970:
571:
uncommon in persons who retain their natural teeth. Angular cheilitis is also commonly seen in denture wearers. Angular cheilitis is present in about 30% of people with denture-related stomatitis. It is thought that reduced vertical dimension of the lower face may be a contributing factor in up to 11% of elderly persons with angular cheilitis and in up to 18% of denture wearers who have angular cheilitis. Reduced vertical dimension can also be caused by tooth migration, wearing orthodontic appliances, and elastic tissue damage caused by
519:
541:
784:), which alters the local anatomy and extenuates the skin folds at the corners of the mouth. More still may be involved because they affect the immune system, allowing normally harmless organisms like Candida to become pathogenic and cause an infection. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is thought to account for about 5% of cases of AC. Xerostomia itself has many possible causes, but commonly the cause may be side effects of medications, or conditions such as
43:
311:
930:
1077:, especially denture-related stomatitis is often found to be present where there is angular cheilitis, and if it is not treated, the sores at the corners of the mouth may often recur. This involves having dentures properly fitted and disinfected. Commercial preparations are marketed for this purpose, although dentures may be left in dilute (1:10 concentration) household
1061:, specifically a primary (group I) Candida-associated lesion. This form angular cheilitis which is caused by Candida is sometimes termed "Candida-associated angular cheilitis", or less commonly, "monilial perlèche". Angular cheilitis can also be classified as acute (sudden, short-lived appearance of the condition) or chronic (lasts a long time or keeps returning), or
1180:
Finally, if the condition appears resistant to treatment, investigations for underlying causes such as anemia or nutrient deficiencies or HIV infection. Identification of the underlying cause is essential for treating chronic cases. The lesions may resolve when the underlying disease is treated, e.g.
607:
The sunscreen in some types of lip balm degrades over time into an irritant. Using expired lipbalm can initiate mild angular cheilitis, and when the person applies more lipbalm to alleviate the cracking, it only aggravates it. Because of the delayed onset of contact dermatitis and the recovery period
1089:
Secondly, there may be a need to increase the vertical dimension of the lower face to prevent overclosure of the mouth and formation of deep skin folds. This may require the construction of a new denture with an adjusted bite. Rarely, in cases resistant to normal treatments, surgical procedures such
960:
Severe tooth wear or ill fitting dentures may cause wrinkling at the corners of the lip that creates a favorable environment for the condition. This can be corrected with onlays or crowns on the worn teeth to restore height or new dentures with "taller" teeth. The loss of vertical dimension has been
570:
skin crease. The tendency of saliva to pool in these areas is increased, constantly wetting the area, which may cause tissue maceration and favors the development of a yeast infection. As such, angular cheilitis is more commonly seen in edentulous people (people without any teeth). It is by contrast
1202:
AC is a relatively common condition, accounting for between 0.7 – 3.8% of oral mucosal lesions in adults and between 0.2 – 15.1% in children, though overall it occurs most commonly in adults in the third to sixth decades of life. It occurs worldwide, and both males and females are affected. Angular
486:
preparation is recommended by some to help distinguish between the harmless and the pathogenic forms, and thereby highlight which cases of angular cheilitis are truly caused by
Candida. The mouth may act as a reservoir of Candida that reinfects the sores at the corners of the mouth and prevents the
318:
Angular cheilitis is a fairly non specific term which describes the presence of an inflammatory lesion in a particular anatomic site (i.e. the corner of the mouth). As there are different possible causes and contributing factors from one person to the next, the appearance of the lesion is somewhat
939:
Allergic reactions may account for about 25–34% of cases of generalized cheilitis (i.e., inflammation not confined to the angles of the mouth). It is unknown how frequently allergic reactions are responsible for cases of angular cheilitis, but any substance capable of causing generalized allergic
502:(blister) formation followed by rupture leaving a crusted sore which resolves in about 7–10 days, and recurs in the same spot periodically, especially during periods of stress. Rather than utilizing antifungal creams, angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore, with topical
374:
Sometimes contributing factors can be readily seen, such as loss of lower face height from poorly made or worn dentures, which results in mandibular overclosure ("collapse of jaws"). If there is a nutritional deficiency underlying the condition, various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis
947:
include substances that may be present in some types of lipstick, toothpaste, acne products, cosmetics, chewing gum, mouthwash, foods, dental appliances, and materials from dentures or mercury containing amalgam fillings. It is usually impossible to tell the difference between irritant contact
599:
cheilitis" is applied to this habit. The term "cheilocandidiasis" describes exfoliative (flaking) lesions of the lips and the skin around the lips, and is caused by a superficial candidal infection due to chronic lip licking. Less severe cases occur during cold, dry weather, and is a form of
375:(swollen tongue) may be present. In people with angular cheilitis who wear dentures, often there may be erythematous mucosa underneath the denture (normally the upper denture), an appearance consistent with denture-related stomatitis. Typically the lesions give symptoms of soreness, pain,
1081:
overnight, but only if they are entirely plastic and do not contain any metal parts, and with rinsing under clean water before use. Improved denture hygiene is often required thereafter, including not wearing the denture during sleep and cleaning it daily. For more information, see
562:, which may have a degree of digestive action on tissues if they are left in contact. The corner of the mouth is normally exposed to saliva more than any other part of the lips. Reduced lower facial height (vertical dimension or facial support) is usually caused by
1193:
Most cases of angular cheilitis respond quickly when antifungal treatment is used. In more long standing cases, the severity of the condition often follows a relapsing and remitting course over time. The condition can be difficult to treat and can be prolonged.
