3337:
3262:
5235:
4413:
63:
3895:
4564:
3392:
101:
3293:, and Babylon by 539 BC. The empire built on earlier Mesopotamian systems of government to govern their large empire. By building roads, they improved both the ability to send governmental instructions throughout their lands as well as improving the ability of their military forces to be deployed rapidly. Increased trade and upgraded farming techniques increased wealth, but also exacerbated inequalities between social classes. The empire's location at the centre of trading networks spread its intellectual and philosophical ideas throughout a wide area, and its religion, while not itself spreading far, had an impact on later religions such as
5915:
religion was often based on location, with cities or entire countries selecting a deity, that would grant them preferences and advantages over their competitors. Worship involved the construction of representation of deities, and the granting of sacrifices. Sacrifices could be material goods, food, or in extreme cases human sacrifice to please a deity. New philosophies and religions arose in both east and west, particularly about the 6th century BC. Over time, a great variety of religions developed around the world, with some of the earliest major ones being
Hinduism (around 2000 BC),
139:
5895:
3046:
72:
3455:
3990:
were responsible for constructing such settlements. Around 300 BC, the region became more desiccated and the settlements began to decline, most likely relocating to Koumbi Saleh. From the type of architecture and pottery, it is believed that Tichit was related to the subsequent Ghana Empire. Old Jenne (Djenne) began to be settled around 300 BC, producing iron and with sizeable population, evidenced in crowded cemeteries. The inhabitants and creators of these settlements during these periods are thought to have been ancestors of the
Soninke people.
121:
3383:, who by the time of his death in AD 272 had defeated Roman imperial armies and set up buffer states between the Sasanians and Roman Empires. After Shapur, the Sasanians were under more pressure from the Kushans to their east as well as the Roman then Byzantine Empire to its west. However, the Sasanians rebuilt and founded numerous cities and their merchants traveled widely and introduced crops such as sugar, rice, and cotton into the Iranian plateau. But in AD 651, the last Sassanid emperor was killed by the expanding Islamic Arabs.
92:
81:
130:
3844:
5666:
4812:
4987:
5581:
3801:
10674:
5011:
took power and ruled China for over four centuries with a brief interruption from AD 9 to 23. The Han dynasty promoted the spread of iron agricultural tools, which helped create a food surplus that led to a large growth of population during the Han period. Silk production also increased and the manufacture of paper was invented. Though the Han enjoyed great military and economic success, it was strained by the rise of aristocrats who disobeyed the central government. Public frustration provoked the
5423:
4916:
5332:. Monte Alban grew to around 25,000 residents in the period around AD 200, with the city having large stone temples and an expansive stone plaza. Like the Olmecs, they had a writing system and calendar. But by AD 900 Monte Alban was deserted for unknown reasons. Teotihuacan developed around AD 200 and centred on the city of Teotihuacan, which grew to perhaps as many as 200,000 inhabitants at its height. Teotihuacan lasted until around AD 700, when it was burned and vandalized.
2042:
3656:
4353:
4578:
4051:
4040:
110:
10736:
10719:
10753:
5518:
5028:
10702:
10662:
3101:(2900â2350 BC) periods. The surplus of storable foodstuffs created by this economy allowed the population to settle in one place instead of migrating after crops and herds. It also allowed for a much greater population density, and in turn required an extensive labour force and division of labour. This organization led to the necessity of record keeping and the development of writing.
4690:. Estimates for when this occurred vary from the 1st century CE, to as late as the 6th to 7th centuries CE. It is likely that the Austronesians that settled Madagascar followed a coastal route through South Asia and East Africa, rather than directly across the Indian Ocean. Genetic evidence suggests that some individuals of Austronesian descent reached Africa and the
2660:, with recorded history generally considered to begin with the Bronze Age. The start and end of the three ages vary between world regions. In many regions the Bronze Age is generally considered to begin a few centuries prior to 3000 BC, while the end of the Iron Age varies from the early first millennium BC in some regions to the late first millennium AD in others.
2675:, which was in full progress. While in 10,000 BC, the world population stood at 2 million, it rose to 45 million by 3000 BC. By the Iron Age in 1000 BC, the population had risen to 72 million. By the end of the ancient period in AD 500, the world population is thought to have stood at 209 million. In 10,500 years, the world population increased by 100 times.
5370:
that existed in the U.S. state of
Louisiana, and was responsible for the creation of over 100 mound sites. The Mississippi River was a core area in the development of long-distance trade and culture. Following Poverty Point, successive complex cultures such as the Hopewell emerged in the Southeastern
4016:
area. By AD 1000 these groups had spread throughout all of southern Africa south of the equator. Iron metallurgy and agriculture spread along with these peoples, with the cultivation of millet, oil palms, sorghum, and yams as well as the use of domesticated cattle, pigs, and sheep. These technologies
3427:
in warfare. The
Hittites introduced the casting of iron with molds and then hammering it which enabled weapons and tools to be made stronger and also cheaper. Although chariots had been used previously, the use of spoked wheels allowed the chariots to be much lighter and more maneuverable. In 1274 BC
3681:
Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilisation geographically located in north-eastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River, reaching its greatest extent during the 2nd millennium BC, which is referred to as the New
Kingdom period. It reached broadly from
2733:
1.8 million years ago. Evidence for the use of fire has been dated as early as 1.8 million years ago, a date which is contested, with generally accepted evidence for the controlled use of fire dating to 780,000 years ago. Actual use of hearths first appears 400,000 years ago. Dates for the emergence
5914:
The rise of civilisation corresponded with the institutional sponsorship of belief in gods, supernatural forces and the afterlife. During the Bronze Age, many civilisations adopted their own form of polytheism. Usually, polytheistic Gods manifested human personalities, strengths and failings. Early
5296:
around 400 BC. These and other Olmec centres were groups of tombs, temples, and other ceremonial sites built of stone. Their construction testifies to the complexity of Olmec society, although the exact nature of how they were governed is not known. They also erected large stone sculptures of human
5010:
were launched southward to annex
Vietnam. The Qin period also saw the standardization of the Chinese writing system and the government unified the legal systems as well as setting standardized units of measurement throughout the empire. After the emperor's death rebellions began and the Han dynasty
5497:
in Greece is generally considered to have lasted from around the 8th century BC to the invasion by Xerxes in 480 BC. This period saw the expansion of the Greek world around the
Mediterranean, with the founding of Greek city-states as far afield as Sicily in the west and the Black Sea in the east.
3989:
Dhar
Tichitt and Oualata were prominent among the early urban centres, dated to 2000 BC, in present-day Mauritania. About 500 stone settlements littered the region in the former savannah of the Sahara. Its inhabitants fished and grew millet. It has been found that the Soninke of the Mandé peoples
4377:
culture established a tradition of bronze production and the manufacture of evermore refined bronze and iron objects, such as plows, axes and sickles with shaft holes, socketed arrows and spearheads and small ornamented items. By about 500 BCE, large and delicately decorated bronze drums of
4962:
After further political consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of the 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other is known as the
Warring States period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held
4226:
around AD 320. Under his successors the empire spread to include much of India except for the Deccan
Plateau and the very south of the peninsula. This was a period of relative peace, and the Gupta rulers generally left administration in local rulers. The Gupta Empire was weakened and ultimately
6064:
Ancient technological progress began before the recording of history, with tools, use of fire, domestication of animals, and agriculture all predating recorded history. The use of metals and the ability to make metal alloys was foundational for later technologies to develop. Medical knowledge,
6072:
are indicated by a set of artifacts and customs that lasted for thousands of years. The Egyptians invented and used many basic machines, such as the ramp and the lever, to aid construction processes. The Egyptians also played an important role in developing Mediterranean maritime technology,
4296:
Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterized as "agrarian kingdoms", developed an economy by around 500 BCE based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. Several states of the Malayan-Indonesian
3867:, it existed from approximately AD 100 to 940, growing from the Iron Age proto-Aksumite period around the 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD. The Kingdom of Aksum at its height by the early 6th-century AD extended through much of modern Ethiopia and across the
8440:
Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (26 April 2021). "Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population".
5164:
Ancient Andean civilisation began with the rise of organized fishing communities from 3500 BC onwards. Along with a sophisticated maritime society came the construction of large monuments, which likely existed as community centers. The peoples of this area grew beans, cotton,
3160:
was a city and its surrounding region near Babylon. Akkad also became the capital of the Akkadian Empire. Despite an extensive search, the precise site has never been found. Akkad reached the height of its power between about 2330 and 2150 BC, following the conquests of King
4539:
by 1000 CE; and New Zealand by 1200 CE. For a few centuries, the Polynesian islands were connected by bidirectional long-distance sailing, with the exception of Rapa Nui, which had limited further contact due to its isolated geographical location. Island groups like the
6065:
including the use of herbs to treat illnesses and wounds as well as some surgical techniques, advanced during antiquity. An early very important development that allowed for further advancement was writing, which allowed humans to record information for later use.
4615:
for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. The trade was established by links between the indigenous peoples of Taiwan and the Philippines, and later included parts of Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and other areas in Southeast Asia (known as the
4382:
process. This industry of highly sophisticated metal processing was developed independent of Chinese or Indian influence. Historians relate these achievements to the presence of organized, centralized and hierarchical communities and a large population.
8380:
Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry; Kivisild, Toomas (21 January 2014).
4912:, near the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley. Zhou administration was decentralised, with local elites responsible for collecting tribute and providing military support to the Zhou rulers.
5350:, but Mayan civilisation was based on city-states which often were at war with each other. This seems not to have restricted trade, which went on between the cities. A priestly elite kept astronomical and calendrical knowledge, recording it with a
10203:
3588:
has been sparse; indigenous written sources are limited to the many inscriptions and coins from southern Arabia. Existing material consists primarily of written sources from other traditions (such as Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Romans, etc.) and
4112:. Harappan civilization grew out of the earlier agricultural communities as they evolved into cities. These communities created and traded jewelry, figurines, and seals that appear widely scattered throughout Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and Iran.
4873:. It was not until the later 20th century that many historians considered the Shang or Xia to be anything other than legendary. Little is yet known about the Xia, which appears to have begun around 2200 BC, and may have controlled parts of the
4343:
in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus that was used by the ruling elite to raise, command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications.
6176:
K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on p. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The
5208:. These people left painted pottery depicting their society and culture with a wide range of varied subjects. Besides the Mochica, there were a number of other large states in the Andes after about AD 100. Included amongst these are the
8304:
Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (1 September 2009). "On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages".
5599:
was a civilisation that grew out of the city-state of Rome, originating as a small agricultural community founded on the Italian peninsula in the 8th century BC, with influences from Greece and other Italian civilisations, such as the
4147:
system which divided society into four broad castes, which were later elaborated. By the end of the Vedic period, this way of organizing society had become central to Indian society. Religion in the late Vedic period was evolving into
4979:. The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. His unification of the other six powers, and further annexations to the south and southeast by 213 BC enabled him to proclaim himself the
5556:. After Alexander's death, a series of wars between his successors eventually led to three large states being formed from parts of Alexander's conquests, each ruled by a dynasty founded by one of the successors. These were the
3211:
was a Hurrian empire in northern Mesopotamia founded around 1500 BC. The Mitanians conquered and controlled Assyria until the 14th century BC while contending with Egypt for control of parts of modern Syria. Its capital was
3946:
and possibly the domestication of African rice. The site is believed to exceed 33 hectares (82 acres); however, this is yet to be confirmed with extensive survey work. With the help of archaeological excavations mainly by
4880:
The Shang dynasty traditionally is dated to 1766 to 1122 BC. Bronze was central to Shang culture and technology, with chariots and bronze weapons helping to expand Shang control over northern China. The cities at Ao and
3496:(853). Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BC, but the subject is one of considerable controversy. Israel came into conflict with the Assyrians, who conquered Israel in 722 BC. The
4939:. In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples, forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to
9225:
People appear to have first entered Greece as hunter-gatherers from southwest Asia about 50,000 years... of Bronze Age culture and technology laid the foundations for the rise of Europe's first civilization, Minoan
4394:. Ceramic jar burial sites that included grave goods have been discovered at various sites along the entire territory. Among large, thin-walled terracotta jars, ornamented and colorized cooking pots, glass items,
3721:. The civilisation of ancient Egypt was characterised primarily by intensive agricultural use of the fertile Nile Valley; the use of the Nile itself for transportation; the development of writing systems â first
3347:
was an Iranian civilisation situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran. Their power was based on a combination of military power based on heavy cavalry with a decentralised governing structure based on a
4120:, which is still mostly undeciphered. The exact structure of society and the way the cities were governed is not known. By about 1600 BC, the Indus Valley culture had abandoned many of their cities, including
5620:, that ended with the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC. Rome then expanded into Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, while a series of internal conflicts led to the republic becoming an empire ruled by an
5551:
development of the first part of the Classical period. The period in Greek history from the death of Alexander the Great until the rise of the Roman empire and its conquest of Egypt in 30 BC is known as the
3410:
first came to Anatolia about 1900 BC and during the period 1600-1500 they expanded into Mesopotamia where they adopted the cuneiform script to their Indo-European language. By 1200 their empire stretched to
9265:
Greece was home to the earliest European civilizations, the Minoan civilization of Crete, which developed around 2000 BC, and the Mycenaean civilization on the Greek mainland, which emerged about 400 years
3910:
is thought to have been highly advanced. The Nok civilisation was considered to be the earliest sub-Saharan producer of life-sized Terracotta which have been discovered by archaeologists. The Nok also used
10186:
4763:
by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market. It emerged through the conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies. These included
4448:
population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southeast to the rest of the Philippines, and into the islands of the
10211:
3951:, the site is known to have been occupied from 250 BC to AD 900. The city is believed to have been abandoned and moved where the current city is located due to the spread of Islam and the building of the
5481:
script. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, along with several other civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean, during the regional event known as the
9020:
2883:
were domesticated by about 4000 BC. All of these animals were used not only for food, but to carry and pull people and loads, greatly increasing human ability to do work. The invention of the simple
5358:. Mathematics was also studied, and they used the concept of zero in their calculations. The Mayan civilisation began to decline about AD 800, and most of its cities were deserted soon afterwards.
3477:
around 1209 BC. This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their
4519:
by around 900 to 800 BCE. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE, when there was another surge of island colonization. It reached the
4998:
Qin Shi Huangdi ruled the unified China directly with absolute power. In contrast to the decentralized and feudal rule of earlier dynasties the Qin ruled directly. Nationwide the philosophy of
4235:
emanating from Central Asia), and the empire broke up into smaller regional kingdoms by the end of the fifth century AD. India would remain fragmented into smaller states until the rise of the
8234:
Herrera, Michael B.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Wadley, Jessica J.; Piper, Philip J.; Sulandari, Sri; Dharmayanthi, Anik Budhi; Kraitsek, Spiridoula; Gongora, Jaime; Austin, Jeremy J. (March 2017).
7948:
5185:, emerged around 1000 BC and led to large temples and artworks as well as sophisticated textiles. Gold, silver, and copper were worked for jewelry and occasionally for small copper tools.
5543:, Athens was able to convert pan-hellenist sentiment and fear of the Persian threat into a powerful empire, and this, along with the conflict between Sparta and Athens culminating in the
8156:
Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde
3469:
were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant and had existed during the Iron Ages and the Neo-Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic periods. The name Israel first appears in the
5469:
civilization, the first distinctively Greek civilization later emerged on the mainland (1600â1100 BC), consisting of a network of palace-centered states and writing the earliest
5612:. Rome expanded through the Italian peninsula through a series of wars in the fifth through the third centuries BC. This expansion brought the Roman republic into conflict with
4943:. In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only. The
5721:, Germanic and Christian traditions formed the cultural foundations of Europe. There has been attempt by scholars to connect European late antiquity to other areas in Eurasia.
