Animation - Knowledge

2727:: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also are geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books. 482: 493: 1361: 822: 2613: 10446: 7856: 10456: 7866: 6582: 47: 2773: 6616: 630: 2346: 6599: 165: 1474:(also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called 1879: 1364: 1363: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1369: 1420:

whatever style is employed on a particular film. Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators, typically have created feature-length animated films. It is relatively easy for two or three artists to match their styles; synchronizing those of dozens of artists is more difficult.

537: 2703:: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation. 2236:

encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create

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Most commonly a form of clay animation in which a long bread-like "loaf" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images

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is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the materials used to create the animation. Computer

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A mix of 2D and 3D animation elements that emphasize the illusion of depth utilizing the pseudo-3D effect. During the 1970s, the term “2.5D” started to gain recognition. But its background comes from anime and manga during the 1920s where theatrical stage productions were popular. Stage adaptations

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Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to

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of a live-action film, but every take on an animated film must be manually rendered by animators (although the task of rendering slightly different takes has been made less tedious by modern computer animation). It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks

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2D animations are commonly created using tools like Spine, DragonBones, Blender COA Tools, Rive, and the built-in Unity editor. The primary benefit of this approach is the ability to reuse images, which reduces the amount of graphics stored in RAM. This principle of maximizing resource efficiency

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involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or "skippy" movement animation. Limited animation uses fewer drawings per second, thereby limiting the fluidity of the animation. This is a more economic technique. Pioneered by the artists at the

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Unlike live-action films, animated films were traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through the storyboard format; the storyboard artists would then receive credit for writing the film. In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write screenplays

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Most of the cel animation studios switched to producing mostly computer-animated films around the 1990s, as it proved cheaper and more profitable. Not only the very popular 3D animation style was generated with computers, but also most of the films and series with a more traditional hand-crafted

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The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and

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animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries that more than occasionally released feature films, while Japan became a true

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is the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, having a smooth animation. Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works like those produced by the

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Uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame by frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen

1416:, then handing the film over to the animators only after the production team is satisfied that all the scenes make sense as a whole. While live-action films are now also storyboarded, they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation). 1153:

The clarity of animation makes it a powerful tool for instruction, while its total malleability also allows exaggeration that can be employed to convey strong emotions and to thwart reality. It has therefore been widely used for other purposes than mere entertainment.

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for the animator to manipulate. A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D environment. Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called an

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that would last until the 1960s. The United States dominated the world market of animation with a plethora of cel-animated theatrical shorts. Several studios would introduce characters that would become very popular and would have long-lasting careers, including

1161:, including Warner Bros. and Disney, lent their talents and their cartoon characters to convey to the public certain war values. Some countries, including China, Japan and the United Kingdom, produced their first feature-length animation for their war efforts. 984:

Animation became very popular on television since the 1950s, when television sets started to become common in most developed countries. Cartoons were mainly programmed for children, on convenient time slots, and especially US youth spent many hours watching

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Involves the use of live humans as stop-motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other effects. Examples of pixilation include

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Some of the original content produced for the screen can be used and marketed in other media. Stories and images can easily be adapted into children's books and other printed media. Songs and music have appeared on records and as streaming media.

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Although relatively few titles became as successful as Disney's features, other countries developed their own animation industries that produced both short and feature theatrical animations in a wide variety of styles, relatively often including

1498:' work has remained essentially the same over the past 90 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" (a play on the words "traditional" and "digital") to describe cel animation that uses significant computer technology. 440:

The word "animation" stems from the Latin "animātiōn", stem of "animātiō", meaning "a bestowing of life". The earlier meaning of the English word is "liveliness" and has been in use much longer than the meaning of "moving image medium".

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for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song). They are fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand, and they cannot walk. An Audio-Animatron is different from an

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creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film. Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments where

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This problem is usually solved by having a separate group of visual development artists develop an overall look and palette for each film before the animation begins. Character designers on the visual development team draw

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TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and European producers looking for affordable cel animators relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as

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animation is a technique used in 2D animation, to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product as everything is done within the same department. Speaking about using this approach in

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eventually broke through in the 1890s, the wonder of the realistic details in the new medium was seen as its biggest accomplishment. It took years before animation found its way to the cinemas. The successful short

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traditionally used to draw each part of the movements and changes of figures on transparent cels that could be moved over a separate background, computer animation is usually based on programming paths between

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is a form of animation by using static picture frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames.

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Animation has been very popular in television commercials, both due to its graphic appeal, and the humour it can provide. Some animated characters in commercials have survived for decades, such as

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In 2010, the animation market was estimated to be worth circa US$ 80 billion. By 2021, the value had increased to an estimated US$ 370 billion. Animated feature-length films returned the highest

2566:-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of the technology called Autonomatronics. 3624: 1478:, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a 632: 1813:

software is widely available to create this type of animation; traditional stop-motion animation is usually less expensive but more time-consuming to produce than current computer animation.

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or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of

151: 989:. Many classic cartoons found a new life on the small screen and by the end of the 1950s, the production of new animated cartoons started to shift from theatrical releases to TV series. 5855:. Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. Williamstown, MA: Digital Fauxtography. 305:, or the adventures of human protagonists. Especially with animals that form a natural predator/prey relationship (e.g. cats and mice, coyotes and birds), the action often centers on 2252: 1188:

Apart from their success in movie theaters and television series, many cartoon characters would also prove lucrative when licensed for all kinds of merchandise and for other media.

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Long before modern animation began, audiences around the world were captivated by the magic of moving characters. For centuries, master artists and craftsmen have brought puppets,

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to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles. On traditionally animated projects,

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Typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in contrast to real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an

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methods and much more formulaic scripts. Quality dwindled until more daring animation surfaced in the late 1980s and in the early 1990s with hit series, the first cartoon of

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is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advanced rendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. Examples include

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actual output relative to total global animation output, has always been very small; the studio has overwhelmingly dominated the "aesthetic norms" of animation ever since.

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was gradually developed since the 1940s. 3D wireframe animation started popping up in the mainstream in the 1970s, with an early (short) appearance in the sci-fi thriller

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As with any other form of media, animation has instituted awards for excellence in the field. Many are part of general or regional film award programs, like the China's

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appearance, in which the charming characteristics of cel animation could be emulated with software, while new digital tools helped developing new styles and effects.

1627:(Spain, 2007). Fully animated films are often animated on "twos", sometimes on "ones", which means that 12 to 24 drawings are required for a single second of film. 6317: 1036:

While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring

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shows—can also be considered animation. The mechanical manipulation of three-dimensional puppets and objects to emulate living beings has a very long history in

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in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in

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produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera,

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effects and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of

7071: 3647: 1872:, are puppet-animated films that typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than manipulating one existing puppet. 7822: 6286: 6224: 5355: 2319:, John Kahrs said that "Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer if they want, and change the profile of the arm." 1755:

is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live-action actors into animated shots. One of the earlier uses was in

937:(1955) failed at the box office. For decades afterward, Disney would be the only American studio to regularly produce animated features, until 6419: 6444: 4896: 262:, while 2D computer animation (which may have the look of traditional animation) can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth, or faster 4792: 3116: 2380:

Other techniques can be applied, mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, and effects, fire and

895:, still one of the highest-grossing traditional animation features as of May 2020. The Fleischer studios followed this example in 1939 with 10264: 7795: 3545: 1751: 7076: 891: 5391: 2398:

is used to mimic traditional animation using computer software. The shading looks stark, with less blending of colors. Examples include

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means that by reusing existing elements, you can enhance the visual appeal of animations without needing to create additional graphics.

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opened in 1955 and features many attractions that were based on Disney's cartoon characters. Its enormous success spawned several other

1015:(1981–1989). The constraints of American television programming and the demand for an enormous quantity resulted in cheaper and quicker 2442:– Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds. The term originated from the software introduction in the 1980s 1313: 2171:

or other similar brick toys to make an animation. These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites,

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The so-called 3D style, more often associated with computer animation, became the dominant technique following the success of Pixar's

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is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include

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that can be used to control the mesh by weighting the vertices. This process is called rigging and can be used in conjunction with

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piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light

1203:), original animated characters also commonly appear in comic books and magazines. Somewhat similarly, characters and plots for 9199: 6113: 3147: 1399:

of one more shot is higher for animated films than live-action films. It is relatively easy for a director to ask for one more

6344: 5320: 3801: 2913: 1436:(while also continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s. 7907: 7832: 7817: 6887: 6204: 6185: 6161: 6142: 6123: 6064: 6045: 5985: 5966: 5947: 5928: 5907: 5888: 5860: 5836: 5817: 5798: 5774: 5749: 5730: 5704: 5685: 5666: 5641: 5618: 5595: 5573: 5530: 5506: 5487: 5464: 5443: 5424: 4965: 1909:

name). It uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an

1325: 6561:, a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them) (archived 1 October 2009). 3473: 2832: 8660: 8449: 7785: 7054: 7049: 6973: 2852: 2510: 1745: 1321: 1105: 228: 7096: 6877: 6653: 6570: 2424: 2088: 1158: 200:) to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the 111: 10490: 10247: 9017: 6746: 6324: 5554: 5416: 3699: 2590:

in which characters/props are thrown, or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by unseen hands.