891:, which can occur when large amounts of liver (including cod liver oil and other fish oils) are regularly consumed or as a result from an excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements. Recreational drug users may develop AC. Examples include
319:
variable. The lesions are more commonly symmetrically present on both sides of the mouth, but sometimes only one side may be affected. In some cases, the lesion may be confined to the mucosa of the lips, and in other cases the lesion may extend past the
566:(tooth loss), or wearing worn down, old dentures or ones which are not designed optimally. This results in overclosure of the mandible (collapse of the jaws), which extenuates the angular skin folds at the corners of the mouth, in effect creating an
578:
Habits or conditions that keep the corners of the mouth moist might include chronic lip licking, thumb sucking (or sucking on other objects such as pens, pipes, lollipops), dental cleaning (e.g. flossing), chewing gum, hypersalivation, drooling and
274:
is also tried. Angular cheilitis is a fairly common problem, with estimates that it affects 0.7% of the population. It occurs most often in people in their 30s to 60s, and is also relatively common in children. In the
2247:
2232:
470:
Candida can be detected in 93% of angular cheilitis lesions. This organism is found in the mouths of about 40% of healthy individuals, and it is considered by some to be normal commensal component of the oral
775:
Some systemic disorders are involved in angular cheilitis by virtue of their association with malabsorption and the creation of nutritional deficiencies described above. Such examples include people with
831:, and cause a syndrome of dermatitis, glucose intolerance, weight loss and anemia. AC is a common feature of glucagonoma syndrome. Infrequently, angular cheilitis may be one of the manifestations of
1270:
Angular cheilosis: The lateral lip fissures, well known among denture wearers, have been called by a variety of names, such as "rhagades", "perleche", "angular cheilitis", and "angular cheilosis".
387:
Angular cheilitis is thought to be a multifactorial disorder of infectious origin, with many local and systemic predisposing factors. The sores in angular cheilitis are often infected with
816:) can be associated with angular cheilitis. In Crohn's, it is likely the result of malabsorption and immunosuppressive therapy which gives rise to the sores at the corner of the mouth.
303:
1098:) are used in an attempt to restore the normal facial contour. Other measures which seek to reverse the local factors that may be contributing to the condition include improving
498:(a cold sore), and is sometimes termed "angular herpes simplex". A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips, and follows a pattern of
323:(the edge where the lining on the lips becomes the skin on the face) onto the facial skin. Initially, the corners of the mouth develop a gray-white thickening and adjacent
251:, and minor trauma. Allergies may include substances like toothpaste, makeup, and food. Often a number of factors are involved. Other factors may include poor nutrition or
3390:
407:. Some studies have linked the initial onset of angular cheilitis with nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B (B2-riboflavin) vitamin and iron (which causes
1556:
3464:
3449:
3153:
3141:
1831:
3646:
804:, an apparently large tongue in a small mouth, which may constantly stick out of the mouth causing maceration of the corners of the mouth with saliva.
1073:
There are four aspects to the treatment of angular cheilitis. Firstly, potential reservoirs of infection inside the mouth are identified and treated.
453:
alone. These types of bacteria have been detected in between 8–15% of cases of angular cheilitis, but less commonly are they present in isolation,
796:(excessive salivation) can cause angular cheilitis by creating a constant wet environment in the corners of the mouth. About 25% of people with
2693:
2507:
4313:
3651:
208:
with skin breakdown and crusting. It can also be itchy or painful. The condition can last for days to years. Angular cheilitis is a type of
3713:
989:
Angular cheilitis is normally a diagnosis made clinically. If the sore is unilateral, rather than bilateral, this suggests a local factor (
4308:
2153:
1867:
1613:
969:
648:(inflammation of the tongue). It is not completely understood how iron deficiency causes AC, but it is known that it causes a degree of
1432:
871:
Several drugs may cause AC as a side effect, by various mechanisms, such as creating drug-induced xerostomia. Various examples include
835:, and sometimes cases of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis may accompany angular cheilitis. Angular cheilitis may be present in
2305:
314:
A fairly mild case of angular cheilitis extending onto the facial skin in a young person (affected area is within the black oval).
4278:
3476:
3427:
1989:
836:
604:. Individuals may lick their lips in an attempt to provide a temporary moment of relief, only serving to worsen the condition.
2045:
1861:
1727:
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may be present. Persons with angular cheilitis who wear dentures often also will have their denture swabbed in addition. A
3961:
3804:
532:
3078:
2562:
2197:
1970:
1913:
1799:
1765:
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infection is demonstrated by microbiological culture to be responsible (or suspected), the treatment may be changed to
1579:
4205:
2838:
2147:
1938:
1687:
1607:
1494:
1426:
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is recommended by some in cases which are resistant to treatment and where allergic contact dermatitis is suspected.
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832:
4180:
4117:
4112:
3994:
3422:
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Thirdly, treatment of the infection and inflammation of the lesions themselves is addressed. This is usually with
247:, licking the lips or drooling, mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth, sun exposure, overclosure of the mouth,
4026:
3663:
3117:
1083:
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lasting days to weeks, people typically do not make the connection between the causative agent and the symptoms.
4011:
3846:
1819:
411:), which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or malabsorption. Angular cheilitis can be a manifestation of
363:
is involved, the lesion may show golden yellow crusts. In chronic angular cheilitis, there may be suppuration (
306:
Angular cheilitis – a fissure running in the corner of the mouth with reddened, irritated facial skin adjacent.
3851:
1827:
756:
499:
458:
Or a combination of the above organisms, (a polymicrobial infection) with about 60% of cases involving both
3714:
3375:
2984:
2688:
2673:
2611:
2557:
2480:
2298:
732:
is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing impaired absorption of zinc, and is associated with AC.
