.
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363:SEANNA, ADCOX.
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273:Southern Spaces
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149:adult education
118:Southern states
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462:Alabama Review
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95:. Businessman
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410:Mother Jones
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373:. Retrieved
369:the original
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346:. Retrieved
343:scpronet.com
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258:(2007) p 126
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219:Bruce Catton
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93:reenactments
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348:February 5,
209:Alec Wilder
133:way of life
129:segregation
473:Categories
242:References
97:Karl Betts
85:Bell Wiley
83:Professor
135:." Many
436:(2007).
375:June 26,
225:See also
125:Jim Crow
101:Cold War
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155:Legacy
377:2015
350:2011
302:ISBN
127:and
19:The
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