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A type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material paper or cloth. Examples include

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is the best known and most extreme example. Since first being licensed for a children's writing tablet in 1929, their

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3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The 3D model maker usually starts by creating a 3D

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A variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes. Examples include

7091: 6872: 6794: 2683:: a technique using traditional 2D media, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example, 2635:: a technique that includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens. 1585: 1352:(2010) also received Best Picture nominations, after the academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten. 1332: 1069: 878: 689: 658: 17: 3186:

By now, it has grossed about $ 330 million worldwide – so it remains one of the most popular films ever made.

3034:(2014 print-on-demand ed., based on 2007 revised ed.). New Barnet: John Libbey Publishing. pp. 107–132. 9364: 8444: 7014: 6529: 6261: 6241: 3171: 2484: 2052: 2008: 927: 90: 5790:

The Animation Book: A Complete Guide to Animated Filmmaking – from Flip-books to Sound Cartoons to 3-D Animation

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with some success. Partly due to foreign markets being cut off by the Second World War, Disney's next features

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inside of them to keep them still and steady to constrain their motion to particular joints. Examples include

626:, who debuted in 1919, became the first fully realized animal character in the history of American animation. 9983: 9710: 9327: 8635: 8179: 8002: 7472: 7241: 7039: 6829: 6809: 5055: 2847: 2478: 2370: 1648: 1574: 1082: 886: 682: 10366: 9598: 9573: 8424: 8404: 7363: 7034: 6859: 6849: 6834: 6814: 3873: 3356: 3209: 3142: 1207:(an interactive form of animation that became its own medium) have been derived from films and vice versa. 397:, animated GIFs, and other media dedicated to the display of moving images, animation is also prevalent in 97: 6481: 5267: 1525:(British-French, 2010). Traditionally animated films produced with the aid of computer technology include 1104:

was the first feature film to be completely created digitally without a camera. It was produced using the

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Stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Intercutting,

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The creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of

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premiered their first animated feature (using the Rotoscope technique invented by Max Fleischer in 1915)

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on standard cinematographic film. Other great artistic and very influential short films were created by

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between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop motion. The technique was invented by

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were often sculpted to further help the animators see how characters would look from different angles.

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creates the illusion of motion using 1,200 fountains with high-definition projections on mist screens.

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The use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items.

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and interpolated rotoscoping. 2D animation has many applications, including After Effects Animation,

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While very many animation companies commercially exploit their creations outside moving image media,

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effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional

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The illusion of animation—as in motion pictures in general—has traditionally been attributed to the

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between 2004 and 2013. Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the early 2020s.

986: 810: 786: 500:, from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene 481: 31: 9715: 5295: 4892: 9640: 9518: 8970: 8774: 7977: 7948: 7705: 7565: 7019: 6646: 6105: 5384:

The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Degree of Animation Predisposition of Agent Users

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The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics—for instance, moving images in

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when Koko was drawn over live-action footage. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created a series of

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Walt Disney, the Art of Animation: The Story of the Disney Studio Contribution to a New Art

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mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the

3900: 1765:(1923–1927), in which a live-action girl enters an animated world. Other examples include 834: 8: 10485: 9952: 9825: 9810: 9675: 9578: 9513: 9209: 9170: 9042: 9027: 8854: 8613: 8419: 8394: 8359: 8312: 7753: 7595: 7533: 6761: 6716: 6686: 3773:"The Cine-Files » New Screen Order: How Video Games are Changing Cinema Interiority" 3500: 2731: 2699: 2523: 2472: 1939: 1828: 1557: 1533: 1495: 1291: 1223: 1020: 599: 328: 263: 10480: 10356: 10276: 10200: 10086: 10076: 9978: 9870: 9850: 9750: 9730: 9498: 9426: 9332: 9317: 9248: 8953: 8889: 8747: 8727: 8618: 8268: 8189: 8123: 8113: 8076: 7859: 7780: 7710: 7655: 7487: 7477: 7460: 7378: 7236: 6948: 6926: 6771: 6741: 6731: 6701: 6639: 6085: 5918: 5630: 3905: 3413:"Sergio Pablos Talks About His Stunning Hand-Drawn Project 'Klaus' [Exclusive]" 3176: 3053: 2998: 2600: 2586: 2549: 2498: 2452: 2336: 2323: 2228: 2176: 2079: 1767: 1726: 1611: 1464: 1239: 1173: 1087: 1063: 933: 714: 611: 584: 562: 255: 205: 104: 6461: 201: 10455: 10406: 10195: 10118: 9968: 9922: 9895: 9890: 9880: 9795: 9755: 9533: 9421: 9411: 9337: 9265: 9145: 8990: 8985: 8914: 8869: 8832: 8769: 8757: 8675: 8623: 8557: 8552: 8528: 8496: 8228: 8223: 7972: 7865: 7465: 7192: 7133: 6914: 6756: 6721: 6691: 6200: 6181: 6157: 6138: 6119: 6060: 6041: 6020: 6010: 5981: 5962: 5943: 5924: 5903: 5884: 5856: 5832: 5813: 5794: 5788: 5770: 5745: 5726: 5700: 5681: 5662: 5637: 5614: 5591: 5569: 5550: 5526: 5520: 5502: 5483: 5460: 5454: 5439: 5420: 4961: 4635: 3382: 3084: 3061: 3043: 2716: 2684: 2570: 2270:. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques, 2153: 1933: 1642: 1636: 1539: 1409: 1256:

from the theme parks have relatively often been higher than those from their movies.

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in 1918, but one day after its premiere, the film was confiscated by the government.

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Secrets of Oscar-winning Animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations

3724: 2938: 1944: 1278:(since 1981). Awards programs dedicated to animation, with many categories, include 10426: 10416: 10326: 10254: 10237: 10232: 10153: 10081: 9947: 9942: 9932: 9927: 9875: 9815: 9785: 9740: 9603: 9503: 9416: 9379: 9084: 9032: 8958: 8899: 8812: 8608: 8601: 8491: 8364: 8216: 8201: 8165: 8150: 8083: 8054: 8034: 7943: 7869: 7812: 7695: 7670: 7437: 7410: 7326: 7209: 7182: 6936: 6839: 6002: 5607: 3793: 3035: 2857: 2778: 2145: 2014: 1997: 1651:, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in 1487: 1057: 960: 947: 821: 798: 790: 665: 512:) introduced the principle of modern animation, which would also be applied in the 370:

are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate

306: 271: 240: 224: 6502: 6462:"35 Years After Star Wars, Effects Whiz Phil Tippett Is Slowly Crafting a Mad God" 3772: 2760:

of well-liked anime series featured live performances by voice actors called 2.5D.

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The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase, the

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to maneuver digitally created figures throughout a digitally created environment.

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Animation from Pencils to Pixels: Classical Techniques for the Digital Animator

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Brick Flicks: A Comprehensive Guide to Making Your Own Stop-Motion LEGO Movies

3440: 3065: 3057: 3029: 1388:, with certain unique aspects. Traits common to both live-action and animated 968:

powerhouse of animation production, with its own recognizable and influential

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Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation

5996: 5784: 5540: 5476: 2899: 2656: 2595: 2490: 2271: 2205: 2003: 1959: 1856: 1791: 1779: 1697: 1597: 1545: 1527: 1491: 1396: 964: 778: 645: 623: 619: 417: 371: 343: 324: 312:

such as falls, collisions, and explosions that would be lethal in real life.

227:, although the two do not exist in isolation. Many moviemakers have produced 171: 9645: 5436:

Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI

5142: 3357:"Disney and Pixar's Top 5 Most Innovative Animation Technologies, Explained" 2914:"How Modern Animation Originated from Live and Stage Performances - studio9" 2787: 2132:(1980). Another example is the dragon named "Vermithrax" from the 1981 film 852: 839: 570: 546: 10207: 10190: 10143: 9993: 9937: 9468: 9463: 9394: 9270: 9214: 9165: 9140: 9128: 8859: 8591: 8586: 8523: 8486: 8464: 8454: 8332: 8263: 8243: 8145: 8103: 8009: 7992: 7790: 7659: 7600: 7580: 7560: 7502: 7455: 7356: 7288: 6953: 6931: 3848: 3417: 3039: 2738: 2643:: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on 2580: 2542: 2537: 2365: 2302: 2119: 1840: 1389: 1287: 1283: 1219: 1138: 1024: 938: 802: 742: 674: 670: 622:

process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the century.

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to life, inspiring the imagination through physically manipulated wonders.

