568:
783:. Positive reinforcement techniques such as petting, kind words, rewarding of treats, and clicker training have some benefit, but not to the degree seen in dogs and other predator species. Punishment of horses is effective only to a very limited degree, usually a sharp command or brief physical punishment given within a few seconds of a disobedient act. Horses do not correlate punishment to a specific behavior unless it occurs immediately. They do, however, have a remarkably long memory, and once a task is learned, it will be retained for a very long time. For this reason, poor training or allowing bad habits to be learned can be very difficult to remedy at a later date.
416:
like clickers, to bridge the interval between response and positive reinforcement. Some stimuli that is considered discriminative are signals, targets and cues. They can be used to prompt a response from an animal, and can be changed to other stimuli or faded in magnitude. In order to delay satiation, reinforcer size should be as small as possible and still be effective for reinforcement. Also, the timing of the delivery of a reinforcer is crucial. Initially the interval between response and consequence must be minimal in order for the animal to associate the consequence with the response.
129:
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practical aspects on the human side such as the ratio of the number of trainers to each animal. In some circumstances one animal may have multiple trainers, in others, a trainer might attend simultaneously to many animals in a training session. Sometimes training is accomplished with a single trainer working individually with a single animal. In some species, the number of trainers is irrelevant, yet it can usually achieve the wanted outcome.
768:
25:
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Positive reinforcement for dogs can include primary reinforcers like food or social reinforcers, such as vocal ("good boy") or tactile (stroking) ones. Positive punishment, if used at all, can be physical, such as pulling on a leash or spanking. It may also be vocal, such as saying "bad dog". Bridges
314:
exist. They do not share consistent goals or requirements; they do not prevent someone from practicing as an animal trainer nor using the title. Similarly, the United States does not require animal trainers to have any specific certification. An animal trainer should consider the natural behaviors of
524:
Training also may take into consideration the natural social tendencies of the animal species (or even breed), such as predilections for attention span, food-motivation, dominance hierarchies, aggression, or bonding to individuals (conspecifics as well as humans). Consideration must also be given to
954:
show. During the Clyde and
Seamore show, the trainers may say something like: "Good grief, Clyde!" or "Good job, Seamore". The trainers substitute the word "good" in the place of food or rubdowns when teaching a specific behavior to the animals so that the animals no longer need constant feeding as
917:
In a public display situation, the audience's attention is focused on the animal, rather than the trainer; therefore the discriminative stimulus is generally gestural (a hand sign) and sparse in nature. Unobtrusive dog whistles are used as bridges, and positive reinforcers are either primary (food)
415:
There are various methods animal trainers can use to prompt an animal to respond to a stimulus in a specific way. For example, shaping is a process by which successive approximations are rewarded until the desirable response topography is attained. An animal trainer can use conditioned reinforcers,
1648:
Minier, Darren E.; Tatum, Lindsay; Gottlieb, Daniel H.; Cameron, Ashley; Snarr, Jessica; Elliot, Richard; Cook, Ashleigh; Elliot, Kami; Banta, Kimberly; Heagerty, Allison; McCowan, Brenda (2011-07-01). "Human-directed contra-aggression training using positive reinforcement with single and multiple
857:
light when it is off, and it will skim the surface until its owner feeds it. Fish have also been taught to perform more complicated tasks, such as fetching rings, swimming through hoops and tubes, doing the limbo and pushing a miniature soccer ball into a net. Fish have been taught to distinguish
791:
Typical training tasks for companion birds include perching, non-aggression, halting feather-picking, controlling excessive vocalizations, socialization with household members and other pets, and socialization with strangers. The large parrot species frequently have lifespans that exceed that of
875:
Animals in public display are sometimes trained for educational, entertainment, management, and husbandry behaviors. Educational behaviors may include species-typical behaviors under stimulus control such as vocalizations. Entertainment may include display behaviors to show the animal, or simply
520:
The degree of trainer protection from the animal and the tasks trained may also vary. They can range from entertainment, husbandry (veterinary) behaviors, physical labor or athleticism, habituation to averse stimuli, interaction (or non-interaction) with other humans, or even research (sensory,
370:
Behavior analysts emphasize the use of positive reinforcement for increasing desirable behaviors and negative punishment for decreasing undesirable behaviors. If punishment is going to be used to decrease an undesirable behavior, the animal must be able to receive positive reinforcement for an
876:
arbitrary behaviors. Management includes movement, such as following the trainer, entering crates, or moving from pen to pen, or tank-to-tank through gates. Husbandry behaviors facilitate veterinary care. It can include desensitization to various physical examinations or procedures, such as:
836:, using a clicker and chicken feed for reinforcement. The first chicken workshops were given by Keller and Marian Breland in 1947–1948 to a group of animal feed salesmen from General Mills, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Trained chickens may be confined to a display (Bird Brain) where they play
583:
monitor the use of animals such as those used in the entertainment industry, but they do not monitor their training. It is best known for its end credit disclaimer "No
Animals Were Harmed" that appears at the end of the credits of films and shows.
