448:) was originally composed of thirty-one books, but the first thirteen have been lost. The surviving eighteen books, covering the period from 353 to 378, constitute the foundation of modern understanding of the history of the fourth century Roman Empire. They are lauded as a clear, comprehensive, and generally impartial account of events by a contemporary; like many ancient historians, however, Ammianus was in fact not impartial, although he expresses an intention to be so, and had strong moral and religious prejudices. Although criticised as lacking literary merit by his early biographers, he was in fact quite skilled in rhetoric, which significantly has brought the veracity of some of the
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based on the assumption that
Ammianus was the recipient of a letter from a pagan contemporary, Libanius, to a certain Marcellinus; however Formara in 1992 argued that this letter must have referred in fact to a younger man and an orator newly arrived in Rome, rather than Ammianus, who had long been a
531:
judged
Ammianus "an accurate and faithful guide, who composed the history of his own times without indulging the prejudices and passions which usually affect the mind of a contemporary." But he also condemned Ammianus for lack of literary flair: "The coarse and undistinguishing pencil of Ammianus has
400:
Ammianus was not blind to the faults of
Christians or of pagans and was especially critical of them; he commented that "no wild beasts are so hostile to men as Christian sects in general are to one another" and he condemns the emperor Julian for excessive attachment to (pagan) sacrifice, and for his
334:
in the retinue of
Ursinicus, who was on a mission to make sure the bridges across the Euphrates were demolished. They were attacked by the Persian vanguard, who had made a night march in an attempt to catch the Romans at Amida unprepared. After a protracted cavalry battle, the Romans were scattered;
507:
by Georg
Sachsel and Bartholomaeus Golsch, which broke off at the end of Book 26. The next edition (Bologna, 1517) suffered from its editor's conjectures upon the poor text of the 1474 edition; the 1474 edition was pirated for the first Froben edition (Basle, 1518). It was not until 1533 that the
392:
Modern scholarship generally describes
Ammianus as a pagan who was tolerant of Christianity. Marcellinus writes of Christianity as being a "plain and simple" religion that demands only what is just and mild, and when he condemns the actions of Christians, he does not do so on the basis of their
323:(field army) of Sabinianus. While on a mission near Nisibis, Ammianus spotted a Persian patrol which was about to try and capture Ursicinus, and warned his commander in time. In an attempt to locate the Persian Royal Army, Ursicinus sent Ammianus to Jovinianus, the semi-independent governor of
371:
494:). The dates and relationship of V and M were long disputed until 1936 when R. P. Robinson demonstrated persuasively that V was copied from M. As L. D. Reynolds summarizes, "M is thus a fragment of the archetype; symptoms of an insular pre-archetype are evident."
301:. Ursicinus ended the threat by having Silvanus assassinated, then stayed in the region to help install Julian as Caesar of Gaul, Spain and Britain. Ammianus probably met Julian for the first time while serving on Ursicinus' staff in Gaul.
346:
has led modern scholarship to suggest that he continued his service but did not for some reason include the period in his history. He accompanied Julian, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the
551:, his accounts of battles emphasize the experience of the soldiers but at the cost of ignoring the bigger picture. As a result, it is difficult for the reader to understand why the battles he describes had the outcome they did.
397:) and these conflicts sometimes appeared unworthy to him, though it was territory where he could not risk going very far in criticism, due to the growing and volatile political connections between the church and imperial power.
562:, which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July 365. His report describes accurately the characteristic sequence of earthquake, retreat of the sea, and sudden incoming giant wave.
308:
himself. Ammianus returned with his commander to the East and again served
Ursicinus as a staff officer. Ursicinus, although he was the more experienced commander, was placed under the command of Sabinianus, the
220:
Greek), he was most likely born in a Greek-speaking area of the empire. His native language is unknown but he likely knew Greek as well as Latin. The surviving books of his history cover the years 353 to 378.
367:
by divination. Speaking as an alleged eyewitness, Marcellinus recounts how
Theodorus and several others were made to confess their deceit through the use of torture, and cruelly punished.
393:
Christianity as such. His lifetime was marked by lengthy outbreaks of sectarian and dogmatic strife within the new state-backed faith, often with violent consequences (especially the
455:
His work has suffered substantially from manuscript transmission. Aside from the loss of the first thirteen books, the remaining eighteen are in many places corrupt and
342:
When
Ursicinus was dismissed from his military post by Constantius, Ammianus too seems to have retired from the military; however, reevaluation of his participation in
1262:
583:
resident in the city, and Barnes solidified this stance in modern scholarship. However, many scholars remain convinced that
Ammianus was a native of Antioch.