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Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide

4793:"Spine Animation Optimization: Save Your Nerves and Time by Avoiding Bugs" 2612: 10459: 10421: 10401: 10396: 10381: 10371: 10351: 10281: 10259: 10185: 10091: 10032: 10027: 9885: 9690: 9670: 9635: 9384: 9280: 9037: 9022: 8963: 8929: 8707: 8680: 8645: 8516: 8506: 8379: 8339: 8307: 8258: 8174: 8155: 8128: 8024: 7982: 7933: 7758: 7538: 7316: 7158: 7143: 5718: 2394: 2294: 2111: 2029: 1971: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1708: 1688: 1676: 1460: 1425: 1348: 1092: 1037: 956: 702: 678: 566: 505: 294: 267: 236: 10411: 10391: 10341: 10321: 10306: 10296: 10212: 10163: 9973: 9780: 9720: 9538: 9431: 9374: 9302: 9260: 9091: 8909: 8894: 8864: 8822: 8791: 8481: 8344: 8108: 8049: 8029: 7919: 7763: 7630: 7543: 7226: 7221: 7166: 2644: 2186: 2038: 2025: 1906: 1895: 1869: 1863: 1413: 1385: 1245: 1204: 1192: 1142: 1005: 1000: 794: 758: 754: 750: 726: 536: 398: 386: 363: 279: 217: 196:, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets ( 71: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3226: 2584:

is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series

1494:. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the 1226:, as have many other Disney characters. This may have influenced some 10222: 10168: 10005: 9998: 9840: 9735: 9685: 9406: 9292: 9155: 9101: 8904: 8827: 8817: 8690: 8685: 8300: 8295: 8285: 8211: 8184: 8160: 8098: 8071: 8014: 7773: 7743: 7553: 7497: 7447: 7415: 7214: 7202: 7128: 6445:"6 Major Innovations That Sprung from the Heads of Disney Imagineers" 6037: 3546:"Disney's Paperman animated short fuses CG and hand-drawn techniques" 2723: 2668: 2443: 2438: 2374: 2309: 2282: 2251: 2200: 2162: 2105: 1785: 1668: 1235: 1169: 1121: 1051: 857: 746: 615: 517: 467: 421: 355: 337: 302: 8884: 2667:: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying 2110:

A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create

1157:

During World War II, animation was widely exploited for propaganda.

1116:

in the late 1980s, in a style similar to traditional cel animation.

46: 10108: 9770: 9665: 9451: 9441: 9389: 9079: 8538: 8290: 7967: 7768: 7635: 7585: 7570: 7548: 7420: 7397: 6909: 6631: 6345:"Stone-Age Animation in a Digital World: William Kentridge at MoMA" 2688: 2679: 2554: 2412: 2315: 2274: 1672: 1429: 1180:" commercials in 1966, which were very successful for the company. 1041: 607: 513: 351: 332: 174:

animation above consists of these six frames repeated indefinitely.

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showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character

10431: 10113: 10056: 9074: 4504: 4162: 3617:"How Spain's animation sector became a force to be reckoned with" 3474:"Exclusive Interview: John Kahrs & Kristina Reed on PAPERMAN" 3445: 2772: 2652: 2400: 2172: 1927: 1883: 688:

The enormous success of Mickey Mouse is seen as the start of the

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was thought to have invented the Magic Lantern in the mid-1600s.

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The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History

3700:"What Are Disney's 12 Principles of Animation? (With Examples)" 1706:(US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in 1033:(since 1999) as part of a "renaissance" of American animation. 941:

became the first to also release more than a handful features.

782: 762: 681:'s studio at the forefront of the animation industry. Although 425: 275: 7885: 6225:"NY Film Critics Didn't like a Single Animated Film This Year" 5213: 5211: 4749: 4655: 4653: 150: 10071: 9204: 9182: 9175: 8975: 7685: 6711: 6564: 5870:

Needham, Joseph (1962). "Science and Civilization in China".

5296:"What is 2.5D? The Look Dominating Animation and Video Games" 5073: 4953: 2802: 2712: 1920: 1664: 1200: 1196: 1109: 1058:

Wickie und die starken Männer/小さなバイキングビッケ (Vicky the Viking)

1045: 969: 698: 367: 185: 6197:

Audiovisions: Cinema and Television as Entr'actes in History

4713: 4432: 4294: 4053: 4051: 3305:"The Arrival of Computer Animation: The Rescuers Down Under" 1878: 1455: 9123: 7916: 7263: 5938:

Pilling, Jayne (1997). Society of Animation Studies (ed.).

5419:. pp. 58, 86, 143, 151, 176, 201, 226, 243, 292, 304. 5208: 4650: 4444: 4396: 4374: 4372: 4330: 4318: 4270: 4063: 3985: 3823: 3438: 3252:"What was the first movie to feature a CGI lead character?" 2754: 2695:

for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster.

2384:. These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics. 2168: 1400: 1304:

List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards

1183: 1125:(1995), the first computer-animated feature in this style. 945:

began to regularly produce animated features starting with

579:(1908), regarded as the oldest known example of a complete 525: 4873: 4576: 4492: 4480: 4246: 4222: 2545:

to create machines that seem animate rather than robotic.

156:

2D computer animation moving at 10 frames per second (FPS)

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Learning with Animation. Research implications for design

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Disneyana Fan Club | Preserving the Legacy of Walt Disney

1609:

are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works,

1501:

Examples of traditionally animated feature films include

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An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by

1191:

Animation has traditionally been very closely related to

993:

was especially prolific and had huge hit series, such as

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Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects

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1987 release – $ 46,594,212; 1993 release – $ 41,634,471

1148: 913:(both 1940), Fleischer Studios' second animated feature 5172: 5085: 4974: 4911: 4689: 4600: 4552: 4186: 3081:

Hollywood Cartoons American Animation in Its Golden Age

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figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D

1854:

and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series

6323:. Olympia, WA: Evergreen State College. Archived from 5632:

Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940

4957:

Foundations of Physically Based Modeling and Animation

4923: 4701: 4677: 4564: 4384: 4354: 4306: 4282: 4147: 4036: 4021: 3973: 3925: 3270: 3097: 220:, has continued to exist alongside these other forms. 6296:. Board of Investments. November 2009. Archived from 5290: 5288: 5247: 4935: 4861: 4810: 4737: 4420: 4342: 4198: 3961: 3674:"Artists wanted — in VFX, animation, gaming and more" 270:

technique to two- and three-dimensional objects like

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A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman

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Donald H. House; John C. Keyser (30 November 2016).

4849: 4825: 4665: 4528: 4135: 3997: 3937: 3648:"The millennial daring to change animation industry" 3596: 3565: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2768: 610:" became an industry in the US. Successful producer 591:

with detailed hand-drawn animation in films such as

7828:

List of animated television series by episode count

6365:"How'd They Do That?: Stop-Motion Secrets Revealed" 5184: 5010: 4612: 4540: 4456: 4075: 2557:animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by 677:, popularized film-with-synchronized-sound and put 374:. For display on computers, technology such as the 6271:"The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator" 6034:Moving Innovation: A History of Computer Animation 5629: 5606: 5482:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 5475: 5285: 4408: 4009: 3501:"'Paperman' short to play before 'Wreck it Ralph'" 1966:Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit 5713: 4773: 4534: 4522: 4510: 3348: 2875: 2599:used mechanical slides to project moving images. 289:is an animated film, usually short, featuring an 10472: 1671:, and other TV animation studios) and later the 1076: 239:3D animations into their film rather than using 7823:List of animated films by box office admissions 5900:Computer Animation: Algorithms & Techniques 5827:Lowe, Richard; Schnotz, Wolfgang, eds. (2008). 5478:Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation 5053: 3524:"Inside Disney's New Animated Short 'Paperman'" 3439:Netflix: Behind the Streams (10 October 2019). 3018: 2900:"The definition of animation on dictionary.com" 2255:A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain 2167:A subgenre of object animation involving using 1392:are labor intensity and high production costs. 1238:has many avid collectors, and even a dedicated 6104: 5694: 5030:"About Magic Lanterns | Magic Lantern Society" 4105: 3296: 2129:Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back 606:During the 1910s, the production of animated " 30:"Animate" redirects here. For other uses, see 7901: 6647: 5852:CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference 5758: 5265: 4300: 4276: 882:in 1926, the oldest extant animated feature. 587:with his puppet animations since 1910 and by 486:Prof. Stampfers Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X 6057:Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation 5627: 5354:Anderson, Joseph and Barbara (Spring 1993). 5079: 4893:"Cel Shading: the Unsung Hero of Animation?" 3200:"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – Releases" 6459: 6442: 6420:"A Rather Incomplete But Still Fascinating" 5874:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. 5826: 5360:The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited 4992: 4879: 4755: 4558: 3748:"The Raid Bugs: Characters We Love To Hate" 2711:: sand is moved around on a back- or front- 7908: 7894: 6654: 6640: 6509:. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. 16 April 2012 6417: 5902:. Ohio State University: Morgan Kaufmann. 5650: 5566:Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 5104:Staff, Animation Obsessive (19 May 2023). 3197:1987 and 1993 grosses from North America: 3191: 3162: 2175:and the availability of cheap cameras and 1336:was the first animated film nominated for 1224:depicted on an enormous amount of products 1055:(The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973–1977), 424:. Electronic automata were popularized by 6262:"A Little More About Disney's "Paperman"" 6194: 5975: 5783: 5515: 5452: 5438:. Fulhamm London: Flame Tree Publishing. 5321:"What is 2.5-Dimensional (2.5D) Culture?" 5241: 5217: 4659: 4594: 4582: 4486: 4450: 4438: 4402: 4378: 4336: 4324: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4192: 4168: 4117: 4093: 4069: 3991: 3955: 3919: 3901:"Academy Expands Best-Picture Pool to 10" 3579:"Global animation market value 2020-2030" 3498: 3471: 3168:Total prior to 50th anniversary reissue: 2446:, as well as the 1990s recordings of the 1168:in advertisements for Kellogg's cereals. 266:. Other common animation methods apply a 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 6396: 6268: 6170: 5831:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5769:]. University Press of Mississippi. 5568:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5473: 5353: 4057: 4030: 3853:European Animation Awards | Emile Awards 3602: 3380: 3103: 2611: 2344: 2250: 1877: 1454: 1359: 1184:Other media, merchandise and theme parks 820: 628: 535: 491: 480: 455: 6554:The making of an 8-minute cartoon short 6342: 6054: 5994: 5937: 5878: 5869: 5675: 5582: 5563: 5374: 5229: 5202: 5178: 5166: 5129: 5091: 4980: 4695: 4671: 4498: 4474: 4390: 4363: 4312: 4288: 4216: 4204: 4180: 4156: 4042: 3979: 3967: 3931: 3614: 3354: 3169: 3078: 3028:(2007). "Classical-era Disney Studio". 3024: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2828:International Animated Film Association 2431:The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild 1739: 1009:(since 1969) and Belgian co-production 919:(1941–1942) and Disney's feature films 14: 10473: 6362: 6115:Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life 6073: 5978:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Cinemas 5956: 5897: 5845: 5807: 5739: 5697:The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book 5604: 5496: 5016: 5004: 4941: 4929: 4867: 4843: 4819: 4767: 4731: 4707: 4683: 4618: 4264: 4003: 3898: 3745: 3671: 3511:from the original on 24 December 2023. 3148:Australian Centre for the Moving Image 3143:"The Lasting Legacy of Lotte Reiniger" 2886: 1868:Created using techniques developed by 1601:) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the 816: 652: 7889: 6635: 6382:"Gender in Media: Females Don't Rule" 6379: 6315: 6242:"Oldest Animation Discovered in Iran" 6222: 6156:. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. 6151: 6132: 6001:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 5657:. North Carolina: McFarland. p. 5539: 5397:from the original on 19 October 2013. 5253: 5190: 5103: 4743: 4624: 4570: 4546: 4141: 4129: 4081: 3943: 3645: 3521: 3472:Bernstein, Abbie (25 February 2013). 3453:from the original on 22 November 2021 3410: 3140: 2994:"The Cat With the Killer Personality" 2237:images that seem real to the viewer. 1149:Education, propaganda and commercials 869:After working on it for three years, 7796:Films with live action and animation 6661: 6571: 6479: 6259: 6239: 6031: 5995:Sammond, Nicholas (27 August 2015). 5976:Rojas, Carlos; Chow, Eileen (2013). 5916: 5759:Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004). 5695:Godfrey, Bob; Jackson, Anna (1974). 5636:. London: Laurence King Publishing. 5433: 5410: 4917: 4855: 4831: 4779: 4719: 4606: 4462: 4426: 4414: 4348: 4015: 3627:from the original on 24 January 2024 3381:Zorthian, Julia (19 November 2015). 3302: 3172:"'Snow White' At 50: Undimmed Magic" 2991: 2853:Twelve basic principles of animation 1746:Films with live action and animation 1718:(US, 2006). Some other examples are 1106:Computer Animation Production System 846:In 1917, Italian-Argentine director 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 6480:Zohn, Patricia (28 February 2010). 6460:Watercutter, Angela (24 May 2012). 6363:Kenyon, Heather (1 February 1998). 6318:"Experimental Animation Techniques" 5767:A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors 5678:Art in Motion: Animation Aesthetics 5628:Faber, Liz; Walters, Helen (2004). 5346: 3697: 3499:Breznican, Anthony (28 June 2012). 3355:Allison, Austin (23 January 2022). 2671:on sheets of glass, for example by 2425:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker 2322:When working with game animations, 1412:develop every single scene through 1023:(1987), which later developed into 873:released the German feature-length 850:made the first feature-length film 293:. The style takes inspiration from 250: 184:is a filmmaking technique by which 24: 10248:List of American independent films 6443:O'Keefe, Matt (11 November 2014). 6399:"Hollywood Is Giving Up on Comedy" 5525:(Revised ed.). Abrams Books. 5501:. New York and London: Routledge. 5417:State University of New York Press 4895:. Animator Mag. 17 December 2011. 3876:. 18 November 2014. Archived from 3804:from the original on 26 April 2023 3330:"First fully digital feature film" 3278:"First fully digital feature film" 3184:from the original on 4 June 2014. 3006:from the original on 11 April 2014 2833:International Tournée of Animation 2195:The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb 1132: 771:Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner 581:traditional (hand-drawn) animation 229:films that are a hybrid of the two 27:Method of creating moving pictures 25: 10502: 6888:Modern TV cable and streaming era 6523: 6503:"Władysław Starewicz – Biography" 6343:Carbone, Ken (24 February 2010). 6215: 5744:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 5413:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 5266:Digitalnomads (24 October 2023). 4899:from the original on 5 March 2016 3141:Lewis, Maria (15 December 2020). 2939:"Winsor McCay: American Animator" 1297: 233:approximates photographic imagery 10454: 10445: 10444: 7864: 7855: 7854: 6614: 6597: 6580: 5959:The Art of Stop-Motion Animation 5793:. New York: Three Rivers Press. 5313: 5259: 5135: 5097: 5047: 5022: 4947: 4885: 4785: 3899:Cieply, Michael (24 June 2009). 3746:Taylor, Heather (10 June 2019). 3672:Conner, Shawn (21 August 2022). 3284:. Guinness World Records Limited 2771: 2305:file of which part is animated. 879:Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed 690:golden age of American animation 659:Golden Age of American animation 163: 149: 45: 7915: 6269:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). 6223:Amidi, Amid (2 December 2011). 6059:. New York: Random House, Inc. 5872:Physics and Physical Technology 5609:The Faber Book of French Cinema 5474:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). 