747:
and accept handling that would not be natural for a wild animal, such as willingly going into a confined space, or having a predator (a human being) sit on its back. As training advances, some horses are prepared for competitive sports, up to the
559:, selected inmates in prisons are used to train service dogs. In addition to adding to the short supply of service animals, such programs have produced benefits in improved socialization skills and behavior of inmates.
861:
Molluscs, with totally different brain designs, have been taught to distinguish and respond to geometric symbols (cuttlefish and octopus), and have been taught that food behind a clear barrier cannot be eaten (squid).
946:, so most of the time they will receive vocal reinforcers during shows and performances. The shows are turned into more of a play production because of this, instead of just a run through of behaviors like
411:
While continuous reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule may be necessary for the initial learning stages, a variable ratio schedule is the most effective at maintaining behavior over long periods of time.
840:
against humans for a fee, invented by Bob Bailey and Grant Evans, of Animal
Behavior Enterprises. The moves were chosen by computer and indicated to the chicken by a light invisible to the human player.
832:, teaches chicken training seminars where trainers teach poultry to discriminate between shapes, to navigate an obstacle course and to chain behaviors together. Chicken training is done using
828:
Training chickens has become a way for trainers of other animals (primarily dogs) to perfect their training technique. Bob Bailey, formerly of Animal
Behavior Enterprises and the
382:
should be provided according to a predetermined schedule. Such a schedule of reinforcement specifies whether all responses or only some are reinforced and includes the following:
853:
may swim toward their owners and follow them as they walk through the room, but will not follow anyone else. The fish may swim up and down, signalling the owner to turn on its
548:, are trained to utilize their sensory and social skills to bond with a human and help that person to offset a disability in daily life. The use of service animals, especially
995:
1708:
Bailey, R. E. & Gillaspy, J. A. (2005). Operant
Psychology Goes to the Fair: Marian and Keller Breland in the Popular Press, 1947–1966. The Behavior Analyst No. 2 (Fall)
2118:
Bailey, R.E & Gillaspy,J.A. (2005). Operant
Conditioning Goes to the Fair: Marian and Keller Breland in the Popular Press. The Behavior Analyst No. 2 (Fall)
591:(Picture Animal Top Star of the Year) was originated by the Hollywood office in 1939 after a horse was killed in an on-set accident during the filming of the
2459:
2013:
Zepeda, Emily A.; Veline, Robert J.; Crook, Robyn J. (2017-06-01). "Rapid
Associative Learning and Stable Long-Term Memory in the Squid Euprymna scolopes".
1685:
1002:
890:
Such voluntary training is important for minimizing the frequency with which zoo collection animals must be anesthetized or physically restrained.
350:
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, which causes the occurrences of the behavior to increase in the future.
2241:
614:, received over 40 Patsy awards. While there is a high demand for mammals for film and television, there is also a demand for other animals.
358:
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus. This causes a decrease in occurrences of behavior in the future.
1030:
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is to socialize them around humans, teach them to behave in a manner that makes them safe for humans to handle, and, as adults to carry a
1847:
Shinozuka, Kazutaka; Ono, Haruka; Watanabe, Shigeru (2013). "Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus properties of music in goldfish".
858:
and respond differently to slight differences in human faces displayed on a screen (archerfish) or styles of music (goldfish and koi).
1262:, third ruler of the Mughal Dynasty in India, reputedly kept thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and trained many himself.
366:
Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus. As a result, the occurrences of the behavior decrease in the future.
2492:
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963:
On an experimental basis, wildlife researchers have employed animal trainers in their interactions with animals in the field.
89:
2145:
701:. Negative reinforcement may also be used. Punishment is also a tool, including withholding of food or physical discipline.
61:
1198:
2234:
462:
Certain sub-fields of animal training tend to also have certain philosophies and styles. For example, fields such as:
68:
1718:
1382:— Psychological theory antithetical to behaviorism, internal mental representations and operations affecting behavior.
