362:
42:
244:. It is native to the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, where it occurs on bare, sandy soils in semi-arid regions. Its seeds are dispersed by harvester ants, which remove an oily coating that delays germination. In recent centuries, annual mercury has spread to northern Europe and many other parts of the world as an agricultural and urban weed. It has been studied for its complex genetics and breeding system. It is named after the Roman god Mercury, due to its association with fertility.
86:
631:
800:
763:
447:
354:
311:
335:
61:
378:. They do not grow in the same habitat: annual mercury is a weed of waste ground, whereas dog's mercury is a woodland plant, but they can sometimes be found in proximity, for example along woodland paths. The main differences between them are that annual mercury is easily uprooted, it has branched stems, and is almost hairless except on the leaf margins; whereas dog's mercury is rhizomatous, unbranched, and usually hairy all over.
386:
303:) arising from the leaf axils and projecting beyond the leaves. Female plants have their flowers in sessile clusters of 1-4 at the nodes of the branches, or on short (4 mm) pedicels if attached to the main stem. Hermaphrodite flowers, where these occur, have a similar arrangement to the female flowers. Sometimes these are functionally female, producing no pollen or even lacking
796:, he claimed that a paste made from the "male" plant would cause the conception of a male child, while "female" plants would have the opposite effect. Modern botanists, of course, would consider the plant that bears the fruit to be female but, as the odds of it working would have been about 50-50, this might not have mattered.
810:
was similarly confused about the biology of mercury plants, in the 17th century: "at every joint in the male
Mercury two small, round green heads, standing together upon a short foot stalk, which growing ripe, are seeds, not having flowers." He considered it useful mainly for gynecological problems,
638:
In the north of its range, where harvester ants do not occur (and during the winter in the south), a different dispersal strategy occurs. The seeds of annual mercury have an extremely low germination rate while the caruncle is present, but continued exposure to water for 48 hours allows a proportion
486:
is a diploid with a chromosome number 2n = 16. In these areas, populations are always dioecious (although it is never hard to find individual plants which do not conform). In parts of southern Europe and north Africa, however, plants are sometimes tetraploid, hexaploid, or have even higher levels of
626:
and deposit the seeds in chambers within the nest. With the caruncle removed, the seeds are ready to germinate, but they will not do so until the third stage occurs, when the ant nest is destroyed by some external event such as animal disturbance, flood, or ploughing. The soil from the ant nest is
611:
Annual mercury is native to arid regions around the
Mediterranean, where it can find bare, dry soil in which to grow. When the fruit is formed, it is dispersed by a three-stage process. Firstly the seeds are catapulted away by the exploding seedpods, typically travelling around 30 cm from the
267:
The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and have a short petiole about 1 cm long (exceptionally up to 4 cm), with tiny green stipules, 1–2 mm long, at the base. Each leaf is about 7 cm long by 3.5 cm wide, ovate with a pointed tip, and up to about 10 (range: 4-18) blunt
627:
particularly rich and friable, making a perfect seedbed for new plants. For this reason, annual mercury is especially common in agricultural land, where it behaves not as a ruderal colonist of bare ground, but as a specialised inhabitant of places with regular disturbance events.
478:
A large number of subspecies, forms and varieties have also been named over the years, but again they have not been widely adopted. Some of the variety within this species can be explained by the breeding system and the polyploidy. There are no known hybrids with other species.
701:
Although it is generally thought to be wind-pollinated, male annual mercury plants can produce tens of thousands of flowers in a growing season, and these give rise to vast quantities of pollen and nectar. A single plant might be visited by hundreds of insects daily.
587:
In
Britain, it occurs mainly in the south and east but has spread north in the latter half of the 20th century, becoming roughly three times as widespread. Towards to northern parts of its range, it becomes an increasingly urban weed, possibly benefiting from the
639:
of the seeds to develop, over a long period of time (2 or more weeks, rather than just a day or two for the seeds from an ant nest). This allows the plant to act as a pioneer species, moving into new areas of bare ground when carried by floodwater.
