List of Byzantine emperors

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succeeded him. Meanwhile, Valens faced the challenge of the invading Huns, whose ferocity pushed the Gothic tribes to seek refuge within the Empire; Valens allowed them to settle on the condition that they become allies to the Empire. When the Goths were mistreated at Roman hands and rebelled, Valens proceeded to face them without awaiting assistance from Gratian's armies and was killed at the

5070: 627:) under both Constantius II and Julian. He was elected by the army upon Julian's death. After assuming power, Jovian withdrew Roman forces from Persia and made an unpopular peace with them, which lasted until the early sixth-century. Following an autumn spent in Antioch, he died of natural causes in central Anatolia and was buried in Constantinople. 1451:, Justinian was able to regain North Africa, as well as much of Italy and Spain; these were territories that had been seized and occupied previously by various Germanic tribes (Vandals and Goths) at the former Western Roman Empire's expense. He carried out a massive building program throughout the Empire, including construction of the famous 4204:. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising. 2578: 4838:. After successful Turkish incursions and their siezure of Adrianople, John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, even going so far as to seek religious union and journeying to Rome to convert to Catholicism. Despite his efforts otherwise, John V was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty in 1371. 459:. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors. His reign was marked by greater imperial control over the Eastern Church and much church building, especially at the holy places sacred to Christianity. To this day, Constantine is venerated as a saint by the eastern Orthodox church. 3341:

The second son of Romanos II, Constantine was born in 960 and raised to co-emperor on 30 March 962. During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially

208:

as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance

717:

Born in 328, Valens was not especially fit for the imperial office if Ammianus can be believed, but he was appointed Emperor of the East in 364 by his elder brother Valentinian I, who wanted a malleable colleague in the other half of the Empire. Following Valentinians's death in 375, his son Gratian

3380:

Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos—who had served in both the judiciary and civil service—was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed, after being required to marry the emperor's daughter Zoe under the alternative threat of being blinded and sent to a monastery. Romanos III succeeded to

2340:

Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named"

1876:

Born on 7 November 630, the son of Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. "Constans" is his nickname. Moved his seat

3602:

by Michael IV, returning when he was chosen as Zoe's third husband. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy. A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a

3555:

The younger sister of Zoe, born in 984, she was raised as co-ruler on 19 April 1042. After Zoe married her third husband, Constantine IX, in June 1042, Theodora was again sidelined. After Zoe died in 1050 and Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her

1184:

to migrate to Italy where the Gothic king ruled. Convincing Theodoric to move his Goths westward into Italy allowed Zeno to reduce what had been a drain to imperial resources, since these Germanic warriors had been exacting payments from the Empire throughout the 470s and 480s and menacing Eastern

565:

Born in May 332 at Constantinople (the first emperor born there), Julian was the grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, he became the legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius. Julian has been described as the last pagan emperor of the

4990:

Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the

813:

Born on 11 January 347 in Spain, Theodosius was an aristocrat and military leader, and later brother-in-law of Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East in 379 and gave him charge of Macedonia and Dacia. During his reign, Theodosius made Orthodox Christianity the official religion of the

4352:

Born in 1182, the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father from 19 July 1203. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204, and was strangled on 8

4695:

Son of Michael VIII, Andronikos II was born on 25 March 1259. Named co-emperor in 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army by significantly reducing military spending, and his reign saw the collapse of the

3389:, resulting in military debacles. He initiated expensive church building projects. A subsequent affair between his wife Zoe and his younger brother Michael, led to the pair colluding in poisoning Romanos, before ultimately resolving to having the emperor strangled and drowned in his own bath. 5283:

Historian Donald Nicol writes, "Hereditary succession to the throne was a custom or a convenience in Byzantium, not an inviolable... principle. Emperors, particularly in the later period, would take pains to nominate their sons as co-emperors, for the rule of a dynasty made for stability and

307:" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was " in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. 1326:

under their beds, but when none of them chose that bed, he decided instead to name the first person he saw the following morning. Keeping true to his word, when Justin—commander of the imperial guards—entered his presence first that morning, he was pronounced as Anastasius's successor.

3266: 3507:

The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora. Her three husbands, Romanos III (1028–1034), Michael IV (1034–1041) and Constantine IX (1042–1050) ruled alongside her.

5063:—thanks largely to the fact that Timur and the Tartars attacked the Turks when they were beseiging Constantinople, which forced the latter's retreat—to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them. Manuel II died in 1425 and was succeeded by his son, John VIII. 4273:

and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III. He was later restored to the throne by the Crusaders and Alexios IV. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204 and died in January 1204, perhaps of poison.

5058:

Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the

4068:

Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular, pious and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son

2904:

811, he rose in prominence through palace service, becoming a favourite of Michael III, who crowned him co-emperor on 26 May 866. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the

2197:

Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippicus, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippicus. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed.

4463:, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in Easter 1208. He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the 325:, however, was not a formal part of the Empire's governance, hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefited from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a "rule" or inviolable requirement of for office at the time. 3034:, and from 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in 920. Constantine re-asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons on 27 January 945. His reign was marked by struggles with 4550:

Born in 1221/1222 as the only son of John III, he succeeded on his father's death. His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into Albania.

5359:

While some historians attribute the division of the Roman Empire into East and West after Theodosius the Great split the throne between his sons, the year 364 probably more accurately marks the point at which the Empire was actually divided.

2605:

Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December 803. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. He was forced to abdicate, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after.

1734:. Heraclius' officials worked to replace Latin with Greek as the official language of administration in the East. By this time Latin had long fallen out of everyday use in the Eastern part of the Empire and Heraclius's adopting of the title 758:

Born on 18 April/23 May 359, the son of Valentinian I. Emperor of the West, he inherited rule of the East upon the death of Valens and appointed Theodosius I as Emperor of the East. Assassinated on 25 August 383 during the rebellion of

465: 1294:. Apparently, there was some insistence from the citizenry of Constantinople that Zeno's successor was an Orthodox Christian, which caused Ariadne to turn to Anastasius in the first place. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the 4459:(or Theodore himself, it is uncertain) was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day before the city fell to the Crusaders; Constantine only remained for a few hours before the sack of the city and later fled to 3250:

925. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him. Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes

4775:

Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since July 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by

533: 1927:

Born in 652, co-emperor since 13 April 654, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He called the

496:

Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper

1826:, named co-emperor on 4 July 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name 690: 679:

Born in 321. An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death. He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East, while he himself ruled in the West. Died of

2070:

Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontius after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in February 706.

2988:

Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in 870 and raised to co-emperor in 879. Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession. He died of exhaustion after a polo game.

2835:

His precise date of birth is uncertain, but the balance of available evidence supports a birthdate in January 840. The son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death. Under the regency of his mother

2640:

Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication. Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January 844. Reigned with eldest son

2449:

Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor since 14 April 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders,

3468:

Born in 1015, he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 April 1042, along with her sister

3153:

The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch

2498:, she married Leo IV on 3 November 768 and was crowned empress on 17 December. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress-regnant. In 787 she called the 1984:

Born in 669, son of Constantine IV, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to

2943:

Born on 19 September 866, either the legitimate son of Basil I or the illegitimate son of Michael III. Co-emperor since 6 January 870. Leo was known for his erudition. His reign saw a height in

570:, despite his initial success in surrounding the ancient city of Ctesiphon. For his adherence to the old Roman gods and rejection of the Christian faith, he became known as Julian the Apostate. 3208:

clan. After the death of Romanos II, he rose to the throne with the support of the army and people as regent for the young emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, marrying the empress-dowager

4265:

Born in September 1156, Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I. His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent

1779:. Named co-emperor on 22 January 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager 1097:

on 17 November 473. Leo ascended the throne after the death of his grandfather on 18 January 474. He crowned his father as co-emperor and effective regent on 29 January, dying shortly after.

5168:, on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed during the 3746:. A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared emperor on 8 June 1057; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael. He resigned in 1059 and died 2231:

A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.

4826:

While the only son of Andronikos III, John V was not crowned or declared heir at his father's death—partly due to being only 10-years old at the time—which contributed to the outbreak of a

7057: 4115:, achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy and Egypt. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources. 871:

became emperor in the West; both were manipulated by court officials and did not possess their father's leadership abilities. After contracting an illness, Arcadius died in 408.

3302:, which was accompanied by the conversion to Christian Orthodoxy of the grand Kievian Rus' prince and his people. After over 20 years of war, Basil eventually succeeded in his 822:, in September 394. Theodosius died of a fever at Milan in 395 and his two sons, Honorius and Arcadius, became the emperors of the West and East, splitting power between them. 7767: 3686:(hence his first sobriquet). Crowned emperor by Theodora on 22 August 1056. Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in 1059. 1031:, and the first one to legislate in Greek. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the 3426:

Born in 1010, he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor. Aided by his older brother, the eunuch

1447:

in 51; he was elevated to co-emperor on 1 April 527, when Justin fell ill. He succeeded Justin I's as emperor upon the former's death. Through his mighty commanding general

4508:, he became the son-in-law and successor of Theodore I in 1212. A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace, and Macedonia at the expense of the 4310:

Born in 1153, Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates. He was deposed by the

1506:. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife 3902:

Born in 1050 as the eldest son of Constantine X. Co-emperor since 1059, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother,

4741:

Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son.

4387:

Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they

437:

period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the

1298:

and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to widespread opposition, most notably the

4956:

Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in 1381, re-appointing him co-emperor. He was overthrown again in 1390 by his grandson, John VII.

4747: 3298:, an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor. Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance of his sister Anna to 3116:, who died soon after) as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by them and confined to an island as a monk. He died there on 15 June 948. 904:

Born on 10 April 401, the only son of Arcadius; proclaimed Augustus on 10 January 402. Succeeded upon the death of his father. As a minor, the praetorian prefect

3026:

Son of Leo VI, he was born on 17/18 May 905 and raised to co-emperor on 15 May 908. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother,

1156:

and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 29 January 474 and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before

3306:, which was finally subdued in 1018, earning him the name "Bulgar-slayer." His conquest of Bulgar was periodically interrupted by warfare in Syria against the 189:

in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (

6411:

Karayannopoulous, Yanis (2000). "State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce". In M.A. Al-Bakhit; L. Bazin; S.M. Cissoko; M.S. Asimov (eds.).

4661:

on 25 July 1261, thus restoring the Empire. He entered the city and was crowned on 15 August. Became sole emperor after deposing John IV on 25 December 1261.

8000: 429:

and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under

2844:

in 862–866. Ended iconoclasm. Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers.

4585:

Born on 25 December 1250 as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by

3038:

in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the

1663:

Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.

6721: 4593:, who within months was crowned senior emperor. After the recovery of Constantinople in August 1261, Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him 4834:, who was instead crowned co-emperor. The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V during 6980: 3906:, in 1067–1068, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068–71. Senior emperor in 1071–78, he named his son 1234:

General and brother-in-law of Leo I, seized power from Zeno and crowned himself emperor on 12 January. Zeno was restored soon after. Died in 476/477

3212:. Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes. 1322:. He died childless. Shortly before his death, he tried to devise a means for one of his three nephews to succeed him by placing a note that read 2756:, he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him. Survived the rebellion of 8876: 7230: 7131: 4620: 2526: 4919:. He deposed his father on 12 August 1376 and ruled until overthrown in turn in 1379. He was again recognized as co-emperor in 1381 and given 4018:

Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the

501:; after two years on the run, the latter committed suicide. Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between 8564: 7141: 7074: 5249: 2860: 3381:

the throne upon Constantine's death a few days later. Deluded by grandeur, Romanos fashioned himself at one time as a philosopher king like

7089: 7084: 1675: 1339: 8165: 7151: 7126: 3981: 3702: 2243: 1610:. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and was proclaimed emperor on 13 August 582. Named his son 321:

were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the Medieval period. The principle or formal requirements for

3294:

Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil II was born in 958 to Romanus II. The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful

8516: 8499: 7156: 7136: 4657:

Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. His forces

4220: 2915: 2715: 8215: 8061: 8033: 7677: 7669: 7146: 7079: 3961:. He was proclaimed emperor on 7 January and crowned on 27 March or 3 April. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the 3769: 8927: 8411: 7772: 3806:

Born in 1006, he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication. Named his sons

3048:", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories. He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft ( 10311: 9452: 8260: 3252: 3310:. Basil expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia and his reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium. 232:

in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the

8740: 8265: 6714: 10246: 10114: 8664: 7424: 7417: 6973: 6689: 6668: 6649: 6630: 6575: 6553: 6534: 6515: 6496: 6477: 6458: 6420: 6401: 6355: 6336: 5244: 3910:

co-emperor alongside his brothers. He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died

1727: 10279:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

6525:

Morrisson, Cécile (2013). "Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace". In Pamela Armstrong (ed.).

9459: 8416: 8275: 7563: 4875: 4835: 4827: 4701: 5164:. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new sultan, 10082: 7407: 4874:, he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the 2296: 418:

of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the

8745: 8158: 5239: 2416:

Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death.