3210:
2423:
1355:
1237:
749:
108:
1956:"Reconsideration of Serial Visual Reversal Learning in Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) from a Methodological Perspective"
1376:— Psychological theory under which operant conditioning falls, the effects of external events (stimuli) on behavior.
342:
Occurs when an animal's behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases occurrences of the behavior in the future.
2355:
1240:, movie animal trainer, author, executive producer and dog trainer featured in the CBS television series Lucky Dog.
775:
Unlike dogs, horses are not motivated as strongly by positive reinforcement rewards as they are motivated by other
42:
2109:
Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1953, December). The new animal psychology. National Humane
Society Review, 10–12.
75:
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2314:
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Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1951). A field of applied animal psychology. American
Psychologist, 6, 202–204.
46:
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A reinforcer delivery occurs after a set number of responses, but that number varies around an average number.
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2227:
57:
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433:
333:
During training, an animal trainer can administer one of four potential consequences for a given behavior:
1954:
Bublitz, Alexander; Weinhold, Severine R.; Strobel, Sophia; Dehnhardt, Guido; Hanke, Frederike D. (2017).
2751:
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1120:
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Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1961). The misbehavior of organisms. American
Psychologist, 16, 681–684.
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The first response that is emitted after a set but variable amount of time has elapsed is reinforced.
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35:
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generally do in their shows. Guests can often hear these vocal reinforcers when attending a
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8:
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743:. As prey animals, much effort must be put into training horses to overcome its natural
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the animal and aim to modify behaviors through a basic system of reward and punishment.
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1990:
1955:
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752:, where horses are the only non-human animal athlete that is used at the Olympics. All
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1995:
1977:
1932:
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methods such as the release of pressure as a reward for the correct behavior, called
615:
134:
2172:
2050:
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with humans or other pets. Dogs are also trained for many other activities, such as
3132:
3006:
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2022:
1985:
1967:
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1782:
Newport, Cait; Wallis, Guy; Reshitnyk, Yarema; Siebeck, Ulrike E. (2016-06-07).
3328:
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1016:
718:
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537:
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451:
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296:
177:
1933:"Automation of Discrimination Training for Cuttlefish (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)"
407:
The first response that is emitted after a set time has elapsed is reinforced.
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2207:
Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus
2034:
1981:
1972:
1917:
1815:
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1397:
1367:
1350:
1231:
1181:
1092:
Known for earliest commercial application of Skinner's operant conditioning:
1006:
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666:
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556:
379:
288:
280:
240:
189:
2214:
Animal training: Successful animal management through positive reinforcement
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1999:
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991:
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698:
686:
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and is separated into four categories: canine, equine, wild and special.
588:
300:
1736:
988:(1877–1925), American vaudeville entertainer, and circus animal trainer.
3268:
3081:
3071:
2897:
2801:
2572:
2519:
2509:
2219:
1908:
1891:
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1081:
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their human owners, and they are closely bonded to their owners. Some
670:
604:
575:
with his toy, a horse, on a walk with his keeper in a traveling circus.
252:
1807:
552:, is an ever-growing field, with a wide range of special adaptations.
395:
A specific number of responses occur before a reinforcer is delivered.
3288:
3061:
2851:
2642:
2592:
2587:
1126:
943:
809:
611:
572:
291:. The type of training an animal receives will vary depending on the
236:
205:
16:
Teaching animals specific responses to specific conditions or stimuli
767:
24:
3106:
3026:
2992:
2907:
2724:
2699:
2684:
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2026:
1385:
1311:
951:
927:
923:
919:
911:
854:
850:
801:
797:
438:
3308:
3298:
2902:
2734:
2714:
2657:
2416:
1784:"Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (Toxotes chatareus)"
947:
690:
181:
138:
2470:
3021:
1953:
1683:
1327:
1306:
1151:
1062:
1009:(1887–1928) Russian circus animal trainers and founders of the
972:
935:
829:
732:
619:
508:
304:
284:
268:
232:
185:
685:
to positive reinforcement, include vocal cues, whistling, and
502:
295:
used, and the purpose for training the animal. For example, a
2887:
2829:
2304:
1781:
1246:, dog trainer known for his Emmy-nominated television series
1131:
939:
805:
724:
2183:
2136:(illustrated ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2127:
1109:
1044:
771:
A human with a trained horse and a trained Peregrine Falcon
595:
1647:
982:(1920 –2004), first female African American horse trainer.