5568:. These three kingdoms, along with smaller kingdoms, spread Greek culture and lifestyles into Asia and Egypt. These varying states eventually were conquered by Rome or the
8154:
Bellwood, Peter; Hung, H.; Lizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannot, P. (ed.).
4908:
to legitimize their rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. The Zhou initially established their capital in the west near modern
3336:
5787:. By the early centuries AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the
10168:
5802:, they fought against both sections of the Roman Empire. However, after Attila's death, the state fell apart and the Huns' influence in history disappeared. The
4628:
artifacts are one of the notable archeological finds originating from the Maritime Jade Road. During the operation of the Maritime Jade Road, the Austronesian
572:
9028:
7569:
5498:
Politically, the Archaic period in Greece saw the collapse of the power of the old aristocracies, with democratic reforms in Athens and the development of
4889:, have been excavated and city walls, royal palaces, and archives as well as tombs and workshops were found. A system of writing developed, beginning with
7608:
5624:
by the first century AD. Throughout the first and second centuries AD, the Empire grew slightly while spreading Roman culture throughout its boundaries.
3500:
did the same to Judah in 586. After both conquests, the conquering forces deported many of the inhabitants to other regions of their respective empires.
3629:. At the height of the city's influence, its empire included most of the western Mediterranean. The empire was in a constant state of struggle with the
5273:. Settlements appeared around 3000 BC and by 2000 BC most of Mesoamerica was practicing agriculture. Although some animals were domesticated â notably
3169:
from the city, spread and replaced the Sumerian language in Mesopotamia and eventually by 1450 BC was the main language of diplomacy in the Near East.
8088:
7552:
4141:. Between 1500 and 500 BC these peoples spread throughout most of India and had begun to found small cities. Vedic society was characterized by the
7940:
2948:
developed separately in five different locations in human history: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Mesoamerica. By 3400 BC, "proto-literate"
2696:
is the period before written history. Most of our knowledge of that period comes from the work of archaeologists. Prehistory is often known as the
7739:
culture in Thu Bá»n Valley (Reinecke et al. 2002, 153â216); 2) Lai Nghi is a prehistoric cemetery richly equipped with iron tools and weapons, ..."
5366:
Organized societies, in the ancient United States or Canada, were often mound builder civilisations. One of the most significant of these was the
5002:
was enforced and publications promoting rival ideas such as Confucianism were prohibited. In his reign unified China created the first continuous
4647:
They also established early long-distance contacts with Africa, possibly as early as before 500 BCE, based on archaeological evidence like banana
5075:
in the second century BC, and this rule led to cultural influences on both areas for many centuries to come. Wudi also faced a threat from the
8592:"Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period"
4676:
5182:
1685:
867:
742:
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5346:
period, more than 80 Mayan sites were built, with temples, pyramids, and palaces the focal point of each centre. The most influential was
4480:
migration was also unique in that it was the only Austronesian migration to the Pacific Islands to successfully retain rice cultivation.
1072:
4849:
were kept for food. Longshan potters may have used the pottery wheel to produce their wares. Ancient Chinese traditions described three
4721:. Prior to the 10th century, the eastern part of the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian Austronesian traders using distinctive
3942:. This archaeological site is located about 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) away from the modern town and is believed to have been involved in
6039:
3694:
of the Nile. Extensions to the geographical range of ancient Egyptian civilisation included, at different times, areas of the southern
5234:
4160:. This faith also spread throughout Eastern and Southeastern Asia after his death. This period also saw the composition of the epics
2077:
7777:
Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009). "Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement".
5007:
3419:. They improved two earlier technologies from Mesopotamia and spread these new techniques widely â improved iron working and light
3183:, which gave the state its name. Later, as a nation and empire that came to control all of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and much of
1571:
5354:
based on the Olmec system of glyphs. History, poetry, and other records were recorded in books, most of which did not survive the
3819:
was conquered by Egyptian rulers around 3100 BC, but by 2500 BC the Nubians had created a new kingdom further south, known as the
10364:
8478:"Evidence of Austronesian Genetic Lineages in East Africa and South Arabia: Complex Dispersal from Madagascar and Southeast Asia"
8206:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
6034:
2637:
script. Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC – AD 500, ending with the
2594:
8561:
3641:, Carthage was destroyed and then occupied by Roman forces. Nearly all of the territory held by Carthage fell into Roman hands.
2507:
2855:
were domesticated around 9000 BC in the Fertile Crescent, alongside the first evidence for agriculture. Other animals, such as
5985:, was diffused throughout Europe and the Middle East in the 4th century BC by the conquests of Alexander the Great. After the
4104:, Pakistan, and western India. Another name for this civilisation is Harappan, after the first of its cities to be excavated,
3625:
was a city-state that ruled an empire through alliances and trade influence that stretched throughout North Africa and modern
3375:
began when the Parthian Empire ended in AD 224. Their rulers claimed the Achaemenids as ancestors and set up their capital at
10530:
10496:
10475:
10409:
10384:
10354:
10335:
10309:
10286:
10263:
10240:
10180:
10154:
10131:
10108:
10089:
10066:
10040:
10017:
9994:
9951:
9925:
9899:
9873:
9848:
9251:
9211:
8574:
8163:
7840:
7497:
7467:
7440:
6140:
6095:
with the concept of zero was developed in India, while modern forms of paper were invented in China in the first century AD.
5112:
which built large tombs by AD 200. In the 300s, a kingdom formed in the Yamato plain, perhaps influenced by Korean refugees.
4829:
valley is one of earliest civilisations in the world. Prior to the formation of civilisation, neolithic cultures such as the
4552:
were also formerly settled by Austronesians but later abandoned. There is also putative evidence, based in the spread of the
4043:
3593:
later recorded by Islamic scholars. A number of small kingdoms existed in Arabia from around AD 100 to perhaps about AD 400.
8925:
4017:
helped increase population, and settled communities became common in sub-Saharan Africa except in deserts or heavy forests.
9174:
6004:
5355:
3329:
by 330 BC, and after Alexander's death, much of the area previously ruled by the Cyrus and his successors was ruled by the
3187:, the term "Assyria proper" referred to roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia), with
7633:
Higham, Charles; Higham, Thomas; Ciarla, Roberto; Douka, Katerina; Kijngam, Amphan; Rispoli, Fiorella (10 December 2011).
2398:
2310:
10690:
5146:. Beyond these areas, the use of agriculture expanded East of the Andes Mountains in South America particularly with the
4600:
3449:
3098:
1566:
1411:
387:
10486:
9282:
7680:
6073:
including ships. The Babylonians and Egyptians were early astronomers who recorded their observations of the night sky.
5312:
After the decline of the Olmecs, other civilisations in Mesoamerica either arose or emerged from the Olmec shadow - the
3191:
as its capital. The Assyrian kings controlled a large kingdom at three different times in history. These are called the
10615:
8215:
5861:
5639:, and Italy, eventually broke into independent kingdoms in the 5th century AD; the Eastern Roman Empire, governed from
4557:
3967:
flourished long before. Towns similar to that at Djenne-Jeno also developed at the site of Dia, also in Mali along the
3831:
period, Kush once more was conquered by Egypt. However, by 1100 BC a new kingdom of Kush had formed, with a capital at
3784:
around 1550 BC. This period lasted until about 1000 BC, and saw Egypt expand its borders into Palestine and Syria. The
3764:, which saw pyramid building on a large scale. After 2100 BC, the Old Kingdom dissolved into smaller states during the
8383:"Genome-wide evidence of AustronesianâBantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar"
5277:
and dogs â the lack of suitable large animals precluded the development of animals used for transportation or labour.
3368:. Parthia had many wars with the Romans, but it was rebellions within the empire that ended it in the 3rd century AD.
2484:
2393:
9184:
8190:
8037:
7982:
7831:
Pawley A (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.).
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and Silla alliance. Silla then drove out the Tang dynasty in 676 to control most of the Korean peninsula undisputed.
7515:"Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads"
5343:
4412:
1171:
577:
35:
5301:
jewelry and other Olmec objects are found throughout Mesoamerica, likely having travelled via trade networks. The
5031:
Gold stag with eagle's head, and ten more heads in the antlers. Inspired by Siberian Altai mountain art, possibly
4211:. An alliance existed between Devanampiya Tissa and Ashoka of India, who sent Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka.
3340:
Assimilation of Baltic and Aryan Peoples by Uralic Speakers in the Middle and Upper Volga Basin (Shaded Relief BG)
10426:
10296:
Stager, Lawrence E. (1998). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.).
9892:
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume III, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C
7576:
6092:
5015:; though a failure it nonetheless accelerated the empire's downfall. After AD 208, the Han dynasty broke up into
4947:
of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism,
3027:, slavery, and organized warfare. It began the study of the stars and the sciences of astronomy and mathematics.
1469:
1166:
7601:
9292:
6054:
4780:, among others. These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the
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2011 Page 251 "This site dates from the fifth to first century BCE and it is one of the earliest sites of the
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Maurya, one of India's most legendary and famous emperors. During the reign of Ashoka, the four dynasties of
4116:
were domesticated in addition to the earlier crops and animals. They developed their own writing system, the
3503:
Following the fall of Babylon to the Persian Empire, Cyrus the Great allowed the rebuilding of the temple at
2848:
2070:
1954:
452:
42:
17:
8010:
Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia,
5962:
not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. Confucianism would later spread into the
5833:, settled in Spain, founding a kingdom that lasted until it was conquered by Islamic rulers in the AD 700s.
5502:. The end of the Archaic period also saw the rise of Athens, which would come to be a dominant power in the
4837:
dating to 5000 BC produced sophisticated pottery, cultivated millet, and likely produced clothes woven from
4453:
and Borneo. From southwestern Borneo, Austronesians spread further west in a single migration event to both
2493:
10450:
9909:
5986:
5458:
4850:
2182:
587:
9981:
Emberling, Geoff (2015). "Mesopotamian cities and urban process, 3500â1600 BCE". In Yoffee, Norman (ed.).
7514:
5681:
The Roman Empire underwent considerable social, cultural and organizational change starting with reign of
4563:
4556:, that Austronesians may have reached South America from Polynesia, where they might have traded with the
2465:
2460:
6069:
6029:
5946:
In the east, three schools of thought were to dominate Chinese thinking until the modern day. These were
5798:
were a nomadic people who formed a large state in Eastern Europe by about AD 400, and under their leader
5710:
5628:
5189:
4701:
Austronesian jade and spice trade networks in Southeast Asia connected with the maritime trade routes of
3462:
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2587:
2346:
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62:
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1176:
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5521:
Map of Alexander's short-lived empire (334â323 BC). After his death the lands were divided between the
5060:
4944:
4248:
4069:
have been discovered in India dating to 200,000 years ago, and neolithic sites are known from near the
3147:
2872:
2773:
2148:
1959:
1929:
180:
100:
7707:
3717:. It began with the incipient unification of Nile Valley polities around 3100 BC, traditionally under
9973:
5910:, 1st century AD. Gods were sometimes borrowed between civilisations and adapted to local conditions.
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5865:
4633:
4252:
4089:
3785:
3765:
2957:
1909:
1698:
1635:
1201:
922:
168:
6131:(2017). "Periodization in World History: Challenges and Opportunities". In R. Charles Weller (ed.).
4156:, born around 560 BC in northern India, went on to found a new religion based on his ascetic life â
3952:
470:
10783:
10778:
6049:
6044:
5483:
5159:
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The East Asian nations adjacent to China were all profoundly influenced by their interactions with
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empire at its maximum extent in the 8th to 11th centuries, showing their control of the straits of
4469:
3575:
3391:
3325:, with expeditions in 490 and 480 BC eventually failing. The Achaemenid dynasty and empire fell to
2384:
2063:
2045:
1982:
1529:
1481:
1446:
1236:
442:
49:
9983:
The Cambridge World History: Volume III: Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCEâ1200 CE
9835:
Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past Volume I: From the Beginning to 1500
5806:
connection is controversial at best and is often disputed but is also not completely discredited.
5457:
in Crete (2700â1500 BC). The Minoans built large palaces decorated with frescoes and wrote in the
5082:
In 108 BC, the Han dynasty of China conquered much of Korea but when Han China began its decline,
4330:
4326:
3938:
and is considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers and the best-known archaeology site in
2902:, which happened around 6000 BC in western Asia and independently in eastern Asia before 2000 BC.
2479:
2474:
2291:
1739:
10376:
10301:
10255:
9865:
8179:
Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).
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5411:
5188:
After the decline of Chavin culture, a number of cities formed after about 200 BC. The cities at
5121:
5083:
5012:
4266:
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3663:
3247:
2356:
1719:
1476:
1329:
1161:
1060:
755:
612:
188:
164:
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remarkable quality, weighing more than 70 kg (150 lb), were produced in the laborious
4073:
dating to around 8000 BC. Agriculture began in the Indus Valley around 7000 BC, and reached the
3250:
and were mostly pastoralists with a tradition of horse archery. The Medes established their own
827:
10642:
9241:
6155:
6008:
5877:
5873:
5052:
4425:
4318:
4278:
3016:
3000:
2740:(modern humans) range from 250,000 to 160,000 years ago, with the varying dates being based on
2638:
2580:
2338:
2272:
2094:
2051:
2027:
1584:
1086:
457:
147:
Well-known ancient artworks, each representing a certain civilisation. From left to right: the
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7881:
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8082:
8025:
7835:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251â273.
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The Classical Greek world was dominated throughout the 5th century BC by the major powers of
5446:
5375:. Before AD 500 many mound builder societies retained a hunter gatherer form of subsistence.
5367:
5306:
5079:, a nomadic people from the Central Asian steppes. Wudi's invasions ended the Xiongnu state.
5016:
4270:
4026:
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which could be used to carry loads further and easier than with human or animal power alone.
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little power. As neighboring territories of these warring states, including areas of modern
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1416:
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8247:
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traders also sailed the western parts of the routes. It allowed the exchange of goods from
4617:
4567:
4457:
and the coastal regions of southern Vietnam, becoming the ancestors of the speakers of the
4407:
4387:
4367:
4362:
The earliest known evidence of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia was found at
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3667:
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517:
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138:
5134:
In pre-Columbian times, several large, centralized ancient civilisations developed in the
3934:
The civilisation of Djenné-Djenno was located in the Niger River Valley in the country of
3003:. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; created one of the first
8:
10319:
10252:
Ancient Egyptian technology and Innovation: Transformations in Pharaonic Material Culture
5881:
5855:
5454:
5417:
4919:
4445:
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4013:
3659:
3555:
3326:
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1919:
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880:
822:
477:
432:
156:
71:
10541:
8477:
8398:
8251:
7909:
7790:
5894:
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began to spread throughout southern Africa, and by 2000 BC they were expanding past the
3835:. Nubian rulers conquered Egypt around 760 BC and retained control for about a century.