1937: 10306: 8846: 7412: 6753: 6707: 6611: 6439: 6306: 6200: 6133: 6078: 5975: 5872: 5817: 5762: 5536: 5469: 5214: 4201: 2568:(general finance minister) under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the 445:. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold 5097:

Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December 1392. Raised to co-emperor around 1416 and named full

4156:. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and finally had Alexios II deposed and killed. 4107:

Born on 28 November 1118 as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother

7909: 6966: 3096:

An admiral of lowly origin, Romanos rose to power as a protector of the young Constantine VII against the general

2801:

Born in 813, as the only son of Michael II. Crowned co-emperor on 12 May 821, he succeeded on his father's death.

1093:

Born 468, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. He was raised to

10048: 10031: 9858: 9846: 8881: 8703: 7235: 7003: 5259: 4884: 4108: 3907: 1929: 1152:, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of 17: 6366: 3100:. He became emperor in 920. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of 10019: 9811: 9773: 9733: 9700: 8851: 8841: 8713: 8634: 8452: 8320: 7892: 7836: 7757: 7624: 6297: 6191: 6124: 6069: 5966: 5863: 5808: 5753: 5527: 5460: 4388: 4314:

and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne. He died in

3811: 3303: 2642: 2111: 905: 139: 3860:

and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X. Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the

10234: 10060: 9887: 9853: 9817: 9706: 8708: 8698: 8613: 8368: 8153: 6933: 5254: 5224: 4070: 2967: 2837: 2695:. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of 224:

continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from

7588: 4034:. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092. 9875: 8920: 8782: 8750: 8654: 8363: 8335: 8143: 7682: 5103:

in 1425, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the

4658: 3828: 419: 3650: 308: 10296: 9956: 9635: 9101: 8506: 8148: 7995: 7752: 7503: 6775: 6371: 3407: 3401: 1611: 1028: 5113: 3917:. His reign saw the devaluation of the Byzantine currency by 25%, hence his nickname "minus-a-quarter". 2038:, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in February 706. 66: 10301: 10266: 10222: 10200: 10151: 10038: 9829: 9598: 8826: 8772: 8511: 8383: 8373: 8073: 7953: 7831: 7762: 7650: 7619: 7462: 6817: 5234: 5125: 5119: 5001: 4933: 4798: 4753: 4705: 3929: 2948: 2696: 1440: 194: 113: 76: 5107:

in 1439, a move to merge Orthodox and Nice Christianity that proved very unpopular in Constantinople.

4473: 10173: 10141: 9966: 9146: 8905: 8686: 8210: 8066: 7851: 7742: 7629: 6823: 6805: 4890: 4673: 4152:

Born on 14 September 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother,

4040: 3572: 3209: 3205: 2765: 855:

Born in 377/378, Arcadius was the eldest son of Theodosius I and upon the latter's death in 395, the

251: 6413:

History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries

4714: 4111:

by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled

3259:

in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died.

10183: 10136: 9683: 9330: 7985: 7737: 7224: 7103: 6847: 5374: 4635: 4590: 4479: 4162: 3051: 2499: 2000: 1731: 1036: 438: 411: 6679: 4962: 4522: 9991: 9971: 9745: 9625: 8913: 8891: 8315: 8041: 7861: 7747: 5192: 4420: 4280: 4266: 4121: 3903: 3874: 3857: 3819: 3682: 3520: 3470: 3427: 2514:

to Christian practice. Deposed in a palace coup in 802, she was exiled and died on 9 August 803.

2309: 2172: 2077: 1522: 1059:(Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken. 4324: 1397:

bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.

10261: 10240: 10146: 8936: 8816: 8406: 8248: 7692: 7498: 7472: 7467: 7240: 7216: 7212: 7179: 6939: 6799: 6743: 5229: 5219: 5169: 5153: 4720: 4697: 3045: 2564: 2378:. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who 2107: 1463:, or the "body of civil law," which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations. 819: 182: 35: 4557: 4359: 4229: 3711: 3430:, his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover 10195: 10190: 10166: 10161: 10077: 9914: 9902: 9673: 9298: 8534: 8388: 7578: 7488: 7452: 7337: 7067: 7062: 6897: 6891: 5075: 5036: 4850: 4831: 4594: 4392: 4270: 4168: 3865: 3343: 3113: 3109: 2451: 2379: 1751: 1027:, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the 639: 367: 352: 322: 201: 103: 31: 4912:

Son of John V and grandson of John VI, he was born on 2 April 1348 and raised to co-emperor

4629: 3485: 2295:, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the 1738:(king or emperor) "marked a shift from Rome towards a Greek and Eastern Christian culture." 10178: 10126: 9986: 9961: 9926: 9841: 9755: 9605: 9436: 8777: 8760: 8581: 8340: 8305: 8188: 8125: 8120: 7655: 7598: 6915: 6789: 6785: 4968: 4528: 4456: 3784: 3632: 3446: 3316: 3178: 3163: 3097: 2952: 2781: 2700: 2300: 2258: 1458: 1291: 1246: 1186: 1032: 864: 719: 681: 648: 361: 260: 221: 178: 1571: 566:

Roman Empire and was generally opposed to Christianity. He was killed on campaign against

8: 10109: 10094: 10072: 10007: 9996: 9951: 9897: 9387: 9325: 9288: 7687: 7603: 7593: 7457: 7220: 7208: 7095: 6563: 5149: 5104: 4513: 4426: 4288: 4127: 3861: 3834: 3358: 3074: 1723: 1181: 1146:, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to 518: 451:, and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of 407: 157: 4878:

on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383.

3395: 1744: 877: 10156: 10099: 10043: 10025: 10014: 9976: 9946: 9824: 9542: 9446: 9196: 9165: 9158: 8765: 8755: 8629: 8300: 8183: 8100: 7963: 7315: 7295: 7275: 7265: 7031: 6903: 5342: 5309: 5007: 4939: 4804: 4777: 4330: 4112: 3996: 3880: 3815: 3807: 3656: 3526: 3299: 3134: 3007: 2856: 2666: 2388: 1319: 1299: 1148: 868: 775: 514: 244: 4844: 1891: 10121: 10067: 9908: 9806: 9781: 9630: 9492: 9228: 9213: 9091: 9059: 8887: 8821: 8726: 8659: 8639: 8607: 8539: 8526: 8447: 8442: 8193: 7958: 7808: 7327: 7280: 7270: 7260: 6859: 6685: 6664: 6645: 6626: 6607: 6590: 6571: 6549: 6530: 6511: 6492: 6473: 6454: 6435: 6416: 6397: 6351: 6332: 6302: 6292: 6196: 6186: 6129: 6119: 6074: 6064: 5971: 5961: 5868: 5858: 5813: 5803: 5758: 5748: 5532: 5522: 5465: 5455: 4085: 3608: 3604: 3307: 3105: 3031: 2898: 2724: 2618: 2394: 1823: 1789: 1780: 1633: 1578: 1295: 1283: 1052: 828: 298: 297:

continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival

143: 5160:

under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under

1403: 1390: 10251: 10228: 10131: 10104: 10089: 10055: 9981: 9941: 9931: 9656: 9583: 9553: 9416: 9371: 9366: 9238: 8691: 8484: 8432: 8378: 8345: 8295: 8088: 8078: 7856: 7544: 7436: 7359: 7342: 7320: 7305: 7290: 7204: 6989: 6927: 6873: 6841: 5960:

Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". In

5301: 5060: 4563: 4464: 4411: 4365: 4315: 4235: 4153: 4046: 3717: 3323: 3256: 3224: 3027: 2569: 1878: 1831: 1726:. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in October 610. Brought the 1719: 1507: 1386: 1071: 1018: 976: 860: 592: 539: 509:. In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original 403: 6663:. Translated by John Wortley. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 5145: 5030: 3352: 2995: 2288: 2252: 2044: 1015:

origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic

859:

was permanently divided between the Eastern Roman Empire—later referred to as the

212:

The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the

9892: 9882: 9791: 9578: 9486: 9474: 9468: 9320: 9141: 9111: 9054: 9034: 8836: 8669: 8649: 8644: 8599: 8589: 8549: 8544: 8494: 8489: 8270: 7876: 7793: 7788: 7528: 7518: 7354: 7348: 7332: 7310: 7300: 7285: 6853: 6829: 6811: 5157: 4781: 4586: 4031: 3624: 3382: 3295: 3002: 2921: 2757: 2466: 1985: 1469: 1005: 982: 784: 567: 266: 6699: 3514: 3473:. He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 August 1042. 3440: 3172: 3068: 1946: 944:

Born in 396. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the

9786: 9750: 9695: 9588: 9511: 9409: 9403: 9335: 9315: 9069: 9029: 8674: 8554: 8287: 8046: 7940: 7926: 7725: 7429: 7184: 6621:

Reinert, Stephen W. (2002). "Fragmentation (1204–1453)". In Cyril Mango (ed.).

4391:

forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later

4311: 3958: 3155: 3122: 3101: 2612: 2429: 2321: 2211: 1897: 1561: 1315: 1303: 1240: 1198: 1160:

in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the

1110: 967: 867:

with Arcadius becoming Byzantine emperor in the East while his younger brother

760: 523: 472: 456: 447: 275: 229: 216:

following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to

186: 174: 4610: 3218: 2156:

origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the

1282:) when he was chosen as the husband and ultimately Emperor by Empress-dowager 10290: 10256: 10216: 9760: 9568: 9376: 8594: 8471: 8437: 8175: 8110: 8083: 7968: 7583: 7523: 6867: 6730: 6594: 5297: 4460: 4027: 3628: 3159: 3058: 3035: 2316: 2166: 1933: 1776: 1056: 884: 655: 4395:

by the latter. Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in December 1205.

2660: 2422: 10001: 9796: 9728: 9723: 9713: 9536: 9398: 9039: 8355: 8330: 8310: 8115: 8093: 7948: 7196: 7191: 7025: 6748: 6118:

Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine IX Monomachos". In

5454:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine I the Great". In

5206: 4992: 4509: 4023: 3923: 3620: 2541: 2083: 2050: 1958: 1953: 1614:

as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November 602 at

1452: 1278: 856: 790: 510: 506: 217: 213: 193:) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the 6958: 5377:, emperor in the West (317–340). More rarely, he is instead enumerated as 3479: 2535: 9865: 9740: 9690: 9615: 9189: 9136: 9079: 8856: 8831: 8325: 8135: 7902: 7508: 7493: 6185:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Michael IX Palaiologos". In

5330: 5161: 4871: 4708:

as co-emperor and was then deposed outright. He died peacefully in 1332.

4616: 3778: 3566: 2961: 2813: 2204: 2126: 2120: 1846: 1827: 1409: 1273: 1190: 728: 240: 6451:

From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome

5346: 4995:

as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408.

2869: 2347: 1516: 1207: 527:, and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him. 9921: 9836: 9801: 9766: 9678: 9593: 9353: 9346: 9293: 9273: 9218: 9183: 9176: 9121: 9086: 8949: 8130: 7990: 7980: 7813: 7803: 7513: 6770: 5305: 5099: 5024:

Restored to senior emperor, he ruled until his death in February 1391.

3598:

1000 of noble origin, he had an undistinguished life but was exiled to

3557: 3129: 2906: 2774: 2730: 2585: 2507: 2503: 2354: 1796: 1607: 1556: 1448: 1394: 1214: 1177: 1157: 498: 430: 303: 8935: 3200:

The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born

2009: 1840: 623:, Jovian hailed from a military family and was captain of the guards ( 9668: 9620: 9530: 9517: 9304: 9233: 9206: 9201: 9170: 9116: 9064: 8999: 8994: 8679: 8559: 8051: 7919: 7866: 7798: 6885: 6376: 5165: 4920: 4667: 3990: 3953: 3612: 2292: 2153: 1691: 1615: 1603: 1476: 1436: 1194: 1048: 948: 914: 452: 318: 272: 255: 205: 6329:

The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History

6195:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1367–1368. 5757:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1206–1207. 4455:, he rose to prominence as a son-in-law of Alexios III. His brother 4079: 1684: 1185:

territories. As a consequence, Zeno's reign also saw the end of the

1065: 9936: 9718: 9610: 9563: 9523: 9505: 9425: 9360: 9340: 9310: 9283: 9278: 9263: 9253: 9223: 9131: 9126: 9074: 9049: 9044: 9009: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8205: 8105: 8056: 7914: 7846: 7634: 6780: 5152:

since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the

4924: 4789: 4407: 3977: 3962: 3698: 3271: 2951:, and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under 2460: 2375: 2157: 2016: 1882: 1775:

Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife

1355: 1348: 1103: 1040: 952: 835: 815: 502: 434: 426: 285: 225: 6073:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. 6063:

Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In

5970:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 502–503. 5464:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 498–500. 9870: 9573: 9480: 9393: 9248: 9024: 8571: 8457: 8398: 7897: 7871: 7549: 6434:. Vol. I–III. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5323: 4401: 4216: 4019: 3616: 3158:. His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against 3040: 2944: 2875: 2753: 2035: 1311: 1307: 1173: 1161: 1143: 1044: 1012: 951:, sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death. Died of 921: 735: 585: 395: 290: 220:

in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The

3965:

clan. He retired to a monastery where he died in the same year.