898:
Many marine mammals are trained for entertainment such as
3111:
2984:
2165:
Don't Shoot the Dog! The New Art of Teaching and Training
549:
1314:
Raptors (birds of prey) trained to hunt or pursue game.
1178:, one of the most celebrated Hollywood animal trainers.
661:
tasks for dogs, include walking on a leash, attention,
2460:
Category:Individual apes involved in language studies
1526:
1524:
1445:
1443:
1846:
1362:
Related to animal behavior, psychology and training:
1218:, veterinarian, animal behaviorist, and dog trainer.
419:Other important issues related to this method are:
1084:of animal training and described the phenomenon of
299:will be trained to achieve a different goal than a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2129:
1521:
1440:
966:
883:Nail clipping or stepping onto a scale voluntarily
2983:
2175:Carrots and Sticks: Principles of Animal Training
2012:
1892:"Music discriminations by carp (Cyprinus carpio)"
1435:Carrots and Sticks: Principles of Animal Training
1394:— The development of discriminative stimuli (SDs)
1286:, an orca that has been involved in three deaths.
918:or tactile (rub downs), and not vocal. However,
3363:
2193:Behavior modification: Principles and procedures
1719:"Why did the chicken win the game? Conditioning"
1558:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1545:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1532:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1516:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1503:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1477:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1464:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
1451:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
812:to catch fish has gone on for over 1,200 years.
764:require the horse to have specialized training.
1282:focuses on orcas in captivity and specifically
1224:, dog trainer, author and television presenter.
1212:, animal trainer, author and radio personality.
955:praise for achieving the appropriate behavior.
886:The collection of samples (e.g. biopsy, urine)
2969:
2486:
2235:
1649:trainers for indoor-housed rhesus macaques".
1031:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
796:are trained to hunt, an ancient art known as
1943:: 15–21 – via Shippensburg University.
1256:, animal trainer, entertainer, and producer.
1039:, (born 1947), animal trainer, owner of the
374:
1931:Hough, Alexander; Boal, Jean (2014-01-01).
1388:— Study of the natural behavior of animals.
1119:(1892–1970) a Canadian film maker in early
1023:who introduced "natural" animal enclosures.
2976:
2962:
2493:
2479:
2242:
2228:
1937:Keystone Journal of Undergraduate Research
1924:
1775:
994:(1932–1992) Chief Animal Trainer with the
323:
1989:
1971:
1930:
1907:
1823:
1043:, trained most of the tigers used in the
516:, depicting a trainer with a muzzled bear
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2249:
2063:
1840:
1165:trained dolphins for the original 1960s
819:
766:
644:
566:
501:
1947:
1057:, an animal trainer and performer with
849:Fish can also be trained. For example,
457:
279:. Training may be for purposes such as
3364:
2209:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013)
893:
2957:
2474:
2223:
2006:
1889:
1129:(1916–2002) trained dogs used in the
603:. The award now covers both film and
2938:
2128:Sandra Choron, Harry Choron (2005).
2064:Lombardi, Linda (13 February 2018).
1750:
1029:(1934–2001) trained animals for the
844:
625:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2195:. (4th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
1883:
870:
13:
2199:
528:
133:Early 20th century animal trainer
14:
3383:
2500:
1356:Animals in professional wrestling
1238:Brandon McMillan (animal trainer)
1199:Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
971:Known for their influence on the
958:
310:In some countries animal trainer
3345:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3322:
2937:
2928:
2927:
1686:"nytimes.com: Cormorant Fishing"
1651:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
723:The primary purpose of training
562:
127:
23:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2057:
1729:
1711:
1702:
1677:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1248:Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan
1172:, now opposes dolphin captivity
1047:TV advertisements in the 1970s.
967:List of notable animal trainers
865:
271:specific responses to specific
34:needs additional citations for
2216:. Shedd Aquarium: Chicago, IL.
1896:Animal Learning & Behavior
1663:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.009
1508:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1427:
1414:
1234:), and television personality.
218:
1:
2167:. Bantam Books: New York, NY.
2157:
1100:, Animal Behavior Enterprises
328:
256:
2191:Miltenberger, R. G. (2008).
2170:McGreevy, P & Boakes, R.
1890:Chase, Ava R. (2001-11-01).
1861:10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.009
1150:, which portrayed the first
996:State Circus of East Germany
7:
3294:Zoo emergency response team
2066:"Animal Trainers Gone Wild"
1758:"R2 Fish School – A review"
1290:
815:
649:A trained dog competing in
581:American Humane Association
521:physiological, cognitive).