3246:
were peoples who had appeared in the Iranian plateau around 1500 BC. Both peoples spoke
2926:
developed independently throughout the world, with fired pots appearing first among the
10520:
9940:
8502:
8417:
8382:
8278:
8235:
7921:
7810:
7654:
6018:
5998:
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5553:
5135:
5098:â emerged and expelled the Chinese. Goguryeo and Baekje were eventually destroyed by a
4976:
4815:
4718:
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rose to prominence under a number of dynasties that peaked in power under the reign of
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2017:
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1819:
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7917:
7752:
Excavations at GĂČ Cáș§m, QuáșŁng Nam, 2000â3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms
5764:
5647:
after AD 476, the traditional date for the "fall of Rome" and subsequent onset of the
5288:
was founded, which remained the centre of Olmec civilisation until around 800 BC when
4207:). These kingdoms, while not part of Ashoka's empire, were in friendly terms with the
2976:
dating to the period 1600 to 1100 BC. Writing in Mesoamerica dates to 600 BC with the
30:
This article is about history from the beginning of writing. For earlier periods, see
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10578:
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9247:
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9180:
8570:
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8422:
8343:
Adelaar, Alexander (June 2012). "Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence".
8322:
8283:
8211:
8186:
8180:
8159:
8070:
8033:
7978:
7941:"'Game-changing' study suggests first Polynesians voyaged all the way from East Asia"
7836:
7802:
7658:
7634:
7493:
7463:
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6136:
6088:
sometime in the early 1st millennium BC spread from there slowly west- and eastward.
6085:
5932:
5772:
5760:
5718:
5714:
5544:
5470:
5388:
5339:
5335:
5313:
5302:
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4752:
4691:
4589:
4458:
4433:
4196:
4109:
4085:, and wheat were grown and the population had domesticated cattle, goats, and sheep.
3780:
around 1650 BC. The Hyksos were expelled from Egypt and the land was reunited in the
3734:
3585:
3282:
3266:
3229:
3166:
3139:
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1341:
1316:
857:
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677:
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257:
245:
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disrupted Roman rule from the late 4th century onwards, culminating in the eventual
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9528:
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8497:
8489:
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6133:
21st-Century Narratives of World History: Global and Multidisciplinary Perspectives
6128:
5963:
5740:
5706:
5702:
5670:
5644:
5503:
5466:
5384:
4834:
4830:
4545:
4504:
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3550:, ruled an empire in the Western Mediterranean until being defeated by Rome in the
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91:
80:
8182:
Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century
8053:
Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000). "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan".
8026:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
7896:
Bellwood, Peter (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages".
5665:
5047:. Possibly from Huns of the Northern Chinese prairie. 4th to 3rd centuries BC, or
4811:
3929:
1645:
129:
10395:
10050:
9859:
8917:
7570:"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong"
6173:
6162:
5744:
5592:'s control; the Imperial provinces were controlled directly by the Roman emperor.
5569:
5487:
5392:
5372:
5201:
5032:
4777:
4722:
4664:
4549:
4500:
4477:
4325:. VÄn Lang, founded in the 7th century BCE, endured until 258 BCE under the
4314:
4306:
4302:
4005:
3999:
3820:
3699:
3691:
3638:
3485:
3470:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3286:
3233:
3162:
3124:
3040:
2939:
2808:
2543:
2022:
1914:
1809:
1764:
1680:
1655:
1511:
1491:
1451:
1396:
1286:
1141:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1012:
737:
722:
657:
507:
447:
312:
196:
10673:
10612:â Academic Info: directory of online resources for the study of ancient history.
10076:
Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K.; et al., eds. (1992). "Preface".
8236:"East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA"
8129:
7489:
The Social Evolution of Indonesia: The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy
5445:
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe beginning with the
5212:, who were mainly village-dwelling but left behind a large ceremonial centre at
3851:
records negus Ezana's conversion to Christianity and conquests of his neighbors.
3317:, creating the largest empire in the world to that date. But Darius and his son
2811:
in Western Africa perhaps dates to the same time period. Cultivation of millet,
2792:
120:
10666:
10572:
10146:
10058:
9325:
8608:
8590:
Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri; Masruroh, Noor Naelil; Rochwulaningsih, Yety (2018).
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5752:
5698:
5694:
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5605:
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5407:
5178:
5170:
4781:
4765:
4730:
4641:
4582:
4492:
4473:
4398:
earrings and metal objects were deposited near the rivers and along the coast.
4262:
4223:
4055:
3948:
3859:
was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa centered in present-day
3843:
3800:
3772:
began around 2000 BC with the reunification of Egypt under pharoes ruling from
3760:
Ancient Egyptian history is divided across various periods, beginning with the
3746:
3630:
3590:
3584:
in the AD 630s is not known in great detail. Archaeological exploration in the
3516:
3508:
3484:
Israel had emerged by the middle of the 9th century BC, when the Assyrian King
3437:
3225:
3070:
2623:
2262:
2012:
1884:
1769:
1724:
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1311:
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625:
482:
412:
332:
176:
148:
10008:. Translated by Foster, J. R.; Hartman, Charles (Second ed.). Cambridge:
8066:
7650:
5958:. The Confucian tradition, which would attain dominance, looked for political
10772:
10502:
10232:
9961:
9912:(2015). "The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.).
9540:
9284:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC
8559:
8074:
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5036:
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4923:
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4874:
4866:
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4819:
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4683:
4682:, either directly from Southeast Asia or from preexisting mixed Austronesian-
4421:
4356:
4298:
4282:
4236:
4208:
4188:
4184:
4127:
Indo-European speaking peoples began to spread into India about 1500 BC. The
4074:
4034:
3963:. However, sites such as Djenné-Djenno disprove this, as these traditions in
3907:
3773:
3703:
3650:
3543:
3539:
3361:
3254:
by the 6th century BC, having defeated the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the
3251:
3179:, where a small state was created in the 19th century BC. The capital was at
3082:
2969:
2868:
2619:
2536:
2211:
2102:
1977:
1814:
1734:
1729:
1556:
1501:
1496:
1256:
1231:
1221:
1211:
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1007:
1002:
972:
927:
897:
862:
672:
642:
262:
208:
200:
172:
160:
10618: : Ancient history research links for high school and college students.
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5584:
Roman Empire AD 117. The Senatorial provinces were acquired first under the
4904:
valley to the west. The Zhou rulers at this time invoked the concept of the
4573:
and historic (Maritime Silk Road) maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean
1829:
1774:
1401:
1371:
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period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the later Iron Age (
5748:
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5258:
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dominated the East Asia region at the beginning of the first millennium AD
4897:
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that sustained a dense and organised population that produced an elaborate
4219:
4200:
4138:
4121:
4070:
4050:
3980:
3906:
around 1000 BC and mysteriously vanished around AD 200. The civilisation's
3687:
3424:
3379:
in Mesopotamia. Their period of greatest military expansion occurred under
3294:
3157:
3086:
3078:
2961:
2736:
2725:
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1992:
1987:
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Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250â850 B.C.E.)
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5422:
4751:
in 682 CE, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits of
4436:
primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers settled in northern
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8493:
8356:
5814:
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5511:
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3165:. Through the spread of Sargon's empire, the language of Akkad, known as
3151:
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912:
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Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Shang were overrun by the
10627:
8268:
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5617:
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4301:" zone shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the
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1997:
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1301:
1101:
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797:
767:
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31:
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3955:. Previously, it was assumed that advanced trade networks and complex
3788:
was marked by the rule of priests as well as the conquest of Egypt by
3776:. The Middle Kingdom ended with the conquest of northern Egypt by the
3753:
under the figure of a (semi)-divine ruler from a succession of ruling
3745:
religious tradition that included elaborate funeral customs including
3138:, was Babylonia from the 7th and 6th centuries BC. Under the reign of
2847:, which dates to at least 15,000 years ago, and perhaps even earlier.
10588:
9048:
9046:
8780:
8778:
8130:"Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar"
5982:
5847:
5830:
5767:
period), Celts had expanded over wide range of lands: as far west as
5601:
5565:
5557:
5548:
5435:
5427:
5403:
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formed in Japan before 500 BC and under Chinese influence became the
4901:
4748:
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4734:
4698:
4648:
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4585:
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4528:
4258:
4204:
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3062:
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2757:
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2709:
2697:
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2252:
2116:
2002:
1899:
1889:
1386:
1366:
777:
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527:
497:
487:
372:
357:
322:
10759:
8717:
8715:
8591:
8210:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144â179.
6712:
6710:
4039:
3216:, whose precise location has not been determined by archaeologists.
3081:
in the world. Agricultural communities emerged in the area with the
41:"Ancient" and "Ancient World" redirect here. For the TV series, see
7750:
7602:"Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium"
5974:
5959:
5916:
5826:
5809:
Migration of Germanic peoples to Britain from what is now northern
5784:
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5632:
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3726:
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3458:
The Iron Age Kingdom of Israel (blue) and Kingdom of Judah (yellow)
3432:, where both sides claimed victory. In 1207 the Hittite capital of
3416:
3407:
3380:
3318:
3289:, who first became king of the Persians, then conquered the Medes,
3243:
3184:
3119:
created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of
3020:
2895:
2657:
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2140:
2007:
1834:
1551:
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1121:
1111:
957:
847:
842:
787:
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532:
392:
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287:
10522:
Decoding Ancient History: A Toolkit for the Historian as Detective
9154:
9094:
9058:
9043:
8952:
8940:
8886:
8874:
8862:
8850:
8775:
8700:
8688:
8676:
8589:
8439:
4975:, they were governed under the new local administrative system of
4959:
were founded, partly in response to the changing political world.
4495:, which rapidly spread into the islands off the coast of northern
3749:. Overseeing these activities were a socio-political and economic
109:
10583:
9651:
9649:
9474:
9472:
9203:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
8763:
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6287:
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Soon after reaching the Philippines, Austronesians colonized the
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3172:
3135:
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3058:
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2800:
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began around 9500 BC and may have the world's oldest temple. The
2765:
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1864:
1789:
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592:
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417:
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317:
307:
9301:
8560:
Franck Billé; Sanjyot Mehendale; James W. Lankton, eds. (2022).
6949:
6881:
6763:
6761:
5685:, who began the custom of splitting the empire into eastern and
5517:
4472:
by 1500 BCE or even earlier, becoming the first humans to reach
3538:, Syria and Israel. Phoenician civilisation was an enterprising
652:
10604:
10563:
9583:
7335:
7277:
7275:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7219:
7159:
7147:
7099:
7087:
7075:
6939:
6937:
6893:
6785:
6637:
6635:
6622:
6620:
6607:
6605:
5973:
In the west, the Greek philosophical tradition, represented by
5947:
5799:
5536:
5439:
5431:
5270:
5193:
5174:
5166:
5087:
5027:
4956:
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4886:
4738:
4710:
4656:
4608:
4532:
4524:
4429:
4322:
4192:
4180:
4082:
4078:
3832:
3777:
3695:
3531:
3322:
3176:
2915:
2907:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2864:
2816:
2804:
2784:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2567:
1894:
1824:
1784:
1779:
1675:
1561:
1456:
1426:
1336:
1081:
1077:
977:
932:
852:
727:
702:
407:
367:
362:
342:
337:
292:
216:
204:
9793:
9685:
9673:
9661:
9646:
9634:
9469:
9457:
9433:
9409:
9373:
9313:
9082:
9000:
8838:
8814:
8802:
8751:
8739:
8664:
8652:
8030:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
6592:
6590:
6575:
6493:
6491:
6466:
6464:
6379:
6345:
6309:
6282:
5200:
were all likely over 10,000 residents. From about AD 300, the
4137:, dates to this period and begins a period often known as the
3959:
did not exist in the region until the arrival of traders from
10684:
10373:
Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
10078:
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume V: The Fifth Century B.C
7432:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One
7410:
7398:
6961:
6773:
6758:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6245:
6243:
6192:
6077:
5978:
5967:
5924:
5818:
5734:
5507:
5347:
5266:
5265:, and squashes were grown from about 7000 BC. Around 4000 BC
5262:
5095:
5064:
5044:
4929:
In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the
4882:
4789:
4785:
4769:
4516:
4512:
4481:
4437:
4274:
3943:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3789:
3750:
3738:
3718:
3707:
3626:
3581:
3546:
between the period of 1550 to 300 BC. One Phoenician colony,
3534:, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern-day
3530:
was an ancient civilisation centered in the north of ancient
3298:
3290:
3239:
3180:
3120:
3054:
3012:
2952:
spread in the Middle East. Egypt developed its own system of
2938:
was invented. By 3000 BC, the pottery wheel was adapted into
2927:
2880:
2820:
2769:
2641:
1849:
1794:
1376:
1131:
937:
837:
732:
687:
682:
637:
602:
557:
327:
302:
252:
152:
10143:
World History: From the Ancient World to the Information Age
9745:
9733:
9721:
9709:
9697:
9622:
9361:
8208:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
7323:
7311:
7299:
7272:
7231:
7207:
7051:
7039:
7027:
7015:
6934:
6869:
6857:
6845:
6695:
6632:
6617:
6602:
6563:
5220:, a large number of huge designs set into the desert floor.
5019:. China would remain divided for almost the next 400 years.
2807:
cultivation starting around 8000 BC and agricultural use of
9942:
Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?
7111:
7063:
6587:
6527:
6515:
6488:
6461:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6369:
6367:
6321:
6081:
5907:
5825:
eventually settling in Italy before being conquered by the
5803:
5795:
5636:
5298:
4842:
4838:
4607:, a jade trade network, in Southeast Asia which existed in
4508:
3935:
3872:
3489:
3154:
as architectural embellishments of its capital at Babylon.
3112:
2931:
2903:
2856:
2824:
2812:
1854:
947:
582:
272:
267:
10075:
9805:
9781:
9769:
9484:
9421:
9397:
9331:
9106:
6993:
6991:
6978:
6976:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6260:
6258:
6240:
6228:
5173:, fished in the ocean, and by about 2000 BC had added the
4416:
Map showing the migration of the Austronesians from Taiwan
2630:
is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the development of
9600:
9598:
9337:
9236:
9234:
8640:
8233:
7733:
Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia
7386:
6833:
4485:
9757:
8790:
7352:
7350:
7171:
7003:
6683:
6671:
6551:
6449:
6420:
6364:
5309:, both of which influenced later Mesoamerican cultures.
27:
Human history between prehistory and the Medieval period
7632:
7183:
6988:
6973:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6503:
6476:
6391:
6270:
6255:
6216:
6204:
3792:
kings and then later Assyria, Persia, and Macedonians.
3713:
Ancient Egypt developed over at least three and a half
3115:), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when
9610:
9595:
9559:
9547:
9496:
9445:
9385:
9231:
9142:
9130:
9118:
9070:
8976:
8964:
8826:
6647:
6408:
5342:
and modern-day Guatemala. During the 600 years of the
3733:; the organisation of collective projects such as the
3481:, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state.
3077:
Mesopotamia is the site of some of the earliest known
2887:
by 6000 BC further increased agricultural efficiency.
10650:
10367:(2008). "Hydraulic Engineering and Water Supply". In
9571:
9349:
8988:
8727:
8628:
8616:
8104:"Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south"
7776:
7748:
7681:"How and When the Bronze Age Reached South East Asia"
7492:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 41.
7362:
7347:
6659:
5989:
formed, Christianity spread through the Roman world.
4971:, were annexed by the growing power of the rulers of
3580:
The history of Pre-Islamic Arabia before the rise of
2922:
and was developed independently in China by 2000 BC.
10575:'s website on various topics of ancient civilisation
9968:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
9246:. Marshall Cavendish. September 2009. p. 1458.
7374:
7287:
7260:
7248:
7135:
7123:
6905:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6539:
6333:
6297:
4420:
Around 3000 to 1500 BCE, a large-scale migration of
3698:, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the
3515:
led to independence during Hellenistic period until
2863:, were later domesticated and used as food sources.
8898:
8055:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
7833:
Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis
7519:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
6180:
3511:, where they remained under Persian rule until the
3085:around 8000 BC and continued to expand through the
10488:Directory of Ancient Historians in the USA, 2nd ed
10463:
8153:
7772:
7770:
7455:
4124:. The exact reason for this decline is not known.