322:
which look like small yellowish-green petals about 2 mm long. The males have 8-12 stamens which are somewhat longer than the tepals, with yellow anthers that turn black after the pollen is released. Female flowers have two ovaries and two
665:
It has spread across
Britain from the south in recent centuries, initially as an inhabitant of warm micro-climates in urban areas. Here it often grows at the base of walls where there also a rich supply of nutrients, along with such plants as
487:
ploidy, and it is also in these areas that monoecy, androdioecy and gynodioecy occur. Studies so far have failed to establish whether the sexual system determines the ploidy level, or vice versa, or even if they are necessarily linked.
811:
and questioned its association with the god, writing "Mercury, they say, owns the herb, but I rather think it is Venus’s, and I am partly confident of it too, for I never heard that
Mercury ever minded women’s business so much."
1708:
259:
which typically grows to about 30–50 cm (exceptionally, up to 1 m) tall, with an erect, branched stem that has two strong ridges along its length, changing sides at each node. The whole plant is more-or-less
1650:
838:
814:
By the 20th century, the biology was understood, but confusion between annual and dog's mercury had brought the herb into disrepute. Dog's mercury is much more common than annual in
Northern Europe, and
858:
350:
at one end. These are explosively expelled from the mericarp as it dries and turns inside-out, being fired about 30 cm (small seeds might go as far as 130 cm) from the parent plant.
854:
346:
up to about 4 mm long with a warty, spiky coat, which splits into two mericarps as it matures. Each mericarp contains one shiny brown seed which is about 2 mm in diameter and has a
850:
1841:
792:
observed the symbolism of the fruits, writing "the male has branches that are small and round, as though it were two little stones lying together." Following the
716:, which is known as the dog's-mercury rust in Britain. This produces small black dots on the surface of the leaves. Another rust-like infection is caused by
561:, where it occurs in desert and semi-arid regions, and from which it has spread to disturbed, agricultural soils and urban areas around the world. In the
264:
and, when broken, it exudes a watery sap (not a white latex, as other
Euphorbiaceae do). It is easily uprooted to reveal a bundle of thin, fibrous roots.
1296:
2178:
941:
2351:
2230:
2438:
846:
785:) and a prominent set of male genitalia. As the fruits of annual mercury resemble testicles, the association with mercuriae is apparent.
679:
2325:
835:, and subsequently died. Similarly, livestock have been known to die after eating a type of mercury, but the species is not recorded.
698:
in
Britain are L=7, F=5, R=7, N=7 and S=0, which means that it grows in places that are well-lit, damp, neutral and richly fertile.
2126:
2191:
2139:
1896:
1887:
2253:
1836:
Delâge, Denys (2006). "Aboriginal
Influence on the Canadians and French at the time of New France". In Christie, Gordon (ed.).
318:
Even in the north of its range, annual mercury can usually be found flowering all year round. The flowers of both sexes have 3
516:
was using this name in Roman times, drawing a comparison between the fruits of the plant and certain attributes of the deity.
989:
925:
819:
seems to have reassigned the medicinal properties to the former, saying that annual mercury "is now disregarded in
England."
2304:
2473:
2196:
1580:
1049:
Pannell, J.R.; Dorken, M.E.; Pujol, B.; Berjano, R. (2008). "Gender variation and transitions between sexual systems in
338:
Female plants typically do not have their flowers on long peduncles, but sessile on the branches and the tip of the stem
2077:
1927:
506:, it is unlikely to be the correct plant. Richard Mabey claims that the "true" mercuries are goosefoots, specifically
2468:
1800:
1775:
1692:
1548:
1370:
1271:
1208:
1131:
2392:
443:. Linnaeus also assigned it the astronomical symbol for the sun (☉), which was simply a code that meant "annual".
2235:
2165:
622:) which immediately gather them up and transport them to their nests, up to 5 m away. There, the ants remove the
2463:
2458:
2387:
2258:
1853:
565:
it is found on sandy soils in mountain valleys, at an altitude of 1,200 m, where it grows just 5 cm tall.