729:
652:(decreased efficiency of the immune system) which may in turn allow an opportunistic infection of candida.
332:
475:. However, Candida shows dimorphism, namely a yeast form which is thought to be relatively harmless and a
3903:
3866:
3596:
2877:
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924:
920:
549:
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3668:
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2870:
2865:
2816:
916:
805:
2036:
Tadataka Yamada; David Alpers; Anthony Kalloo; Neil
Kaplowitz; Chung Owyang; Don Powell, eds. (2009).
3918:
3636:
3540:
3011:
2475:
887:, is a medication which dries the skin. Less commonly, angular cheilitis is associated with primary
262:
Treatment for angular cheilitis is typically based on the underlying causes along with the use of a
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Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine
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cream, an antibiotic which is effective against this type of bacteria. Aside from fusidic acid,
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because their skin is more sensitive to irritants. Other conditions possibly associated include
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Park, KK; Brodell, RT; Helms, SE (June 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 1: local etiologies".
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450:
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cheilitis is the most common presentation of fungal and bacterial infections of the lips.
961:
associated with angular cheilitis in older individuals with an increase in facial laxity.
628:
have been linked to angular cheilitis. It is thought that in about 25% of people with AC,
8:
4230:
3966:
3946:
3936:
3809:
3742:
3624:
3619:
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2400:
2251:
1557:"Angular cheilitis, part 2: nutritional, systemic, and drug-related causes and treatment"
596:
483:
396:
271:
1986:
536:. The subject shows overclosure of the jaws and loss of facial support around the mouth.
347:. There is not usually any bleeding. Where the skin is involved, there may be radiating
4273:
4220:
4195:
4127:
3931:
3856:
3747:
3695:
3656:
3353:
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2435:
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2071:
2035:
1850:
Peter C. Schalock, M.D.; Jeffrey T. S. Hsu, M.D.; Kenneth A. Arndt, eds. (2010-09-15).
1062:
888:
813:
809:
764:
685:
412:
368:
126:
50:
Bilateral angular cheilitis in an elderly individual with false teeth, iron deficiency
2260:
2256:
3971:
3560:
3525:
3499:
3358:
3254:
3112:
3036:
2743:
2683:
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2193:
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2083:
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2018:
1966:
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649:
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432:
320:
276:
267:
229:
70:
36:, perlèche, cheilosis, angular cheilosis, commissural cheilitis, angular stomatitis
982:
653:
16:
Cheilitis characterized by inflammation of one or both of the corners of the mouth
4097:
3883:
3678:
3571:
3407:
3326:
3306:
3230:
3215:
3085:
2989:
2957:
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2776:
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1993:
1241:
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896:
824:
748:
717:
657:
629:
580:
495:
472:
427:
327:(redness). Later, the usual appearance is a roughly triangular area of erythema,
280:
1057:. Where Candida species are involved, angular cheilitis is classed as a type of
664:
deficiency may also cause AC, along with glossitis, and skin changes similar to
4263:
4215:
4185:
4053:
3984:
3951:
3673:
3412:
3146:
3026:
2821:
2606:
2419:
1134:
1130:
1118:
692:) is another possible cause, and in which other association conditions such as
567:
527:
503:
491:
359:) can extend from the corner of the mouth to the skin of the cheek or chin. If
2241:
4297:
4165:
4043:
3871:
3690:
3454:
3434:
3343:
3210:
3170:
2967:
2728:
2703:
2678:
2656:
2440:
2430:
2395:
2087:
1794:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 37, 40, 46, 63–67.
1212:
1174:
1170:
1146:
1138:
797:
744:
713:
656:(ariboflavinosis) may also cause AC, and other conditions such as redness of
263:
256:
239:
173:
1102:, stopping smoking or other tobacco habits and use of a barrier cream (e.g.
587:, and do not consider this to be true angular cheilitis, instead calling it
4016:
3792:
3787:
3772:
3752:
3722:
3555:
3264:
3205:
3136:
3058:
3048:
3016:
2979:
2940:
2932:
2547:
2502:
2487:
2385:
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1575:
1487:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
1398:
1220:
1158:
1122:
1114:
1099:
1025:(full blood count) may be indicated, including assessment of the levels of
904:
872:
801:
736:
636:
are involved. Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in
617:
601:
336:
197:
4152:
2040:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 1882–83.
2022:
1908:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 100, 192, 196, 266.
4210:
4200:
4190:
4107:
4102:
4033:
3107:
3068:
2887:
2763:
2723:
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1997:
1815:
1034:
974:
840:
817:
793:
641:
637:
540:
340:
119:
2224:
863:(also called Plummer–Vinson syndrome or Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome).
583:. Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous
4170:
3956:
3782:
3550:
3380:
3321:
3259:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3175:
3158:
3102:
3073:
2994:
2855:
2833:
2718:
2698:
1182:
1142:
1103:
1054:
1038:
1012:
1001:
994:
949:
933:
740:
725:
708:(vitamin B7) deficiency has also been reported to cause AC, along with
693:
633:
563:
518:
476:
352:
55:
302:
4038:
4021:
3757:
3535:
3338:
2962:
2845:
2465:
2360:
2338:
1166:
1015:
884:
880:
876:
709:
645:
507:
220:
216:
209:
162:
158:
115:
42:
1678:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp.
310:
4048:
3999:
3767:
3520:
3501:
3481:
3302:
3180:
3124:
2370:
1489:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 147–49.