3633:, which led to a series of conflicts known as the
8147:
8121:
7991:
7678:
7635:"The Origins of the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia"
5249:Agricultural cultivation began around 8000 BC in
4825:The Chinese civilisation that emerged within the
2968:were independently developed in China during the
10770:
10518:
10120:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
7999:Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture.
7195:
4058:, including notable cities, such as the capital
3205:(9th to 7th centuries BC) kingdoms, or periods.
2783:emerges in about 9000 BC in what is now eastern
9908:
9882:
9589:
9319:
9307:
8387:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7767:
4242:
3428:the Hittites clashed with the Egyptians at the
2663:During the time period of ancient history, the
10461:
9827:
9799:
9679:
9667:
9160:
9100:
9088:
9064:
9052:
9006:
8958:
8946:
8892:
8880:
8868:
8856:
8820:
8808:
8784:
8757:
8745:
8706:
8694:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8001:Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
7889:
7826:
7824:
7416:
7404:
7341:
7329:
7317:
7305:
7281:
7242:
7225:
7213:
7165:
7153:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7057:
7045:
7033:
7021:
6967:
6899:
6875:
6851:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6752:
6740:
6728:
6716:
6701:
6641:
6611:
5724:
4737:and Southeast Asia on one end, all the way to
4491:Another important migration branch was by the
4488:were settled by separate voyages by 1000 BCE.
4465:branches of the Austronesian language family.
4004:Peoples speaking precursors to the modern-day
3871:to Arabia. The capital city of the empire was
3823:, centred on the upper Nile with a capital at
10589:Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman world
10318:
10226:
8844:
8769:
8721:
8299:
8297:
8087:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7551:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
7459:Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali
6955:
6943:
6887:
6863:
6626:
6596:
6581:
6533:
6521:
6497:
6385:
6358:
6327:
6315:
6291:
6249:
6234:
6198:
6121:
5673:in Europe was deeply detrimental to the late
4663:. An Austronesian group, originally from the
4265:was characterized by several migrations into
3838:
2764:about the same time, southeastern Europe and
2588:
2071:
10175:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
9914:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
8583:
8537:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea"
8172:
8017:
7485:
5817:is attested from the 5th century. Groups of
5697:the empire and established a new capital at
5631:. The western half of the empire, including
4390:flourished along the south-central coast of
3915:that may have been independently developed.
3111:state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern
10344:
9193:
8338:
8336:
8229:
8227:
8095:
8004:
7968:
7966:
7821:
7435:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
7392:
6167:History Database of the Global Environment.
4784:, as well as maritime trade-routes between
4386:Between 1000 BCE and 100 CE, the
3974:
10349:. Kotte: Participatory Development Forum.
10275:Nigeria: Its Archaeology and Early History
10163:
10049:
9811:
9775:
9751:
9739:
9727:
9715:
9703:
9691:
9655:
9640:
9628:
9478:
9463:
9439:
9415:
9379:
9367:
9343:
8646:
8294:
8199:
8127:
8046:
7849:
7462:. Princeton University Press. p. 22.
7177:
7117:
7069:
7009:
6689:
6677:
6557:
6470:
6455:
6443:
6431:
6373:
6264:
6222:
6210:
5841:
5490:, from which written records are absent.
5324:. The Zapotecs began around 500 BC in the
4893:, of which over 100,000 are still extant.
4659:and remains of Neolithic chicken bones in
4503:and other parts of coastal New Guinea and
4370:of northern Vietnam around 2000 BCE.
4347:
4152:, which spread throughout Southeast Asia.
2595:
2581:
2078:
2064:
10525:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
10227:Roberts, J. M.; Westad, Odd Arne (2013).
10117:
9980:
9514:
9287:. Princeton University Press. p. 3.
8607:
8555:
8553:
8501:
8416:
8406:
8364:
8277:
8267:
8185:. Yale University Press. pp. 22â25.
7882:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440
7880:
7865:"The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal"
7575:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu. Archived from
7481:
7479:
7189:
6569:
5992:
4507:by 1200 BCE. They reached the islands of
4062:, and site of the Buddha's enlightenment.
10539:
10462:Hodges, Henry; Newcomer, Judith (1992).
10298:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
9018:
8530:
8528:
8373:
8333:
8224:
7977:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 54â57.
7963:
7932:
7895:
7564:
7562:
5893:
5664:
5627:A number of factors led to the eventual
5579:
5516:
5486:. This ushered in a period known as the
5421:
5233:
5150:, and in the continental United States.
5026:
4985:
4914:
4853:that predated the unification under the
4810:
4603:in Island Southeast Asia, including the
4576:
4562:
4411:
4351:
4049:
4038:
3893:
3842:
3799:
3654:
3492:the Israelite" among his enemies at the
3453:
3390:
3335:
3309:conquered Egypt, while a later emperor,
3260:
3044:
2999:The ancient Near East is considered the
2934:. Sometime between 5000 and 4000 BC the
9960:
9861:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
9857:
9172:
8475:
8433:
8342:
8178:
8023:
7972:
7428:
6665:
6653:
6414:
6127:
5821:migrated into western Europe, with the
5269:began to be grown, and soon after this
5153:
3093:(4000â3100 BC) and expanded during the
2910:use dates to between 6000 and 5000 BC.
14:
10771:
10393:
10363:
10295:
10201:
10140:
10098:
10026:
10003:
9787:
9616:
9604:
9577:
9565:
9553:
9502:
9490:
9451:
9427:
9403:
9391:
9355:
9200:Frucht, Richard C (31 December 2004).
9199:
9148:
9136:
9124:
9112:
9076:
8994:
8982:
8970:
8904:
8832:
8796:
8733:
8634:
8622:
8550:
8101:
8032:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51â76.
7830:
7512:
7506:
7476:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7293:
7266:
7254:
7141:
7129:
6997:
6982:
6928:
6916:
6839:
6815:
6803:
6545:
6509:
6482:
6402:
6339:
6303:
6276:
6186:
5604:. Traditionally Rome was founded as a
5022:
4599:Austronesians established prehistoric
3617:Carthage was founded around 814 BC by
3601:
3049:The core territory of 15th century BC
10519:Thomas, Carol G.; D. P. Wick (1994).
10484:
10204:"Design Systems in Early Chinese Art"
9934:
9277:
8596:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures
8525:
8205:
8052:
7862:
7559:
6827:
6149:
5338:began to emerge around AD 300 in the
4366:in north-east Thailand and among the
3878:
3175:was originally a region on the Upper
2871:were domesticated around 7000 BC and
2760:about 45,000 years ago, southwestern
2748:respectively. Some 50,000 years ago,
10691:
10272:
10249:
10055:History: The Definitive Visual Guide
9763:
8928:from the original on 14 January 2021
8910:
8534:
7679:Daryl Worthington (1 October 2015).
7201:
6005:History of science in early cultures
5305:was mainly used for recording their
4845:. Rice was also farmed and pigs and
4747:, an Austronesian polity founded at
4717:, becoming what is now known as the
3768:, which lasted about 100 years. The
3507:, and some of the exiles from Judah
3089:around 6000 BC. Cities began in the
2983:
2648:periodizes ancient history into the
10491:. Claremont, Calif.: Regina Books.
10173:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
9021:"Proyecto ArqueolĂłgico Norte Chico"
8128:Everington, K. (6 September 2017).
7938:
7614:from the original on 9 October 2022
5717:. The resultant cultural fusion of
5689:halves ruled by multiple emperors.
5361:
5292:took over before losing primacy to
4697:By around the 2nd century BCE, the
3450:History of Ancient Israel and Judah
3023:and empires, as well as displaying
1412:Western Mexico Shaft Tomb Tradition
24:
10515:Web edition is constantly updated.
10420:
9517:"Late Antiquity and World History"
7951:from the original on 13 April 2019
5862:Religions of the ancient Near East
5739:The Celts were a diverse group of
5713:in 476, replaced by the so-called
5711:collapse of the empire in the West
4632:networks were also established by
4558:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3993:
3219:
2890:Metal use in the form of hammered
25:
10795:
10552:
10189:from the original on 30 July 2022
10171:. In Neil Asher Silberman (ed.).
10099:Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999).
10006:A History of Chinese Civilization
7918:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88
7863:Blust, Robert (14 January 2019).
6084:plateau and possibly also in the
5890:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism
5654:
4741:and eastern Africa on the other.
4444:, intermingling with the earlier
3199:(14th to 11th centuries BC), and
2956:by about 3200 BC. By 2800 BC the
2831:dates to about 7000 BC also with
10751:
10734:
10717:
10700:
10672:
10660:
10229:The Penguin History of the World
9508:
9271:
9166:
9012:
8469:
7742:
7731:, Geok Yian Goh, Sue O Connor â
7722:
7695:
7672:
7626:
7594:
7449:
7422:
4195:were ruling in the South, while
4092:developed around 3000 BC in the
3923:
3898:Nok sculpture of a seated person
3741:with surrounding regions; and a
3729:and other derived scripts â and
3065:and downstream of the states of
2894:items predates the discovery of
2041:
2040:
813:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans
137:
128:
119:
108:
99:
90:
79:
70:
61:
36:Ancient history (disambiguation)
10466:Technology in the Ancient World
10400:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara:
10027:Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008).
8918:"Shaanxi History Museum notice"
8307:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5836:
5356:Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica
5071:were brought under Han rule by
5006:with the use of forced labour.
3558:, the forerunner of the modern
3554:. The Phoenicians invented the
3360:, which by around 155 BC under
3146:. This empire also created the
2930:of Japan and in West Africa at
2772:about 30,000 years ago. Humans
10594:
10546:. University of Chicago Press.
10540:Toffteen, Olaf Alfred (1907).
10145:(Revised ed.). New York:
9831:; Ziegler, Herbert F. (2006).
8569:. Amsterdam University Press.
8012:The Journal of Pacific History
5223:
4933:, named after the influential
4401:
4341:Intensive wet-rice cultivation
3883:
3686:in the north, as far south as
3030:
2964:, which remains undeciphered.
13:
1:
10394:Wright, David Curtis (2011).
8024:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016).
7749:Ian Glover; Nguyá»
n Kim Dung.
7668:– via Researchgate.net.
6110:
5987:Bronze and Iron Age religions
4108:in the Pakistani province of
4044:Standing Buddha from Gandhara
4020:
3671:
3313:, expanded the empire to the
3271:
3195:(20th to 18th centuries BC),
2768:around 40,000 years ago, and
2678:
10451:Resources in other libraries
10324:Concise History of the World
10231:(Sixth ed.). New York:
9019:jseagard (2 February 2011).
8482:Genome Biology and Evolution
7997:Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994.
7869:Annual Review of Linguistics
7513:Carter, Alison Kyra (2010).
6115:
6080:which likely emerged on the
5500:Sparta's unique constitution
5035:, unearthed at Nalinggaotu,
4795:
4440:, in the archipelago of the
4243:Southeast Asia & Oceania
3902:The Nok culture appeared in
3875:, now in northern Ethiopia.
3522:
3053:, with its two major cities
2988:
7:
10584:The Perseus digital library
10557:
10347:A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa
9320:Boardman & Hammond 1970
9308:Boardman & Hammond 1970
8028:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
7973:Freeman, Donald B. (2013).
7703:"history of Southeast Asia"
7639:Journal of World Prehistory
7607:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu.
7456:J. Stephen Lansing (2012).
6098:
6093:HinduâArabic numeral system
6070:ancient Egyptian technology
5725:Nomads and Iron Age peoples
5629:decline of the Roman Empire
5115:
4644:by around 1000 to 600 BCE.
3971:, from around 900 BC.
3949:Susan and Roderick McIntosh
3606:
3386:
2839:perhaps sharing that date.
10:
10800:
10579:Ancient history sourcebook
10564:World History Encyclopedia
10328:Cambridge University Press
10124:Edinburgh University Press
10118:Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991).
10082:Cambridge University Press
10010:Cambridge University Press
9987:Cambridge University Press
9974:W. W. Norton & Company
9918:Cambridge University Press
9890:, eds. (1970). "Preface".
9820:
9800:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9680:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9668:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9176:Ancient Greek civilization
9161:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9101:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9089:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9065:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9053:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
9007:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8959:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8947:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8893:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8881:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8869:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8857:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8821:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8809:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8785:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8758:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8746:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8707:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8695:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8683:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8671:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8659:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
8609:10.21463/jmic.2018.07.2.05
8240:Royal Society Open Science
8102:Turton, M. (17 May 2021).
8069:(inactive 12 April 2024).
7429:Tarling, Nicholas (1999).
7417:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7405:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7342:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7330:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7318:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7306:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7282:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7243:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7226:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7214:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7166:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7154:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7106:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7094:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7082:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7058:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7046:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7034:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
7022:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6968:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6900:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6876:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6852:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6792:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6780:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6768:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6753:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6741:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6729:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6717:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6702:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6642:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6612:Bentley & Ziegler 2006
6105:Outline of ancient history
6002:
5996:
5859:
5845:
5728:
5658:
5415:
5401:
5382:
5297:heads and other subjects.
5227:
5157:
5119:
4945:Hundred Schools of Thought
4861:dynasties. These were the
4799:
4405:
4249:Peopling of Southeast Asia
4246:
4024:
3997:
3978:
3927:
3887:
3839:Aksum and ancient Ethiopia
3648:
3610:
3569:
3447:
3223:
3148:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3034:
2992:
2700:, and is divided into the
2682:
181:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
40:
29:
10639:
10632:
10624:
10616:Ancient History Resources
10485:Kinzl, Konrad H. (1998).
10446:Resources in your library
10103:. Kotte: Lakshmi Mendis.
10101:The Story of Anuradhapura
9858:Bertram, Stephen (2003).
9521:Studies in Late Antiquity
9206:. ABC-CLIO. p. 847.
8845:Roberts & Westad 2013
8770:Roberts & Westad 2013
8722:Roberts & Westad 2013
8067:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
7651:10.1007/s10963-011-9054-6
6956:Roberts & Westad 2013
6944:Roberts & Westad 2013
6888:Roberts & Westad 2013
6864:Roberts & Westad 2013
6627:Roberts & Westad 2013
6597:Roberts & Westad 2013
6534:Roberts & Westad 2013
6386:Roberts & Westad 2013
6199:Roberts & Westad 2013
5870:Historical Vedic religion
5866:Ancient Egyptian religion
5616:, leading to a series of
5397:
5378:
5280:Around 1200 BC the first
4634:Islander Southeast Asians
4253:History of Southeast Asia
4100:river valleys of eastern
4090:Indus Valley civilization
3786:Third Intermediate Period
3766:First Intermediate Period
3596:
3565:
3443:
3364:had mostly conquered the
2958:Indus Valley civilization
1202:Indus Valley Civilisation
10345:Wijesooriya, S. (2006).
10202:Rawson, Jessica (1999).
10004:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
9910:de la VaissiĂšre, Ătienne
9839:(3rd ed.). Boston:
9515:Humphries, Mark (2017).
8535:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016).