17:
2343:
512:, and that the name became attached to this genus because of a superficial resemblance between them. However,
2217:
1892:
1494:
1224:
Pannell, J.R.; Obbard, D.J.; Buggs, R.J.A. (2004). "Polyploidy and the sexual system: what can we learn from
612:
parent plant. When these seeds land, the vibration caused by the impact attracts harvester ants of the genus
1917:
777:(in Rome they were known as "mercuriae") is a statue consisting of a square block of stone with the head of
2108:
401:
2030:
2005:
1976:
643:
596:
361:
85:
2338:
2144:
1878:
1074:"Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Experimental Evaluation of the Evolutionary Maintenance of Trioecy in
508:
454:
The original name is still used today, but several synonyms have been coined over the years, including
1333:
897:
2448:
2245:
687:
745:, whose larvae cause a large, oval swelling inside the stem or the petiole, and the buckthorn aphid
2453:
491:
2209:
357:
The fruits are covered with hair-tipped tubercles and consist of two mericarps, each with one seed
873:
427:) in 1753. He classified it among the "enneandria" (the 9-stamened plants) and gave as synonyms "
41:
2330:
1539:
Sinker, C.A.; Packham, J.R.; Trueman, I.C; Oswald, P.H.; Perring, F.H.; Prestwood, W.V. (1985).
2183:
2103:
1938:
1904:
1152:
Lisci, M.; Pacini, E. (1997). "Fruit and seed structural characteristics and seed dispersal in
793:
655:
1621:
675:
659:
569:
202:
2284:
2051:
1292:
828:
731:
683:
521:
513:
432:
424:
375:
831:
certainly is, as there are cases where people have mistaken it for an edible herb such as
827:
It is not known whether annual mercury is poisonous to humans or not. The closely related
8:
2443:
2402:
1909:
782:
678:. Subsequently, it spreads to arable fields and waste ground, and it is described in the
495:
440:
179:
50:
2410:
2317:
2095:
1566:
British Plant Communities, vol. 5: Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats
1104:
1073:
935:
647:
397:
80:
1737:
498:, because he first discovered its virtues. If this is a reference to the magical herb
2356:
2279:
2038:
1849:
1824:
1796:
1771:
1688:
1544:
1366:
1267:
1204:
1127:
1028:
1023:
985:
921:
807:
651:
589:
562:
558:
526:
420:
300:
580:, where it is introduced. In all these areas it is considered to be common, and the
365:
Female flowers on the main stem have a short pedicel (<1 cm) and 3 whitish tepals
2415:
2043:
1872:
1845:
1820:
1099:
1089:
1018:
1006:
774:
767:
671:
256:
1997:
2266:
2010:
1094:
876:
people of eastern Canada have used the juices of the plant as a balm for wounds.
747:
695:
691:
324:
237:
123:
2379:
2222:
2312:
2294:
1987:
1462:
110:
519:
The common English name simply separates it from perennial, or dog's mercury,
2432:
2082:
1961:
1032:
1007:"Polyploidy and the sexual system: what can we learn from Mercurialis annua?"
667:
630:
600:
581:
530:
416:
299:
kingdom. Male plants have their flowers arranged at the tips of long stalks (
276:
241:
218:
169:
70:
65:
1389:
400:
may look similar but has large shield-like bracts under the female flowers (
2369:
261:
253:
159:
634:
Typical habitat in Northern Europe is in field margins and cultivated land
2204:
2152:
2020:
1970:
1819:. R Aquino, I Behar, M D'agostino, F De Simone, O Schettino and C Pizza,
1317:
816:
799:
789:
762:
718:
642:
The habitats it grows in include Eastern Mediterranean limestone screes (
554:
499:
446:
353:
310:
292:
2271:
2118:
729:
Three species of insect are known to attack annual mercury: the weevils
334:
2131:
1595:
1178:
872:
Although it is not a native plant in America, it is reported that some
707:
577:
573:
343:
288:
2157:
2090:
2064:
1923:
623:
490:
Various authors have offered explanations for the name of the genus.
347:
269:
1932:
2364:
1955:
862:
599:
and, to judge from early records, was not common at that time. Its
503:
328:
319:
136:
2170:
2069:
1679:
Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter (2002). "British Plant Galls".