1162:
1126:
1053:
Angular cheilitis could be considered to be a type of cheilitis or
1030:
944:
844:
828:
821:
789:
721:
701:
697:
689:
672:
is sometimes responsible for AC, and commonly occurs together with
404:
392:
376:
348:
324:
244:
234:
205:
131:
33:
929:
351:(linear fissures) from the corner of the mouth. Infrequently, the
4134:
4092:
3777:
3737:
3631:
3505:
3294:
2661:
2111:
1965:(10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 97–98, 550.
1018:
1004:
overclosure, drooling, and other irritants is usually bilateral.
892:
625:
621:
344:
248:
940:
cheilitis may present involving the corners of the mouth alone.
415:, which is considered in two groups; irritational and allergic.
335:
at either corner of the mouth. The mucosa of the lip may become
3876:
3348:
2936:
2531:
2236:
1094:(or other facial fillers such as autologous fat or crosslinked
1078:
1042:
997:
978:
900:
848:
705:
677:
660:, magenta colored glossitis (pink inflammation of the tongue).
555:
388:
356:
51:
2009:
Gaveau D, Piette F, Cortot A, Dumur V, Bergoend H (1987). "".
760:
544:
Pronounced skin folds extending from the corner of the mouth.
479:
328:
224:
201:
1671:
1026:
720:
is known to cause AC. Other symptoms may include diarrhea,
85:
76:
2112:"How Do I Manage a Patient with Angular Cheilitis? | jcda"
2327:
735:
In general, these nutritional disorders may be caused by
584:
364:
91:
1856:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. p. 265.
1634:
Differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions
1141:
to reduce inflammation, and certain antifungals such as
554:
22% of cases of angular cheilitis are due to irritants.
494:
infection can occur in the corner of the mouth. This is
482:
form which is associated with invasion of host tissues.
255:. Diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and
134:, skin breakdown and crusting at the corner of the mouth
2008:
1903:
1636:(5th ed.). St. Louis : Mosby. pp. 64–65, 85.
1554:
1065:(the condition persists despite attempts to treat it).
1789:
1756:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp.
1749:
1181:
with a course of oral iron or B vitamin supplements.
1153:
is another topical therapy for angular cheilitis. If
948:
dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis without a
94:
73:
2313:
2214:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
1928:
88:
82:
780:. Other disorders may cause lip enlargement (e.g.
367:formation), exfoliation (scaling) and formation of
79:
3727:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1904:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002).
1672:Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008).
847:. Angular cheilitis is more common in people with
640:countries. Chronic iron deficiency may also cause
2590:
2168:
2129:
2060:Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed.
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
395:, or a combination thereof; this may represent a
4295:
2927:
1963:Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment
1933:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 446.
1899:
1897:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1631:
1384:
1129:cream. Some antifungal creams are combined with
644:(spoon shaped deformity of the fingernails) and
513:
4082:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1722:. New York: Humana Press. pp. 92–93, 144.
2694:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
2069:
1960:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1774:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1007:The lesions are normally swabbed to detect if
955:
910:
747:secondary to gastrointestinal disorders (e.g.
3652:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2299:
2135:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1922:
1717:
1650:
1555:Park, KK; Brodell RT; Helms SE. (July 2011).
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
447:alone, which accounts for about 20% of cases,
2192:(3rd ed.). Elseveier. pp. 296–97.
2187:
1874:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
2029:
1838:
1814:
1736:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1421:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 95.
1418:Dermatology for the Advanced Practice Nurse
1233:
800:appear to have AC. This is due to relative
611:
2306:
2292:
2072:"Answer: Can you identify this condition?"
1947:
1439:
1177:are alternative options in this scenario.
490:A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent
41:
2095:
2070:Devani, Alim; Barankin, Benjamin (2007).
1790:Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003).
1696:
1503:
1275:
436:), which accounts for about 20% of cases,
1620:
1602:. Oxford University Press. p. 136.
1239:
968:
928:
883:. Isotretinoin (Accutane), an analog of
539:
517:
309:
301:
4279:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3428:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2136:Leyse-Wallace, Ruth (29 January 2013).
379:(itching) or burning or a raw feeling.
4296:
3465:As a manifestation of systemic disease
2156:from the original on 10 September 2017
2002:
1595:
1484:
1410:
1408:
1260:from the original on 10 September 2017
837:human immunodeficiency virus infection
755:) or gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g.
4252:
4151:
4075:
3833:
3712:
3498:
3288:
2926:
2589:
2529:
2417:
2325:
2287:
1929:Kerawala C; Newlands C, eds. (2010).
1414:
1211:The term "angular cheilitis" is from
788:. Conversely, conditions which cause
770:
743:or in poorly considered diets, or by
526:in preparation to depict the face of
297:
4314:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions
3311:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
2190:Essential microbiology for dentistry
1720:Clinical oral medicine and pathology
1243:Atlas of Diseases of the Oral Mucosa
3962:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
3834:
3805:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1405:
680:), which also causes glossitis and
595:meaning "to lick one's lips"), or "
243:. Irritants include poorly fitting
215:Angular cheilitis can be caused by
13:
4309:Conditions of the mucous membranes
3079:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2563:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1906:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
1750:Soames JV, Southam JC, JV (1999).
14:
4325:
2210:
1048:
973:Photographic comparison of: 1) a
833:chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
668:around the eyes, nose and mouth.
4181:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
4118:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4113:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3995:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3423:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3403:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2315:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1870:from the original on 2017-09-10.
1834:from the original on 2010-07-24.
1616:from the original on 2016-08-16.
1435:from the original on 2016-08-16.