4634:. Ampsvideo.com. Archived from 3892: 3866: 3841: 3816: 3786: 3765: 3739: 3717: 3691: 3665: 3646:Maina, Margaret (17 May 2023). 3639: 3615:Mayorga, Emilio (19 May 2023). 3608: 3571: 3538: 3515: 3492: 3465: 3432: 3404: 3374: 3303:Ness, Mari (17 December 2015). 3244: 3219: 3134: 3109: 3072: 2992:Cart, Michael (31 March 1991). 2053:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 2018:(France/Czechoslovakia, 1973); 1228:pejorative use of Mickey's name 892:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 56:needs additional citations for 6397:McDuling, John (3 July 2014). 6199:. Amsterdam University Press. 6137:. New York: Ballantine Books. 5961:. Thompson Course Technology. 5522:Winsor McCay: His Life and Art 3170:Culhane, John (12 July 1987). 3031:Art in Motion, Revised Edition 2985: 2931: 2906: 2892: 1882:A clay animation scene from a 1835:The Nightmare Before Christmas 1798: 1682: 1561:(Irish-French-Belgian, 2009). 1444: 1250:Disney theme parks and resorts 1172:was the producer of the first 1061:(Austria/Germany/Japan 1974), 13: 1: 7818:Most expensive animated films 7473:Direct manipulation animation 7124:Barrier-grid and stereography 6195:Zielinski, Siegfried (1999). 5940:A Reader in Animation Studies 5377:"Computers in Human Behavior" 4535:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008 4523:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008 4511:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008 2864: 2848:Society for Animation Studies 2530: 1649:United Productions of America 1603:Warner Bros. animation studio 1439: 1355: 1234:sell well, and the so-called 1083:History of computer animation 1077:Switch from cels to computers 1044:over cel animation. Japanese 979: 825:Italian-Argentine cartoonist 531: 223:Animation is contrasted with 7364:Non-photorealistic rendering 6405:. The Atlantic Monthly Group 6240:Ball, Ryan (12 March 2008). 5942:. Indiana University Press. 5680:. Indiana University Press. 5106:"'The Cow': Paint in Motion" 2869: 2116:Industrial Light & Magic 2009:Monty Python's Flying Circus 1978:The Adventures of Mark Twain 739:Warner Bros. Cartoon Studios 435: 7: 6996:International Animation Day 6260:Beck, Jerry (2 July 2012). 6177:The Animator's Survival Kit 5980:. Oxford University Press. 5762:The Magic Behind the Voices 5588:Animation: Script to Screen 5375:Serenko, Alexander (2007). 5356:"Journal of Film and Video" 5034:www.magiclanternsociety.org 3480:. Midnight Productions, Inc 3411:Amidi, Amid (1 June 2015). 3083:. Oxford University Press. 2838:List of film-related topics 2823:International Animation Day 2764: 2623:Disney California Adventure 2222: 2032:the first cutout animation 2006:'s animated sequences from 1696:is a technique patented by 10: 10507: 10139:Classical Hollywood cinema 9328:Commedia sexy all'italiana 8236:Exploitation film template 8180:Commedia sexy all'italiana 7466:Linear Animation Generator 7369:Physically based animation 6380:Nagel, Jan (21 May 2008). 5651:Finkielman, Jorge (2004). 5456:Animation: The Whole Story 5453:Beckerman, Howard (2003). 5341: 4106:Thomas & Johnston 1981 3824:"51st Annual Annie Awards" 3522:Sarto, Dan (1 June 2012). 2571:Linear Animation Generator 2519:Physically based animation 2334: 2244: 2226: 1963:(UK, 1984). Films include 1802: 1743: 1686: 1634: 1630: 1552:The Triplets of Belleville 1482:onto motion picture film. 1448: 1301: 1263: 1080: 656: 516:(introduced in 1866), the 508:disc (better known as the 462:Early history of animation 459: 448: 444: 210:computer-generated imagery 188:are manipulated to create 36:Animation (disambiguation) 29: 10491:Film and video technology 10440: 10043: 9961: 9706:German underground horror 9661:Documentary Film Movement 9569:American eccentric cinema 9554: 8800: 7926: 7850: 7719: 7648: 7521: 7446: 7396: 7302: 7254: 7235: 7157: 7114: 7107: 7055:Children's animated films 7004: 6902: 6785: 6677: 6670: 6544:Resources in your library 6384:. Animation World Network 6367:. Animation World Network 6273:. Animation World Network 6133:Smith, Thomas G. (1986). 6055:Solomon, Charles (1989). 5883:. John Wiley & Sons. 5879:Neupert, Richard (2011). 5676:Furniss, Maureen (1998). 5366:(1): 3–13. Archived from 5325:Google Arts & Culture 5268:"What is 2.5D animation?" 5056:"Hydrotechnics animation" 4301:Lawson & Persons 2004 4277:Lawson & Persons 2004 3566:Board of Investments 2009 3526:. Animation World Network 3079:Barrier, Michael (2003). 2283:analog computer animation 1943:shorts (UK, as of 1989), 1850:(US, 2009), the films of 1259: 1067:(Japan/Germany 1975) and 991:Hanna-Barbera Productions 987:Saturday-morning cartoons 787:Universal Cartoon Studios 735:Casper the Friendly Ghost 711:Paramount Cartoon Studios 6964:Animation film festivals 6418:McLaughlin, Dan (2001). 5881:French Animation History 5812:. Tiger Mountain Press. 5605:Drazin, Charles (2011). 5564:Crafton, Donald (1993). 5497:Buchan, Suzanne (2013). 5403: 5080:Faber & Walters 2004 4171:, pp. 35–36, 52–53. 3698:Lee, Tina (2 May 2019). 2664:Paint-on-glass animation 2607: 2559:Walt Disney Imagineering 2511:How to Train Your Dragon 2485:The Adventures of Tintin 2387: 2359:Caminandes | Llama Drama 2092:(1963), and the work of 1937:shorts (UK, 1977–2000), 1663:(UK, 1968), and certain 1607:Disney animated features 1513:(United Kingdom, 1954), 1314:Best Animated Short Film 1266:List of animation awards 1232:licensed Disney products 569:and reportedly inspired 291:exaggerated visual style 235:, filmmakers can easily 32:Animate (disambiguation) 9641:Cinema of Transgression 8775:Cinema of Transgression 7786:Twelve basic principles 7706:Instructional animation 6316:Brown, Margery (2003). 5957:Priebe, Ken A. (2006). 4880:Lowe & Schnotz 2008 4756:Lowe & Schnotz 2008 4722:, pp. 32, 70, 132. 3704:Academy of Animated Art 2808:Architectural animation 2640:Drawn-on-film animation 2089:Jason and the Argonauts 1905:, which, however, is a 1774:Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1564: 1507:(United States, 1940), 1216:The Walt Disney Company 1114:The Walt Disney Company 1101:The Rescuers Down Under 999:(1960–1966) (the first 695:Walt Disney Productions 299:anthropomorphic animals 9861:The Prague film school 9726:Hollywood on the Tiber 7384:Virtual cinematography 6981:Highest-grossing films 6883:Early TV broadcast era 6482:"Coloring the Kingdom" 6426:. UCLA. Archived from 5808:Ledoux, Trish (1997). 5740:Herman, Sarah (2014). 5590:. St. Martin's Press. 3441:"The Origins of Klaus" 3387:Changed Movie History" 3334:Guinness World Records 3282:Guinness World Records 3040:10.2307/j.ctt2005zgm.9 2626: 2361: 2256: 1950:Dimensions of Dialogue 1887: 1468: 1467:'s 19th-century photos 1381: 1112:in collaboration with 943:Sullivan-Bluth Studios 843: 649: 549: 501: 489: 231:. As CGI increasingly 204:. Many animations are 202:entertainment industry 9716:Grupo Cine Liberación 9656:Czechoslovak New Wave 9651:Commedia all'italiana 7998:Commedia all'italiana 7701:Independent animation 7691:Educational animation 6080:. Simon and Schuster. 6007:10.1515/9780822375784 5917:Paul, Joshua (2005). 5898:Parent, Rick (2007). 5613:. Faber & Faber. 5300:www.vfxapprentice.com 5054:support@baianat.com. 2843:Motion graphic design 2818:Independent animation 2615: 2357: 2330: 2254: 2240: 2063:Princes et Princesses 1886:television commercial 1881: 1752:Live-action/animation 1703:The Lord of the Rings 1490:and newer media with 1472:Traditional animation 1458: 1451:Traditional animation 1405:principal photography 1377: 1318:Best Animated Feature 1166:Snap, Crackle and Pop 1159:Many American studios 1108:(CAPS), developed by 1030:SpongeBob SquarePants 824: 640: 539: 495: 484: 456:Before cinematography 317:persistence of vision 258:can be very detailed 214:Stop motion animation 194:traditional animation 10243:Guerrilla filmmaking 9906:Kitchen sink realism 9791:New French Extremity 9701:German Expressionist 9609:Kitchen sink realism 9474:Contemporary Western 9254:Environmental issues 8785:New French Extremity 8743:New French Extremity 8568:Softcore pornography 8563:Hardcore pornography 8430:New French Extremity 7681:Animated documentary 7513:Whiteboard animation 7406:Traditional puppetry 7050:Adult animated films 6959:Biologist simulators 6922:Animation department 6447:. Theme Park Tourist 6152:White, Tony (2006). 6074:Thomas, Bob (1958). 5699:. BBC Publications. 5434:Beck, Jerry (2004). 5370:on 24 November 2009. 4638:on 24 September 2010 3505:Entertainment Weekly 3256:faroutmagazine.co.uk 3227:"Don Bluth Contents" 2793:Animation department 2524:computer simulations 2448:first-person shooter 2419:Appleseed Ex Machina 2377:to create movement. 2341:3D computer graphics 2291:PowerPoint animation 2247:2D computer graphics 2126:scenes for the film 2086:, as seen in films, 2046:Silhouette animation 1985:Strata-cut animation 1940:Wallace & Gromit 1931:(Italy, 1974–2005), 1860:(US, 2005–present). 1740:Live-action blending 1654:Gerald McBoing-Boing 1586:Beauty and the Beast 1555:(France, 2003), and 1333:Beauty and the Beast 1272:Golden Rooster Award 1141:(around 52%) of all 1073:(Italy/Japan 1989). 916:Mr. Bug Goes to Town 875:silhouette animation 833:(based on President 451:History of animation 264:real-time renderings 65:improve this article 9979:Children and family 9953:Yugoslav Black Wave 9826:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 9711:Nigerian Golden Age 9676:European art cinema 9579:Australian New Wave 7754:Character animation 7534:Character animation 7072:Children's animated 6430:on 19 November 2009 6180:. Faber and Faber. 6118:. Abbeville Press. 5920:Digital Video Hacks 5499:Pervasive Animation 5110:Animation Obsessive 4501:, pp. 170–171. 4441:, pp. 150–151. 4132:, pp. 195–201. 