1581:"PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants - Spreadsheet"
832:
726:, which produce glassy, golden warts and can distort the leaves.
385:
284:
2056:
778:
614:
304:
280:
149:
450:
Fertile male flowers produce large quantities of yellow pollen
842:
803:
The characteristic shape of the fruits give rise to its name.
646:
code H2.68), on old walls (J1.31), and on disturbed soils in
296:
97:
431:" (the mercury with a branched stem and hairless leaves) in
27:
Species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiacea
1838:
Aboriginality and Governance: A Multidisciplinary Approach
1538:
1048:
1005:
Pannell, J.R.; Obbard, D.J.; Buggs, R.J.A. (2004-08-01).
533:
name "linozostis" and said it was called by the Romans
529:
referred to it as French mercury. Dioscorides used the
374:
In Europe, the plant most resembling annual mercury is
788:
Ancient herbalists had many uses for annual mercury.
1790:
1791:Cooper, M.R.; Johnson, A.W.; Dauncey, E.A. (2003).
1431:
1363:
An Illustrated Guide to the Flowers of Saudi Arabia
705:Annual mercury is sometimes infested with the rust
1499:L. (Euphorbiaceae) seed interactions with the ant
1432:Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A.; Dines, T.D. (2002).
1223:
1071:
1004:
1072:Perry, L.E.; Pannell, J.R.; Dorken, M.E. (2012).
2430:
1201:Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles
902:. Montford Bridge: Shropshire Botanical Society.
595:It was first recorded in the country in 1538 by
592:effect, where it grows on pavements and rubble.
391:Dog's mercury (left) vs. annual mercury (right)
1678:
1416:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1488:
1486:
1044:
1042:
979:
475:(1963). None of these is currently accepted.
895:
572:, where it is considered native, as well as
1311:
1309:
1280:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1143:
961:
439:" (the mercury with testicles) in Bauhin's
429:Mercurialis caule brachiato, foliis glabris
1578:
1483:
1360:
1039:
998:
940:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
548:
314:Closeup of the male flowers after anthesis
295:populations, which is very unusual in the
59:
40:
1746:Database of Insects and their Food Plants
1593:
1587:
1543:. Shrewsbury: Shropshire Wildlife Trust.
1541:Ecological Flora of the Shropshire Region
1449:First Records of British Flowering Plants
1397:Inventoire National du Patrimoine Naturel
1230:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1117:
1115:
1103:
1093:
1022:
1011:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
964:Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 3
891:
889:
1596:"The cytology of the abscission zone in
1572:
1568:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1434:New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora
1421:. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
1315:
1306:
1246:
1240:
1140:
975:
973:
966:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
798:
761:
629:
445:
407:
360:
352:
333:
309:
1897:United States Department of Agriculture
1888:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1672:
1563:
1384:
1382:
1291:
1173:
1171:
1121:
982:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
957:
955:
953:
951:
911:
909:
712:agg., specifically the cryptic species
14:
2431:
1835:
1784:
1765:
1759:
1532:
1528:. Bath: R.A. Blackwell & Partners.
1492:
1446:
1112:
899:The Flora and Vegetation of Shropshire
886:
839:Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside-4′-glucoside
606:
1937:
1936:
1604:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
1579:Hill, M.O.; Preston, C.D.; Roy, D.B.
1523:
1425:
1417:Perring, F.H.; Walters, S.M. (1962).
1261:
1255:
1198:
1186:Global Biodiversity Information Forum
970:
915:
859:isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside-7-glucoside
2393:ee507760-aa07-4224-a7ed-b54b9bf1e18c
2246:9e8defeb-477c-40bb-8449-bf4512b75684
1770:. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
1379:
1168:
1158:Acta sociatatis botanicorum poloniae
980:Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009).
948:
906:
896:Lockton, Alex; Whild, Sarah (2015).
855:quercetin-3-(2G-glucosyl)-rutinoside
502:, which Mercury (as Hermes) gave to
2439:IUCN Red List least concern species
1365:. London: Scorpion Publishing Ltd.
962:Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2009).