8443:Human Molecular Genetics
7533:(inactive 27 March 2024)
7531:10.7152/bippa.v30i0.9966
6172:27 February 2018 at the
6161:10 December 2019 at the
5829:. A related people, the
5643:, is referred to as the
5484:Late Bronze Age collapse
5453:around 3200 BC, and the
5430:, a temple dedicated to
5160:Norte Chico civilization
4936:Spring and Autumn Annals
4931:Spring and Autumn period
4806:
4759:and the South China Sea
4470:Northern Mariana Islands
4199:(250â210 BC) controlled
3975:Dhar Tichitt and Oualata
3918:
3795:
3706:(focused on the several
3644:
3576:Ancient history of Yemen
3540:maritime trading culture
3473:of the Egyptian pharaoh
3269:at its greatest extent,
3150:and the still-surviving
3005:coherent writing systems
2819:began around 7000 BC in
2776:about 15,000 years ago.
2774:migrated to the Americas
2669:exponentially increasing
1983:Ancient Maritime History
207:warrior in Keiko Armor (
50:Ancient (disambiguation)
10377:Oxford University Press
10320:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.
10302:Oxford University Press
10273:Shaw, Thurstan (1978).
10256:Bristol Classical Press
10141:Parker, Philip (2017).
9866:Oxford University Press
9173:Sansone, David (2011).
8408:10.1073/pnas.1321860111
7799:10.1126/science.1166858
7708:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6068:The characteristics of
5842:Religion and philosophy
5783:), and as far north as
5575:
5506:, after the reforms of
5412:Culture of ancient Rome
5122:History of the Americas
5084:three kingdoms in Korea
5013:Yellow Turban Rebellion
4601:maritime trade networks
4348:Mainland Southeast Asia
4227:ruined by the raids of
4218:was reunited under the
4054:A political map of the
3811:The Ta-Seti kingdom in
3542:that spread across the
3436:was sacked, ending the
3248:Indo-European languages
3017:centralized governments
3011:and then the vehicular
2787:and spread through the
2644:in late antiquity. The
189:Augustus of Prima Porta
10643:Post-classical history
10470:. Barnes & Noble.
9533:10.1525/sla.2017.1.1.8
8922:Shaanxi History Museum
8563:The Maritime Silk Road
8014:, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001
6009:History of mathematics
5993:Science and technology
5939:trace their origin to
5919:(5th century BC), and
5911:
5878:Hellenistic philosophy
5874:Ancient Greek religion
5751:culture formed in the
5678:
5593:
5528:
5449:on the islands of the
5442:
5246:
5056:
5053:Shaanxi History Museum
4995:
4926:
4822:
4596:
4574:
4426:Austronesian expansion
4417:
4359:
4063:
4047:
3953:Great Mosque of Djenné
3899:
3852:
3808:
3678:
3637:. After the third and
3459:
3403:
3341:
3321:failed to expand into
3278:
3074:
3001:cradle of civilization
2914:metallurgy began with
2717:early human migrations
2052:Post-classical History
2028:Cradle of Civilization
1087:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
788:Massylii Confederation
195:), a soldier from the
48:. For other uses, see
34:. For other uses, see
10569:Ancient Civilizations
9243:World and Its Peoples
8319:10.1093/molbev/msp120
7486:F. Tichelman (2012).
6003:Further information:
5897:
5860:Further information:
5852:History of philosophy
5729:Further information:
5693:began the process of
5691:Constantine the Great
5668:
5583:
5520:
5447:Cycladic civilization
5425:
5373:Early Woodland period
5371:United States in the
5368:Poverty Point culture
5237:
5228:Further information:
5158:Further information:
5120:Further information:
5030:
4989:
4918:
4814:
4624:Interaction Sphere).
4580:
4566:
4415:
4355:
4271:Island Southeast Asia
4053:
4042:
4027:History of South Asia
3897:
3846:
3803:
3658:
3498:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3457:
3395:Largest expansion of
3394:
3339:
3264:
3224:Further information:
3132:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3048:
3035:Further information:
3025:social stratification
2845:domestication of dogs
2183:Age of the human race
798:Kingdom of Mauretania
10397:The History of China
10379:. pp. 285â318.
10210:: 52. Archived from
9989:. pp. 253â278.
9920:. pp. 175â192.
9590:de la VaissiĂšre 2015
9334:, pp. xiiiâxiv.
9179:. Wiley. p. 5.
8476:Brucato, N. (2019).
8357:10.1353/ol.2012.0003
7582:on 23 September 2015
5923:(6th century BC) in
5303:Olmec writing system
5177:to their crops. The
5154:Andean civilisations
5061:Chinese civilisation
4802:History of East Asia
4408:Austronesian peoples
4368:PhĂčng NguyĂȘn culture
3829:Egyptian New Kingdom
3668:Great Sphinx of Giza
3562:still in use today.
3015:, created the first
2978:Zapotec civilization
2918:in about 3500 BC in
2841:Animal domestication
2689:Neolithic Revolution
2673:Neolithic Revolution
2616:beginning of writing
1636:Senegambia Megaliths
888:Proto-Indo-Europeans
828:Kingdom of the AurĂšs
808:Kingdom of Ouarsenis
10505:on 15 February 2010
9790:, pp. 292â293.
9766:, pp. 117â119.
9694:, pp. 130â131.
9658:, pp. 144â147.
9643:, pp. 142â143.
9493:, pp. 110â111.
9481:, pp. 150â151.
9466:, pp. 198â199.
9442:, pp. 110â113.
9430:, pp. 104â105.
9418:, pp. 110â111.
9406:, pp. 102â103.
9382:, pp. 106â107.
9163:, pp. 137â141.
9115:, pp. 128â129.
9103:, pp. 136â138.
9067:, pp. 147â148.
9055:, pp. 146â147.
8961:, pp. 196â197.
8949:, pp. 195â196.
8895:, pp. 200â203.
8883:, pp. 197â198.
8871:, pp. 193â194.
8859:, pp. 190â192.
8787:, pp. 182â189.
8772:, pp. 133â135.
8724:, pp. 132â133.
8709:, pp. 115â116.
8697:, pp. 121â125.
8685:, pp. 113â114.
8455:10.1093/hmg/ddab018
8399:2014PNAS..111..936P
8345:Oceanic Linguistics
8260:10.1098/rsos.160787
8252:2017RSOS....460787H
7910:1991SciAm.265a..88B
7898:Scientific American
7791:2009Sci...323..479G
6958:, pp. 212â213.
6890:, pp. 248â249.
6842:, pp. 225â226.
6719:, pp. 160â161.
6572:, pp. 256â257.
6030:Egyptian technology
5937:Abrahamic religions
5882:Roman imperial cult
5856:History of religion
5608:that then became a
5588:and were under the
5510:and the tyranny of
5459:undeciphered script
5455:Minoan civilization
5418:Classical antiquity
5181:, based around the
5023:Neighbours of China
4983:(Qin Shi Huangdi).
4920:Terracotta Warriors
4446:Australo-Melanesian
4118:Indus Valley script
3944:long-distance trade
3677:or perhaps earlier)
3602:Afro-Asiatic Africa
3556:Phoenician alphabet
3327:Alexander the Great
3097:(3100â2900 BC) and
2972:in the form of the
2258:Classical antiquity
1272:Ancestral Puebloans
783:Kingdom of Blemmyes
478:Aegean Civilization
157:Mask of Tutankhamun
10543:Ancient Chronology
10369:Oleson, John Peter
10250:Shaw, Ian (2012).
10214:on 18 October 2020
8494:10.1093/gbe/evz028
6582:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6522:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6498:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6359:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6328:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6316:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6292:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6250:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6235:Wiesner-Hanks 2015
6055:Iranian technology
6040:Chinese technology
6019:Ancient technology
5999:Ancient technology
5943:, around 1700 BC.
5912:
5886:Early Christianity
5715:barbarian kingdoms
5679:
5594:
5554:Hellenistic period
5529:
5443:
5247:
5136:Western Hemisphere
5057:
4996:
4927:
4823:
4816:Oracle bone script
4719:Maritime Silk Road
4605:Maritime Jade Road
4597:
4575:
4418:
4360:
4154:Siddhartha Gautama
4064:
4048:
3940:sub-Saharan Africa
3900:
3879:Niger-Congo Africa
3853:
3809:
3679:
3572:Pre-Islamic Arabia
3460:
3404:
3401:Tigranes the Great
3397:Kingdom of Armenia
3342:
3279:
3075:
3061:, was upstream of
2974:Oracle Bone Script
2966:Chinese Characters
2960:had developed its
2018:Ancient Literature
1567:Indigenous Peoples
1227:Satavahana Dynasty
833:Kingdom of Makuria
803:Kingdom of Nobatia
793:Kingdom of Numidia
773:Nasamones Chiefdom
768:Garamantes Kingdom
553:Barbarian Kingdoms
10649:
10648:
10640:Succeeded by
10635:History by period
10532:978-0-13-200205-9
10498:978-0-941690-87-4
10477:978-0-88029-893-3
10427:Library resources
10411:978-0-313-37748-8
10386:978-0-19-973485-6
10356:978-955-9140-31-3
10337:978-1-107-69453-8
10311:978-0-19-513937-2
10288:978-0-500-02086-9
10279:Thames and Hudson
10265:978-1-4725-1959-7
10242:978-1-84614-443-1
10182:978-0-19-973921-9
10165:Phillipson, David
10156:978-1-4654-6240-4
10133:978-0-7486-0106-6
10110:978-955-96704-0-7
10091:978-0-521-23347-7
10068:978-0-7566-7609-4
10042:978-0-567-02726-9
10019:978-0-521-49781-7
9996:978-0-521-19008-4
9953:978-0-8028-0975-9
9927:978-1-107-63388-9
9901:978-0-521-23447-4
9888:Hammond, N. G. L.
9875:978-0-19-518364-1
9850:978-0-07-299827-6
9829:Bentley, Jerry H.
9754:, pp. 62â63.
9742:, pp. 52â53.
9730:, pp. 42â43.
9718:, pp. 36â37.
9706:, pp. 24â29.
9631:, pp. 40â41.
9370:, pp. 98â99.
9332:Lewis et al. 1992
9253:978-0-7614-7902-4
9213:978-1-57607-800-6
8799:, pp. 62â63.
8576:978-90-4855-242-9
8544:NSC Working Paper
8165:978-971-94292-0-3
7842:978-1-902937-20-5
7499:978-94-009-8896-5
7469:978-0-691-15626-2
7442:978-0-521-66369-4
7344:, pp. 96â97.
7228:, pp. 82â83.
7168:, pp. 67â69.
7156:, pp. 64â66.
7120:, pp. 56â57.
7108:, pp. 70â71.
7096:, pp. 77â78.
7084:, pp. 73â74.
7072:, pp. 72â73.
7000:, pp. 68â69.
6985:, pp. 62â63.
6902:, pp. 48â49.
6794:, pp. 53â54.
6512:, pp. 55â56.
6485:, pp. 54â55.
6473:, pp. 54â55.
6446:, pp. 60â61.
6405:, pp. 60â61.
6388:, pp. 59â60.
6361:, pp. 55â56.
6318:, pp. 48â49.
6294:, pp. 45â46.
6279:, pp. 36â37.
6201:, pp. 22â31.
6142:978-3-319-62077-0
6129:Stearns, Peter N.
6086:Arabian peninsula
6062:
6061:
6035:Indian technology
5775:, as far east as
5773:Iberian Peninsula
5671:Age of Migrations
5545:Peloponnesian War
5434:, located on the
5389:Bronze Age Europe
5340:Yucatan Peninsula
5148:Marajoara culture
5126:Pre-Columbian era
4922:from the time of
4906:Mandate of Heaven
4851:ancient dynasties
4692:Arabian Peninsula
4686:populations from
4434:Population growth
4329:, as part of the
4327:Há»ng BĂ ng dynasty
4321:around the lower
4231:(a branch of the
4197:Devanampiya Tissa
4067:Paleolithic tools
4046:, 1st century AD.
3586:Arabian peninsula
3509:returned to Judea
3283:Achaemenid Empire
3267:Achaemenid Empire
3230:Achaemenid Empire
3140:Nebuchadnezzar II
2995:Ancient Near East
2984:History by region
2797:Nile River Valley
2721:Lower Paleolithic
2605:
2604:
2557:
2556:
2549:Political history
2174:
2162:
2132:
2128:Pleistocene epoch
2088:
2087:
1666:Sahelian Kingdoms
1641:Pre-Imperial Mali
1317:St. Johns culture
858:Kingdom of Altava
853:Kingdom of Alodia
823:Kingdom of Masuna
818:Kingdom of Capsus
668:Kingdom of Simien
423:Achaemenid Empire
44:The Ancient World
16:(Redirected from
10791:
10764:
10756:
10755:
10754:
10747:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10730:
10722:
10721:
10720:
10713:
10705:
10704:
10703:
10693:
10677:
10676:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10656:
10625:Preceded by
10622:
10621:
10547:
10536:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10501:. Archived from
10481:
10469:
10415:
10390:
10360:
10341:
10315:
10292:
10269:
10246:
10223:
10221:
10219:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10160:
10137:
10114:
10095:
10072:
10051:Hart-Davis, Adam
10046:
10023:
10000:
9977:
9971:
9957:
9945:
9931:
9905:
9879:
9854:
9838:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9785:
9779:
9773:
9767:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9725:
9719:
9713:
9707:
9701:
9695:
9689:
9683:
9677:
9671:
9665:
9659:
9653:
9644:
9638:
9632:
9626:
9620:
9614:
9608:
9602:
9593:
9587:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9563:
9557:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9512:
9506:
9500:
9494:
9488:
9482:
9476:
9467:
9461:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9365:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9329:
9323:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9262:
9260:
9238:
9229:
9228:
9222:
9220:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9140:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9086:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9031:on 10 March 2020
9027:. Archived from
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8980:
8974:
8968:
8962:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8914:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8866:
8860:
8854:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8812:
8806:
8800:
8794:
8788:
8782:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8656:
8650:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8568:
8557:
8548:
8547:
8541:
8532:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8505:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8420:
8410:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8340:
8331:
8330:
8313:(9): 2109â2124.
8301:
8292:
8291:
8281:
8271:
8231:
8222:
8221:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8086:
8078:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8021:
8015:
8008:
8002:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7970:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7860:
7847:
7846:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7785:(5913): 479â83.
7774:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7746:
7740:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7613:
7606:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7581:
7574:
7566:
7557:
7556:
7550:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7483:
7474:
7473:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7393:Wijesooriya 2006
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7279:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6986:
6980:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6941:
6932:
6931:, p. 49â51.
6926:
6920:
6914:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6705:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6630:
6624:
6615:
6609:
6600:
6594:
6585:
6584:, p. 79-80.
6579:
6573:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6362:
6356:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6253:
6247:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6125:
6050:Roman technology
6045:Greek technology
6013:
6012:
5964:Korean peninsula
5741:tribal societies
5645:Byzantine Empire
5547:, was the major
5504:Classical Period
5385:Neolithic Europe
5362:Northern America
5204:arose along the
4725:ships, although
4546:Kermadec Islands
4505:Island Melanesia
4388:Sa Huỳnh culture
4380:lost-wax casting
4331:ÄĂŽng SÆĄn culture
4311:VÄn Lang kingdom
4222:beginning under
4031:History of India
3857:Kingdom of Aksum
3815:to the south of
3676:
3673:
3660:Khafre's Pyramid
3623:Ancient Carthage
3513:Maccabean revolt
3494:battle of Qarqar
3430:Battle of Kadesh
3350:federated system
3331:Seleucid dynasty
3311:Darius the Great
3277:
3276:
3273:
2940:wheeled vehicles
2799:has evidence of
2791:. Settlement at
2789:Fertile Crescent
2752:migrated out of
2665:world population
2646:three-age system
2628:recorded history
2597:
2590:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2527:Age of Discovery
2434:
2433:
2202:Earliest records
2188:Recorded history
2164:
2152:
2124:
2122:
2111:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2044:
2043:
1686:African Kingdoms
1537:Ortoiroid People
1250:Northern America
1073:BactriaâMargiana
868:African Kingdoms
843:Nemencha Kingdom
838:Kingdom of Hodna
743:African Kingdoms
643:Kingdom of Kerma
548:Migration Period
388:Israel and Judah
225:
224:
141:
132:
123:
112:
103:
94:
83:
74:
65:
21:
10799:
10798:
10794:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10789:
10788:
10784:Historical eras
10779:Ancient history
10769:
10768:
10767:
10757:
10752:
10750:
10740:
10735:
10733:
10723:
10718:
10716:
10706:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10692:sister projects
10689:at Knowledge's
10687:Ancient history
10683:
10671:
10661:
10659:
10651:
10645:
10630:
10610:Ancient History
10601:Ancient_history
10597:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10533:
10508:
10506:
10499:
10478:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10435:
10434:
10432:Ancient history
10430:
10423:
10421:Further reading
10418:
10412:
10387:
10357:
10338:
10312:
10289:
10266:
10243:
10217:
10215:
10192:
10190:
10183:
10157:
10134:
10111:
10092:
10069:
10043:
10035:International.