10:
3388:
2315:Human–animal communication
1244:César Felipe Millán Favela
1230:dog trainer (particularly
1019:(1844–1913) a merchant of
708:
697:, a method popularized by
634:
618:has filled this niche for
579:Organizations such as the
495:Zoo exotic animal training
318:
3317:
3236:
3211:Former zoos and aquariums
3166:
3120:
2999:
2923:
2880:
2810:
2777:
2683:
2508:
2442:
2348:
2335:Self-anointing in animals
2310:FOXP2 and human evolution
2257:
2184:"Sydney University Press"
808:the practice of training
704:
375:Establishing new behavior
246:
224:
219:professional requirements
211:
200:
195:
171:
159:
151:
146:
126:
2300:Evolutionary linguistics
2132:Planet Dog: A Doglopedia
1973:10.3389/fphys.2017.00054
1408:
1370:— Founder of Behaviorism
1080:(1849–1946) studied the
786:
745:flight or fight instinct
489:Circus elephant training
486:Mahout elephant training
2015:The Biological Bulletin
1960:Frontiers in Physiology
1433:McGreevy & Boakes,
824:Chicken on a skateboard
630:
483:Dressage horse training
471:Companion bird training
324:The behavioral approach
267:is the act of teaching
3158:Species reintroduction
2705:Cigar box manipulation
2455:Category:Talking birds
2163:Pryor, Karen. (1999).
1086:classical conditioning
1053:, (born 1977), son of
1027:Gunther Gebel-Williams
980:Sylvia Rideoutt Bishop
825:
781:negative reinforcement
772:
654:
576:
517:
498:Marine mammal training
477:Companion dog training
371:alternative behavior.
346:Negative reinforcement
338:Positive reinforcement
3284:Wildlife conservation
3264:Behavioral enrichment
2330:Seismic communication
2280:Anecdotal cognitivism
1849:Behavioural Processes
1163:Richard (Ric) O'Barry
823:
770:
665:, nonaggression, and
648:
570:
505:
492:Zoo elephant training
474:Hunting bird training
429:Motivating operations
3254:Animals in captivity
3153:In situ conservation
3148:Ex situ conservation
3138:Conservation biology
2290:Deception in animals
2251:Animal communication
2212:Ramirez, K. (1999).
1403:Shaping (psychology)
1392:Operant conditioning
1041:Great British Circus
1011:Durov Animal Theater
834:operant conditioning
777:operant conditioning
610:One animal trainer,
458:Other considerations
312:certification bodies
43:improve this article
3351:Category: Aquariums
3206:Conservation topics
2787:Equestrian vaulting
1800:2016NatSR...627523N
1636:Don't Shoot the Dog
1623:Don't Shoot the Dog
1612:, p. 70, 75, 77, 79
1610:Don't Shoot the Dog
1597:Don't Shoot the Dog
1584:Don't Shoot the Dog
1571:Don't Shoot the Dog
1490:Don't Shoot the Dog
1422:Don't Shoot the Dog
1146:trained the collie
1071:scientific research
900:bottlenose dolphins
894:Marine mammal parks
762:draft horse showing
739:in order to pull a
362:Negative punishment
354:Positive punishment
257:related occupations
123:
3329:Animals portal
3304:Zoological society
3191:Animal sanctuaries
3143:Endangered species
3057:Marine mammal park
2412:Great ape language
2361:Whale vocalization
2325:Origin of language
1909:10.3758/bf03192900
1788:Scientific Reports
1193:Dances with Wolves
1104:Known for work in
942:) can hear in our
826:
773:
659:obedience training
655:
577:
518:
213:Education required
121:
3359:
3358:
3274:Immersion exhibit
3012:Animal theme park
2951:
2950:
2847:Human firecracker
2468:
2467:
2147:978-0-618-51752-7
1808:10.1038/srep27523
1725:. 28 August 2018.
1222:Victoria Stilwell
1170:television series
986:Dolores Vallecita
845:Fish and molluscs
756:disciplines from
626:Companion animals
616:Steven R. Kutcher
480:Show dog training
398:Variable interval
262:
261:
135:Dolores Vallecita
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Animal training"
3379:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3221:Zoo associations
3196:Butterfly houses
3133:Captive breeding
3007:Animal sanctuary
2978:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2792:Human cannonball
2747:Fire performance
2720:Hat manipulation
2710:Contact juggling
2558:Chair acrobatics
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2275:Animal cognition
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2187:
2180:
2152:
2151:
2135:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1975:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1657:(3–4): 178–186.