3265: 505:, favoured by the emperor, and the "Orthodox" supporters of the 9642: 9499: 9381: 9153: 9019: 8200: 7975: 7841: 4785: 3765: 3599: 3431: 3386: 2841: 2495: 1640: 1169: 697: 442: 237: 5812:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2223. 5435: 3856:

Born in 1032, a successful general he married empress-dowager

2807: 312: 9243: 9014: 9004: 8984: 6681:

The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000

6301:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 505. 6128:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 504. 5531:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 524. 2761: 2114:

as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt.

1165: 1153: 1047:

in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the

1024: 6291:

Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". In

5905: 2454:

and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after.

1510:, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine. 8989: 8979: 8479: 4611:

Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)

2511: 1051:

as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter

283:. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek 233: 6245: 6221: 6209: 5984: 5490: 1455:

at Constantinople. Justinian was also responsible for the

1035:, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an 6257: 5917: 5826: 5747:

Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Leo I". In

5308:

to distinguish rulers of the same name. The numbering of

5069: 6491:(2nd ed.). Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. 6274: 6272: 5284:

continuity. But in theory, the road to the throne was a

4073:

co-emperor in 1122, but the son predeceased his father.

2840:

until 856, and under the effective control of his uncle

6625:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 248–283. 6154: 6099: 6044: 6032: 6020: 5996: 5644: 5632: 5598: 5596: 2703:. Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian. 1881:, where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of 204:, the first Christian emperor, who rebuilt the city of 6331:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 6233: 5929: 5680: 5656: 5423: 3635:

between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople.

1193:

stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the

6269: 5838: 5728: 5716: 5704: 5557: 5401: 5399: 5397: 908:

was regent in 408–414. He died in a riding accident.

6008: 5608: 5593: 5581: 5478: 5182: 1730:

to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the

1443:, Justinian was the nephew of Justin I and was made 814:

state. He reunited the whole Empire after defeating

228:; the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western 6166: 6142: 6087: 4830:between his regents and his father's closest aide, 4696:Byzantine position in Asia Minor. He named his son 1565:and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death. 5941: 5893: 5881: 5783: 5771: 5692: 5668: 5569: 5545: 5502: 5394: 3342:among the military aristocracy, many of whom were 1994: 633: 346: 6729: 5620: 5521:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Constantius II". In 5411: 5144:The fourth son of Manuel II and Serbian princess 10288: 6589:. New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press. 6410: 6396:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 6350:. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 5867:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5441: 4704:, he was first forced to recognize his grandson 4467:as the strongest of the Greek successor states. 3246:Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born 2850: 2520: 6489:A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641 5857:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Anastasios I". In 3971: 3692: 2909:, and recovered southern Italy for the Empire. 1830:co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the 1559:, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named 769: 7349:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 4621:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 4402:Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261) 4210: 3822:was regent until the accession of Romanus IV. 2527:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty 1669: 1333: 177:in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the 8921: 6974: 6715: 5959: 5746: 5453: 5304:. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames and 5250:List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin 4318:captivity (confined to a monastery) in 1211. 3868:in June 1072 and exiled. He died soon after. 3759: 2861:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 2237: 270:were also used. Their names were preceded by 27:Roman emperors in the East from 330 from 1453 6394:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium 6367:"European Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire" 6184: 4279: 2764:to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the 2709: 1676:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty 1340:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 6988: 6584: 6117: 6062: 5832: 3982:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 3703:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 3641: 3611:. His reign was marked by invasions by the 3049: 2244:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty 1456: 1016: 961: 8928: 8914: 6981: 6967: 6722: 6708: 6601: 5496: 4991:Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given 4221:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty 3044:. He is notable for his promotion of the " 2716:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty 2459: 783: 6661:A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057 6658: 6524: 6453:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 6391: 6050: 5911: 5429: 5327:had become a part of the imperial title: 4512:, Bulgaria, and the rival Greek state of 3770:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty 2947:(Muslim) naval raids, culminating in the 2651: 1988:, whence he recovered his throne in 705. 1624: 1306:. His reign was also marked by the first 576: 289:(Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant 6486: 5686: 5662: 5312:is a purely historiographical invention. 422:in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern 8237: 6677: 6620: 6562: 6529:. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–82. 6429: 6345: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 5990: 5935: 5856: 5802:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zeno". In 5801: 5734: 5520: 5373:, whereby the regnal numbering follows 5328: 3104:in the East. Romanos promoted his sons 14: 10289: 6639: 6546:Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 6505: 6364: 6290: 6278: 6263: 6038: 6026: 6014: 5923: 5650: 5638: 5417: 3434:failed. He died after a long illness. 1822:Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife 8909: 8805: 8236: 8021: 7713: 7380: 7001: 6962: 6703: 6543: 6326: 5602: 5587: 5405: 5335:Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 5331:"Flavius : a Nicety of Protocol" 5245:List of Roman and Byzantine empresses 5148:, he was born on 8 February 1405. As 4589:until his assassination, and then by 4200:, a nephew of John II by his brother 4030:and the establishment of independent 3666:Μιχαὴλ Βρίγγας ὁ Στρατιωτικός/ὁ Γέρων 3162:and the recovery of Crete by general 8022: 6467: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6105: 6093: 6002: 5947: 5899: 5887: 5844: 5777: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5674: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5508: 5484: 4780:, his reign saw defeats against the 3385:and later as a military genius like 1276:, Anastasius was a palace official ( 1164:, saw off challenges against him by 7724: 6448: 6430:Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991). 5789: 5626: 5614: 3603:number of monasteries, chiefly the 3333:15 December 1025– 12 November 1028 2374:General and son-in-law of Leo III, 2297:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1318:with Persia over the foundation of 1290:" (Latin: Dicorus), because of his 24: 6642:Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint 6606:. London and New York: Routledge. 6432:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 6298:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 6192:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 6125:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 6070:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5967:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5864:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5809:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5754:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5528:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5461:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5240:Succession to the Byzantine Empire 4862:8 February 1347– 10 December 1354 1938:First Arab Siege of Constantinople 455:as "New Rome", popularly known as 25: 10323: 8847:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 5215:Family tree of Byzantine emperors 5130:Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος 4652:(23 years, 11 months and 10 days) 2688:General of Armenian origin, born 2444:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days) 1858:Heraclius Constantinus (Constans) 1834:in September 641 (or early 642). 1728:Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628 1494:(12 years, 10 months and 21 days) 999:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days) 808:(15 years, 11 months and 29 days) 513:was built. Constantius appointed 264:", although other titles such as 8886: 6940:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica 6922:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors 6548:. London: University of London. 6510:. Harpenden: Pocket Essentials. 5199: 5185: 5112: 5092:(23 years, 4 months and 10 days) 5068: 5029: 5000: 4961: 4951:(10 years, 9 months and 13 days) 4932: 4907:(2 years, 10 months and 19 days) 4883: 4843: 4797: 4746: 4735:(26 years, 4 months and 21 days) 4713: 4690:(45 years, 5 months and 13 days) 4666: 4628: 4556: 4521: 4472: 4419: 4358: 4323: 4228: 4161: 4120: 4102:(37 years, 5 months and 16 days) 4078: 4063:(24 years, 7 months and 24 days) 4039: 4026:, as well as the arrival of the 4013:(37 years, 4 months and 14 days) 3989: 3946:(2 years, 11 months and 29 days) 3922: 3873: 3827: 3818:as co-emperors. After his death 3777: 3710: 3649: 3589:(12 years, 6 months and 30 days) 3565: 3513: 3478: 3439: 3394: 3351: 3336:(2 years, 10 months and 28 days) 3315: 3289:(49 years, 11 months and 5 days) 3264: 3217: 3171: 3121: 3067: 2994: 2960: 2938:(25 years, 8 months and 12 days) 2914: 2892:(18 years, 11 months and 5 days) 2868: 2806: 2796:(12 years, 3 months and 18 days) 2773: 2723: 2659: 2611: 2577: 2534: 2502:which condemned the practice of 2421: 2411:(4 years, 11 months and 25 days) 2387: 2346: 2335:(34 years, 2 months and 27 days) 2308: 2275:(24 years, 2 months and 24 days) 2251: 2203: 2165: 2119: 2076: 2043: 2008: 1945: 1890: 1855:Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος (Κώνστας) 1839: 1788: 1743: 1683: 1658:(7 years, 10 months and 12 days) 1632: 1597:(20 years, 3 months and 14 days) 1570: 1543:(3 years, 10 months and 19 days) 1515: 1468: 1430:(38 years, 7 months and 13 days) 1402: 1347: 1263:(27 years, 2 months and 28 days) 1239: 1206: 1102: 1064: 975: 913: 899:(42 years, 2 months and 27 days) 876: 850:(13 years, 3 months and 14 days) 827: 727: 712:(14 years, 4 months and 12 days) 689: 647: 584: 532: 464: 433:, who had begun ushering in the 389:(30 years, 9 months and 27 days) 360: 197:who claimed the imperial title. 65: 7236:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 7058:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 6623:The Oxford History of Byzantium 6472:. London: Thames & Hudson. 6415:. Vol. IV. Paris: UNESCO. 6319: 6284: 6178: 6111: 6056: 5953: 5850: 5795: 5740: 5514: 5363: 5353: 5315: 5260:History of the Byzantine Empire 5139:(4 years, 4 months and 23 days) 5053:(34 years, 4 months and 5 days) 4927:, dying there on 28 June 1385. 4865:(7 years, 10 months and 2 days) 4821:(35 years, 1 month and 28 days) 4784:but successes in Europe, where 4545:(3 years, 9 months and 13 days) 4373:Ἀλέξιος Δούκας ὁ "Μούρτζουφλος" 4305:(8 years, 3 months and 10 days) 4252:(9 years, 6 months and 27 days) 3897:(6 years, 5 months and 23 days) 3734:(2 years, 2 months and 21 days) 3421:(7 years, 7 months and 28 days) 3375:(5 years, 4 months and 30 days) 3195:(6 years, 3 months and 25 days) 3021:(46 years, 5 months and 3 days) 2830:(25 years, 8 months and 4 days) 2683:(7 years, 5 months and 14 days) 2558:(8 years, 8 months and 26 days) 2549:Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός/ὁ Λογοθέτης 2482:(5 years, 2 months and 12 days) 2101:(6 years, 2 months and 14 days) 1995:Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717) 1930:Third Council of Constantinople 1706:(30 years, 4 months and 6 days) 1393:. Officer and commander of the 634:Valentinianic dynasty (364–379) 491:(24 years, 1 month and 25 days) 347:Constantinian dynasty (306–363) 200:The following list starts with 10312:Byzantine Empire-related lists 8321:Great Palace of Constantinople 8062:Patriarchate of Constantinople 7381: 6587:History of the Byzantine State 6585:Ostrogorski, Georgije (1969). 6568:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 5447: 5291: 5277: 4732:21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320 4580:(3 years, 4 months and 9 days) 3329:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 3148:(3 years, 4 months and 6 days) 3012:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 2747:(8 years, 9 months and 7 days) 2341:by hostile later chroniclers. 2147:(1 year, 6 months and 30 days) 1932:which condemned the heresy of 939:(6 years, 5 months and 2 days) 560:(1 year, 7 months and 23 days) 301:in Western Europe, the title " 13: 1: 5321:By the 4th century, the name 5265: 5255:Family tree of Roman emperors 5225:List of Trapezuntine emperors 4913: 4598: 4597:and imprisoned. John IV died 4502: 4449: 4194: 4180: 4141: 3911: 3747: 3740: 3595: 3247: 3201: 2901: 2851:Macedonian dynasty (867–1056) 2689: 2635:(1 year, 9 months and 9 days) 2521:Nikephorian dynasty (802–813) 2488: 2281: 2093: 1973: 1916: 1863: 1811: 1712: 1549: 1500: 1379: 1269: 1139: 1008: 986:"the Great" and "the Butcher" 617: 398: 8783:University of Constantinople 8364:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 7714: 7514:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 7203:Byzantine successor states ( 6602:Pohlsander, Hans A. (1996). 6346:Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). 5387: 5286:carriere ouverte aux talents 5118: 5111: 5074: 5067: 5035: 5028: 5006: 4999: 4967: 4960: 4938: 4931: 4889: 4882: 4849: 4842: 4803: 4796: 4752: 4745: 4731: 4719: 4712: 4672: 4665: 4634: 4627: 4562: 4555: 4527: 4520: 4478: 4471: 4425: 4418: 4364: 4357: 4329: 4322: 4287: 4278: 4234: 4227: 4167: 4160: 4126: 4119: 4084: 4077: 4045: 4038: 3995: 3988: 3972:Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185) 3928: 3921: 3879: 3872: 3833: 3826: 3783: 3776: 3716: 3709: 3693:Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059) 3655: 3648: 3623:in the East, the revolts of 3571: 3564: 3519: 3512: 3484: 3477: 3445: 3438: 3400: 3393: 3357: 3350: 3321: 3314: 3270: 3263: 3223: 3216: 3177: 3170: 3127: 3120: 3073: 3066: 3000: 2993: 2966: 2959: 2920: 2913: 2886: 2874: 2867: 2812: 2805: 2779: 2772: 2729: 2722: 2665: 2658: 2617: 2610: 2583: 2545:"Genikos" or "the Logothete" 2540: 2465: 2458: 2427: 2393: 2352: 2345: 2314: 2307: 2257: 2250: 2209: 2202: 2171: 2164: 2125: 2118: 2106:Returned on the throne with 2082: 2075: 2049: 2042: 2014: 2007: 1951: 1944: 1896: 1889: 1862: 1845: 1838: 1794: 1787: 1760:Heraclius novus Constantinus 1749: 1742: 1689: 1682: 1638: 1631: 1576: 1569: 1521: 1514: 1474: 1467: 1420:Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus 1408: 1401: 1353: 1346: 1245: 1238: 1212: 1205: 1108: 1101: 1070: 1063: 981: 974: 919: 912: 882: 875: 833: 826: 789: 782: 770:Theodosian dynasty (379–457) 733: 726: 695: 688: 653: 646: 590: 583: 538: 531: 470: 463: 420:Battle of the Milvian Bridge 366: 359: 81:6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453 7: 8453:Saint Catherine's Monastery 7509:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 7504:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 7002: 6776:Crisis of the Third Century 6392:Kaldellis, Anthony (2024). 6372:Washington State University 5178: 4870:A maternal relative of the 4211:Angelid dynasty (1185–1204) 3888:Μιχαὴλ Δούκας "Παραπινάκης" 3550:(1 year, 7 months, 20 days) 3062:) he compiled for his son. 2376:Count of the Opsician Theme 1757:Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος 1670:Heraclian dynasty (610–695) 1334:Justinian dynasty (518–602) 1172:, and secured peace in the 1029:Patriarch of Constantinople 209:of Greek instead of Latin. 10: 10328: 10201:Constantine XI Palaiologos 10152:Andronikos III Palaiologos 10039:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 8842:Neo-Byzantine architecture 8806: 7463:Comes sacrarum largitionum 6487:Mitchell, Stephen (2015). 5235:List of Byzantine usurpers 4659:reconquered Constantinople 4614: 4405: 4214: 3975: 3763: 3760:Doukid dynasty (1059–1081) 3696: 3662:"Stratiotikos" / "the Old" 3280:Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος 2854: 2713: 2524: 2241: 2238:Isaurian dynasty (717–802) 1998: 1673: 1337: 965: 773: 637: 350: 254:of all Emperors preceding 195:various usurpers or rebels 30:For Roman emperors before 29: 10277: 10209: 10174:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 10142:Andronikos II Palaiologos 9967:Constantine IX Monomachos 9655: 9552: 9435: 9262: 9100: 8948: 8869: 8812: 8801: 8722: 8622: 8580: 8525: 8470: 8425: 8412:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 8397: 8354: 8286: 8256: 8247: 8243: 8232: 8174: 8032: 8028: 8017: 7939: 7885: 7824: 7781: 7733: 7720: 7709: 7668: 7643: 7612: 7571: 7562: 7537: 7481: 7445: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7376: 7249: 7165: 7112: 7043: 7014: 7010: 6997: 6763: 6738: 6644:. New York: Basic Books. 