232:. He served in Gaul (Julian) and in the east (twice for Constantius, once under Julian). He professes to have been "a former soldier and a Greek" (
1494:
Marcos, Moyses (2015). "A Tale of Two Commanders: Ammianus Marcellinus on the Campaigns of Constantius II and Julian on the Northern Frontiers".
1797:
592:
Historian T. D. Barnes argues that the original was actually thirty-six books, which if correct would mean that eighteen books have been lost.
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Ursicinus evaded capture and fled to Melitene, while Ammianus made a difficult journey back to Amida with a wounded comrade. The Persians
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of the same family name. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under
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389:. The precise year of his death is unknown, but scholarly consensus places it somewhere between 392 and 400 at the latest.
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in Egypt as the glory of the empire, so his work was presumably completed before the destruction of that building in 391.
1446:
327:, and a friend of Ursicinus. Ammianus successfully located the Persian main body and reported his findings to Ursicinus.
1129:"Rabies indomita": representación del bárbaro y violencia contra los no romanos en las "Res gestae" de Amiano Marcelino
242:(household guards) shows that he was of middle class or higher birth. Consensus is that Ammianus probably came from a
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512:. The first modern edition was produced by C.U. Clark (Berlin, 1910–1913). The first English translations were by
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In 359, Constantius sent Ursicinus back to the east to help in the defence against a Persian invasion led by king
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which was taken apart to provide covers for account-books during the fifteenth century. Only six leaves of
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While living in Rome in the 380s, Ammianus wrote a Latin history of the Roman empire from the accession of
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Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology)
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from an insular exemplar. The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in Fragmenta Marbugensia (
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survive; however, before this manuscript was dismantled the Abbot of Hersfeld lent the manuscript to
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459:. The sole surviving manuscript from which almost every other is derived is a ninth-century
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East and West Through Fifteen Centuries: Being a General History from B.C. 44 to A.D. 1453
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last five books of Ammianus' history were put into print by Silvanus Otmar and edited by
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248:
1598:
Tougher, S. (2000). "Ammianus Marcellinus on the Empress Eusebia: A Split Personality".
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delineated his bloody figures with tedious and disgusting accuracy." Austrian historian
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of the east. The two did not get along, resulting in a lack of cooperation between the
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praised Ammianus as "the greatest literary genius that the world produced between
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Roth, Roman (2010). "Pyrrhic paradigms: Ennius, Livy, and Ammianus Marcellinus".
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165:
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317:(border regiments) of Mesopotamia and Osrhoene under Ursicinus' command and the
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1167:(1997). "Ammianus Marcellinus and Zonaras on a Late Roman Assassination Plot".
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355:. After Julian's death, Ammianus accompanied the retreat of the new emperor,
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of 359. Ammianus himself was present in the city until a day before its fall.
145:
119:
1554:
Greek and Roman Historiography in Late Antiquity: Fourth to Sixth century AD
409:
1046:
860:
1509:
1204:
Hunt, E.D. (1985). "Christians and Christianity in Ammianus Marcellinus".
1709:
in English at the Tertullian Project with introduction on the manuscripts
533:
460:
53:
1552:
Sabbah, Guy (2003). "Ammianus Marcellinus". In Marasco, Gabriele (ed.).
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and eventually sacked Amida, and Ammianus barely escaped with his life.
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559:
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359:, as far as Antioch. He was residing in Antioch in 372 when a certain
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1245:
Ammianus Marcellinus: An Annotated Bibliography, 1474 to the Present
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490:, who used it in preparing the text of the second Froben edition (
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in 378. Only the sections covering the period 353 to 378 survive.
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who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from
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was thought to have been identified the successor to the emperor
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After his mission in Corduene, Ammianus left the headquarters at
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Ammianus Marcellinus, soldier-historian of the late Roman Empire
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Ammianus Marcellinus: Seven Studies in His Language and Thought
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His handling from his earliest printers was little better. The
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Title page to the 1533 editio princeps of books XXVII–XXXI of
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He travelled with Ursicinus to Italy in an expedition against
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Following earlier scholars, Matthews suggested a hometown of
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1041:. Translated by C.D. Yonge. London: George Bell & Sons.
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429:(378), in effect writing a continuation of the history of
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edict effectively barring Christians from teaching posts.