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1339:Military dolphin
1330:Elephant trainer
1297:Animals in sport
1274:SeaWorld Orlando
1268:, (1969–2010) a
1187:Benji the Hunted
1140:Frank Weatherwax
1051:Martin Lacey Jr.
1005:(1863–1916) and
871:Zoological parks
695:clicker training
546:miniature horses
542:Capuchin monkeys
424:Stimulus control
173:Activity sectors
131:
124:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3372:Animal training
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3321:
3313:
3279:Nocturnal house
3259:Animal training
3232:
3162:
3116:
3032:Butterfly house
2995:
2982:
2952:
2947:
2919:
2876:
2806:
2773:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2518:
2513:
2504:
2499:
2469:
2464:
2438:
2356:Aquatic animals
2349:Animal-specific
2344:
2340:Talking animals
2270:Animal language
2265:Animal training
2253:
2248:
2202:
2200:Further reading
2182:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2011:
2007:
1952:
1948:
1929:
1925:
1888:
1884:
1845:
1841:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1762:Goldfish Fables
1756:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1363:
1334:Military animal
1293:
1260:Akbar the Great
1210:Warren Eckstein
1144:Rudd Weatherwax
969:
961:
896:
873:
868:
847:
818:
789:
721:
709:Main articles:
707:
643:
635:Main articles:
633:
628:
565:
538:assistance dogs
534:Service animals
531:
529:Service animals
460:
434:Desensitization
377:
331:
326:
321:
293:training method
265:Animal training
249:
229:
227:
214:
174:
166:Performing arts
162:
161:Occupation type
142:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3340:Category: Zoos
3331:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Animal cruelty
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3216:Nature centers
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Reptile centre
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2872:Wheel of Death
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Globe of death
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2818:Animal trainer
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Fire breathing
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2506:
2505:
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2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
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2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
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2431:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2205:Nance, Susan.
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2071:Hakai Magazine
2056:
2027:10.1086/693461
2021:(3): 212–218.
2005:
1946:
1923:
1902:(4): 336–353.
1882:
1839:
1774:
1749:
1728:
1710:
1701:
1690:New York Times
1684:(2012-06-10).
1676:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1556:Miltenberger,
1549:
1543:Miltenberger,
1536:
1530:Miltenberger,
1520:
1514:Miltenberger,
1507:
1501:Miltenberger,
1494:
1481:
1475:Miltenberger,
1468:
1462:Miltenberger,
1455:
1449:Miltenberger,
1439:
1426:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1318:Horse training
1315:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1266:Dawn Brancheau
1263:
1257:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1232:detection dogs
1225:
1219:
1216:Dr. Ian Dunbar
1213:
1203:
1202:
1184:, trained for
1179:
1173:
1160:
1155:
1136:
1124:
1102:
1101:
1098:Marian Breland
1090:
1089:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1034:
1024:
1017:Carl Hagenbeck
1014:
1003:Vladimir Durov
999:
989:
983:
968:
965:
960:
959:Field research
957:
914:, and others.
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
872:
869:
867:
864:
846:
843:
817:
814:
788:
785:
719:horse behavior
711:Horse training
706:
703:
632:
629:
627:
624:
564:
561:
530:
527:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
459:
456:
455:
454:
452:Generalization
449:
447:Discrimination
444:
441:
436:
431:
426:
409:
408:
405:
404:Fixed interval
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:Variable ratio
376:
373:
368:
367:
364:
359:
356:
351:
348:
343:
340:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
297:seeing eye dog
260:
259:
250:
247:
244:
243:
230:
225:
222:
221:
215:
212:
209:
208:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
178:Social science
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
157:
156:
155:Animal trainer
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
132:
122:Animal trainer
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3384:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Animal rights
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Dolphinariums
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Nature center
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:Types of zoos
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Circus school
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2769:Toss juggling
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Russian swing
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Roman ladders
2621:
2619:
2618:Rolling globe
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Human pyramid
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Balance board
2551:
2549:
2548:Aerial straps
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:Circus skills
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:Talking birds
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1739:. Fish School
1738:
1737:"Fish School"
1732:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
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1631:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Reinforcement
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:B. F. Skinner
1366:
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1351:Show (animal)
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1007:Anatoly Durov
1004:
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905:
904:killer whales
901:
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863:
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856:
852:
842:
839:
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803:
799:
795:
794:birds of prey
784:
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769:
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763:
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755:
751:
750:Olympic games
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
716:
715:Equestrianism
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:, as well as
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:socialization
664:
663:housebreaking
660:
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623:
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563:Entertainment
560:
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557:United States
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380:Reinforcement
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289:entertainment
286:
283:, detection,
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281:companionship
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241:entertainment
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3258:
3226:WAZA members
3128:Biodiversity
3121:Conservation
3077:Penguinarium
3067:Night safari
3037:Dolphinarium
2835:Circus clown
2817:
2692:manipulation
2675:Trick riding
2598:Hand to hand
2563:Chinese pole
2285:Bioacoustics
2264:
2213:
2206:
2192:
2174:
2164:
2131:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1794:(1): 27523.