10020:
9997:
9954:
9928:
9902:
9876:
9851:
9823:
9818:
9812:Hart-Davis 2012
9810:
9806:
9798:
9794:
9786:
9782:
9776:Hart-Davis 2012
9774:
9770:
9762:
9758:
9752:Hart-Davis 2012
9750:
9746:
9740:Hart-Davis 2012
9738:
9734:
9728:Hart-Davis 2012
9726:
9722:
9716:Hart-Davis 2012
9714:
9710:
9704:Hart-Davis 2012
9702:
9698:
9692:Hart-Davis 2012
9690:
9686:
9678:
9674:
9666:
9662:
9656:Hart-Davis 2012
9654:
9647:
9641:Hart-Davis 2012
9639:
9635:
9629:Hart-Davis 2012
9627:
9623:
9615:
9611:
9603:
9596:
9588:
9584:
9576:
9572:
9564:
9560:
9552:
9548:
9513:
9509:
9501:
9497:
9489:
9485:
9479:Hart-Davis 2012
9477:
9470:
9464:Hart-Davis 2012
9462:
9458:
9450:
9446:
9440:Hart-Davis 2012
9438:
9434:
9426:
9422:
9416:Hart-Davis 2012
9414:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9380:Hart-Davis 2012
9378:
9374:
9368:Hart-Davis 2012
9366:
9362:
9354:
9350:
9344:Hart-Davis 2012
9342:
9338:
9330:
9326:
9318:
9314:
9310:, p. xiii.
9306:
9302:
9295:
9276:
9272:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9240:
9239:
9232:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9198:
9194:
9187:
9171:
9167:
9159:
9155:
9147:
9143:
9135:
9131:
9123:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9099:
9095:
9087:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9051:
9044:
9034:
9032:
9017:
9013:
9005:
9001:
8993:
8989:
8981:
8977:
8969:
8965:
8957:
8953:
8945:
8941:
8931:
8929:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8903:
8899:
8891:
8887:
8879:
8875:
8867:
8863:
8855:
8851:
8847:, p. 313-.
8843:
8839:
8831:
8827:
8819:
8815:
8807:
8803:
8795:
8791:
8783:
8776:
8768:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8744:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8720:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8689:
8681:
8677:
8669:
8665:
8657:
8653:
8647:Hart-Davis 2012
8645:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8588:
8584:
8577:
8566:
8558:
8551:
8539:
8533:
8526:
8516:
8514:
8474:
8470:
8449:(R1): R72âR78.
8438:
8434:
8378:
8374:
8341:
8334:
8302:
8295:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8177:
8173:
8166:
8158:. ArtPostAsia.
8152:
8148:
8138:
8136:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8100:
8096:
8080:
8079:
8051:
8047:
8040:
8022:
8018:
8009:
8005:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7971:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7937:
7933:
7894:
7890:
7861:
7850:
7843:
7829:
7822:
7775:
7768:
7758:
7756:
7747:
7743:
7727:
7723:
7713:
7711:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7686:
7684:
7683:. New Historian
7677:
7673:
7663:
7661:
7631:
7627:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7560:
7544:
7543:
7536:
7534:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7454:
7450:
7443:
7427:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7280:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7241:
7232:
7224:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7200:
7196:
7188:
7184:
7178:Phillipson 2012
7176:
7172:
7164:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7128:
7124:
7118:Hart-Davis 2012
7116:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7092:
7088:
7080:
7076:
7070:Hart-Davis 2012
7068:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7032:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7010:Hart-Davis 2012
7008:
7004:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6974:
6966:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6942:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6915:
6906:
6898:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6778:
6774:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6747:
6739:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6715:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6690:Hart-Davis 2012
6688:
6684:
6678:Hart-Davis 2012
6676:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6633:
6625:
6618:
6610:
6603:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6558:Hart-Davis 2012
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6471:Hart-Davis 2012
6469:
6462:
6456:Hart-Davis 2012
6454:
6450:
6444:Hart-Davis 2012
6442:
6438:
6432:Hart-Davis 2012
6430:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6401:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6374:Hart-Davis 2012
6372:
6365:
6357:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6290:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6265:Hart-Davis 2012
6263:
6256:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6223:Hart-Davis 2012
6221:
6217:
6211:Hart-Davis 2012
6209:
6205:
6197:
6193:
6185:
6181:
6174:Wayback Machine
6163:Wayback Machine
6154:
6150:
6143:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6101:
6076:Water managing
6011:
6001:
5995:
5892:
5858:
5846:Main articles:
5844:
5839:
5745:Iron Age Europe
5737:
5727:
5707:Germanic tribes
5663:
5657:
5578:
5570:Parthian Empire
5488:Greek Dark Ages
5420:
5414:
5402:Main articles:
5400:
5395:
5393:Iron Age Europe
5383:Main articles:
5381:
5364:
5328:at the site of
5232:
5226:
5216:as well as the
5202:Mochica culture
5162:
5156:
5132:
5118:
5025:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4665:Makassar Strait
4550:Norfolk Islands
4501:Solomon Islands
4424:, known as the
4410:
4404:
4350:
4315:Red River Delta
4307:Irrawaddy River
4303:Pyu city-states
4255:
4247:Main articles:
4245:
4175:The kingdom of
4037:
4025:Main articles:
4023:
4006:Bantu languages
4002:
4000:Bantu expansion
3996:
3994:Bantu expansion
3987:
3979:Main articles:
3977:
3932:
3926:
3921:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3841:
3821:Kingdom of Kush
3798:
3725:and then later
3700:Sinai Peninsula
3692:Fourth Cataract
3674:
3653:
3647:
3639:final Punic War
3615:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3591:oral traditions
3578:
3570:Main articles:
3568:
3525:
3486:Shalmaneser III
3452:
3446:
3389:
3373:Sasanian Empire
3366:Seleucid Empire
3358:Arsacid dynasty
3356:was led by the
3354:Parthian Empire
3287:Cyrus the Great
3285:was founded by
3274:
3270:
3236:
3234:History of Iran
3222:
3220:Iranian peoples
3163:Sargon of Akkad
3142:, it conquered
3043:
3041:History of Iraq
3033:
3007:, invented the
2997:
2991:
2986:
2843:began with the
2835:cultivation in
2827:cultivation in
2756:. They reached
2691:
2683:Main articles:
2681:
2608:Ancient history
2601:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2489:
2470:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2389:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2306:
2287:
2268:
2267:
2248:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2151:
2143:
2120:
2109:
2084:
2033:
2032:
2023:Ancient Warfare
1973:
1965:
1964:
1705:
1691:
1690:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1237:Middle Kingdoms
1197:
1187:
1186:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1038:Eurasian Nomads
1033:Five Barbarians
1028:Four Barbarians
1013:Pannonian Avars
883:
881:Eurasian Steppe
873:
872:
758:
748:
747:
738:Nilotic Peoples
663:Kingdom of Axum
658:Kingdom of Kush
653:Kingdom of DÊżmt
628:
618:
617:
473:
463:
462:
248:
229:Ancient history
223:
222:
221:
220:
197:Terracotta Army
144:
143:
142:
134:
133:
125:
124:
115:
114:
113:
105:
104:
96:
95:
86:
85:
84:
76:
75:
67:
66:
53:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10797:
10787:
10786:
10781:
10766:
10765:
10748:
10746:from Wikibooks
10731:
10729:from Wikiquote
10714:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10669:
10647:
10646:
10641:
10638:
10631:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10613:
10607:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10573:British Museum
10566:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10553:External links
10551:
10549:
10548:
10537:
10531:
10516:
10497:
10482:
10476:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10437:
10436:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10410:
10391:
10385:
10365:Wilson, Andrew
10361:
10355:
10342:
10336:
10316:
10310:
10293:
10287:
10270:
10264:
10247:
10241:
10224:
10199:
10181:
10161:
10155:
10138:
10132:
10115:
10109:
10096:
10090:
10073:
10067:
10053:, ed. (2012).
10047:
10041:
10024:
10018:
10001:
9995:
9978:
9962:Diamond, Jared
9958:
9952:
9936:Dever, William
9932:
9926:
9906:
9900:
9884:Boardman, John
9880:
9874:
9855:
9849:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9816:
9814:, p. 129.
9804:
9802:, p. 225.
9792:
9780:
9778:, p. 104.
9768:
9756:
9744:
9732:
9720:
9708:
9696:
9684:
9682:, p. 397.
9672:
9670:, p. 396.
9660:
9645:
9633:
9621:
9619:, p. 162.
9609:
9607:, p. 163.
9594:
9592:, p. 188.
9582:
9570:
9568:, p. 111.
9558:
9556:, p. 114.
9546:
9507:
9505:, p. 112.
9495:
9483:
9468:
9456:
9454:, p. 113.
9444:
9432:
9420:
9408:
9396:
9394:, p. 101.
9384:
9372:
9360:
9348:
9336:
9324:
9312:
9300:
9293:
9270:
9252:
9230:
9212:
9192:
9185:
9165:
9153:
9151:, p. 130.
9141:
9139:, p. 128.
9129:
9127:, p. 129.
9117:
9105:
9093:
9091:, p. 135.
9081:
9079:, p. 131.
9069:
9057:
9042:
9011:
9009:, p. 548.
8999:
8987:
8985:, p. 144.
8975:
8973:, p. 150.
8963:
8951:
8939:
8909:
8897:
8885:
8873:
8861:
8849:
8837:
8835:, p. 106.
8825:
8823:, p. 190.
8813:
8811:, p. 119.
8801:
8789:
8774:
8762:
8760:, p. 118.
8750:
8748:, p. 128.
8738:
8726:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8673:, p. 112.
8663:
8661:, p. 111.
8651:
8639:
8627:
8615:
8582:
8575:
8549:
8524:
8488:(3): 748â758.
8468:
8432:
8393:(3): 936â941.
8372:
8351:(1): 123â159.
8332:
8293:
8223:
8217:978-0415100540
8216:
8198:
8191:
8171:
8164:
8146:
8120:
8094:
8045:
8038:
8016:
8003:
7990:
7983:
7962:
7939:Gibbons, Ann.
7931:
7888:
7875:(1): 417â434.
7848:
7841:
7820:
7766:
7755:. Academia.edu
7741:
7729:John N. Miksic
7721:
7694:
7671:
7645:(4): 227â274.
7625:
7593:
7558:
7505:
7498:
7475:
7468:
7448:
7441:
7421:
7419:, p. 213.
7409:
7407:, p. 212.
7397:
7385:
7373:
7371:, p. 123.
7361:
7359:, p. 122.
7346:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7298:
7286:
7271:
7259:
7247:
7230:
7218:
7206:
7194:
7190:Munro-Hay 1991
7182:
7170:
7158:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7074:
7062:
7050:
7038:
7026:
7014:
7002:
6987:
6972:
6970:, p. 264.
6960:
6948:
6946:, p. 338.
6933:
6921:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6866:, p. 156.
6856:
6844:
6832:
6830:, p. 206.
6820:
6808:
6796:
6784:
6782:, p. 168.
6772:
6770:, p. 167.
6757:
6755:, p. 166.
6745:
6743:, p. 165.
6733:
6731:, p. 162.
6721:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6658:
6656:, p. 143.
6646:
6631:
6629:, p. 110.
6616:
6601:
6586:
6574:
6570:Emberling 2015
6562:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6502:
6487:
6475:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6419:
6417:, p. 218.
6407:
6390:
6378:
6363:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6308:
6296:
6281:
6269:
6254:
6239:
6227:
6215:
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6191:
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6141:
6119:
6117:
6114:
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6109:
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6059:
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6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6021:
5997:Main article:
5994:
5991:
5929:Zoroastrianism
5902:of ram-horned
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5757:Central Europe
5753:Early Iron Age
5726:
5723:
5699:Constantinople
5695:Christianizing
5661:Late antiquity
5659:Main article:
5656:
5655:Late antiquity
5653:
5641:Constantinople
5586:Roman Republic
5577:
5574:
5539:. Through the
5495:Archaic Period
5408:Ancient Greece
5399:
5396:
5380:
5377:
5363:
5360:
5352:writing system
5344:Classical Maya
5225:
5222:
5179:Chavin culture
5171:sweet potatoes
5155:
5152:
5117:
5114:
5024:
5021:
5017:rival kingdoms
4808:
4805:
4800:Main article:
4797:
4794:
4667:region around
4642:Southern India
4583:thalassocratic
4571:proto-historic
4493:Lapita culture
4474:Remote Oceania
4406:Main article:
4403:
4400:
4349:
4346:
4273:from southern
4263:Southeast Asia
4244:
4241:
4239:in the 1500s.
4224:Chandragupta I
4056:Mauryan Empire
4022:
4019:
3998:Main article:
3995:
3992:
3976:
3973:
3961:Southwest Asia
3928:Main article:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3888:Main article:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3840:
3837:
3797:
3794:
3770:Middle Kingdom
3704:Western Desert
3675: 2500 BC
3649:Main article:
3646:
3643:
3631:Roman Republic
3611:Main article:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3567:
3564:
3524:
3521:
3517:Roman conquest
3448:Main article:
3445:
3442:
3438:Hittite Empire
3388:
3385:
3226:Iranic peoples
3221:
3218:
3099:Early Dynastic
3032:
3029:
3009:potter's wheel
2993:Main article:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2936:potter's wheel
2729:spread across
2680:
2677:
2626:. The span of
2624:late antiquity
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
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2523:
2520:
2519:
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2510:
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2501:
2496:
2494:Southeast Asia
2490:
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2471:
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2468:
2463:
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2394:Southeast Asia
2390:
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2379:
2378:
2373:
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2328:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:Southeast Asia
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:Late antiquity
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
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2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Historiography
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
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1857:
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1822:
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1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
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1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1699:Southeast Asia
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1589:Central Africa
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
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1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
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1514:
1509:
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1499:
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1484:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1137:Fergana Valley
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Yavana Kingdom
1089:
1084:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:Nomadic Empire
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:Horn of Africa
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
244:
243:
240:
239:
232:
231:
149:Standard of Ur
146:
145:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
116:
107:
106:
98:
97:
89:
88:
87:
78:
77:
69:
68:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10796:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10763:from Wikidata
10762:
10761:
10749:
10745:
10744:
10732:
10728:
10727:
10715:
10711:
10710:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10688:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10668:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10644:
10637:
10636:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10614:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10524:
10523:
10517:
10504:
10500:
10494:
10490:
10489:
10483:
10479:
10473:
10468:
10467:
10460:
10459:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10398:
10392:
10388:
10382:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10352:
10348:
10343:
10339:
10333:
10329:
10326:. Cambridge:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10248:
10244:
10238:
10234:
10233:Penguin Books
10230:
10225:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10200:
10188:
10184:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10139:
10135:
10129:
10125:
10122:. Edinburgh:
10121:
10116:
10112:
10106:
10102:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10074:
10070:
10064:
10060:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10038:
10034:
10033:T&T Clark
10030:
10025:
10021:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10002:
9998:
9992:
9988:
9985:. Cambridge:
9984:
9979:
9975:
9970:
9969:
9963:
9959:
9955:
9949:
9944:
9943:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9919:
9916:. Cambridge:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9862:
9856:
9852:
9846:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9813:
9808:
9801:
9796:
9789:
9784:
9777:
9772:
9765:
9760:
9753:
9748:
9741:
9736:
9729:
9724:
9717:
9712:
9705:
9700:
9693:
9688:
9681:
9676:
9669:
9664:
9657:
9652:
9650:
9642:
9637:
9630:
9625:
9618:
9613:
9606:
9601:
9599:
9591:
9586:
9580:, p. 60.