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Ammianus served as an officer in the army of the emperors
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270:. Ammianus campaigned in the East twice under Ursicinus.
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Ammianus was born in the East Mediterranean, possibly in
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Works by Ammianus Marcellinus at Perseus Digital Library
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Crump, Gary A.; Nicols, John; Kebric, Robert B. (1975).
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Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics
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Ammianus' work contains a detailed description of the
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417:, the first complete edition of the surviving books
1131:. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
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725:
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297:, an officer who had proclaimed himself emperor in
246:, but it is also possible that he was the son of a
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1556:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 43–84.
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1441:(PhD. Discussion). Creative Media Partners, LLC.
1290:20.500.11820/635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24
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1056:"LacusCurtius • Ammian (Ammianus Marcellinus)"
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1458:Ammianus Marcellinus as a military historian
1395:A history of the Byzantine state and society
1316:Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian
385:He eventually settled in Rome and began the
1591:The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus
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866:
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1439:The Text Tradition of Ammianus Marcellinus
1398:. Stanford University Press. p. 133.
1391:
1288:
1176:Gibbon, Edward (1995). Bury, J.B. (ed.).
1169:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1039:The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus
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1547:(in French). Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
1475:Drijvers, January; Hunt, David (1999).
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27:4th-century Roman historian and soldier
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1682:Works by or about Ammianus Marcellinus
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1419:. Longmans, Green and Co. – via
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236:), and his enrollment among the elite
1713:Bibliography for Ammianus Marcellinus
1593:. London: Cambridge University Press.
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208:, around 330, into a noble family of
160:). Written in Latin and known as the
1696:Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project
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1524:
1381:Geschichte des spätrömischen Reiches
1203:
1178:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
878:
854:
425:(96) to the death of Valens at the
24:
1529:. Vol. 138. pp. 171–195.
1477:Late Roman World and its Historian
1429:
168:from the accession of the Emperor
25:
1814:
1798:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
1608:
1582:Ammianus and the Historia Augusta
1337:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1127:Sanz Casasnovas, Gabriel (2022).
1118:Bouchier, Edmund Spenser (1916).
1054:Thayer, Bill (10 February 2008).
1602:. Vol. 47. pp. 94–101.
1413:Young, George Frederick (1916).
1385:History of the late-Roman empire
1263:"Ammianus and the Great Tsunami"
1719:compiled by M.G.M. van der Poel
1534:Rowell, Henry Thompson (1964).
1256:. University of Michigan Press.
775:
762:
749:
586:
212:origin. Since he calls himself
1437:Clark, Charles Upson (2015) .
1318:. Cambridge University Press.
1037:Marcellinus, Ammianus (1894).
572:
144: – 400), was a
13:
1:
1703:in Latin at the Latin Library
1673:Works by Ammianus Marcellinus
1545:La Méthode d'Ammien Marcellin
1497:American Journal of Philology
1392:Treadgold, Warren T. (1997).
1370:Reynolds, L. D., ed. (1983).
1180:. Vol. I. Random House.
556:earthquake and tsunami of 365
433:. At 22.16.12 he praises the
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131:
130:: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born
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45:
1758:4th-century writers in Latin
1717:Bibliographia Latina Selecta
1663:Resources in other libraries
1639:Resources in other libraries
1335:The Roman Empire of Ammianus
1103:. Cornell University Press.
599:
523:
183:
7:
1707:Ammianus Marcellinus' works
1701:Ammianus Marcellinus' works
1538:. University of Cincinnati.
1099:Barnes, Timothy D. (1998).
10:
1819:
1565:. Univ of Missouri Press.
1387:] (in German). Vienna.
1151:"The Last Latin Historian"
1025:
164:, his work chronicled the
1658:Resources in your library
1634:Resources in your library
1342:Moulton, Carroll (1998).
1243:Jenkins, Fred W. (2017).
1220:10.1017/S0009838800014671
1120:Syria as a Roman Province
1031:Editions and translations
475:), another ninth-century
463:text, Vatican lat. 1873 (
446:Rerum gestarum libri XXXI
344:Julian's Persian campaign
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1748:4th-century Greek people
1268:Journal of Roman Studies
1252:Kagan, Kimberly (2009).
1195:Hodgkin, Thomas (1880).
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234:miles quondam et graecus
1793:People from Roman Syria
1647:By Ammianus Marcellinus
1361:Norden, Eduard (1909).
1171:. Bd. 46, H. 1 1st Qtr.