3880:on 18 November 2014 2732:Character animation 2700:Pinscreen animation 2691:erasure films, and 2522:is animation using 1829:The Tale of the Fox 1558:The Secret of Kells 1534:The Prince of Egypt 1519:(Italy, 1998), and 1496:character animators 1326:Best Original Score 972:style of effective 963:techniques. Soviet 928:Alice in Wonderland 887:Walt Disney Studios 817:Features before CGI 653:American golden age 600:Gertie the Dinosaur 329:stroboscopic effect 206:computer animations 10277:Major film studios 9871:Pure Film Movement 9851:Polish Film School 9751:Italian neorealist 9731:Hong Kong New Wave 9333:Mexican sex comedy 8390:German underground 7781:Creature animation 7711:Virtual newscaster 7656:Abstract animation 7488:Ink-wash animation 7478:Humanoid animation 7461:Audio-Animatronics 7025:Lost or unfinished 6949:Animation database 6927:Animation director 6303:on 19 October 2012 6246:Animation Magazine 6032:Sito, Tom (2013). 5923:. O'Reilly Media. 5459:. Allworth Press. 5411:Baer, Eva (1983). 4920:, pp. 207–08. 4770:, pp. 127–28. 4758:, pp. 246–47. 4609:, pp. 357–63. 4453:, pp. 151–54. 4405:, pp. 155–56. 4339:, pp. 162–63. 4327:, pp. 163–64. 4219:, pp. 194–95. 4108:, pp. 277–79. 4072:, pp. 99–100. 3994:, pp. 100–01. 3906:The New York Times 3336:. 27 February 2024 3177:The New York Times 2999:The New York Times 2687:is famous for his 2647:; for example, by 2627: 2601:Christiaan Huygens 2587:Action League Now! 2550:Audio-Animatronics 2499:Computer animation 2362: 2337:Computer animation 2301:in the form of an 2257: 2234:Computer animation 2229:Computer animation 2177:animation software 1888: 1768:Allegro Non Troppo 1612:The Secret of NIMH 1580:The Little Mermaid 1575:Walt Disney studio 1469: 1465:Eadweard Muybridge 1410:storyboard artists 1382: 1322:Best Original Song 1294:awards in Brazil. 1290:in Europe and the 1240:Disneyana Fan Club 1088:Computer animation 1064:Maya the Honey Bee 1003:animated series), 934:Lady and the Tramp 898:Gulliver's Travels 844: 775:MGM cartoon studio 715:Out of the Inkwell 683:Disney Animation's 650: 612:John Randolph Bray 585:Ladislas Starevich 563:J. Stuart Blackton 550: 502: 490: 474:, and fantastical 297:, often featuring 256:Computer animation 10468: 10467: 10407:Socialist realist 10119:Behind-the-scenes 9896:Socialist realist 9891:Spaghetti Western 9881:Romanian New Wave 9756:Japanese New Wave 9422:Sword and sorcery 9338:Nazi exploitation 8920:Mumbai underworld 8676:Planetary romance 7883: 7882: 7644: 7643: 7571:Erasure animation 7392: 7391: 7134:Limited animation 7077:Computer-animated 7015:Computer-animated 6937:Animation studios 6898: 6897: 6530:Library resources 6206:978-90-5356-303-8 6187:978-0-571-20228-7 6172:Williams, Richard 6163:978-0-240-80670-9 6144:978-0-345-32263-0 6125:978-0-89659-233-9 6066:978-0-394-54684-1 6047:978-0-262-01909-5 6036:. Massachusetts: 5987:978-0-19-998844-0 5968:978-1-59863-244-6 5949:978-1-86462-000-9 5930:978-0-596-00946-5 5909:978-0-12-532000-9 5890:978-1-4443-3836-2 5862:978-0-9778710-0-1 5838:978-0-521-85189-3 5819:978-0-9649542-5-0 5800:978-0-517-88602-1 5776:978-1-57806-696-4 5751:978-1-62914-649-2 5732:978-0-8230-9980-1 5706:978-0-563-10829-0 5687:978-1-86462-039-9 5668:978-0-7864-1628-8 5643:978-1-85669-346-2 5620:978-0-571-21849-3 5597:978-0-312-05052-8 5575:978-0-226-11667-9 5532:978-0-8109-5941-5 5508:978-0-415-80723-4 5489:978-0-253-20937-5 5466:978-1-58115-301-9 5445:978-1-84451-140-2 5426:978-0-87395-602-4 5220:, pp. 22–24. 5205:, pp. 30–33. 5007:, pp. 22–23. 4967:978-1-315-35581-8 4846:, pp. 78–80. 4734:, pp. 71–72. 4662:, pp. 75–79. 4585:, pp. 51–57. 4573:, pp. 91–95. 4525:, pp. 222–26 4489:, pp. 59–60. 4477:, pp. 52–54. 4429:, pp. 92–93. 4351:, pp. 18–19. 4267:, p. 24, 29. 4255:, pp. 54–55. 4231:, pp. 25–26. 4183:, pp. 63–65. 4060:, pp. 52–57. 2788:Animated war film 2685:William Kentridge 2680:Erasure animation 2621:hydrotechnics at 2479:A Christmas Carol 2382:water simulations 2355: 2299:still photographs 2154:Graphic animation 2094:Willis H. O'Brien 2012:(UK, 1969–1974); 1925:(US, 1957–1967), 1643:Limited animation 1637:Limited animation 1375: 1316:(since 1932) and 1254:Disney's earnings 1199:are adapted into 1017:limited animation 974:limited animation 863:Sin dejar rastros 848:Quirino Cristiani 827:Quirino Cristiani 767:Sylvester the Cat 707:Fleischer Studios 638: 559:The Haunted Hotel 395:television series 319:and later to the 241:practical effects 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 10498: 10458: 10448: 10447: 10427:Vulgar auteurism 10255:Interstitial art 10233:Hyperlink cinema 9948:Vulgar auteurism 9943:Toronto New Wave 9933:Telefoni Bianchi 9928:Sword-and-sandal 9746:Italian futurist 9741:Iranian New Wave 9604:British New Wave 9417:Sword-and-sandal 9298:Rape and revenge 9239:Mouth of Garbage 9085:Tentacle erotica 9033:Goona-goona epic 9013:Extraterrestrial 8900:Heroic bloodshed 8534:Occult detective 8365:Christmas horror 8217:Sword-and-sandal 7949:Hong Kong action 7944:Heroic bloodshed 7910: 7903: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7868: 7858: 7857: 7838:anime franchises 7813:Cartoon violence 7801:highest grossing 7696:Erotic animation 7671:Animated cartoon 7438:Supermarionation 7411:Digital puppetry 7332:Facial animation 7252: 7251: 7112: 7111: 6985:Opening weekends 6675: 6674: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6573: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6329: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6291: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6265: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6210: 6191: 6167: 6148: 6129: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6070: 6051: 6028: 5991: 5972: 5953: 5934: 5913: 5894: 5875: 5866: 5847:Masson, Terrence 5842: 5823: 5804: 5780: 5755: 5736: 5715:Harryhausen, Ray 5710: 5691: 5672: 5647: 5635: 5624: 5612: 5601: 5579: 5560: 5536: 5512: 5493: 5481: 5470: 5449: 5430: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5371: 5347:Journal articles 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5232:, pp. 8–10. 5227: 5221: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4559:Watercutter 2012 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4513:, pp. 9–11. 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3727:. 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Archived from 3195: 3189: 3188: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3121:www.animafest.hr 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3026:Furniss, Maureen 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2858:Wire-frame model 2781: 2779:Animation portal 2776: 2775: 2673:Aleksandr Petrov 2404:(2007, France), 2356: 2204:shorts, and the 2146:Object animation 2024:(Russia, 1979), 2015:Fantastic Planet 1998:Cutout animation 1832:(France, 1937), 1715:A Scanner Darkly 1660:Yellow Submarine 1647:American studio 1621:(US, 1999), and 1376: 1222:mascot has been 961:cutout animation 948:An American Tail 799:20th Century Fox 791:Woody Woodpecker 666:Steamboat Willie 639: 382:were developed. 251:General overview 225:live-action film 216:, in particular 167: 153: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 18:Animated cartoon 10506: 10505: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10436: 10377:Semidocumentary 10302:Minimalist film 10292:Message picture 10287:Maximalist film 10181:Database cinema 10164:Computer screen 10124:Black-and-white 10049: 10047: 10045: 10039: 9957: 9913:Soviet parallel 9836:Parallel cinema 9831:Pan-Indian film 9761:Kammerspielfilm 9696:French New Wave 9616:Budapest school 9599:Brighton School 9574:New Objectivity 9556: 9550: 9519:Science fiction 9151:Bruceploitation 9060:Girls with guns 9006:Turksploitation 8880:Gentleman thief 8796: 8631:Science fiction 8477:Minimalist film 8472:Maximalist film 8450:Science fiction 8410:Japanese horror 8207:Social guidance 7922: 7914: 7884: 7879: 7846: 7808:Cartoon physics 7727:Animation music 7715: 7676:Animated sitcom 7666:Adult animation 7640: 7621:Special effects 7517: 7442: 7388: 7298: 7239: 7231: 7153: 7103: 7082:Direct-to-video 7000: 6894: 6781: 6666: 6660: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6592:from Wiktionary 6586: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572:sister projects 6569:at Knowledge's 6550: 6549: 6548: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6512: 6510: 6492: 6490: 6470: 6468: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6431: 6408: 6406: 6387: 6385: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6351: 6333: 6331: 6330:on 7 March 2008 6327: 6320: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6289: 6276: 6274: 6264:. Cartoon Brew. 6250: 6248: 6230: 6228: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6188: 6164: 6145: 6126: 6110:Johnston, Ollie 6093: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6067: 6048: 6017: 5988: 5969: 5950: 5931: 5910: 5891: 5863: 5839: 5820: 5801: 5777: 5752: 5733: 5725:. Aurum Press. 5707: 5688: 5669: 5644: 5621: 5598: 5584:Culhane, Shamus 5576: 5557: 5549:. Focal Press. 5533: 5517:Canemaker, John 5509: 5490: 5467: 5446: 5427: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5379: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082:, p. 1979. 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3828:annieawards.org 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3231:www.cataroo.com 3225: 3224: 3220: 3205:Box Office Mojo 3198: 3196: 3192: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3077: 3073: 3050: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2945:. 22 July 2023. 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2798:Animated series 2777: 2770: 2767: 2747:Special effects 2610: 2533: 2428:(2002, Japan), 2422:(2007, Japan), 2390: 2345: 2343: 2335:Main articles: 2333: 2287:Flash animation 2268:vector graphics 2264:bitmap graphics 2249: 2243: 2231: 2225: 2084:Ray Harryhausen 2074:Model animation 2066:(France, 2000). 