9579:
9574:
9567:
9562:
9555:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9499:
9492:
9487:
9480:
9475:
9473:
9465:
9460:
9453:
9448:
9441:
9436:
9429:
9424:
9417:
9412:
9405:
9400:
9393:
9388:
9381:
9376:
9369:
9364:
9358:, p. 98.
9357:
9352:
9346:, p. 99.
9345:
9340:
9333:
9328:
9322:, p. xv.
9321:
9316:
9309:
9304:
9296:
9290:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9279:Drews, Robert
9274:
9267:
9255:
9249:
9245:
9244:
9237:
9235:
9227:
9215:
9209:
9205:
9204:
9196:
9188:
9186:9781444358773
9182:
9178:
9177:
9169:
9162:
9157:
9150:
9145:
9138:
9133:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9109:
9102:
9097:
9090:
9085:
9078:
9073:
9066:
9061:
9054:
9049:
9047:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9003:
8997:, p. 78.
8996:
8991:
8984:
8979:
8972:
8967:
8960:
8955:
8948:
8943:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8906:
8901:
8894:
8889:
8882:
8877:
8870:
8865:
8858:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8834:
8829:
8822:
8817:
8810:
8805:
8798:
8793:
8786:
8781:
8779:
8771:
8766:
8759:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8736:, p. 53.
8735:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8716:
8708:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8684:
8679:
8672:
8667:
8660:
8655:
8649:, p. 60.
8648:
8643:
8637:, p. 76.
8636:
8631:
8625:, p. 52.
8624:
8619:
8610:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8586:
8578:
8572:
8565:
8564:
8556:
8554:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8529:
8513:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8472:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8367:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8339:
8337:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8300:
8298:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8246:(3): 160787.
8245:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8228:
8219:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8194:
8192:9781588395245
8188:
8184:
8183:
8175:
8167:
8161:
8157:
8150:
8135:
8131:
8124:
8109:
8105:
8098:
8090:
8084:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8049:
8041:
8039:9783319338224
8035:
8031:
8027:
8020:
8013:
8007:
8000:
7994:
7986:
7984:9781136604157
7980:
7976:
7969:
7967:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7844:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7825:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7773:
7771:
7754:
7753:
7745:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7682:
7675:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7610:
7603:
7597:
7578:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7554:
7548:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7495:
7491:
7490:
7482:
7480:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7425:
7418:
7413:
7406:
7401:
7395:, p. 34.
7394:
7389:
7383:, p. 11.
7382:
7377:
7370:
7365:
7358:
7353:
7351:
7343:
7338:
7332:, p. 95.
7331:
7326:
7320:, p. 94.
7319:
7314:
7308:, p. 92.
7307:
7302:
7296:, p. 75.
7295:
7290:
7284:, p. 89.
7283:
7278:
7276:
7269:, p. 74.
7268:
7263:
7257:, p. 43.
7256:
7251:
7245:, p. 87.
7244:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7227:
7222:
7216:, p. 81.
7215:
7210:
7203:
7198:
7192:, p. 57.
7191:
7186:
7180:, p. 48.
7179:
7174:
7167:
7162:
7155:
7150:
7144:, p. 66.
7143:
7138:
7132:, p. 62.
7131:
7126:
7119:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7083:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7060:, p. 75.
7059:
7054:
7048:, p. 73.
7047:
7042:
7036:, p. 62.
7035:
7030:
7024:, p. 63.
7023:
7018:
7012:, p. 64.
7011:
7006:
6999:
6994:
6992:
6984:
6979:
6977:
6969:
6964:
6957:
6952:
6945:
6940:
6938:
6930:
6925:
6919:, p. 58.
6918:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6878:, p. 48.
6877:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6854:, p. 47.
6853:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6818:, p. 91.
6817:
6812:
6806:, p. 57.
6805:
6800:
6793:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6754:
6749:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6725:
6718:
6713:
6711:
6704:, p. 55.
6703:
6698:
6692:, p. 78.
6691:
6686:
6680:, p. 80.
6679:
6674:
6668:, p. 10.
6667:
6662:
6655:
6650:
6644:, p. 36.
6643:
6638:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6621:
6614:, p. 38.
6613:
6608:
6606:
6599:, p. 63.
6598:
6593:
6591:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6560:, p. 54.
6559:
6554:
6548:, p. 54.
6547:
6542:
6536:, p. 65.
6535:
6530:
6524:, p. 73.
6523:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6500:, p. 74.
6499:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6479:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6458:, p. 63.
6457:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6434:, p. 58.
6433:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6411:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6387:
6382:
6376:, p. 38.
6375:
6370:
6368:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6342:, p. 45.
6341:
6336:
6330:, p. 54.
6329:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6306:, p. 44.
6305:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6278:
6273:
6267:, p. 19.
6266:
6261:
6259:
6252:, p. 26.
6251:
6246:
6244:
6237:, p. 19.
6236:
6231:
6225:, p. 17.
6224:
6219:
6213:, p. 18.
6212:
6207:
6200:
6195:
6189:, p. 16.
6188:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6152:
6144:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5909:
5905:
5904:Jupiter Ammon
5901:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5813:and southern
5812:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5789:British Isles
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5541:Delian League
5538:
5534:
5526:
5525:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:Oaxaca Valley
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5259:chili peppers
5256:
5252:
5245:
5241:
5238:The ruins of
5236:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5210:Nazca culture
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5144:South America
5141:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5110:Yayoi culture
5107:
5106:Jomon culture
5103:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:Shenmu County
5034:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:First Emperor
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4924:Qin Shi Huang
4921:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4875:Yangtze River
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4847:water buffalo
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4820:Shang dynasty
4817:
4813:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4782:Spice Islands
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4715:Mediterranean
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4675:, eventually
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:and into the
4498:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:Austronesians
4414:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4357:ÄĂŽng SÆĄn drum
4354:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4283:Austroasiatic
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4237:Mughal Empire
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4209:Maurya Empire
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:Ghaggar-Hakra
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:Ganges Valley
4072:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4035:Ancient India
4032:
4028:
4018:
4015:
4012:and into the
4011:
4007:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3930:Djenné-Djenno
3924:Djenné-Djenno
3916:
3914:
3913:iron smelting
3909:
3908:social system
3905:
3896:
3891:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:and northern
3862:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:mummification
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3651:Ancient Egypt
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:Mediterranean
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3425:spoked wheels
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:Mithradates I
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:. Cyrus' son
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3275: 500 BC
3268:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:Median Empire
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:Halaf culture
3080:
3079:civilisations
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:Shang dynasty
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:water buffalo
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:Evidence for
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:human history
2618:and recorded
2617:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:Postmodernity
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:South America
2464:
2462:
2461:North America
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:Postclassical
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:South America
2281:
2279:
2278:North America
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2212:Proto-writing
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
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2172:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:Human history
2101:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Human History
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
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1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
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1873:
1871:
1870:Mueang Pahang
1868:
1866:
1863:
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1858:
1856:
1853:
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1815:Gangga Negara
1813:
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1716:
1715:Austronesians
1713:
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1687:
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1646:Djenné-Djenno
1644:
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1318:
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1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Mississippian
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Sangam Period
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Maurya Empire
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Mahajanapadas
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
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1168:
1165:
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1160:
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1143:
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1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Kushan Empire
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Proto-Mongols
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Indo-Iranians
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
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771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:
752:
751:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:Harla Kingdom
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
622:
621:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:British Isles
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
472:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
247:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:colossal head
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Venus de Milo
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
140:
131:
122:
111:
102:
93:
82:
73:
64:
55:
51:
47:
45:
37:
33:
19:
18:Ancient world
10758:
10741:
10724:
10712:from Commons
10707:
10686:
10633:
10542:
10521:
10507:. Retrieved
10503:the original
10487:
10465:
10441:Online books
10431:
10396:
10372:
10346:
10323:
10297:
10274:
10251:
10228:
10216:. Retrieved
10212:the original
10208:Orientations
10207:
10191:. Retrieved
10172:
10142:
10119:
10100:
10077:
10057:. New York:
10054:
10028:
10005:
9982:
9972:. New York:
9967:
9946:. Eerdmans.
9941:
9913:
9891:
9860:
9834:
9807:
9795:
9783:
9771:
9759:
9747:
9735:
9723:
9711:
9699:
9687:
9675:
9663:
9636:
9624:
9612:
9585:
9573:
9561:
9549:
9524:
9520:
9510:
9498:
9486:
9459:
9447:
9435:
9423:
9411:
9399:
9387:
9375:
9363:
9351:
9339:
9327:
9315:
9303:
9283:
9273:
9264:
9257:. Retrieved
9242:
9224:
9217:. Retrieved
9202:
9195:
9175:
9168:
9156:
9144:
9132:
9120:
9108:
9096:
9084:
9072:
9060:
9033:. Retrieved
9029:the original
9025:Field Museum
9024:
9014:
9002:
8990:
8978:
8966:
8954:
8942:
8930:. Retrieved
8921:
8912:
8900:
8888:
8876:
8864:
8852:
8840:
8828:
8816:
8804:
8792:
8765:
8753:
8741:
8729:
8702:
8690:
8678:
8666:
8654:
8642:
8630:
8618:
8599:
8595:
8585:
8562:
8543:
8515:. Retrieved
8485:
8481:
8471:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8390:
8386:
8375:
8366:11343/121829
8348:
8344:
8310:
8306:
8243:
8239:
8207:
8201:
8181:
8174:
8155:
8149:
8137:. Retrieved
8133:
8123:
8111:. Retrieved
8108:Taipei Times
8107:
8097:
8083:cite journal
8058:
8054:
8048:
8029:
8019:
8011:
8006:
7998:
7993:
7974:
7953:. Retrieved
7944:
7934:
7904:(1): 88â93.
7901:
7897:
7891:
7872:
7868:
7832:
7782:
7778:
7757:. Retrieved
7751:
7744:
7732:
7724:
7712:. Retrieved
7706:
7697:
7685:. Retrieved
7674:
7662:. Retrieved
7642:
7638:
7628:
7616:. Retrieved
7596:
7584:. Retrieved
7577:the original
7547:cite journal
7535:. Retrieved
7522:
7518:
7508:
7488:
7458:
7451:
7431:
7424:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7376:
7364:
7337:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7262:
7250:
7221:
7209:
7197:
7185:
7173:
7161:
7149:
7137:
7125:
7113:
7101:
7089:
7077:
7065:
7053:
7041:
7029:
7017:
7005:
6963:
6951:
6924:
6895:
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6775:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6697:
6685:
6673:
6666:Bertram 2003
6661:
6654:Bertram 2003
6649:
6577:
6565:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6478:
6451:
6439:
6415:Diamond 1999
6410:
6381:
6335:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6272:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6182:
6177:Netherlands.
6151:
6135:. Palgrave.
6132:
6123:
6090:
6075:
6067:
6063:
5972:
5956:Confucianism
5945:
5913:
5906:, a form of
5903:
5837:Developments
5808:
5793:
5749:Proto-Celtic
5738:
5731:Anglo-Saxons
5680:
5675:Roman Empire
5626:
5597:Ancient Rome
5595:
5590:Roman Senate
5530:
5522:
5492:
5444:
5365:
5336:Maya culture
5334:
5311:
5294:Tres Zapotes
5279:
5248:
5240:Mesoamerican
5187:
5163:
5142:and western
5133:
5104:
5100:Tang dynasty
5081:
5058:
4997:
4990:The Chinese
4961:
4934:
4928:
4898:Zhou dynasty
4895:
4891:oracle bones
4879:
4827:Yellow River
4824:
4774:Tarumanagara
4743:
4696:
4646:
4598:
4568:Austronesian
4554:sweet potato
4521:Cook Islands
4490:
4467:
4419:
4385:
4372:
4361:
4339:
4309:valley, the
4295:
4279:Austronesian
4256:
4233:Hephthalites
4220:Gupta Empire
4213:
4201:Anuradhapura
4174:
4167:
4161:
4142:
4139:Vedic period
4128:
4126:
4122:Mohenjo-Daro
4087:
4077:by 3000 BC.
4071:Indus Valley
4065:
4003:
3988:
3981:Dhar Tichitt
3933:
3901:
3854:
3810:
3759:
3743:polytheistic
3712:
3688:Jebel Barkal
3680:
3616:
3579:
3526:
3502:
3483:
3461:
3415:and eastern
3405:
3370:
3343:
3295:Christianity
3280:
3265:The Persian
3237:
3207:
3202:Neo-Assyrian
3200:
3196:
3192:
3171:
3156:
3129:
3103:
3087:Ubaid period
3076:
2998:
2962:Indus script
2944:
2889:
2793:Göbekli Tepe
2778:
2750:Homo sapiens
2749:
2737:Homo sapiens
2735:
2726:Homo erectus
2724:
2714:
2704:(earliest),
2692:
2667:was already
2662:
2639:expansion of
2607:
2606:
2571:
2446:Contemporary
2441:Early modern
2225:
2207:Protohistory
2159:Contemporary
2153:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2050:Followed by
1988:Protohistory
1860:Tarumanagara
1750:Singhanavati
1745:Suvarnabhumi
1671:Ghana Empire
1601:Dhar Tichitt
1542:Guanahatabey
1482:CasmaâSechin
1307:Thule people
1217:Nanda Empire
1207:Vedic Period
1061:Central Asia
968:Hephthalites
963:Iranian Huns
756:North Africa
633:Land of Punt
235:Preceded by
228:
169:Indus Valley
54:
43:
10595:Directories
10509:24 February
9841:McGraw Hill
9788:Wilson 2008
9617:Parker 2017
9605:Parker 2017
9578:Wright 2011
9566:Parker 2017
9554:Parker 2017
9527:(1): 8â37.
9503:Parker 2017
9491:Parker 2017
9452:Parker 2017
9428:Parker 2017
9404:Parker 2017
9392:Parker 2017
9356:Parker 2017
9149:Parker 2017
9137:Parker 2017
9125:Parker 2017
9113:Parker 2017
9077:Parker 2017
8995:Parker 2017
8983:Parker 2017
8971:Parker 2017
8905:Rawson 1999
8833:Gernet 1996
8797:Gernet 1996
8734:Gernet 1996
8635:Parker 2017
8623:Parker 2017
8546:(23): 1â30.
8269:2440/104470
8139:24 December
8134:Taiwan News
8113:24 December
8061:: 153â158.