505:printed in 1474 in Rome
404:
1778:Ancient Roman soldiers
1768:Ancient Greeks in Rome
1753:4th-century historians
1589:Thompson, E.A (1947).
1561:Seager, Robin (1986).
1197:Italy and Her Invaders
580:Antioch on the Orontes
516:in 1609, and later by
435:Serapeum of Alexandria
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378:from a bronze coin of
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172:in 96 to the death of
1783:Late-Roman-era pagans
1773:Ancient Roman equites
1580:Syme, Ronald (1968).
1510:10.1353/ajp.2015.0036
1333:Matthews, J. (1989).
1314:Kelly, Gavin (2008).
1060:penelope.uchicago.edu
510:Mariangelus Accursius
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239:protectores domestici
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97:Historian and soldier
1620:Ammianus Marcellinus
1584:. Oxford: Clarendon.
1543:Sabbah, Guy (1978).
857:, pp. 193, 195.
427:Battle of Adrianople
178:Battle of Adrianople
116:Ammianus Marcellinus
36:Ammianus Marcellinus
1207:Classical Quarterly
1019:, pp. 141–167.
56:, possibly in Ammia
1763:4th-century Romans
1743:4th-century births
1379:Stein, E. (1928).
1374:. Clarendon Press.
1261:Kelly, G. (2004).
1254:The Eye of Command
1199:. Clarendon Press.
1122:. B. H. Blackwell.
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1677:Project Gutenberg
1615:Library resources
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1363:Antika Kunstprosa
1353:978-0-684-80503-0
1325:978-0-521-84299-0
1187:978-0-679-60148-7
1165:Frakes, Robert M.
1082:"Ammian, History"
1007:, pp. 27–29.
797:, pp. 29–30.
662:, pp. 57–58.
624:Lexundria: Ammian
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881:, p. 198.
871:
859:
847:
835:
831:Treadgold 1997
823:
811:
809:, p. 104.
799:
787:
774:
772:, 18, 7.1–7.7.
761:
748:
736:
724:
722:, p. 648.
712:
700:
688:
686:, p. 226.
676:
664:
652:
640:
638:, p. 336.
628:
616:
603:
601:
598:
595:
594:
585:
570:
569:
567:
564:
549:Kimberly Kagan
525:
522:
406:
403:
287:Siege of Amida
283:Constantius II
256:, governor of
249:comes Orientis
226:Constantius II
194:Constantius II
185:
182:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
52:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1799:
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1779:
1776:
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1754:
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1699:
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1601:
1596:
1592:
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1583:
1578:
1574:
1572:0-8262-0495-3
1568:
1564:
1559:
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1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1486:0-415-20271-X
1482:
1479:. Routledge.
1478:
1473:
1469:
1467:3-515-01984-7
1463:
1459:
1454:
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1407:
1401:
1397:
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1386:
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1377:
1373:
1368:
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1349:
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1331:
1327:
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1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
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1202:
1198:
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1189:
1183:
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1174:
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1166:
1162:
1158:
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1140:
1138:9788413404479
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
983:, Chapter 25.
982:
977:
970:
965:
959:, p. 31.
958:
953:
951:
943:
942:Reynolds 1983
938:
936:
929:, p. 39.
928:
923:
917:, p. 28.
916:
911:
904:
899:
893:, p. 22.
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
863:
856:
851:
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
803:
796:
791:
785:, 18, 8, 4–7.
784:
778:
771:
765:
758:
752:
746:, p. 65.
745:
740:
734:, p. 23.
733:
728:
721:
716:
710:, p. 25.
709:
704:
698:, p. 31.
697:
692:
685:
684:Bouchier 1916
680:
673:
668:
661:
656:
649:
648:Matthews 1989
644:
637:
632:
625:
620:
613:
608:
604:
589:
581:
575:
571:
563:
561:
557:
552:
550:
547:According to
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
529:Edward Gibbon
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
501:
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328:
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322:
321:
316:
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296:
288:
284:
280:
277:The walls of
275:
271:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
244:curial family
241:
240:
235:
231:
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211:
207:
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195:
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181:
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167:
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159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Roman soldier
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
106:
100:
96:
94:Occupation(s)
92:
88:
84:
74:
70:
65:
61:
55:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1653:Online books
1646:
1629:Online books
1619:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1501:
1495:
1476:
1457:
1438:
1415:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1346:. Scribner.