69:
4027:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3664:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
3118:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2104:
2063:
2054:
1979:
1824:) deficiency (ariboflavinosis)"
1808:
1197:
4012:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3847:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1961:Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003).
1931:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1718:Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010).
1589:
1240:Pindborg, Jens Jørgen (1973).
1219:meaning lip and -itis meaning
1000:. Angular cheilitis caused by
981:, 3) angular cheilitis and 4)
591:(derived from the French word
200:of one or both corners of the
1:
4206:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
4155:Soft tissues around the mouth
3852:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1828:National Institutes of Health
1226:
1068:
857:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
514:Irritation contact dermatitis
3376:Gingival cyst of the newborn
2985:Failure of eruption of teeth
2689:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2674:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2612:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2558:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2481:Transient lingual papillitis
2038:Textbook of gastroenterology
1206:
1188:
964:
730:Acrodermatitis enteropathica
423:The involved organisms are:
418:
212:(inflammation of the lips).
7:
3904:Salivary gland diverticulum
3867:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2878:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2790:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
2139:Nutrition and Mental Health
1985:Gibson, Lawrence E., M.D.,
1632:Wood, NK; Goaz, PW (1997).
956:Loss of lower facial height
925:Allergic contact stomatitis
921:Allergic contact dermatitis
911:Allergic contact dermatitis
806:Inflammatory bowel diseases
550:Irritant contact dermatitis
439:Bacterial species, either:
10:
4330:
3914:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3862:HIV salivary gland disease
3371:Gingival cyst of the adult
2817:Oral florid papillomatosis
2530:
2418:
2142:. CRC Press. p. 246.
1599:Concise Medical Dictionary
1596:Martin, Elizabeth (2015).
1084:Denture-related stomatitis
917:Allergic contact cheilitis
914:
547:
292:other vitamin deficiencies
4259:
4253:
4248:
4161:
4153:Orofacial soft tissues –
4147:
4088:
4071:
3919:Salivary gland hypoplasia
3842:
3829:
3733:
3708:
3647:Bisphosphonate-associated
3541:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3516:
3494:
3317:
3284:
3012:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2948:
2922:
2602:
2585:
2538:
2525:
2476:Median rhomboid glossitis
2426:
2413:
2334:
2321:
2218:
2188:Samaranayake, LP (2009).
2076:Canadian Family Physician
1792:Tyldesley's Oral medicine
1485:Scully, Crispian (2008).
704:and glossitis can occur.
382:
179:
168:
154:
146:
138:
125:
109:
61:
49:
40:
29:
24:
4226:Orofacial granulomatosis
4005:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
3990:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3924:Salivary gland neoplasms
3715:Temporomandibular joints
3686:Periapical periodontitis
3418:Linear gingival erythema
3186:Regional odontodysplasia
3032:Enamel hypocalcification
2326:
1853:Primary Care Dermatology
866:
782:orofacial granulomatosis
612:Nutritional deficiencies
451:β-hemolytic streptococci
223:. Infections include by
204:. Often the corners are
4123:Obstructive sleep apnea
3889:Salivary duct stricture
3669:Paget's disease of bone
3166:Pulp canal obliteration
3007:Dentin hypersensitivity
2953:Amelogenesis imperfecta
2805:Squamous cell carcinoma
2785:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2772:Squamous cell papilloma
2749:Melanocytic oral lesion
977:- inside the mouth, 2)
739:, such as may occur in
430:species alone (usually
401:opportunistic infection
4269:Hemifacial hypertrophy
4236:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3909:Salivary gland fistula
3899:Salivary gland atresia
3894:Salivary gland aplasia
3748:Mandibular dislocation
3719:muscles of mastication
3597:Calcifying odontogenic
3226:Vertical root fracture
3221:Cracked tooth syndrome
3196:Shovel-shaped incisors
3091:Wisdom tooth impaction
2973:Early childhood caries
2839:Benign mucous membrane
2800:Spindle cell carcinoma
2709:Intraoral dental sinus
2627:Burning mouth syndrome
1820:"Riboflavin (vitamin B
1151:Diiodohydroxyquinoline
986:
943:Examples of potential
936:
853:plasma cell gingivitis
670:Vitamin B12 deficiency
666:seborrhoeic dermatitis
618:nutritional deficiency
575:exposure and smoking.
545:
537:
409:iron deficiency anemia
315:
307:
183:0.7% of the population
4078:Stomatognathic system
3980:Acinic cell carcinoma
3602:Glandular odontogenic
2754:Molluscum contagiosum
2011:Ann Dermatol Venereol
1155:Staphylococcus aureus
993:, trauma) or a split
972:
932:
861:sideropenic dysphagia
654:Vitamin B2 deficiency
543:
521:
444:Staphylococcus aureus
361:Staphylococcus aureus
313:
305:
4221:Oral Crohn's disease
4176:Basal cell carcinoma
3815:Condylar hyperplasia
3800:Maxillary hypoplasia
3366:Gingival enlargement
3299:periodontal ligament
2905:Verruciform xanthoma
2637:Condyloma acuminatum
1415:Lyons, Faye (2014).
1113:medication, such as
1037:(and possibly other
1023:complete blood count
753:chronic pancreatitis
682:megaloblastic anemia
487:sores from healing.
355:(which may resemble
339:(cracked), crusted,
294:are a common cause.