2058:Weimar Republic 1807: 1801: 1789:(US, 1996) and 1771:(Italy, 1976), 1748: 1742: 1736:(Japan, 2013). 1712:(US, 2001) and 1691: 1685: 1639: 1633: 1567: 1549:(Japan, 2001), 1543:(Japan, 1988), 1522:The Illusionist 1516:Lucky and Zorba 1453: 1447: 1442: 1379:Joy & Heron 1360: 1358: 1306: 1300: 1280:ASIFA-Hollywood 1268: 1262: 1186: 1178:Kills Bugs Dead 1151: 1135: 1133:Economic status 1085: 1079: 1070:The Jungle Book 996:The Flintstones 982: 819: 661: 655: 629: 618:, patented the 534: 510:phenakistiscope 464: 458: 453: 447: 438: 407:user interfaces 403:motion graphics 385:In addition to 380:Flash animation 348:phenakistiscope 253: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 168: 159: 158: 157: 154: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10504: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10462: 10452: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10362:Reverse motion 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10312:Modernist film 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10257: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10245: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10174:midnight movie 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10064: 10059: 10053: 10051: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9962:By demographic 9959: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9909: 9908: 9901:Social realist 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9856:Poliziotteschi 9853: 9848: 9846:Poetic realist 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9801:New generation 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9776:Modernist film 9773: 9768: 9766:L.A. Rebellion 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9631:Cinéma du look 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9544:Zapata Western 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9524:Singing cowboy 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9479:Dacoit Western 9476: 9471: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9360:Shoshimin-eiga 9357: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9348:Nunsploitation 9345: 9343:Pornochanchada 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9018:Food and drink 9015: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8996:Blaxploitation 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8925:Poliziotteschi 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8780:Extreme cinema 8777: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8570: 8565: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Chinese horror 8357: 8352: 8347: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8226: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7990: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7737:Mickey Mousing 7734: 7723: 7721: 7720:Related topics 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7611:Straight ahead 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7591:Paint-on-glass 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7508:Squigglevision 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7483:Idle animation 7480: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7408: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7342:Motion capture 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7294:Onion skinning 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7195: 7190: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7163: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7149:Exposure sheet 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7067:Adult animated 7059: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7020:Feature-length 7017: 7008: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873:The Golden Age 6870: 6864:United States 6862: 6860:United Kingdom 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6629: 6628: 6626:from Wikiquote 6611: 6594: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524:External links 6522: 6520: 6519: 6499: 6477: 6457: 6440: 6415: 6394: 6377: 6360: 6340: 6313: 6283: 6266: 6257: 6237: 6227:. Cartoon Brew 6219: 6217: 6216:Online sources 6214: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6192: 6186: 6168: 6162: 6149: 6143: 6130: 6124: 6102: 6071: 6065: 6052: 6046: 6029: 6015: 5992: 5986: 5973: 5967: 5954: 5948: 5935: 5929: 5914: 5908: 5895: 5889: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5843: 5837: 5824: 5818: 5805: 5799: 5785:Laybourne, Kit 5781: 5775: 5756: 5750: 5737: 5731: 5711: 5705: 5692: 5686: 5673: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5625: 5619: 5602: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5561: 5556:978-0240520704 5555: 5541:Cotte, Olivier 5537: 5531: 5513: 5507: 5494: 5488: 5471: 5465: 5450: 5444: 5431: 5425: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5372: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5312: 5284: 5258: 5256:, p. 203. 5246: 5244:, p. xiv. 5242:Laybourne 1998 5234: 5222: 5218:Laybourne 1998 5207: 5195: 5183: 5181:, p. 204. 5171: 5159: 5143:"Piotr Dumała" 5134: 5122: 5096: 5094:, p. 222. 5084: 5072: 5046: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4983:, p. 249. 4973: 4966: 4946: 4934: 4932:, p. 204. 4922: 4910: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4858:, p. 285. 4848: 4836: 4834:, p. 208. 4824: 4809: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4746:, p. 392. 4736: 4724: 4712: 4710:, p. 165. 4700: 4698:, p. 482. 4688: 4686:, p. 405. 4676: 4664: 4660:Laybourne 1998 4649: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4597:, p. 128. 4595:Laybourne 1998 4587: 4583:Laybourne 1998 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4487:Laybourne 1998 4479: 4467: 4465:, p. 250. 4455: 4451:Laybourne 1998 4443: 4439:Laybourne 1998 4431: 4419: 4407: 4403:Laybourne 1998 4395: 4393:, p. 171. 4383: 4381:, p. 159. 4379:Laybourne 1998 4368: 4366:, p. 299. 4353: 4341: 4337:Laybourne 1998 4329: 4325:Laybourne 1998 4317: 4315:, p. 158. 4305: 4303:, p. xxi. 4293: 4291:, p. 241. 4281: 4269: 4257: 4253:Beckerman 2003 4245: 4243:, p. 142. 4241:Beckerman 2003 4233: 4229:Laybourne 1998 4221: 4209: 4197: 4193:Beckerman 2003 4185: 4173: 4169:Laybourne 1998 4161: 4159:, p. 296. 4146: 4144:, p. 394. 4134: 4122: 4120:, p. 203. 4118:Laybourne 1998 4110: 4098: 4096:, p. 153. 4094:Beckerman 2003 4086: 4074: 4070:Laybourne 1998 4062: 4047: 4045:, p. 146. 4035: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3992:Laybourne 1998 3984: 3982:, p. 120. 3972: 3960: 3958:, p. 339. 3956:Laybourne 1998 3948: 3946:, p. 151. 3936: 3934:, p. 274. 3924: 3922:, p. 117. 3920:Laybourne 1998 3912: 3891: 3865: 3849:"Introduction" 3840: 3815: 3785: 3764: 3738: 3716: 3690: 3664: 3638: 3607: 3595: 3570: 3558: 3537: 3514: 3491: 3464: 3431: 3403: 3373: 3347: 3321: 3295: 3269: 3243: 3218: 3190: 3161: 3133: 3117:"animafest.hr" 3108: 3096: 3089: 3071: 3058:j.ctt2005zgm.9 3048: 3017: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2930: 2905: 2891: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2708:Sand animation 2704: 2696: 2676: 2660: 2649:Norman McLaren 2636: 2618:World of Color 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2591: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2541:is the use of 2532: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2515: 2495: 2461:Motion capture 2457: 2435: 2410:(1999, U.S.), 2407:The Iron Giant 2389: 2386: 2332: 2329: 2279:onion skinning 2245:Main article: 2242: 2239: 2227:Main article: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216:Norman McLaren 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2124:special effect 2108: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2048: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1955:Czechoslovakia 1945:Jan Švankmajer 1915:Bruce Bickford 1901:(Often called 1899: 1892:Clay animation 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1820: 1803:Main article: 1800: 1797: 1783:(Italy 1991), 1762:Alice Comedies 1757:Koko the Clown 1744:Main article: 1741: 1738: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1635:Main article: 1632: 1629: 1618:The Iron Giant 1605:. Many of the 1570:Full animation 1566: 1563: 1480:rostrum camera 1449:Main article: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1357: 1354: 1310:Academy Awards 1302:Main article: 1299: 1298:Academy Awards 1296: 1276:Best Animation 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1242:(since 1984). 