1791:
1787:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1764:. 2016-05-21
1761:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1731:
1723:Star Tribune
1722:
1713:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1654:
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1635:
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1489:
1484:
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1471:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1360:
1302:Cat training
1277:
1254:Dave Salmoni
1247:
1228:Steve Austin
1204:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1167:
1158:Ralph Helfer
1130:
1117:Nell Shipman
1103:
1091:
1068:
1059:Circus Krone
1037:Martin Lacey
1021:wild animals
992:Hanno Coldam
970:
962:
916:
897:
889:
874:
866:Wild animals
860:
848:
827:
790:
774:
758:horse racing
722:
687:dog whistles
683:
675:service dogs
656:
637:Dog training
609:
598:
593:Tyrone Power
586:
578:
554:
532:
523:
519:
514:Theodor Aman
506:
467:Dog training
461:
418:
414:
410:
378:
369:
332:
309:
264:
263:
248:Related jobs
201:Competencies
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3102:Virtual zoo
3097:Safari park
3087:Petting zoo
3047:Insectarium
3042:Herpetarium
2913:Flea circus
2867:Target girl
2823:Lion taming
2797:Teeterboard
2762:Firewalking
2757:Fire eating
2648:Spanish web
2638:Slacklining
2628:Russian bar
2578:Corde lisse
2568:Cloud swing
2543:Aerial silk
2538:Aerial hoop
2528:Acrobalance
2320:Mating call
2077:16 February
1380:Cognitivism
1374:Behaviorism
1323:Lion taming
1276:. The film
1272:trainer at
1096:Keller and
1078:Ivan Pavlov
838:Tic-Tac-Toe
699:Karen Pryor
679:working dog
651:dog agility
641:Dog trainer
600:Jesse James
589:Patsy Award
571:Morphy, an
392:Fixed ratio
301:wild animal
196:Description
99:August 2011
3269:Frozen zoo
3082:Pheasantry
3072:Oceanarium
2898:Roustabout
2857:Ringmaster
2802:Trampoline
2573:Contortion
2520:contortion
2510:Acrobatics
2373:Bumblebees
2158:References
1768:2017-12-20
1743:2013-04-09
1695:2013-04-09
1437:, p. xi-23
1176:Boone Narr
1106:television
1082:psychology
1069:Known for
1013:in Moscow.
998:1960–1990.
810:cormorants
754:equestrian
671:dog sports
605:television
536:, such as
329:Principles
285:protection
273:conditions
253:Lion tamer
228:employment
147:Occupation
69:newspapers
3289:Zookeeper
3179:Aquariums
3062:Menagerie
2989:aquariums
2862:Strongman
2852:Puppeteer
2653:Tightrope
2643:Slackwire
2593:Hair hang
2588:Cyr wheel
2402:Elephants
2181:(Sydney:
2035:0006-3185
1982:1664-042X
1918:0090-4996
1855:: 26–33.
1816:2045-2322
1671:0168-1591
1346:Obedience
1279:Blackfish
1138:Brothers
1127:Frank Inn
1121:Hollywood
1001:Brothers
948:cetaceans
944:frequency
928:sea lions
924:mustelids
920:pinnipeds
912:sea lions
735:or to be
612:Frank Inn
573:orangutan
237:education
226:Fields of
206:dexterity
3366:Category
3107:Vivarium
3027:Bear pit
3017:Aquarium
2993:aviaries
2933:Category
2908:Sideshow
2779:Vaulting
2725:Twirling
2700:Bullwhip
2685:Juggling
2295:Ethology
2258:Concepts
2188:, 2011).