253:poor immune function
142:Children, 30s to 60s
4231:Perioral dermatitis
3967:Pleomorphic adenoma
3947:Monomorphic adenoma
3937:Canalicular adenoma
3810:Condylar hypoplasia
3743:Condylar resorption
3587:Lateral periodontal
3546:Mandibular fracture
3445:Periodontal abscess
3042:Turner's hypoplasia
2810:Verrucous carcinoma
2759:Morsicatio buccarum
2739:Lupus erythematosus
2652:Erythema multiforme
2568:Stomatitis nicotina
1092:collagen injections
522:A famous sketch by
484:Potassium hydroxide
272:antibacterial cream
4274:Facial hemiatrophy
4128:Periodic breathing
4059:Sjögren's syndrome
3932:Basal cell adenoma
3696:Torus mandibularis
3674:Periapical abscess
3657:Osteoradionecrosis
3582:Buccal bifurcation
3561:Intraosseous cysts
3450:Periodontal trauma
3354:Pyogenic granuloma
3201:Supernumerary root
3154:Pulp calcification
3142:Premature eruption
3113:Odontogenic tumors
2910:White sponge nevus
2883:Submucous fibrosis
2827:Smoker's melanosis
2714:Irritation fibroma
2553:High-arched palate
2461:Foliate papillitis
2451:Cunnilingus tongue
2436:Black hairy tongue
2366:Congenital lip pit
1992:2009-09-15 at the
1111:topical antifungal
987:
937:
889:hypervitaminosis A
814:ulcerative colitis
786:Sjögren's syndrome
771:Systemic disorders
616:Several different
546:
538:
413:contact dermatitis
369:granulation tissue
316:
308:
298:Signs and symptoms
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4244:
4243:
4143:
4142:
4067:
4066:
3972:Sebaceous adenoma
3825:
3824:
3704:
3703:
3615:Median mandibular
3610:Nasopalatine duct
3526:Alveolar osteitis
3490:
3489:
3477:Perio-endo lesion
3359:Congenital epulis
3280:
3279:
3037:Enamel hypoplasia
2918:
2917:
2893:Riga–Fede disease
2744:Melanocytic nevus
2684:Hairy leukoplakia
2647:Epulis fissuratum
2581:
2580:
2521:
2520:
2471:Geographic tongue
2409:
2408:
2281:
2280:
2047:978-1-4051-6911-0
1863:978-0-7817-9378-0
1729:978-1-60327-519-4
1106:paste) at night.
757:pernicious anemia
674:folate deficiency
632:or deficiency of
573:ultraviolet light
560:digestive enzymes
524:Leonardo da Vinci
333:breakdown of skin
219:, irritation, or
190:Angular cheilitis
187:
186:
25:Angular cheilitis
19:Medical condition
4321:
4250:
4249:
4149:
4148:
4073:
4072:
3942:Ductal papilloma
3831:
3830:
3710:
3709:
3607:Non-odontogenic:
3592:Globulomaxillary
3531:Buccal exostosis
3496:
3495:
3440:Peri-implantitis
3286:
3285:
3002:Dentin dysplasia
2924:
2923:
2900:Verruca vulgaris
2795:Mucosal melanoma
2642:Darier's disease
2617:Behçet's disease
2587:
2586:
2543:Bednar's aphthae
2527:
2526:
2415:
2414:
2401:Trumpeter's wart
2323:
2322:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2082:(6): 1022–1023.
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2006:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1872:
1871:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1787:
1772:
1771:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1715:
1694:
1693:
1669:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1618:
1617:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1578:. Archived from
1561:
1552:
1501:
1500:
1482:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1382:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1237:
1075:Oral candidiasis
1059:oral candidiasis
825:endocrine tumors
778:anorexia nervosa
658:mucous membranes
650:immunocompromise
433:Candida albicans
321:vermilion border
277:developing world
266:. Frequently an
230:Candida albicans
172:Based on cause,
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
45:
22:
21:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4255:
4240:
4196:Ludwig's angina
4157:
4139:
4098:Mouth breathing
4084:
4063:
3884:Pneumoparotitis
3857:Frey's syndrome
3838:
3836:Salivary glands
3821:
3729:
3700:
3679:Phoenix abscess
3512:
3508:hard tissues –
3486:
3408:Hypercementosis
3327:Cementoblastoma
3313:
3276:
2990:Dens evaginatus
2944:
2914:
2866:Denture-related
2851:Plasmoacanthoma
2777:Keratoacanthoma
2598:
2596:Lining of mouth
2577:
2573:Torus palatinus
2534:
2517:
2498:Lingual thyroid
2456:Fissured tongue
2446:Crenated tongue
2422:
2405:
2391:Nasolabial cyst
2376:Herpes labialis
2330:
2317:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2227:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2186:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2007:
2003:
1994:Wayback Machine
1984:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1902:
1875:
1864:
1848:
1839:
1823:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1788:
1775:
1768:
1748:
1737:
1730:
1716:
1697:
1690:
1670:
1651:
1644:
1630:
1621:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1559:
1553:
1504:
1497:
1483:
1440:
1429:
1413:
1406:
1383:
1276:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1145:also have some
1131:corticosteroids
1096:hyaluronic acid
1071:
1051:
967:
958:
927:
913:
897:methamphetamine
869:
810:Crohn's disease
773:
765:Crohn's disease
749:Coeliac disease
718:Zinc deficiency
712:(alopecia) and
630:iron deficiency
614:
581:mouth breathing
552:
533:The Last Supper
516:
504:antiviral drugs
496:herpes labialis
421:
385:
331:(swelling) and
300:
288:
259:for allergies.