1343:
1334:
1315:
1272:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1177:
1168:
1154:
1128:
1119:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1038:
1012:
1000:
995:, p. ?.
988:
976:
964:
957:Jenkins 2017
922:
910:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
821:, p. ?.
814:
802:
790:
782:
777:
769:
764:
759:, 18, 10–17.
756:
751:
739:
727:
715:
708:Hodgkin 1880
703:
696:Moulton 1998
691:
679:
674:, p. 1.
667:
655:
650:, p. 8.
643:
631:
619:
607:
588:
574:
553:
546:
527:
498:
496:
491:
483:
472:
464:
454:
449:
445:
441:
439:
420:
414:
399:
391:
386:
384:
374:Portrait of
341:
329:
318:
310:
303:
292:
265:
247:
237:
233:
223:
213:
199:
161:
123:
115:
114:
107:
103:Notable work
58:(modern-day
29:
1738:390s deaths
1460:. Steiner.
1275:: 141–167.
1159:. 230 July.
1110:080143526-9
981:Gibbon 1995
969:Gibbon 1995
927:Fisher 1918
915:Barnes 1998
903:Frakes 1997
819:Barnes 1998
744:Barnes 1998
720:Norden 1909
672:Barnes 1998
660:Barnes 1998
612:Thayer 2008
534:Ernst Stein
461:Carolingian
285:before the
281:, built by
262:Mesopotamia
156:(preceding
86:Nationality
54:Roman Syria
1733:330 births
1727:Categories
1365:. Leipzig.
1091:2022-01-09
1065:2022-01-09
1017:Kelly 2004
1005:Kagan 2009
993:Stein 1928
891:Kagan 2009
807:Kelly 2008
795:Kagan 2009
783:Res gestae
781:Ammianus,
770:Res gestae
768:Ammianus,
757:Res gestae
755:Ammianus,
732:Kagan 2009
636:Young 1916
560:Alexandria
518:C.D. Yonge
450:Res gestae
442:Res gestae
415:Res gestae
387:Res gestae
196:from Syria
162:Res gestae
142: 391
135: 330
120:anglicised
108:Res gestae
79: 391
49: 330
1518:162495059
1307:160152988
1236:171046986
1086:Lexundria
879:Hunt 1985
855:Hunt 1985
600:Citations
524:Reception
520:in 1862.
361:Theodorus
353:Sassanids
320:comitatus
315:Limitanei
306:Shapur II
254:Ursicinus
206:Phoenicia
184:Biography
158:Procopius
154:antiquity
150:historian
1247:. Brill.
1149:(1918).
477:Frankish
457:lacunose
351:and the
349:Alamanni
337:besieged
325:Corduene
295:Silvanus
18:Ammianus
1684:at the
1299:4135013
1074:Studies
1047:4540204
1026:Sources
538:Tacitus
431:Tacitus
380:Antioch
258:Nisibis
214:Graecus
176:at the
137:, died
64:Lebanon
1617:about
1569:
1527:Hermes
1516:
1483:
1464:
1445:
1402:
1350:
1322:
1305:
1297:
1234:
1228:638815
1226:
1184:
1135:
1107:
1045:
376:Julian
365:Valens
357:Jovian
264:, and
230:Julian
174:Valens
124:Ammian
60:Amioun
1514:S2CID
1383:[
1303:S2CID
1295:JSTOR
1232:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
566:Notes
542:Dante
480:codex
469:Fulda
423:Nerva
332:Amida
279:Amida
210:Greek
202:Syria
170:Nerva
128:Greek
89:Roman
1567:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1043:OCLC
540:and
503:was
440:The
405:Work
299:Gaul
228:and
218:lit.
148:and
81:–400
72:Died
42:Born
1715:at
1675:at
1506:doi
1502:136
1285:hdl
1277:doi
1216:doi
558:in
544:".
260:in
204:or
122:as
1729::
1512:.
1500:.
1301:.
1293:.
1283:.
1273:94
1271:.
1265:.
1230:.
1222:.
1212:35
1153:.
1084:.
1058:.
949:^
934:^
139:c.
132:c.
76:c.
62:,
46:c.
1575:.
1520:.
1508::
1489:.
1470:.
1451:.
1423:.
1408:.
1356:.
1328:.
1309:.
1287::
1279::
1238:.
1218::
1190:.
1141:.
1113:.
1094:.
1068:.
1049:.
626:.
614:.
492:G
484:M
473:M
465:V
444:(
216:(
126:(
66:)
20:)
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