7975:The Pacific
7759:12 February
7714:11 February
7664:11 February
7618:12 February
7586:11 February
7537:12 February
7381:Mendis 1999
7369:Parker 2017
7357:Parker 2017
7294:Parker 2017
7267:Parker 2017
7255:Parker 2017
7142:Parker 2017
7130:Parker 2017
6998:Parker 2017
6983:Parker 2017
6929:Parker 2017
6917:Parker 2017
6840:Grabbe 2008
6816:Stager 1998
6804:Parker 2017
6546:Parker 2017
6510:Parker 2017
6483:Parker 2017
6403:Parker 2017
6340:Parker 2017
6304:Parker 2017
6277:Parker 2017
6187:Parker 2017
5898:Roman cast
5815:Scandinavia
5804:Hun-Xiongnu
5719:Greco-Roman
5649:Middle Ages
5512:Pisistratus
5330:Monte Alban
5322:Teotihuacan
5286:San Lorenzo
5251:Mesoamerica
5244:Teotihuacan
5230:Mesoamerica
5224:Mesoamerica
5218:Nazca lines
5206:Moche River
5183:Chavin cult
5140:Mesoamerica
5086:â those of
5049:Han dynasty
4992:Han dynasty
4707:Middle East
4688:East Africa
4630:spice trade
4613:Philippines
4535:by 900 CE;
4531:by 700 CE;
4451:Celebes Sea
4442:Philippines
4428:began from
4402:Austronesia
4293:-speakers.
4216:North India
4169:Mahabharata
4102:Afghanistan
4060:Pataliputra
4014:Great Lakes
4010:Congo River
3969:Niger River
3965:West Africa
3890:Nok culture
3884:Nok culture
3849:Ezana Stone
3782:New Kingdom
3762:Old Kingdom
3723:hieroglyphs
3664:4th dynasty
3315:Indus River
3307:Cambyses II
3258:in 614 BC.
3152:Ishtar Gate
3095:Jemdet Nasr
3091:Uruk period
3037:Mesopotamia
3031:Mesopotamia
2954:hieroglyphs
2920:Mesopotamia
2900:copper ores
2837:Mesoamerica
2781:agriculture
2742:DNA studies
2702:Paleolithic
2671:due to the
2612:time period
2413:Renaissance
1955:Philippines
1800:Tambralinga
1755:Sungai Batu
1710:Melanesians
1651:Igodomigodo
1585:West Africa
1437:Teotihuacan
1330:Mesoamerica
1142:Tarim Basin
1107:Transoxiana
458:Mesopotamia
428:Sea Peoples
165:Priest-King
46:(TV series)
10773:Categories
10726:Quotations
10628:Prehistory
10375:. Oxford:
10277:. London:
10254:. London:
10218:18 October
9864:. Oxford:
9294:0691025916
9259:5 December
9219:5 December
8932:18 October
6828:Dever 2003
6111:References
5900:terracotta
5823:Ostrogoths
5703:Migrations
5683:Diocletian
5618:Punic Wars
5564:, and the
5558:Antigonids
5451:Aegean Sea
5416:See also:
5284:center of
5198:Tiahuanaco
5138:, both in
5004:Great Wall
4977:commandery
4869:, and the
4723:lashed-lug
4713:, and the
4709:, eastern
4703:South Asia
4680:Madagascar
4669:Kalimantan
4649:phytoliths
4626:Lingling-o
4548:, and the
4527:, and the
4497:New Guinea
4364:Ban Chiang
4337:industry.
4335:Bronze Age
4299:thalassian
4291:Hmong-Mien
4261:period of
4021:South Asia
3731:literature
3702:, and the
3684:Nile Delta
3635:Punic Wars
3621:settlers.
3619:Phoenician
3552:Punic Wars
3214:Washukanni
2829:New Guinea
2706:Mesolithic
2694:Prehistory
2685:Prehistory
2679:Prehistory
2656:, and the
2654:Bronze Age
2544:Futurology
2485:South Asia
2385:South Asia
2302:South Asia
2239:Bronze Age
2234:Copper Age
2192:Common Era
2167:10,000 BCE
2113:Prehistory
1998:Bronze Age
1993:Copper Age
1905:Shailendra
1820:Sri Ksetra
1805:Langkasuka
1725:Micronesia
1626:Senegambia
1477:Caral-Supe
1417:TeuchitlĂĄn
1402:ChupĂcuaro
1372:Gran Coclé
1302:Pre-Dorset
1195:South Asia
1102:Badakhshan
918:Tocharians
893:Afanasievo
503:Pelasgians
453:The Levant
237:prehistory
32:Prehistory
10743:Textbooks
10402:Greenwood
9764:Shaw 2012
9541:2470-2048
8075:1835-1794
7659:162300712
7202:Shaw 1978
6116:Citations
5983:Aristotle
5848:Axial Age
5831:Visigoths
5779:(central
5761:Hallstatt
5602:Etruscans
5566:Ptolemies
5549:political
5477:with the
5467:Mycenaean
5461:known as
5436:Acropolis
5428:Parthenon
5404:Etruscans
5257:, beans,
5130:New World
5008:Invasions
4902:Wei River
4900:from the
4818:from the
4796:East Asia
4749:Palembang
4745:Srivijaya
4699:Neolithic
4638:Sri Lanka
4586:Srivijaya
4542:Pitcairns
4529:Marquesas
4259:Neolithic
4205:Sri Lanka
3957:societies
3827:. In the
3755:dynasties
3715:millennia
3528:Phoenicia
3523:Phoenicia
3505:Jerusalem
3475:Merneptah
3413:Phoenicia
3377:Ctesiphon
3256:Chaldeans
3144:Jerusalem
3117:Hammurabi
3105:Babylonia
3063:Babylonia
3021:law codes
2989:West Asia
2950:cuneiform
2758:Australia
2710:Neolithic
2698:Stone Age
2650:Stone Age
2635:cuneiform
2614:from the
2532:Modernity
2499:West Asia
2480:East Asia
2399:West Asia
2376:East Asia
2316:West Asia
2297:East Asia
2253:Axial Age
2155:Neolithic
2149:Timelines
2117:Stone Age
2003:Axial Age
1960:Singapore
1945:Indonesia
1900:Srivijaya
1890:Dvaravati
1740:Há»ng BĂ ng
1735:Polynesia
1730:Melanesia
1720:Australia
1572:Seafaring
1530:Caribbean
1387:Cuicuilco
1367:Xochipala
1342:Epi-Olmec
1155:East Asia
563:Germanics
538:Etruscans
528:Tartessos
523:Talaiotic
498:Illyrians
488:Thracians
373:Phoenicia
358:Phrygians
323:Babylonia
246:Near East
10571: â
10558:Websites
10322:(2015).
10187:Archived
10167:(2012).
9964:(1999).
9938:(2003).
9281:(1995).
9035:14 March
8926:Archived
8512:30715341
8463:33481023
8427:24395773
8327:19535740
8288:28405364
7955:23 March
7949:Archived
7926:24936983
7815:29838345
7807:19164742
7737:Sa Huỳnh
7609:Archived
6170:Archived
6159:Archived
6099:See also
5975:Socrates
5960:morality
5952:Legalism
5917:Buddhism
5827:Lombards
5785:Scotland
5781:Anatolia
5771:and the
5633:Hispania
5614:Carthage
5610:republic
5606:monarchy
5562:Selucids
5524:Diadochi
5479:Linear B
5473:form of
5471:attested
5463:Linear A
5318:Zapotecs
5307:calendar
5290:La Venta
5271:tomatoes
5255:avocados
5253:, where
5214:Cahuachi
5116:Americas
5092:Goguryeo
5073:Han Wudi
5051:period.
5000:legalism
4969:Liaoning
4953:Legalism
4877:valley.
4835:Yangshao
4831:Longshan
4761:emporium
4673:Sulawesi
4661:Zanzibar
4653:Cameroon
4618:Sa Huynh
4611:and the
4537:Rapa Nui
4478:Chamorro
4375:ÄĂŽng SÆĄn
4267:Mainland
4214:Most of
4163:Ramayana
4158:Buddhism
4150:Hinduism
4135:Sanskrit
4114:Chickens
3865:Ethiopia
3807:of Nubia
3805:Pharaohs
3735:pyramids
3727:hieratic
3613:Carthage
3607:Carthage
3560:alphabet
3548:Carthage
3479:hegemony
3421:chariots
3417:Anatolia
3408:Hittites
3387:Hittites
3381:Shapur I
3319:Xerxes I
3244:Persians
3185:Anatolia
3167:Akkadian
2896:smelting
2658:Iron Age
2632:Sumerian
2622:through
2518:See also
2362:Americas
2347:Timeline
2244:Iron Age
2141:Holocene
2095:a series
2093:Part of
2046:Category
2008:Iron Age
1972:See also
1930:Thailand
1920:Malaysia
1910:Cambodia
1880:Kalingga
1835:Quduqian
1596:Kintampo
1552:Kalinago
1547:Saladoid
1512:Tiwanaku
1447:Veracruz
1422:Veraguas
1382:Tlatilco
1282:Mogollon
1262:Hopewell
1177:Mongolia
1122:Margiana
1117:Khorasan
1112:Khwarazm
958:Xionites
908:Tungusic
848:Laguatan
763:Carthage
718:Sarapion
713:Avalites
678:Barbaria
648:Macrobia
613:Caucasus
533:Guanches
433:Anatolia
383:Arameans
378:Alashiya
353:Hittites
211:) and a
209:Japanese
185:Etruscan
161:Egyptian
153:Sumerian
10667:History
10653:Portals
10371:(ed.).
10193:11 June
10169:"Aksum"
9821:Sources
8503:6423374
8418:3903192
8395:Bibcode
8279:5383821
8248:Bibcode
7945:Science
7906:Bibcode
7787:Bibcode
7779:Science
7687:9 March
6082:Iranian
5941:Judaism
5921:Jainism
5811:Germany
5777:Galatia
5769:Ireland
5765:La TĂšne
5687:western
5622:emperor
5275:turkeys
5167:peanuts
5077:Xiongnu
5069:Vietnam
5039:, near
5033:Pazyryk
4965:Sichuan
4941:Luoyang
4885:, near
4778:Mataram
4753:Malacca
4731:Persian
4677:settled
4622:Kalanay
4590:Malacca
4459:Malayic
4455:Sumatra
4392:Vietnam
4313:in the
4305:in the
4287:Kra-Dai
4177:Magadha
4130:Rigveda
4106:Harappa
3985:Oualata
3904:Nigeria
3869:Red Sea
3861:Eritrea
3690:at the
3536:Lebanon
3488:named "
3434:Hattusa
3345:Parthia
3303:Judaism
3209:Mitanni
3189:Nineveh
3173:Assyria
3136:Chaldea
3109:Amorite
3107:was an
3067:Mitanni
3059:Nineveh
3051:Assyria
2946:Writing
2924:Pottery
2877:donkeys
2861:poultry
2817:legumes
2801:sorghum
2766:Siberia
2746:fossils
2731:Eurasia
2719:in the
2475:Oceania
2371:Oceania
2292:Oceania
2226:Ancient
2171:Present
1935:Vietnam
1925:Myanmar
1865:Kantoli
1840:Pan Pan
1810:Tagaung
1790:Tun Sun
1703:Oceania
1681:Pygmies
1606:Oualata
1492:Paracas
1452:Totonac
1432:Cholula
1407:Quelepa
1397:Mezcala
1392:Zapotec
1357:Huastec
1347:Capacha
1297:Sinagua
1292:Patayan
1287:Fremont
1277:Hohokam
1127:Parthia
1068:Bactria
1048:Siberia
993:Tuyuhun
988:Xianbei
983:Kumo Xi
943:Xiongnu
903:Scythia
708:Aromata
693:Mosylon
598:Thracia
593:Illyria
518:Nuragic
513:Torrean
508:Argaric
493:Dacians
418:Phrygia
403:Chaldea
348:Mitanni
318:Assyria
308:Berbers
203:), the
201:Chinese
187:), the
179:), the
171:), the
163:), the
155:), the
10605:Curlie
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5981:, and
5948:Taoism
5935:. The
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5927:, and
5888:, and
5854:, and
5800:Attila
5560:, the
5537:Sparta
5533:Athens
5465:. The
5440:Athens
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5398:Greece
5391:, and
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5320:, and
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5263:gourds
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5128:, and
5088:Baekje
4957:Mohism
4949:Taoism
4887:Anyang
4865:, the
4776:, and
4766:Melayu
4739:Europe
4711:Africa
4705:, the
4657:Uganda
4609:Taiwan
4544:, the
4533:Hawaii
4525:Tahiti
4515:, and
4476:. The
4463:Chamic
4430:Taiwan
4323:Mekong
4193:Pandya
4191:, and
4181:Ashoka
4110:Punjab
4083:cotton
4079:Barley
4033:, and
3833:Napata
3790:Nubian
3778:Hyksos
3774:Thebes
3696:Levant
3666:) and
3597:Africa
3566:Arabia
3532:Canaan
3463:Israel
3444:Israel
3399:under
3352:. The
3323:Greece
3301:, and
3232:, and
3197:Middle
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2916:bronze
2908:silver
2892:copper
2885:plough
2881:camels
2879:, and
2873:horses
2865:Cattle
2833:squash
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2805:millet
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2762:Europe
2754:Africa
2708:, and
2652:, the
2568:Future
2508:Europe
2456:Africa
2429:Modern
2408:Europe
2357:Africa
2325:Europe
2273:Africa
1940:Brunei
1895:Chenla
1885:Melayu
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1830:LĂąm áș€p
1825:Champa
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1775:Ău LáșĄc
1770:Thaton
1676:Takrur
1562:Arawak
1557:Kalina
1487:ChavĂn
1457:Toltec
1442:Nicoya
1427:Diquis
1362:Mixtec
1337:Olmecs
1312:Glades
1082:Kangju
1078:Sogdia
1008:Shiwei
1003:Khitan
998:Rouran
978:Wuhuan
933:Yuezhi
928:Donghu
778:Cyrene
728:Essina
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483:Greece
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398:Himyar
368:Canaan
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338:Yamhad
333:Amurru
293:Dilmun
205:Haniwa
10709:Media
10679:World
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8602:(2).
8567:(PDF)
8540:(PDF)
7922:JSTOR
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7612:(PDF)
7605:(PDF)
7580:(PDF)
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4910:Xi'an
4883:Yinxu
4867:Shang
4807:China
4790:China
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4770:Kedah
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4684:Bantu
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4513:Samoa
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4319:Funan
4275:China
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3919:Sahel
3873:Aksum
3825:Kerma
3817:Egypt
3813:Nubia
3796:Nubia
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3719:Menes
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3645:Egypt
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3240:Medes
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3071:Hatti
3055:Assur
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2928:Jomon
2912:Alloy
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2642:Islam
2610:is a
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1631:Serer
1502:Moche
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1377:Izapa
1257:Adena
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10760:Data
10527:ISBN
10511:2008
10493:ISBN
10472:ISBN
10406:ISBN
10381:ISBN
10351:ISBN
10332:ISBN
10306:ISBN
10283:ISBN
10260:ISBN
10237:ISBN
10220:2020
10195:2022
10177:ISBN
10151:ISBN
10128:ISBN
10105:ISBN
10086:ISBN
10063:ISBN
10037:ISBN
10014:ISBN
9991:ISBN
9948:ISBN
9922:ISBN
9896:ISBN
9870:ISBN
9845:ISBN
9537:ISSN
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9037:2019
8934:2020
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8423:PMID
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8212:ISBN
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5493:The
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