1185: 1182: 1150: 1147: 1134: 1131: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1027:(in 1989) and 981: 978: 871:Lotte Reiniger 818: 815: 807:United Artists 719:Koko the Clown 657:Main article: 654: 651: 648:, silent, 1919 642:Feline Follies 554:cinematography 533: 530: 472:shadow puppets 460:Main article: 457: 454: 449:Main article: 446: 443: 437: 434: 411:visual effects 321:phi phenomenon 252: 249: 245:visual effects 169: 162: 161: 160: 155: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10503: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10451: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10357:Postmodernist 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10347:Participatory 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10317:Musical short 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10228:Found footage 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10134:Cinéma vérité 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050:or production 10042: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9866:Prussian film 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9811:New Nollywood 9809: 9807: 9806:New Hollywood 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626:Cannibal boom 9624: 9622: 9621:Calligrafismo 9619: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589:Berlin School 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9539:Weird Western 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9370:Slice of life 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323:Bavarian porn 9321: 9320: 9319: 9318:Sexploitation 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9276:Partisan film 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244:Muslim social 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9226: 9225:Zombie comedy 9223: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9200:Giant monster 9198: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9002: 9001:Mexploitation 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8855:Coming-of-age 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8770:Transgressive 8768: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8753:Psychological 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8703:Slice of life 8701: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8575: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440:Psychological 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415:Korean horror 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Found footage 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8274:Magic realism 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8190:Sexploitation 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8141:Calligrafismo 8139: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094:City symphony 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7897: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7861: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7732:Bouncing ball 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Hydrotechnics 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566:Drawn-on-film 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522:Other methods 7520: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7493:Magic Lantern 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7426:Virtual human 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:hand tracking 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172:clay painting 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:international 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6772:United States 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6625: 6624: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6446: 6441: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6383: 6378: 6366: 6361: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6284: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6106:Thomas, Frank 6103: 6099: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6016:9780822358527 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5393: 5390:(1): 478–95. 5389: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4960:. CRC Press. 4959: 4958: 4950: 4944:, p. 19. 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4882:, p. 92. 4881: 4876: 4870:, p. 96. 4869: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4822:, p. 88. 4821: 4816: 4814: 4798: 4797:astanahub.com 4794: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4632:"Brick Films" 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4549:, p. 90. 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4417:, p. 70. 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4279:, p. 82. 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4207:, p. 71. 4206: 4201: 4195:, p. 80. 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4084:, p. 31. 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4058:Williams 2001 4054: 4052: 4044: 4039: 4033:, p. 34. 4032: 4031:Williams 2001 4027: 4025: 4018:, p. 37. 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 94. 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 55. 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3874:"Anima Mundi" 3869: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3726: 3725:"Our History" 3720: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3679: 3678:Vancouver Sun 3675: 3668: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3603:McDuling 2014 3599: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3106:, p. 49. 3105: 3104:Bendazzi 1994 3100: 3092: 3090:9780199839223 3086: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3049:9780861966639 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2982:, p. 34. 2981: 2976: 2970:, p. 24. 2969: 2964: 2958:, p. 28. 2957: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2769: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2657:Stan Brakhage 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2632:Hydrotechnics 2629: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2596:Magic Lantern 2592: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2553:is a form of 2552: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2494:(2014, India) 2493: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2467:Polar Express 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434:(2017, Japan) 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2416:(1999, U.S.) 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206:Academy Award 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2065: 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Retrieved 2917: 2908: 2894: 2753: 2745: 2739:Multi-sketch 2737: 2730: 2722: 2706: 2698: 2693:Piotr Dumała 2678: 2662: 2638: 2630: 2616: 2594: 2585: 2581:Chuckimation 2579: 2569: 2548: 2543:mechatronics 2538:Animatronics 2536: 2517: 2509: 2508:(2009, US), 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482:(2009, US), 2477: 2476:(2007, US), 2471: 2470:(2004, US), 2465: 2459: 2451: 2437: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2379: 2366:polygon mesh 2363: 2358: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2303:animated GIF 2295:Cinemagraphs 2272:interpolated 2260:2D animation 2258: 2233: 2232: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2135:Dragonslayer 2133: 2127: 2120:Phil Tippett 2097: 2087: 2061: 2060:, 1926) and 2051: 2037: 2019: 2013: 2007: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1918: 1902: 1855: 1845: 1844:(US, 2005), 1841:Corpse Bride 1839: 1838:(US, 1993), 1833: 1827: 1808: 1795:(US, 2001). 1790: 1784: 1778: 1777:(US, 1988), 1772: 1766: 1760: 1750: 1749: 1731: 1730:(1981), and 1725: 1724:(US, 1983), 1721:Fire and Ice 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 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6752:South Korea 6732:Philippines 6727:North Korea 6589:Definitions 6487:Vanity Fair 6434:12 February 6334:11 November 6287:"Animation" 6231:19 February 6094:|work= 5017:Kenyon 1998 5005:Parent 2007 4942:Parent 2007 4930:Masson 2007 4903:20 February 4868:Masson 2007 4844:Masson 2007 4820:Masson 2007 4768:Masson 2007 4732:Priebe 2006 4708:Masson 2007 4684:Masson 2007 4619:Herman 2014 4265:Ledoux 1997 4004:Masson 2007 3884:28 February 3858:28 February 3833:28 February 3366:27 February 3340:27 February 3314:27 February 3288:27 December 3126:18 February 3010:30 December 2923:18 February 2887:Buchan 2013 2491:kochadiiyan 2488:(2011, US) 2450:video game 2395:Cel shading 2308:Final line 2112:motion blur 2030:Trey Parker 1972:Chicken Run 1907:trademarked 1818:Stop motion 1810:Stop motion 1805:Stop motion 1799:Stop motion 1733:Aku no Hana 1727:Heavy Metal 1709:Waking Life 1694:Rotoscoping 1689:Rotoscoping 1683:Rotoscoping 1510:Animal Farm 1461:rotoscoping 1445:Traditional 1414:storyboards 1349:Toy Story 3 1346:(2009) and 1340:, in 1991. 1308:Apart from 1292:Anima Mundi 1205:video games 1193:comic books 1143:film genres 1093:Futureworld 1038:stop motion 957:stop motion 931:(1951) and 781:(1940) and 733:(1933) and 703:Donald Duck 701:(1932) and 679:Walt Disney 597:(1911) and 594:Little Nemo 567:stop motion 524:(1877) and 399:video games 387:short films 303:superheroes 268:stop motion 80:"Animation" 10486:Cartooning 10475:Categories 10342:Paracinema 10327:Neorealist 10322:Mythopoeia 10307:Mockbuster 10272:Low-budget 10213:Featurette 10046:technique, 10044:By format, 9923:Surrealist 9918:Structural 9796:New German 9786:Neorealist 9781:Mumblecore 9721:Heimatfilm 9681:Film d'art 9646:Cinéma pur 9380:South Seas 9353:Sex report 8619:Paranormal 8582:Propaganda 8482:Mumblecore 8269:Historical 8151:Historical 8040:Remarriage 8030:Mo lei tau 7764:walk cycle 7631:Syncro-Vox 7544:walk cycle 7448:Mechanical 7374:Procedural 7274:PowerPoint 7227:Puppetoons 7222:Pixilation 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922:Cinderella 853:El Apóstol 840:El Apóstol 795:Terrytoons 759:Bugs Bunny 755:Elmer Fudd 751:Daffy Duck 727:Betty Boop 573:to create 571:Émile Cohl 561:(1907) by 547:Émile Cohl 545:(1908) by 532:Silent era 468:automatons 364:Television 338:key frames 243:for showy 218:claymation 208:made with 91:newspapers 10481:Animation 10332:No-budget 10297:Meta-film 10265:animation 10223:Film-poem 10159:Composite 10104:Anthology 10067:Animation 10062:Actuality 10048:approach, 9816:New Queer 9736:Indiewood 9686:Film gris 9557:or period 9534:Spaghetti 9457:Submarine 9437:Vigilante 9402:Superhero 9156:Chopsocky 9102:Jidaigeki 8971:Dystopian 8870:Detective 8828:Buddy cop 8818:Body swap 8748:Political 8728:Financial 8691:Tokusatsu 8686:Steampunk 8602:Bromantic 8574:Malayalam 8553:Crossover 8529:Detective 8497:Backstage 8445:Religious 8301:Tech noir 8296:Pulp noir 8286:Film noir 8161:Melodrama 8099:Docudrama 8072:Cyberpunk 8065:Slapstick 8055:Screwball 8015:Gross out 7978:Christian 7956:Adventure 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