6544:Nicol, Donald M. (1993). 6470:The Emperors of Byzantium 4608: 4399: 4208: 3969: 3951:Born in 1001, he was the 3757: 3690: 3639: 3531:Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος 3139:Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος 2848: 2768:, reinforced iconoclasm. 2766:Muslim conquest of Sicily 2710:Amorian dynasty (820–867) 2707: 2649: 2518: 2235: 1992: 1963:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος 1940:, and died of dysentery. 1718:as the eldest son of the 1667: 1622: 1331: 959: 767: 631: 574: 379:Fl. Valerius Constantinus 344: 163: 149: 135: 127: 119: 109: 99: 94: 90: 86: 64: 60: 53: 45: 10307:Lists of medieval people 10137:Michael VIII Palaiologos 7986:Droungarios of the Fleet 6659:Skylitzes, John (2010). 6365:Hooker, Richard (2007). 5270: 4496:(32 years and 11 months) 3642:Non-dynastic (1056–1057) 3052:De administrando imperio 2500:Second Council of Nicaea 1922:(16 years and 10 months) 1871:(26 years and 10 months) 1732:Muslim conquest of Syria 1187:western line of emperors 962:Leonid dynasty (457–518) 439:First Ecumenical Council 46:Emperor and Autocrat of 9992:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 9626:Tiberius II Constantine 8500:Early Byzantine mosaics 7862:Domestic of the Schools 6802:(27 BC–AD 68) 6678:Wickham, Chris (2009). 6604:The Emperor Constantine 5300:were never used in the 5193:Byzantine Empire portal 4443:(16 years and 6 months) 4389:captured Constantinople 3904:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3858:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 3683:stratiotikos logothetes 3680:A court bureaucrat and 3428:John the Orphanotrophos 2326:Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος 1133:(14 years and 8 months) 1125:(11 months and 11 days) 1055:to the Isaurian leader 990:Λέων ὁ Μέγας / Μακέλλης 10147:Michael IX Palaiologos 8817:Byzantine commonwealth 7579:Praetorian prefectures 7499:Logothetes tou genikou 7473:Quaestor sacri palatii 7468:Comes rerum privatarum 7241:Fall of Constantinople 7180:Sack of Constantinople 6916:Western Roman emperors 6848:Year of the 6 Emperors 6824:Year of the 5 Emperors 6818:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 6806:Year of the 4 Emperors 6800:Julio-Claudian dynasty 6744:List of Roman emperors 6640:Sarris, Peter (2023). 6527:Authority in Byzantium 6506:Morgan, Giles (2007). 6348:A History of Byzantium 5329:Cameron, Alan (1988). 5230:List of Roman usurpers 5220:List of Roman emperors 5154:Principality of Achaea 5019:(4 months and 30 days) 4898:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4770:(13 years and 22 days) 4761:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4681:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος 4382:(2 months and 16 days) 4369:Doukas "Mourtzouphlos" 4284: 3851:(3 years and 9 months) 3801:(7 years and 6 months) 3580:Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος 3050: 3046:Macedonian Renaissance 2652:Non-dynastic (813–820) 2565:Logothetes tou genikou 2369:(2 years and 5 months) 1817:(8 months and 25 days) 1770:(3 months and 14 days) 1625:Non-dynastic (602–610) 1457: 1116:Ζήνων (Ταρασικοδίσσας) 1017: 820:Battle of the Frigidus 753:(5 months and 10 days) 611:(7 months and 21 days) 577:Non-dynastic (363–364) 481:Fl. Iulius Constantius 401:272 as the son of the 36:List of Roman emperors 10241:Thessalonian emperors 10235:Trapezuntine emperors 10196:John VIII Palaiologos 10191:Manuel II Palaiologos 10162:John VI Kantakouzenos 10078:Andronikos I Komnenos 9915:Constantine Lekapenos 8943:and empresses regnant 8517:Komnenian renaissance 8512:Macedonian period art 8417:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 8389:Walls of Thessaloniki 7489:Logothetes tou dromou 7104:Twenty Years' Anarchy 7068:Valentinianic dynasty 7063:Constantinian dynasty 6934:Emperors of Trebizond 6898:Valentinianic dynasty 6892:Constantinian dynasty 5442:Karayannopoulous 2000 5105:Union of the Churches 4985:(5 months and 3 days) 4858:Ἰωάννης Καντακουζηνός 4832:John VI Kantakouzenos 4828:destructive civil war 4347:(6 months and 8 days) 4283: 4260:(6 months and 8 days) 3937:Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης 3556:death. She nominated 3540:(1 month and 22 days) 3502:(1 month and 22 days) 3493:Ζωὴ ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος 3463:(4 months and 8 days) 3241:(6 years and 30 days) 3091:(24 years and 3 days) 2600:(2 months and 4 days) 2134:Φιλιππικός (Βαρδάνης) 2001:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1752:Heraclius Constantine 1533:Tiberius Constantinus 1530:Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος 1373:(9 years and 23 days) 1229:(1 year and 7 months) 640:Valentinianic dynasty 550:Fl. Claudius Iulianus 547:Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ Ἀποστάτης 353:Constantinian dynasty 323:hereditary succession 202:Constantine the Great 10179:John VII Palaiologos 10127:Theodore II Laskaris 9987:Constantine X Doukas 9927:Nikephoros II Phokas 8714:Units of measurement 8448:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 8341:Pammakaristos Church 8189:Corpus Juris Civilis 8140:Missionary activity 7599:Exarchate of Ravenna 7425:Imperial bureaucracy 6790:Eastern Roman Empire 6786:Western Roman Empire 6570:. Guild Publishing. 6564:Norwich, John Julius 6468:Lygo, Kevin (2022). 6327:Elton, Hugh (2018). 5369:Often enumerated as 5170:final Ottoman attack 5126:Dragases Palaiologos 4702:protracted civil war 4457:Constantine Laskaris 3884:Doukas "Parapinakes" 3304:conquest of Bulgaria 3204:912 to the powerful 3098:Leo Phokas the Elder 2983:(1 year and 26 days) 2949:Sack of Thessalonica 2701:Byzantine Iconoclasm 2301:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1459:corpus juris civilis 1417:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας 1286:. He was nicknamed " 1254:Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος 865:Western Roman Empire 720:Battle of Adrianople 682:cerebral haemorrhage 674:(1 month and 2 days) 625:protector domesticus 376:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας 222:Western Roman Empire 179:Eastern Roman Empire 10110:Theodore I Laskaris 10095:Alexios III Angelos 10073:Alexios II Komnenos 9997:Romanos IV Diogenes 9952:Romanos III Argyros 9898:Romanos I Lekapenos 8238:Culture and society 8101:Ecumenical councils 7604:Exarchate of Africa 7594:Quaestura exercitus 7458:Magister officiorum 7453:Praetorian prefects 7096:Byzantine Dark Ages 6379:on 24 February 1999 6266:, pp. 121–122. 6254:, pp. 269–270. 6230:, pp. 267–268. 6218:, pp. 265–267. 6163:, pp. 298–300. 6108:, pp. 199–201. 6005:, pp. 178–180. 5993:, pp. 228–230. 5926:, pp. 122–124. 5914:, pp. 276–277. 5150:Despot of the Morea 5083:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 5044:Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος 5014:17 September 1390 – 4976:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 4812:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος 4591:Michael Palaiologos 4247:12 September 1185 – 4176:Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός 4139:24 September 1180 – 3862:Battle of Manzikert 3792:Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας 3675:(1 year and 8 days) 3276:"the Bulgar-Slayer" 3232:Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς 2883:Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών 2738:Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου 2226:(less than 2 years) 2192:(less than 2 years) 2182:Artemius Anastasius 2179:Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος 2110:support. Named son 2058:Τιβέριος (Ἀψίμαρος) 1906:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος 1724:Heraclius the Elder 1555:, commander of the 1435:Born in 482/483 at 1182:Theodoric the Great 247:(25 December 800). 10297:Byzantine emperors 10229:Britannic emperors 10223:Palmyrene emperors 10157:John V Palaiologos 10100:Alexios IV Angelos 10049:Constantine Doukas 10044:Alexios I Komnenos 10032:Constantine Doukas 10015:Michael VII Doukas 9977:Michael VI Bringas 9543:Romulus Augustulus 9166:Trebonianus Gallus 9159:Herennius Etruscus 8941:Byzantine emperors 8655:Flags and insignia 8301:Baths of Zeuxippus 8184:Codex Theodosianus 8074:Oriental Orthodoxy 7032:Later Roman Empire 6928:Emperors of Nicaea 6904:Theodosian dynasty 6874:Britannic emperors 6449:Lee, A.D. (2013). 6293:Kazhdan, Alexander 6187:Kazhdan, Alexander 6120:Kazhdan, Alexander 6065:Kazhdan, Alexander 5962:Kazhdan, Alexander 5859:Kazhdan, Alexander 5804:Kazhdan, Alexander 5749:Kazhdan, Alexander 5523:Kazhdan, Alexander 5456:Kazhdan, Alexander 5310:Byzantine emperors 5048:16 February 1391 – 5008:John V Palaiologos 4982:17 September 1390 4940:John V Palaiologos 4778:John Kantakouzenos 4728:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4685:11 December 1282 – 4643:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος 4285: 4269:. He was deposed, 4185:12 September 1185 4099:24 September 1180 3796:23 November 1059 – 3729:1 September 1057 – 3672:30/31 August 1057 3560:as her successor. 3458:10 December 1041 – 3454:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Καλαφάτης 3408:"the Paphlagonian" 3370:15 November 1028 – 3300:Vladimir I of Kiev 3056:) and ceremonies ( 2899:Theme of Macedonia 2887:24 September 867 – 2857:Macedonian dynasty 2406:14 September 775 – 2382:and tonsured him. 2299:and initiated the 1976:10 July 685 – 695 1587:Mauricius Tiberius 1584:Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος 1300:Revolt of Vitalian 1149:comes domesticorum 776:Theodosian dynasty 515:Constantius Gallus 245:Holy Roman emperor 236:coronation of the 173:The foundation of 100:First monarch 10302:Lists of monarchs 10284: 10283: 10122:John III Vatatzes 10068:Manuel I Komnenos 9807:Michael I Rangabe 9651: 9650: 9493:Petronius Maximus 9092:Severus Alexander 9060:Septimius Severus 8903: 8902: 8865: 8864: 8822:Byzantine studies 8797: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8608:Alexander Romance 8466: 8465: 8443:Nea Moni of Chios 8306:Blachernae Palace 8228: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8194:Code of Justinian 8042:Eastern Orthodoxy 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 7935: 7934: 7809:Scholae Palatinae 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7670:Foreign relations 7664: 7663: 7558: 7557: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7171:(1204–1453) 6956: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6860:Illyrian emperors 6842:Barracks emperors 6691:978-0-67002-098-0 6670:978-0-52176-705-7 6651:978-0-213-76478-4 6632:978-0-19814-098-6 6577:978-0-39453-778-8 6555:978-0-52143-991-6 6536:978-1-40943-608-9 6517:978-1-90404-883-1 6498:978-1-11831-242-1 6479:978-0-50002-329-7 6460:978-0-74862-790-5 6422:978-9-23102-813-7 6403:978-0-19754-932-2 6357:978-0-63123-513-2 6338:978-1-10845-631-9 6041:, pp. 93–94. 6029:, pp. 92–93. 5847:, pp. 66–67. 5725:, pp. 47–48. 5713:, pp. 45–46. 5653:, pp. 43–45. 5641:, pp. 42–43. 5617:, pp. 21–22. 5566:, pp. 30–31. 5499:, pp. 92–93. 5487:, pp. 25–26. 5176: 5175: 5140: 5093: 5054: 5020: 5016:16 February 1391 4986: 4952: 4908: 4866: 4836:another civil war 4822: 4771: 4736: 4700:co-emperor. In a 4691: 4653: 4649:11 December 1282 4581: 4577:25 December 1261 4546: 4540:3 November 1254 – 4536:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις 4497: 4444: 4434:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις 4383: 4377:27 January 1204 – 4348: 4306: 4261: 4253: 4189: 4148: 4103: 4064: 4014: 3947: 3898: 3852: 3802: 3735: 3731:22 November 1059 3725:Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός 3676: 3609:Mangana Monastery 3605:Nea Moni of Chios 3590: 3551: 3544:11 January 1055 – 3541: 3527:"the Purple-born" 3503: 3489:"the Purple-born" 3464: 3422: 3418:10 December 1041 3412:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγών 3376: 3337: 3308:Fatimid Caliphate 3290: 3286:15 December 1025 3242: 3236:11 December 969 – 3196: 3164:Nikephoros Phokas 3149: 3135:"the Purple-born" 3092: 3086:17 December 920 – 3082:Ῥωμανὸς Λεκαπηνός 3032:Nicholas Mystikos 3022: 2984: 2939: 2893: 2831: 2827:24 September 867 2797: 2748: 2742:25 December 820 – 2684: 2636: 2601: 2559: 2506:and restored the 2483: 2445: 2439:8 September 780 – 2412: 2370: 2336: 2332:14 September 775 2276: 2227: 2193: 2148: 2102: 2066: 2030: 1980: 1923: 1872: 1818: 1771: 1707: 1659: 1653:23 November 602 – 1598: 1544: 1495: 1489:14 November 565 – 1431: 1374: 1296:Byzantine coinage 1264: 1230: 1201:with the papacy. 1134: 1126: 1089: 1000: 940: 900: 851: 809: 799:Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας 754: 713: 675: 612: 601:Claudius Iovianus 561: 492: 390: 299:Holy Roman Empire 171: 170: 144:Blachernae Palace 110:Last monarch 16:(Redirected from 10319: 10132:John IV Laskaris 10105:Alexios V Doukas 10090:Isaac II Angelos 10056:John II Komnenos 9982:Isaac I Komnenos 9942:Constantine VIII 9932:John I Tzimiskes 9659:Byzantine Empire 9433: 9432: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8907: 8906: 8890: 8803: 8802: 8746:Imperial Library 8692:Byzantine Greeks 8433:Daphni Monastery 8384:Panagia Chalkeon 8379:Hagios Demetrios 8346:Prison of Anemas 8296:Basilica Cistern 8254: 8253: 8245: 8244: 8234: 8233: 8089:West Syriac Rite 8079:Alexandrian Rite 8030: 8029: 8023:Religion and law 8019: 8018: 7954:Maritime themata 7910:Palaiologan army 7763:Military manuals 7731: 7730: 7722: 7721: 7711: 7710: 7569: 7568: 7545:Megas logothetes 7396: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7378: 7377: 7251:By modern region 7172: 7119: 7118:(717–1204) 7050: 7012: 7011: 6999: 6998: 6990:Byzantine Empire 6983: 6976: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6766: 6765: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6674: 6655: 6636: 6617: 6598: 6581: 6559: 6540: 6521: 6502: 6483: 6464: 6445: 6426: 6407: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6375:. Archived from 6361: 6342: 6313: 6312: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5833:Ostrogorski 1969 5830: 5824: 5823: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5381: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5319: 5313: 5302:Byzantine Empire 5295: 5289: 5281: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5172:on 29 May 1453. 5156:and brought the 5138: 5134:6 January 1449 – 5131: 5116: 5091: 5089:31 October 1448 5084: 5072: 5061:Battle of Ankara 5052: 5045: 5033: 5018: 5004: 4984: 4977: 4965: 4950: 4936: 4918: 4915: 4906: 4902:12 August 1376 – 4899: 4887: 4864: 4859: 4847: 4820: 4813: 4801: 4792:were recovered. 