105:
72:
68:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Eagle syndrome
4260:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Cystic hygroma
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:Sialolithiasis
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3985:Adenocarcinoma
3982:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Myoepithelioma
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:Traumatic bone
3622:
3620:Median palatal
3617:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3413:Hypocementosis
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:Neonatal teeth
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3027:Ectopic enamel
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2822:Oral melanosis
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Bohn's nodules
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Amalgam tattoo
2603:
2600:
2599:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2244:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:Classification
2212:
2211:External links
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:978-0702041679
2198:
2167:
2148:
2128:
2103:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2028:
2001:
1978:
1972:978-1550091861
1971:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1915:978-0721690032
1914:
1873:
1862:
1837:
1821:
1818:(2005-08-01).
1807:
1801:978-0192631473
1800:
1773:
1767:978-0192628947
1766:
1753:Oral pathology
1735:
1728:
1695:
1688:
1649:
1643:978-0815194323
1642:
1619:
1608:
1588:
1585:on 2014-04-19.
1502:
1495:
1438:
1427:
1404:
1274:
1252:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1135:hydrocortisone
1119:amphotericin B
1070:
1067:
1050:
1049:Classification
1047:
966:
963:
957:
954:
912:
909:
868:
865:
827:which secrete
772:
769:
613:
610:
568:intertriginous
548:Main article:
528:Judas Iscariot
515:
512:
492:herpes simplex
468:
467:
456:
455:
454:
448:
437:
420:
417:
384:
381:
299:
296:
286:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
161:, irritation,
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
129:
123:
122:
113:
107:
106:
104:
103:
65:
63:
59:
58:
47:
46:
38:
37:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4326:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Lip disorders
4302:
4301:
4299:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Actinomycosis
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Sialodochitis
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:malocclusions
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Stafne defect
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:Osteonecrosis
3640:
3638:
3637:Osteomyelitis
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:Bones of jaws
3507:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:Periodontitis
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Pericoronitis
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Granulomatous
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Eruption cyst
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Pulp necrosis
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:Dens in dente
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Discoloration
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Lichen planus
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Herpes zoster
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Fordyce spots
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Erythroplakia
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Caviar tongue
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Ankyloglossia
2429:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Sun poisoning
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2155:
2151:
2149:9781439863350
2145:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1940:9780199204830
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1689:9780443068966
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1609:9780199687817
1605:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1496:9780443068188
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1428:9780826136442
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1393:(6): 289–95.
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1253:9780721672649
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Ancient Greek
1204:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1183:Patch testing
1178:
1176:
1175:chlorhexidine
1172:
1171:metronidazole
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:antibacterial
1144:
1140:
1139:triamcinolone
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
984:
980:
976:
971:
962:
953:
951:
946:
941:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
905:hallucinogens
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Down syndrome
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
768:
766:
763:resection in
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:malabsorption
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
551:
542:
535:
534:
529:
525:
520:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
465:
461:
457:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
438:
435:
434:
429:
426:
425:
424:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
304:
295:
293:
289:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
264:barrier cream
260:
258:
257:patch testing
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
240:Staph. aureus
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
182:
178:
175:
174:barrier cream
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:Days to years
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
112:
108:
99:
67:
66:
64:
62:Pronunciation
60:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
35:
32:
28:
23:
4154:
4081:
4017:Sialadenitis
3976:
3928:
3793:Scissor bite
3788:Retrognathia
3773:Overeruption
3753:Malocclusion
3726:
3606:
3565:
3556:Micrognathia
3509:
3500:Periapical,
3386:Desquamative
3310:
3291:Periodontium
3265:Acid erosion
3206:Taurodontism
3137:Open contact
3049:Enamel pearl
3017:Dilaceration
2980:Concrescence
2781:
2768:
2595:
2548:Cleft palate
2508:Microglossia
2503:Macroglossia
2488:Glossoptosis
2386:Microcheilia
2381:Macrocheilia
2348:
2265:
2246:
2231:
2189:
2160:17 September
2158:. Retrieved
2138:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2017:(1): 39–53.
2014:
2010:
2004:
1981:
1962:
1930:
1924:
1905:
1852:
1810:
1791:
1752:
1719:
1674:
1633:
1598:
1591:
1580:the original
1570:(1): 27–32.
1567:
1563:
1486:
1417:
1390:
1386:
1269:
1264:17 September
1262:. Retrieved
1246:. Saunders.