2051:19337578
2043:28898600
2000:28223940
1869:23796771
1834:27272551
1638:, p. 7-9
1505:, p. 135
1479:, p. 123
1466:, p. 122
1386:Ethology
1312:Falconry
1291:See also
952:SeaWorld
936:walruses
880:Cleaning
855:aquarium
851:goldfish
816:Chickens
798:falconry
693:used in
691:clickers
443:S-deltas
439:Chaining
3309:Zoology
3299:Zoo key
3237:Related
3184:largest
2943:Commons
2903:Showman
2881:Related
2715:Diabolo
2658:Trapeze
2515:balance
2443:Related
2429:Lizards
2424:Insects
2417:Yerkish
1991:5294351
1825:4895153
1796:Bibcode
1634:Pryor,
1625:, p. 10
1621:Pryor,
1608:Pryor,
1599:, p. 15
1595:Pryor,
1586:, p. 35
1582:Pryor,
1573:, p. 21
1569:Pryor,
1560:, p. 89
1547:, p. 90
1534:, p. 88
1518:, p. 86
1488:Pryor,
1453:, p. 78
1420:Pryor,
1284:Tilikum
1205:Other:
1168:Flipper
1135:series.
908:belugas
802:hawking
741:vehicle
681:tasks.
620:insects
555:In the
319:Methods
287:, and
277:stimuli
269:animals
204:Manual
182:busking
139:leopard
137:with a
83:scholar
3349:
3338:
3022:Aviary
2991:, and
2690:object
2668:Static
2663:Flying
2613:Risley
2583:Cradle
2533:Adagio
2434:Wolves
2144:
2049:
2041:
2033:
1998:
1988:
1980:
1966:: 54.
1916:
1877:439990
1875:
1867:
1832:
1822:
1814:
1669:
1492:, p. 2
1424:, p. x
1328:Mahout
1307:Circus
1152:Lassie
1063:Munich
1055:Martin
973:circus
940:otters
938:, and
830:IQ Zoo
737:driven
733:saddle
731:under
725:horses
717:, and
705:Horses
677:, and
657:Basic
305:circus
255:; see
233:Police
186:circus
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3167:Lists
2888:Carny
2830:Clown
2811:Other
2740:Plate
2730:Baton
2608:Perch
2517:, and
2407:Frogs
2380:Birds
2305:FOXP2
2047:S2CID
1873:S2CID
1409:Notes
1270:Shamu
1132:Benji
932:seals
806:China
804:. In
787:Birds
729:rider
509:Ursar
303:in a
152:Names
90:JSTOR
76:books
3174:Zoos
2985:Zoos
2735:Hoop
2688:and
2450:Roar
2397:Dogs
2392:Cats
2368:Bees
2142:ISBN
2079:2018
2039:PMID
2031:ISSN
1996:PMID
1978:ISSN
1914:ISSN
1865:PMID
1830:PMID
1812:ISSN
1667:ISSN
1196:and
1142:and
1110:film
1108:and
1045:ESSO
922:and
639:and
631:Dogs
596:film
587:The
550:dogs
544:and
507:The
217:See
62:news
3112:Zoo
2023:doi
2019:232
1986:PMC
1968:doi
1904:doi
1857:doi
1820:PMC
1804:doi
1659:doi
1655:132
1148:Pal
1061:in
800:or
760:to
512:by
275:or
45:by
3368::
2987:,
2512:,
2140:.
2138:44
2068:.
2045:.
2037:.
2029:.
2017:.
1994:.
1984:.
1976:.
1962:.
1958:.
1939:.
1935:.
1912:.
1900:29
1898:.
1894:.
1871:.
1863:.
1853:99
1851:.
1828:.
1818:.
1810:.
1802:.
1790:.
1786:.
1760:.
1721:.
1688:.
1665:.
1653:.
1523:^
1442:^
1190:,
1112::
1073::
975::
934:,
930:,
910:,
906:,
902:,
713:,
673:,
622:.
540:,
307:.
239:,
235:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
2977:e
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2480:v
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2186:.
2179:.
2177:"
2173:"
2150:.
2081:.
2053:.
2025::
2002:.
1970::
1964:8
1941:2
1920:.
1906::
1879:.
1859::
1836:.
1806::
1798::
1792:6
1771:.
1746:.
1698:.
1673:.
1661::
1250:.
1154:.
1123:.
1088:.
1065:.
1033:.
926:(
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112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
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39:.
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