4769: 4762: 4750: 4734: 4729: 4717: 4689: 4682: 4670: 4651: 4647:1 January 1259 – 4644: 4632: 4603: 4600: 4579: 4575:16 August 1258 – 4572: 4571:Ἰωάννης Λάσκαρις 4560: 4544: 4537: 4525: 4507: 4504: 4495: 4493:3 November 1254 4488: 4487:Ἰωάννης Βατάτζης 4476: 4465:Empire of Nicaea 4454: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4423: 4412:Empire of Nicaea 4381: 4374: 4362: 4346: 4344:27 January 1204 4339: 4327: 4304: 4297: 4259: 4258:27 January 1204 4251: 4244: 4243:Ἰσαάκιος Ἄγγελος 4232: 4199: 4196: 4187: 4183:September 1183 – 4182: 4177: 4165: 4154:Maria of Antioch 4146: 4143: 4136: 4135:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός 4124: 4101: 4094: 4093:Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός 4082: 4062: 4058:15 August 1118 – 4055: 4054:Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός 4043: 4012: 4005: 4004:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός 3993: 3945: 3938: 3926: 3916: 3913: 3896: 3892:1 October 1071 – 3889: 3877: 3850: 3846:1 January 1068 – 3843: 3842:Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης 3831: 3800: 3793: 3781: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3733: 3726: 3714: 3674: 3670:31 August 1056 – 3667: 3653: 3597: 3588: 3586:11 January 1055 3581: 3569: 3549: 3539: 3532: 3517: 3501: 3494: 3482: 3462: 3455: 3443: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3374: 3367: 3355: 3335: 3330: 3324:Constantine VIII 3319: 3288: 3284:10 January 976 – 3281: 3268: 3249: 3240: 3233: 3221: 3203: 3194: 3192:11 December 969 3187: 3175: 3147: 3143:9 November 959 – 3140: 3125: 3090: 3088:20 December 944 3083: 3071: 3055: 3030:, and Patriarch 3028:Zoe Karbonopsina 3020: 3013: 2998: 2982: 2975: 2964: 2937: 2930: 2918: 2903: 2891: 2884: 2879:"the Macedonian" 2872: 2829: 2825:20 January 842 – 2822: 2821:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος 2810: 2795: 2788: 2777: 2746: 2739: 2727: 2699:in 813. Revived 2694: 2691: 2682: 2680:25 December 820 2675: 2663: 2634: 2627: 2615: 2599: 2592: 2581: 2570:Battle of Pliska 2557: 2553:31 October 802 – 2550: 2538: 2493: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2463: 2443: 2436: 2425: 2410: 2408:8 September 780 2403: 2391: 2368: 2361: 2350: 2334: 2327: 2322:"the Dung-named" 2312: 2286: 2283: 2274: 2267: 2255: 2225: 2218: 2207: 2191: 2184: 2169: 2146: 2142:4 November 711 – 2139: 2123: 2100: 2095: 2087:"the Slit-nosed" 2080: 2064: 2059: 2047: 2028: 2023: 2012: 1978: 1975: 1968: 1959:"the Slit-nosed" 1949: 1921: 1918: 1911: 1894: 1870: 1866:5 November 641 – 1865: 1860: 1843: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1792: 1769: 1762: 1747: 1720:Exarch of Africa 1717: 1714: 1705: 1703:11 February 641 1698: 1687: 1657: 1650: 1636: 1596: 1594:27 November 602 1589: 1574: 1554: 1551: 1542: 1535: 1519: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1486: 1472: 1462: 1429: 1427:14 November 565 1422: 1406: 1387:Justiniana Prima 1384: 1381: 1372: 1365: 1351: 1271: 1262: 1255: 1243: 1228: 1221: 1210: 1197:resulted in the 1176:by enticing the 1141: 1132: 1124: 1120:29 January 474 – 1117: 1106: 1087: 1080: 1068: 1022: 1019:magister militum 1010: 998: 994:7 February 457 – 991: 979: 938: 931: 917: 898: 891: 880: 861:Byzantine Empire 849: 845:17 January 395 – 842: 831: 807: 803:19 January 379 – 800: 787: 752: 745: 731: 711: 704: 693: 673: 666: 651: 622: 619: 610: 608:17 February 364 603: 588: 559: 555:3 November 361 – 552: 536: 490: 483: 468: 400: 388: 381: 364: 328: 327: 279:and followed by 258:was officially " 69: 49: 43: 42: 21: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10316: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10273: 10217:Gallic emperors 10205: 9893:Constantine VII 9674:Constantine III 9661: 9658: 9647: 9556: 9548: 9487:Valentinian III 9475:Constantius III 9469:Priscus Attalus 9453:Constantine III 9439: 9431: 9321:Valerius Valens 9266: 9258: 9104: 9096: 9055:Didius Julianus 9035:Marcus Aurelius 8952: 8944: 8934: 8904: 8899: 8896: 8861: 8837:Cyrillic script 8808: 8789: 8734: 8718: 8618: 8600:Digenes Akritas 8576: 8521: 8462: 8426:Other locations 8421: 8393: 8350: 8282: 8271:Cross-in-square 8239: 8220: 8170: 8024: 8005: 7931: 7881: 7877:Varangian Guard 7820: 7794:East Roman army 7789:Late Roman army 7777: 7716: 7697: 7660: 7639: 7608: 7554: 7533: 7529:Epi ton deeseon 7519:Epi tou eidikou 7477: 7441: 7383: 7364: 7351: 7254: 7252: 7245: 7231:Palaiologan era 7173: 7170: 7161: 7132:Nikephorian era 7120: 7117: 7108: 7051: 7049:(330–717) 7048: 7039: 7019: 7006: 6993: 6987: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6909: 6879: 6868:Gallic emperors 6854:Gordian dynasty 6835: 6830:Severan dynasty 6812:Flavian dynasty 6759: 6758: 6734: 6728: 6698: 6692: 6671: 6652: 6633: 6614: 6578: 6556: 6537: 6518: 6499: 6480: 6461: 6442: 6423: 6404: 6382: 6380: 6358: 6339: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5497:Pohlsander 1996 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5371:Constantine III 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5320: 5316: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5158:Duchy of Athens 5135: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5015: 5010: 4981: 4980:14 April 1390 – 4975: 4974: 4947: 4943:(second reign) 4942: 4916: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4857: 4856: 4818:12 August 1376 4817: 4811: 4810: 4782:Ottoman emirate 4766: 4760: 4759: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4623: 4613: 4601: 4587:George Mouzalon 4576: 4570: 4569: 4542:16 August 1258 4541: 4535: 4534: 4505: 4492: 4491:December 1221 – 4486: 4485: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4414: 4404: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4343: 4338:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος 4337: 4336: 4301: 4296:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος 4295: 4294: 4257: 4256:1 August 1203 – 4255: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4223: 4213: 4197: 4184: 4175: 4174: 4144:September 1183 4140: 4134: 4133: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4032:Crusader states 4010:15 August 1118 4009: 4003: 4002: 3984: 3974: 3942: 3941:27 March 1078 – 3936: 3935: 3914: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3848:1 October 1071 3847: 3841: 3840: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3772: 3762: 3750: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3705: 3695: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3644: 3625:George Maniakes 3585: 3579: 3578: 3546:31 August 1056 3545: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3417: 3416:11 April 1034 – 3411: 3410: 3406: 3383:Marcus Aurelius 3371: 3366:Ῥωμανὸς Ἀργυρός 3365: 3364: 3328: 3327: 3296:Basil Lekapenos 3285: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3238:10 January 976 3237: 3231: 3230: 3191: 3190:16 August 963 – 3186:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς 3185: 3184: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3018:9 November 959 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008:Porphyrogenitus 3006: 3003:Constantine VII 2979: 2973: 2972: 2934: 2933:29 August 886 – 2928: 2927: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2863: 2853: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2793:20 January 842 2792: 2791:2 October 829 – 2786: 2785: 2758:Thomas the Slav 2752:Born in 770 at 2743: 2737: 2736: 2718: 2712: 2692: 2679: 2674:Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος 2673: 2672: 2654: 2645:as co-emperor. 2631: 2630:2 October 811 – 2625: 2624: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2529: 2523: 2491: 2479:31 October 802 2478: 2477:19 August 797 – 2472: 2471: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2366:2 November 743 2365: 2359: 2358: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2284: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2246: 2240: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2098:4 November 711 2097: 2096:21 August 705 – 2090:(second reign) 2089: 2057: 2056: 2021: 2020: 2003: 1997: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1936:, repelled the 1915: 1914:September 668 – 1907: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1867: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1814:5 November 641 1810: 1801: 1800: 1766: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1715: 1702: 1701:5 October 610 – 1696: 1695: 1678: 1672: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1627: 1602:Born in 539 at 1593: 1592:14 August 582 – 1585: 1583: 1582: 1552: 1539: 1538:5 October 578 – 1531: 1529: 1528: 1503: 1490: 1481: 1480: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1382: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1342: 1336: 1310:raids into the 1259: 1253: 1252: 1225: 1224:9 January 475 – 1219: 1218: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1084: 1078: 1077: 996:18 January 474 995: 989: 988: 970: 964: 936:27 January 457 935: 934:25 August 450 – 926: 925: 895: 889: 888: 846: 840: 839: 805:17 January 395 804: 798: 797: 794: 778: 772: 750:19 January 379 749: 740: 739: 708: 702: 701: 670: 662: 660: 659: 642: 636: 620: 607: 599: 597: 596: 579: 568:Sassanid Persia 556: 548: 546: 545: 488:3 November 361 487: 479: 477: 476: 385: 377: 375: 374: 371: 355: 349: 82: 80: 74: 56: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Angelid dynasty 15: 12: 11: 5: 10325: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10176: 10171: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10053: 10041: 10036: 10012: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9972:Theodora (III) 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9868: 9863: 9851: 9839: 9834: 9822: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9787:Constantine VI 9784: 9779: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9751:Theodosius III 9748: 9743: 9738: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9696:Constantine IV 9693: 9688: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9554:Eastern Empire 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9515: 9508: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9484: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9437:Western Empire 9430: 9429: 9422: 9410:Magnus Maximus 9406: 9404:Valentinian II 9401: 9396: 9391: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9338: 9336:Constantius II 9333: 9331:Constantine II 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9199: 9194: 9186: 9181: 9163: 9151: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9108: 9106: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9030:Antoninus Pius 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8953:27 BC – AD 235 8946: 8945: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8775: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8677: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8592: 8586: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8369:Byzantine Bath 8366: 8360: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8288:Constantinople 8284: 8283: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8241: 8240: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8180: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8047:Byzantine Rite 8038: 8036: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7927:Grand domestic 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7893:Komnenian army 7889: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7768:Military units 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7738:Battle tactics 7734: 7728: 7718: 7717: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7430:Medieval Greek 7422: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7399: 7393: 7385: 7384: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7185:Fourth Crusade 7176: 7174: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7142:Macedonian era 7139: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7121: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Theodosian era 7072: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7022: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7007: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733:by time period 6731:Roman emperors 6727: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6696: 6690: 6675: 6669: 6656: 6650: 6637: 6631: 6618: 6612: 6599: 6582: 6576: 6560: 6554: 6541: 6535: 6522: 6516: 6503: 6497: 6484: 6478: 6465: 6459: 6446: 6440: 6427: 6421: 6408: 6402: 6389: 6362: 6356: 6343: 6337: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6307: 6283: 6281:, p. 122. 6268: 6256: 6244: 6242:, p. 269. 6232: 6220: 6208: 6201: 6177: 6175:, p. 301. 6165: 6153: 6151:, p. 296. 6141: 6134: 6110: 6098: 6096:, p. 199. 6086: 6079: 6055: 6051:Skylitzes 2010 6043: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5976: 5952: 5940: 5938:, p. 311. 5928: 5916: 5912:Kaldellis 2024 5904: 5892: 5880: 5873: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5818: 5794: 5792:, p. 165. 5782: 5770: 5763: 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 120. 5592: 5590:, p. 119. 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5537: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5470: 5446: 5444:, p. 183. 5434: 5430:Morrisson 2013 5422: 5410: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5375:Constantine II 5362: 5352: 5314: 5298:Regnal numbers 5290: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5196: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5142: 5132: 5121:Constantine XI 5117: 5109: 5108: 5095: 5087:21 July 1425 – 5085: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5056: 5046: 5034: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5012: 5011:(third reign) 5005: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4978: 4966: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4948:14 April 1390 4944: 4937: 4929: 4928: 4910: 4900: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4860: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4824: 4816:15 July 1341 – 4814: 4802: 4794: 4793: 4773: 4763: 4755:Andronikos III 4751: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4730: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4706:Andronikos III 4693: 4683: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4645: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4583: 4573: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4499: 4489: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4446: 4440:November 1221 4436: 4424: 4416: 4415: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4385: 4379:12 April 1204 4375: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4342:19 July 1203 – 4340: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4312:Fourth Crusade 4308: 4300:8 April 1195 – 4298: 4286: 4276: 4275: 4263: 4245: 4233: 4225: 4224: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4191: 4178: 4166: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4137: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4097:8 April 1143 – 4095: 4083: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4056: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4016: 4008:1 April 1081 – 4006: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3959:Anatolic Theme 3949: 3939: 3931:Nikephoros III 3927: 3919: 3918: 3900: 3894:24 March 1078 3890: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3854: 3844: 3832: 3824: 3823: 3804: 3794: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3737: 3727: 3715: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3678: 3668: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3592: 3584:12 June 1042 – 3582: 3574:Constantine IX 3570: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3533: 3518: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3466: 3460:20 April 1042 3456: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3424: 