1242:
1235:
1221:inflammation
1216:
1210:
1201:
1198:Epidemiology
1192:
1179:
1159:fusidic acid
1154:
1123:ketoconazole
1115:clotrimazole
1108:
1100:oral hygiene
1088:
1072:
1052:
1006:
990:
988:
983:chapped lips
959:
942:
938:
873:isotretinoin
870:
818:Glucagonomas
802:macroglossia
774:
737:malnutrition
734:
688:deficiency (
615:
606:
602:chapped lips
592:
588:
577:
553:
531:
489:
469:
463:
459:
442:
431:
422:
386:
373:
360:
317:
261:
238:
228:
214:
198:inflammation
193:
189:
188:
4211:Microstomia
4201:Macrostomia
4191:Gnathophyma
4108:Catathrenia
4103:Sleep apnea
4034:Sialectasis
3577:Dentigerous
3567:Odontogenic
3396:Plasma cell
3332:Gigantiform
3108:Microdontia
3098:Macrodontia
3069:Hyperdontia
2764:Oral cancer
2724:Leukoplakia
2632:Candidiasis
2592:Oral mucosa
2513:Rhabdomyoma
2493:Hypoglossia
2354:Plasma cell
2116:www.jcda.ca
1998:Mayo Clinic
1816:MedlinePlus
1035:vitamin B12
975:canker sore
841:neutropenia
794:sialorrhoea
676:(a lack of
642:koilonychia
638:Third World
460:C. albicans
139:Usual onset
120:dermatology
30:Other names
4298:Categories
4171:Angioedema
3977:Malignant:
3957:Oncocytoma
3783:Prognathia
3572:periapical
3551:Microgenia
3502:mandibular
3460:Aggressive
3381:Gingivitis
3322:Cementicle
3260:Abfraction
3250:Tooth wear
3243:Edentulism
3238:Tooth loss
3191:Resorption
3176:Pulp polyp
3159:Pulp stone
3103:Meth mouth
3074:Hypodontia
3064:Gemination
2995:Talon cusp
2888:Ulceration
2856:Stomatitis
2834:Pemphigoid
2782:Malignant:
2734:Linea alba
2719:Leukoedema
2699:Herpangina
2667:Giant-cell
1987:"Dry Skin"
1227:References
1143:miconazole
1104:zinc oxide
1069:Management
1063:refractory
1055:stomatitis
1039:B vitamins
1013:pathogenic
1002:mandibular
995:syphilitic
950:patch test
934:Patch test
915:See also:
822:pancreatic
759:caused by
741:alcoholism
726:dermatitis
694:dermatitis
686:Vitamin B3
678:folic acid
662:Vitamin B5
634:B vitamins
620:states of
597:factitious
593:pourlècher
564:edentulism
477:pathogenic
473:microbiota
391:(yeasts),
353:dermatitis
268:antifungal
4039:Sialocele
4022:Parotitis
3763:Open bite
3758:Crossbite
3536:Cherubism
3506:maxillary
3339:Cementoma
3270:Attrition
3086:Impaction
3054:Fluorosis
2963:Anodontia
2958:Ankylosis
2846:Pemphigus
2466:Glossitis
2361:Cleft lip
2339:Cheilitis
2088:0008-350X
1207:Etymology
1189:Prognosis
1167:mupirocin
1016:bacterial
965:Diagnosis
945:allergens
885:vitamin A
881:sorafenib
877:indinavir
820:are rare
808:(such as
710:hair loss
646:glossitis
558:contains
508:aciclovir
464:S. aureus
419:Infection
405:pathogens
403:by these
397:secondary
345:atrophied
341:ulcerated
285:vitamin B
221:allergies
217:infection
210:cheilitis
180:Frequency
169:Treatment
163:allergies
159:Infection
116:Dentistry
111:Specialty
56:dry mouth
4049:Sialosis
4000:Lymphoma
3872:Mucocele
3768:Overbite
3521:Agnathia
3482:Teething
3307:alveolus
3303:cementum
3255:Abrasion
3231:Occlusal
3216:Avulsion
3181:Pulpitis
3125:Odontoma
2871:Herpetic
2861:Aphthous
2371:Eclabium
2154:Archived
1990:Archived
1868:Archived
1832:Archived
1614:Archived
1576:21877503
1433:Archived
1399:21838086
1258:Archived
1163:neomycin
1149:action.
1133:such as
1127:nystatin
1031:ferritin
845:diabetes
829:glucagon
790:drooling
722:alopecia
714:dry eyes
702:dementia
698:diarrhea
690:pellagra
626:minerals
622:vitamins
589:perlèche
506:such as
393:bacteria
377:pruritus
349:rhagades
337:fissured
325:erythema
245:dentures
237:such as
235:bacteria
227:such as
147:Duration
127:Symptoms
34:Rhagades
4135:Snoring
4093:Bruxism
3929:Benign:
3778:Overjet
3738:Bruxism
3632:Osteoma
3470:Chronic
3295:gingiva
2769:Benign:
2662:Fibroma
2349:Angular
2344:Actinic
2272:D002613
2097:1949217
2023:3579131
1041:), and
1019:species
1009:Candida
893:cocaine
500:vesicle
428:Candida
249:smoking
132:Redness
3877:Ranula
3349:Epulis
3211:Trauma
3059:Fusion
2968:Caries
2941:enamel
2937:dentin
2532:Palate
2420:Tongue
2196:
2146:
2121:8 June
2094:
2086:
2044:
2021:
1969:
1937:
1912:
1860:
1798:
1764:
1758:197–98
1726:
1686:
1680:180–81
1640:
1606:
1574:
1493:
1425:
1397:
1250:
1217:χείλος
1173:, and
1079:bleach
1043:folate
998:papule
979:herpes
923:, and
903:, and
901:heroin
879:, and
849:eczema
706:Biotin
556:Saliva
480:hyphal
383:Causes
357:eczema
290:, and
155:Causes
102:
52:anemia
4254:Other
2929:Teeth
2261:686.8
2257:528.5
2242:K13.0
1583:(PDF)
1564:Cutis
1560:(PDF)
1387:Cutis
1125:, or
867:Drugs
859:, or
843:, or
761:ileal
389:fungi
329:edema
225:fungi
202:mouth
196:) is
4216:Noma
3721:and
3504:and
3309:) –
2933:pulp
2328:Lips
2267:MeSH
2252:9-CM
2194:ISBN
2162:2014
2144:ISBN
2123:2018
2084:ISSN
2042:ISBN
2019:PMID
1967:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1572:PMID
1491:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1395:PMID
1266:2014
1248:ISBN
1027:iron
991:e.g.
724:and
462:and
281:iron
270:and
233:and
54:and
2248:ICD
2233:ICD
2092:PMC
2015:114
1137:or
1090:as
1011:or
812:or
792:or
767:).
751:or
624:or
585:tic
530:in
365:pus
343:or
206:red
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