3414: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3378: 3372:11 April 1034 3368: 3356: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3292: 3282: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3244: 3234: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3198: 3188: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3156:Joseph Bringas 3151: 3141: 3126: 3118: 3117: 3102:John Kourkouas 3094: 3084: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3024: 3014: 2999: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2931: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2895: 2889:29 August 886 2885: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2833: 2823: 2817:"the Drunkard" 2811: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2789: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2750: 2744:2 October 829 2740: 2728: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2686: 2676: 2670:"the Armenian" 2664: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2628: 2626:Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ 2616: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2597:2 October 811 2593: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2551: 2539: 2531: 2530: 2525:Main article: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2485: 2475: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2447: 2441:19 August 797 2437: 2430:Constantine VI 2426: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2404: 2402:Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος 2392: 2384: 2383: 2372: 2362: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2313: 2305: 2304: 2278: 2270:25 March 717 – 2268: 2266:Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος 2262:"the Isaurian" 2256: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2219: 2212:Theodosius III 2208: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2140: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2091: 2081: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2013: 2005: 2004: 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1971: 1970:(first reign) 1950: 1942: 1941: 1925: 1912: 1899:Constantine IV 1895: 1887: 1886: 1874: 1861: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1820: 1807: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1773: 1763: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1709: 1699: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1655:5 October 610 1651: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1600: 1590: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1546: 1540:14 August 582 1536: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1497: 1491:5 October 578 1487: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1433: 1423: 1407: 1399: 1398: 1385:at Bederiana ( 1376: 1366: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1304:Acacian Schism 1266: 1258:11 April 491 – 1256: 1244: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1222: 1211: 1203: 1202: 1199:Acacian Schism 1136: 1122:9 January 475 1118: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1081: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1002: 992: 980: 972: 971: 968:Leonid dynasty 963: 960: 957: 956: 942: 932: 918: 910: 909: 902: 892: 881: 873: 872: 853: 843: 832: 824: 823: 811: 801: 788: 780: 779: 771: 768: 765: 764: 761:Magnus Maximus 756: 748:9 August 378 – 746: 732: 724: 723: 715: 707:28 March 364 – 705: 694: 686: 685: 677: 667: 661:Οὐαλεντινιανός 652: 644: 643: 635: 632: 629: 628: 614: 604: 589: 581: 580: 578: 575: 572: 571: 563: 553: 543:"the Apostate" 537: 529: 528: 494: 484: 473:Constantius II 469: 461: 460: 457:Constantinople 392: 382: 365: 357: 356: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 332: 230:historiography 187:Ottoman Empire 175:Constantinople 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 114:Constantine XI 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 77:Constantine XI 70: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10324: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10276: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10242: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9854:Theodora (II) 9852: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9762: 9761:Constantine V 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Anastasius II 9744: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9569:Theodosius II 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9377:Valentinian I 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9300: 9299:Constantine I 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9289:Constantius I 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8926: 8924: 8919: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8804: 8800: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8741:Encyclopedias 8739: 8738: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665:Hellenization 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8623:Everyday life 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8595:Acritic songs 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8438:Hosios Loukas 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8231: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111:Monophysitism 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8084:Armenian Rite 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8016: 8002: 8001:Naval battles 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7524:Protasekretis 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7375: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Komnenian era 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7090:Heraclian era 7088: 7086: 7085:Justinian era 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7047: 7042: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6613:0-203-34042-6 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6441:0-19-504652-8 6437: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6310: 6308:0-19-504652-8 6304: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6204: 6202:0-19-504652-8 6198: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6135:0-19-504652-8 6131: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6082: 6080:0-19-504652-8 6076: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6053:, p. 28. 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6017:, p. 91. 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5987: 5979: 5977:0-19-504652-8 5973: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5950:, p. 98. 5949: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5902:, p. 73. 5901: 5896: 5890:, p. 67. 5889: 5884: 5876: 5874:0-19-504652-8 5870: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5835:, p. 59. 5834: 5829: 5821: 5819:0-19-504652-8 5815: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5780:, p. 62. 5779: 5774: 5766: 5764:0-19-504652-8 5760: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5737:, p. 90. 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5701:, p. 45. 5700: 5695: 5689:, p. 94. 5688: 5687:Mitchell 2015 5683: 5677:, p. 42. 5676: 5671: 5665:, p. 90. 5664: 5663:Mitchell 2015 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5629:, p. 23. 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5584: 5578:, p. 33. 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5554:, p. 30. 5553: 5548: 5540: 5538:0-19-504652-8 5534: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5511:, p. 28. 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5473: 5471:0-19-504652-8 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5432:, p. 72. 5431: 5426: 5419: 5414: 5408:, p. 72. 5407: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5380: 5379:Heraclius II. 5376: 5372: 5366: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5276: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5197: 5194: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146:Helena Dragaš 5143: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5050:21 July 1425 5047: 5041: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4946:1 July 1379 – 4945: 4941: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4892:Andronikos IV 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4854:Kantakouzenos 4853: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4767:15 June 1341 4765:24 May 1328 – 4764: 4758: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4725: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4675:Andronikos II 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4607: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4302:18 July 1203 4299: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4262: 4249:8 April 1195 4246: 4240: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4207: 4203: 4192: 4190: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4060:8 April 1143 4057: 4051: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028:First Crusade 4025: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3943:1 April 1081 3940: 3934: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3786:Constantine X 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3756: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629:Leo Tornikios 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3537:12 June 1042 3534: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3499:12 June 1042 3496: 3490: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3450:"the Caulker" 3449: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3180:Nikephoros II 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160:Sayf al-Dawla 3157: 3152: 3150: 3145:15 March 963 3142: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3059:De ceremoniis 3054: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036:Sayf al-Dawla 3033: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2880: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2734:"the Amorian" 2733: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2687: 2685: 2678:11 July 813 – 2677: 2671: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2595:26 July 811 – 2594: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2330:18 June 741 – 2329: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2317:Constantine V 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2279: 2277: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2223:25 March 717 2220: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2174:Anastasius II 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152:A general of 2151: 2149: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034:General from 2033: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Monothelitism 1931: 1926: 1924: 1913: 1910: 1903: 1902:"the Younger" 1900: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1859: 1852: 1851:"the Bearded" 1849: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1809:11 February – 1808: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:Fabia Eudokia 1774: 1772: 1765:11 February – 1764: 1761: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1547: 1545: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1425:1 April 527 – 1424: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1377: 1375: 1370:1 August 527 1367: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:heterochromia 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1267: 1265: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1085:November 474 1082: 1079:Λέων ὁ μικρός 1076: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057:Tarasicodissa 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1007: 1003: 1001: 993: 987: 985: 978: 973: 969: 958: 954: 950: 947: 943: 941: 933: 930: 924: 923: 916: 911: 907: 903: 901: 893: 887: 886: 885:Theodosius II 879: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 844: 838: 837: 830: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 802: 796: 793: 786: 781: 777: 766: 762: 757: 755: 747: 744: 738: 737: 730: 725: 721: 716: 714: 709:9 August 378 706: 700: 699: 692: 687: 683: 678: 676: 671:28 March 364 669:26 February – 668: 665: 664:Valentinianus 658: 657: 656:Valentinian I 650: 645: 641: 630: 626: 615: 613: 606:27 June 363 – 605: 602: 595: 594: 587: 582: 573: 569: 564: 562: 554: 551: 544: 542: 535: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 485: 482: 475: 474: 467: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414:. Proclaimed 413: 409: 406: 405: 397: 393: 391: 384:25 July 306 – 383: 380: 373: 370: 369:Constantine I 363: 358: 354: 343: 339: 336: 333: 330: 329: 326: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 274: 269: 268: 263: 262: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 166: 162: 159: 156: 153:Unspecified, 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 104:Constantine I 102: 98: 93: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73: 72:Last to reign 68: 63: 59: 52: 44: 41: 37: 33: 32:Constantine I 19: 10184:Andronikos V 10182: 10165: 10113: 10081: 10059: 10047: 10030: 10024: 10018: 10006: 10000: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9874: 9857: 9845: 9828: 9816: 9810: 9797:Nikephoros I 9772: 9771: 9765: 9732: 9729:Justinian II 9724:Tiberius III 9714:Justinian II 9705: 9699: 9682: 9634: 9606:Anastasius I 9597: 9541: 9537:Julius Nepos 9529: 9522: 9510: 9498: 9491: 9479: 9467: 9458: 9457: 9451: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9408: 9399:Theodosius I 9386: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9316:Maximinus II 9303: 9205: 9188: 9175: 9169: 9157: 9145: 9078: 9040:Lucius Verus 8940: 8606: 8374:Hagia Sophia 8356:Thessalonica 8331:Hagia Sophia 8311:Chora Church 8249:Architecture 8126:Great Schism 8116:Paulicianism 8094:Miaphysitism 7949:Karabisianoi 7402: 7253:or territory 7213:Thessalonica 7197:Latin Empire 7192:Frankokratia 7167: 7127:Isaurian era 7114: 7045: 7030: 7026:Roman Empire 7016: 6921: 6749:Roman Empire 6680: 6660: 6641: 6622: 6603: 6586: 6567: 6545: 6526: 6507: 6488: 6469: 6450: 6431: 6412: 6393: 6381:. Retrieved 6377:the original 6370: 6347: 6328: 6320:Bibliography 6296: 6286: 6259: 6252:Reinert 2002 6247: 6240:Reinert 2002 6235: 6228:Reinert 2002 6223: 6216:Reinert 2002 6211: 6190: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6123: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6068: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6010: 5998: 5991:Gregory 2005 5986: 5965: 5955: 5943: 5936:Norwich 1989 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5862: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5807: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5752: 5742: 5735:Wickham 2009 5730: 5718: 5706: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5526: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5480: 5459: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5378: 5370: 5365: 5355: 5341:(1): 26–33. 5338: 5334: 5322: 5317: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5207:Lists portal 5137: 5136:29 May 1453 5120: 5098: 5090: 5076: 5051: 5037: 5017: 4993:Thessalonica 4983: 4969: 4949: 4905: 4904:1 July 1379 4891: 4863: 4851: 4819: 4805: 4768: 4754: 4733: 4721: 4688: 4687:24 May 1328 4674: 4650: 4637:Michael VIII 4636: 4578: 4564: 4543: 4529: 4510:Latin Empire 4494: 4480: 4441: 4427: 4380: 4366: 4345: 4331: 4303: 4289: 4250: 4236: 4186: 4170:Andronikos I 4169: 4145: 4128: 4100: 4086: 4061: 4047: 4024:Seljuk Turks 4011: 3997: 3952: 3944: 3930: 3895: 3881: 3849: 3835: 3799: 3798:23 May 1067 3785: 3732: 3718: 3681: 3673: 3657: 3633:Great Schism 3621:Seljuk Turks 3587: 3573: 3548: 3538: 3521: 3500: 3486: 3461: 3447: 3419: 3402: 3373: 3359: 3346:and exiled. 3334: 3322: 3287: 3272: 3239: 3225: 3193: 3179: 3146: 3128: 3089: 3075: 3057: 3039: 3019: 3016:6 June 913 – 3001: 2981: 2978:11 May 912 – 2968: 2936: 2929:Λέων ὁ Σοφός 2922: 2897:Born in the 2890: 2876: 2828: 2814: 2794: 2780: 2745: 2731: 2681: 2667: 2633: 2632:11 July 813 2619: 2598: 2584: 2563: 2556: 2555:26 July 811 2543:Nikephoros I 2542: 2480: 2467: 2442: 2435:Κωνσταντῖνος 2428: 2409: 2398:"the Khazar" 2395: 2367: 2353: 2333: 2315: 2273: 2272:18 June 741 2259: 2224: 2210: 2190: 2187:4 June 713 – 2181: 2173: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2099: 2085:Justinian II 2084: 2063: 2052:Tiberius III 2051: 2027: 2015: 1977: 1965: 1954:Justinian II 1952: 1920: 1919:10 July 685 1909:Constantinus 1908: 1898: 1869: 1868:15 July 668 1857: 1847: 1815: 1803: 1802:Ἡρακλεωνᾶς, 1795: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1735: 1704: 1690: 1656: 1647: 1639: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1560: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1492: 1483: 1475: 1453:Hagia Sophia 1444: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1371: 1368:9 July 518 – 1362: 1354: 1323: 1287: 1279:silentiarius 1277: 1261: 1248:Anastasius I 1247: 1227: 1213: 1147: 1131:9 April 491 1129:August 476 – 1123: 1109: 1094: 1086: 1083:18 January – 1075:"the Little" 1072: 1011:400, and of 997: 983: 945: 937: 928: 920: 897: 896:28 July 450 883: 857:Roman Empire 848: 834: 806: 792:Theodosius I 791: 751: 742: 734: 710: 696: 672: 663: 654: 624: 609: 600: 591: 558: 557:26 June 363 549: 540: 522: 511:Hagia Sophia 507:Nicene Creed 489: 486:22 May 337 – 480: 471: 446: 423: 415: 402: 387: 378: 368: 317: 302: 294: 284: 280: 271: 265: 259: 249: 218:Theodosius I 214:Roman Empire 211: 199: 190: 172: 164:Pretender(s) 154: 140:Great Palace 75: 71: 40: 10243:(1224–1242) 10237:(1204–1461) 10026:Konstantios 9903:Christopher 9876:Constantine 9866:Michael III 9847:Constantine 9830:Constantine 9812:Theophylact 9741:Philippicus 9691:Constans II 9616:Justinian I 9512:Severus III 9460:Constans II 9214:Claudius II 9190:Silbannacus 9137:Gordian III 9112:Maximinus I 9080:Diadumenian 8857:Megali Idea 8832:Byzantinism 8535:Agriculture 8326:Hagia Irene 8159:Kievan Rus' 8136:Mount Athos 7959:Cibyrrhaeot 7903:Vestiaritai 7758:Mercenaries 7635:Catepanates 7494:Sakellarios 7413:Family tree 7338:Mesopotamia 7157:Angelid era 7137:Amorian era 6942:(1224–1246) 6936:(1204–1461) 6930:(1204–1261) 6924:(395–1453) 6886:Tetrarchies 6754:Family tree 6279:Morgan 2007 6264:Morgan 2007 6039:Morgan 2007 6027:Morgan 2007 6015:Morgan 2007 5924:Sarris 2023 5651:Morgan 2007 5639:Morgan 2007 5418:Hooker 2007 5306:patronymics 5162:Turahan Bey 5079:Palaiologos 5040:Palaiologos 4972:Palaiologos 4917: 1352 4894:Palaiologos 4872:Palaiologoi 4808:Palaiologos 4757:Palaiologos 4724:Palaiologos 4677:Palaiologos 4639:Palaiologos 4617:Palaiologos 4602: 1305 4530:Theodore II 4506: 1192 4453: 1174 4290:Alexios III 4198: 1118 3933:Botaneiates 3915: 1090 3908:Constantine 3882:Michael VII 3816:Konstantios 3751: 1061 3744: 1005 3497:21 April – 3360:Romanos III 3114:Christopher 3112:(alongside 3110:Constantine 2980:6 June 913 2935:11 May 912 2815:Michael III 2697:Constantine 2643:Theophylact 2289:Germanikeia 2144:3 June 713 2128:Philippicus 2054:(Apsimarus) 1966:Iustinianus 1848:Constans II 1828:Constans II 1767:25 May 641 1526:Constantine 1524:Tiberius II 1482:Ἰουστῖνος, 1413:"the Great" 1411:Justinian I 1361:Ἰουστῖνος, 1274:Dyrrhachium 1260:9 July 518 1226:August 476 1191:Monophysite 1088:(10 months) 1039:to recover 927:Μαρκιανός, 894:1 May 408 – 795:"the Great" 741:Γρατιανός, 478:Κωνστάντιος 408:Constantius 386:22 May 337 372:"the Great" 241:Charlemagne 191:symbasileis 131:29 May 1453 10291:Categories 10020:Andronikos 10008:Nikephoros 9957:Michael IV 9922:Romanos II 9842:Theophilos 9837:Michael II 9818:Staurakios 9802:Staurakios 9774:Nikephoros 9767:Artabasdos 9679:Heraclonas 9636:Theodosius 9594:Basiliscus 9354:Nepotianus 9347:Magnentius 9341:Constans I 9294:Severus II 9274:Diocletian 9219:Quintillus 9184:Aemilianus 9177:Volusianus 9122:Gordian II 9087:Elagabalus 8950:Principate 8852:Third Rome 8778:University 8761:Philosophy 8751:Inventions 8614:Historians 8582:Literature 8565:Varangians 8407:San Vitale 8336:Hippodrome 8316:City Walls 8216:Mutilation 8211:Hexabiblos 8131:Bogomilism 8121:Iconoclasm 7991:Megas doux 7981:Greek fire 7964:Aegean Sea 7837:Kleisourai 7814:Excubitors 7804:Bucellarii 7656:Despotates 7625:Kleisourai 7564:Provincial 7408:Coronation 7382:Governance 7147:Doukid era 7080:Leonid era 6844:(235–284) 6771:Principate 6684:. Viking. 5603:Elton 2018 5588:Elton 2018 5406:Nicol 1993 5266:References 5100:autokrator 4722:Michael IX 4698:Michael IX 4615:See also: 4438:May 1205 – 4428:Theodore I 4406:See also: 4353:February. 4332:Alexios IV 4215:See also: 4129:Alexios II 3976:See also: 3836:Romanos IV 3812:Andronikos 3764:See also: 3697:See also: 3658:Michael VI 3631:, and the 3576:Monomachos 3558:Michael VI 3535:21 April – 3403:Michael IV 3130:Romanos II 2974:Ἀλέξανδρος 2925:"the Wise" 2907:Paulicians 2855:See also: 2782:Theophilos 2732:Michael II 2714:See also: 2693: 755 2591:Σταυράκιος 2586:Staurakios 2508:veneration 2504:iconoclasm 2492: 752 2364:June 741 – 2360:Ἀρτάβασδος 2355:Artabasdos 2285: 685 2242:See also: 2221:late 715 – 2130:(Bardanes) 2062:698 – 705 2026:695 – 698 1979:(10 years) 1797:Heraclonas 1716: 575 1674:See also: 1612:Theodosius 1608:Cappadocia 1557:Excubitors 1553: 535 1504: 520 1449:Belisarius 1395:Excubitors 1383: 450 1338:See also: 1220:Βασιλίσκος 1215:Basiliscus 1189:. His pro- 1178:Ostrogoths 1158:Basiliscus 1037:expedition 966:See also: 847:1 May 408 774:See also: 638:See also: 621: 332 499:Magnentius 431:Diocletian 351:See also: 304:Autokrator 158:hereditary 123:11 May 330 48:the Romans 10262:Classical 10247:Empresses 10231:(286–296) 10225:(267–273) 10219:(260–274) 9962:Michael V 9888:Alexander 9701:Heraclius 9669:Heraclius 9621:Justin II 9531:Glycerius 9518:Anthemius 9388:Procopius 9326:Martinian 9305:Maxentius 9234:Florianus 9207:Saloninus 9202:Gallienus 9171:Hostilian 9147:Philip II 9117:Gordian I 9065:Caracalla 9000:Vespasian 8995:Vitellius 8680:Octoechos 8560:Silk Road 8052:Hesychasm 7920:Paramonai 7867:Hetaireia 7799:Foederati 7688:Diplomacy 7683:Diplomats 7589:Provinces 7418:Empresses 7221:Trebizond 7017:Preceding 6918:(395–476) 6906:(378–455) 6900:(364–392) 6894:(305–363) 6888:(293–313) 6876:(286–297) 6870:(260–274) 6862:(268–284) 6856:(238–244) 6832:(193–235) 6826:(192–193) 6595:812752850 6508:Byzantium 6383:25 August 6173:Lygo 2022 6161:Lygo 2022 6149:Lygo 2022 6106:Lygo 2022 6094:Lygo 2022 6003:Lygo 2022 5948:Lygo 2022 5900:Lygo 2022 5888:Lygo 2022 5845:Lygo 2022 5778:Lygo 2022 5723:Lygo 2022 5711:Lygo 2022 5699:Lygo 2022 5675:Lygo 2022 5576:Lygo 2022 5564:Lygo 2022 5552:Lygo 2022 5509:Lygo 2022 5485:Lygo 2022 5388:Citations 5166:Mehmed II 5077:John VIII 5038:Manuel II 4921:Selymbria 4876:civil war 4367:Alexios V 4188:(2 years) 4147:(3 years) 3998:Alexios I 3954:strategos 3820:his widow 3613:Pechenegs 3448:Michael V 3228:Tzimiskes 3210:Theophano 3078:Lekapenos 3076:Romanos I 2969:Alexander 2620:Michael I 2293:Commagene 2217:Θεοδόσιος 2189:late 715 2137:Filepicus 2065:(7 years) 2029:(3 years) 1804:Heraclius 1697:Ἡράκλειος 1692:Heraclius 1616:Chalcedon 1604:Arabissus 1477:Justin II 1441:Macedonia 1437:Tauresium 1314:and by a 1250:"Dicorus" 1195:Henotikon 1049:Isaurians 1043:from the 949:Pulcheria 929:Marcianus 906:Anthemius 890:Θεοδόσιος 863:—and the 743:Gratianus 453:Byzantium 331:Portrait 319:Dynasties 293:, though 291:sovereign 273:Imperator 256:Heraclius 206:Byzantium 150:Appointer 136:Residence 128:Abolition 120:Formation 10257:Usurpers 10252:Augustae 10210:See also 10115:Nicholas 9937:Basil II 9734:Tiberius 9719:Leontius 9707:Tiberius 9684:Tiberius 9662:610–1453 9657:Eastern/ 9611:Justin I 9564:Arcadius 9524:Olybrius 9506:Majorian 9447:Honorius 9426:Eugenius 9361:Vetranio 9311:Licinius 9284:Galerius 9279:Maximian 9264:Dominate 9254:Numerian 9224:Aurelian 9197:Valerian 9142:Philip I 9132:Balbinus 9127:Pupienus 9075:Macrinus 9050:Pertinax 9045:Commodus 9010:Domitian 8975:Claudius 8970:Caligula 8965:Tiberius 8960:Augustus 8773:Scholars 8766:Rhetoric 8756:Medicine 8731:Learning 8630:Calendar 8507:Painters 8206:Basilika 8144:Bulgaria 8106:Arianism 8057:Hayhurum 8034:Religion 7996:Admirals 7915:Allagion 7847:Droungos 7753:Generals 7715:Military 7678:Treaties 7584:Dioceses 7403:Emperors 7316:Sardinia 7296:Dalmatia 7276:Bulgaria 7266:Anatolia 7225:Theodoro 7219: / 7215: / 7207: / 6820:(96–192) 6781:Dominate 6566:(1989). 5790:Lee 2013 5627:Lee 2013 5615:Lee 2013 5347:41540754 5179:See also 4970:John VII 4925:appanage 4790:Thessaly 4567:Laskaris 4532:Laskaris 4483:Vatatzes 4481:John III 4430:Laskaris 4408:Laskaris 4267:Bulgaria 4237:Isaac II 4172:Komnenos 4131:Komnenos 4089:Komnenos 4087:Manuel I 4050:Komnenos 4022:and the 4000:Komnenos 3978:Komnenos 3963:Komnenos 3838:Diogenes 3721:Komnenos 3699:Komnenos 3619:and the 3607:and the 3522:Theodora 3471:Theodora 3273:Basil II 2953:Simeon I 2838:Theodora 2787:Θεόφιλος 2160:troops. 2158:Opsician 2154:Armenian 2112:Tiberius 2022:Λεόντιος 2017:Leontius 1883:Mizizios 1879:Syracuse 1736:basileus 1484:Iustinus 1391:Dardania 1363:Iustinus 1356:Justin I 1302:and the 1095:Augustus 1041:Carthage 1004:Born in 953:gangrene 869:Honorius 841:Ἀρκάδιος 836:Arcadius 816:Eugenius 684:in 375. 616:Born in 598:Ἰοβιανός 524:Caesares 503:Arianism 435:Dominate 427:Licinius 424:Augustus 416:Augustus 404:Augustus 394:Born at 295:Augustus 286:Basileus 281:Augustus 261:Augustus 238:Frankish 226:Augustus 181:, which 155:de facto 55:Imperial 10267:Eastern 10167:Matthew 10061:Alexios 9909:Stephen 9871:Basil I 9756:Leo III 9631:Maurice 9574:Marcian 9557:395–610 9481:Joannes 9440:395–480 9394:Gratian 9267:284–610 9249:Carinus 9229:Tacitus 9105:235–285 9025:Hadrian 8882:Outline 8827:Museums 8727:Science 8704:Slavery 8660:Gardens 8640:Cuisine 8572:Dynatoi 8540:Coinage 8527:Economy 8495:Mosaics 8458:Mystras 8399:Ravenna 8261:Secular 8149:Moravia 7898:Pronoia 7872:Akritai 7857:Tagmata 7832:Themata 7773:Revolts 7743:Battles 7651:Kephale 7620:Themata 7550:Mesazon 7392:Central 7328:Maghreb 7281:Corsica 7271:Armenia 7261:Albania 7004:History 6814:(69–96) 6808:(68–69) 6295:(ed.). 6189:(ed.). 6122:(ed.). 6067:(ed.). 5964:(ed.). 5861:(ed.). 5806:(ed.). 5751:(ed.). 5525:(ed.). 5458:(ed.). 5324:Flavius 4852:John VI 4595:blinded 4565:John IV 4393:blinded 4334:Angelos 4316:Nicaean 4292:Angelos 4271:blinded 4239:Angelos 4217:Angelos 4113:Hungary 4071:Alexios 4048:John II 4020:Normans 3957:of the 3866:blinded 3808:Michael 3719:Isaac I 3660:Bringas 3617:Balkans 3615:in the 3362:Argyros 3344:blinded 3253:crushed 3106:Stephen 3041:dynatoi 2945:Saracen 2877:Basil I 2760:, lost 2754:Amorium 2622:Rangabe 2452:blinded 2380:blinded 2260:Leo III 2036:Isauria 1986:Cherson 1824:Martina 1781:Martina 1646:Φωκᾶς, 1579:Maurice 1439:(Taor) 1312:Balkans 1288:Dikoros 1284:Ariadne 1272:430 at 1174:Balkans 1162:Vandals 1144:Isauria 1142:425 in 1053:Ariadne 1045:Vandals 1013:Bessian 946:Augusta 922:Marcian 818:at the 736:Gratian 448:solidus 396:Naissus 309:Ῥωμαῖοι 267:Dominus 185:to the 95:Details 10029:& 10005:& 9912:& 9883:Leo VI 9859:Thekla 9815:& 9782:Leo IV 9704:& 9643:Phocas 9599:Marcus 9584:Leo II 9500:Avitus 9417:Victor 9382:Valens 9372:Jovian 9367:Julian 9239:Probus 9174:& 9154:Decius 9102:Crisis 9020:Trajan 8892:Portal 8807:Impact 8687:People 8635:Cities 8485:Enamel 8266:Sacred 8201:Ecloga 8067:Saints 7976:Dromon 7852:Bandon 7842:Tourma 7825:Middle 7748:Beacon 7630:Bandon 7613:Middle 7482:Middle 7437:Senate 7360:Thrace 7343:Serbia 7321:Sicily 7306:Greece 7291:Cyprus 7209:Epirus 7205:Nicaea 7115:Middle 6992:topics 6769:Early 6688: 6667: 6648: 6629: 6610: 6593: 6574: 6552: 6533: 6514: 6495: 6476: 6457: 6438: 6419: 6400: 6354: 6335: 6305: 6199: 6132: 6077: 5974: 5871: 5816: 5761: 5535: 5468: 5345: 4923:as an 4806:John V 4786:Epirus 4514:Epirus 4461:Nicaea 3788:Doukas 3766:Doukas 3600:Lesbos 3432:Sicily 3387:Trajan 3226:John I 3206:Phokas 3182:Phokas 2923:Leo VI 2842:Bardas 2496:Athens 2473:Εἰρήνη 2396:Leo IV 2108:Bulgar 1832:Senate 1641:Phocas 1562:Caesar 1508:Sophia 1445:consul 1324:Regnum 1308:Bulgar 1180:under 1170:Verina 1073:Leo II 703:Οὐάλης 698:Valens 593:Jovian 541:Julian 519:Julian 443:Nicaea 412:Helena 340:Notes 337:Reign 276:Caesar 34:, see 9825:Leo V 9792:Irene 9579:Leo I 9244:Carus 9015:Nerva 9005:Titus 8985:Galba 8937:Roman 8877:Index 8709:Death 8699:Women 8670:Music 8650:Dress 8645:Dance 8590:Novel 8550:Trade 8545:Mints 8490:Glass 8480:Icons 8276:Domes 8154:Serbs 7969:Samos 7782:Early 7572:Early 7446:Early 7355:Syria 7333:Malta 7311:Italy 7301:Egypt 7286:Crete 7217:Morea 7046:Early 6850:(238) 5343:JSTOR 5288:..." 5271:Notes 4501:Born 4448:Born 4202:Isaac 4193:Born 4109:Isaac 3739:Born 3594:Born 2762:Crete 2668:Leo V 2512:icons 2487:Born 2468:Irene 2280:Born 1711:Born 1648:Focas 1548:Born 1499:Born 1378:Born 1268:Born 1166:Illus 1154:Aspar 1138:Born 1025:Aspar 1006:Dacia 984:Leo I 334:Name 252:title 234:papal 10181:(w. 10164:(w. 10112:(w. 10083:John 10080:(w. 10058:(w. 10046:(w. 10017:(w. 9999:(w. 9900:(w. 9873:(w. 9856:(w. 9844:(w. 9827:(w. 9809:(w. 9770:(w. 9731:(w. 9698:(w. 9681:(w. 9633:(w. 9596:(w. 9589:Zeno 9456:(w. 9413:(w. 9204:(w. 9168:(w. 9156:(w. 9144:(w. 9077:(w. 9070:Geta 8990:Otho 8980:Nero 8939:and 8675:Lyra 8555:silk 8166:Jews 7941:Navy 7886:Late 7726:Army 7693:Wars 7644:Late 7538:Late 7168:Late 6788:and 6686:ISBN 6665:ISBN 6646:ISBN 6627:ISBN 6608:ISBN 6591:OCLC 6572:ISBN 6550:ISBN 6531:ISBN 6512:ISBN 6493:ISBN 6474:ISBN 6455:ISBN 6436:ISBN 6417:ISBN 6398:ISBN 6385:2015 6352:ISBN 6333:ISBN 6303:ISBN 6197:ISBN 6130:ISBN 6075:ISBN 5972:ISBN 5869:ISBN 5814:ISBN 5759:ISBN 5533:ISBN 5466:ISBN 4788:and 4619:and 4410:and 4219:and 3980:and 3814:and 3768:and 3701:and 3627:and 3257:Rus' 3255:the 3108:and 2859:and 1320:Dara 1168:and 1111:Zeno 1033:West 517:and 410:and 315:). 311:and 250:The 183:fell 167:None 10002:Leo 9947:Zoe 9193:(?) 8472:Art 8176:Law 3487:Zoe 2510:of 2494:in 2287:in 1877:to 1389:), 1316:war 521:as 441:at 313:Rûm 243:as 10293:: 10023:, 9906:, 6369:. 6271:^ 5595:^ 5396:^ 5339:47 5337:. 5333:. 4914:c. 4604:. 4599:c. 4516:. 4503:c. 4450:c. 4195:c. 4181:c. 4142:c. 3912:c. 3864:, 3810:, 3753:. 3748:c. 3741:c. 3596:c. 3248:c. 3202:c. 3166:. 2955:. 2902:c. 2690:c. 2572:. 2489:c. 2303:. 2291:, 2282:c. 2094:c. 1974:c. 1917:c. 1885:. 1864:c. 1812:c. 1783:. 1722:, 1713:c. 1618:. 1606:, 1550:c. 1501:c. 1380:c. 1270:c. 1140:c. 1023:, 1009:c. 955:. 763:. 722:. 618:c. 399:c. 142:, 10187:) 10170:) 10118:) 10086:) 10064:) 10052:) 10035:) 10011:) 9918:) 9879:) 9862:) 9850:) 9833:) 9821:) 9778:) 9737:) 9710:) 9687:) 9639:) 9602:) 9464:) 9421:) 9210:) 9180:) 9162:) 9150:) 9083:) 8929:e 8922:t 8915:v 7227:) 7223:– 7211:– 7098:" 7094:" 6982:e 6975:t 6968:v 6723:e 6716:t 6709:v 6694:. 6673:. 6654:. 6635:. 6616:. 6597:. 6580:. 6558:. 6539:. 6520:. 6501:. 6482:. 6463:. 6444:. 6425:. 6406:. 6387:. 6360:. 6341:. 6311:. 6205:. 6138:. 6083:. 5980:. 5877:. 5822:. 5767:. 5541:. 5474:. 5420:. 5349:. 38:. 20:)

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