24:
1928:University of California, Berkeley
1630:Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland
1436:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
680:National Vegetation Classification
568:It is present in all the mainland
494:states that is named in honour of
25:
2485:
1866:
1795:. London: The Stationery Office.
1503:(Latr.), hymenoptera: Formicidae"
369:
2344:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:352179-1
1451:. London: West, Newman & Co.
1024:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00340.x
553:Annual mercury is native to the
384:
84:
1829:
1815:Phytochemical investigation on
1809:
1730:
1701:
1643:
1614:
1610:(6): 279–289 – via JSTOR.
1583:. UK Biological Records Centre.
1557:
1517:
1455:
1440:
1410:
1354:
1326:
1217:
1192:
1266:. London: Sinclair-Stevenson.
1126:. Harpenden: Brambleby Books.
1065:
918:New Flora of the British Isles
275:Plants can be male, female or
247:
13:
1:
1893:Agricultural Research Service
1848:: Theytus Books. p. 35.
879:
757:
272:at the tip, along each side.
1825:10.1016/0305-1978(87)90042-1
1095:10.1371/journal.pone.0035597
984:. Southampton: John Poland.
557:and countries bordering the
7:
2474:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1361:Collenette, Sheila (1985).
1316:Culpeper, Nicholas (1850).
342:The fruit is a capsule, or
10:
2490:
1793:Poisonous Plants and Fungi
1419:Atlas of the British Flora
1341:Plants of the World Online
1251:. London: John van Voorst.
1203:. London: Academic Press.
509:Chenopodium bonus-henricus
1945:
1717:Plant Parasites of Europe
1659:Plant Parasites of Europe
1594:Yampolsky, Cacil (1934).
861:can be isolated from the
851:Isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside
535:herba Mercurialis mascula
208:
201:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2469:Plants described in 1753
1842:Penticton Indian Reserve
662:vegetation communities.
1653:Synchytrium mercurialis
1322:. London: Thomas Kelly.
1262:Mabey, Richard (1996).
1247:Leighton, W.A. (1841).
822:
656:nettle-leaved goosefoot
618:(in Italy, the species
603:is LC (Least Concern).
584:is LC (Least Concern).
549:Distribution and status
541:; and by the Egyptians
437:Mercurialis testiculata
1711:Kalcapion semivittatum
1655:(Libert) Fuckel, 1870"
1564:Rodwell, J.S. (2000).
1124:The Flora of Berkshire
1122:Crawley, M.J. (2005).
804:
794:doctrine of signatures
770:
740:Kalcapion semivittatum
635:
451:
441:Pinax Theatri Botanici
366:
358:
339:
327:, with bristle-tipped
315:
2464:Flora of Western Asia
2459:Flora of North Africa
1766:Grieve, Maud (1931).
1447:Clarke, W.A. (1900).
1249:A Flora of Shropshire
1156:L. (Euphorbiaceae)".
802:
765:
724:(Libert) Fuckel, 1870
633:
570:Departments of France
449:
408:Taxonomy and genetics
364:
356:
337:
313:
252:Annual mercury is an
240:in the spurge family
1524:White, J.W. (1912).
1199:Stace, C.A. (1975).
916:Stace, C.A. (2019).
732:Tropiphorus elevatus
682:as occurring in OV6
522:Mercurialis perennis
433:Hortus Cliffortianus
1910:Plants for a Future
1905:"Mercurialis annua"
1873:USDA Plants Profile
1624:Melampsora populnea
1493:Pacini, E. (1990).
1319:The Complete Herbal
1297:"De Materia Medica"
607:Habitat and ecology
601:conservation status
582:conservation status
482:In most of Europe,
473:(Moris) B.M. Durand
470:Mercurialis monoica
456:Mercurialis ambigua
51:Conservation status
1713:(Gyllenhal, 1833)"
1188:. 4 November 2023.
1053:(Euphorbiaceae)".
805:
771:
636:
452:
398:Acalypha australis
367:
359:
340:
316:
236:, is a species of
2426:
2425:
2295:Mercurialis_annua
2280:Open Tree of Life
1977:Mercurialis annua
1947:Mercurialis annua
1939:Taxon identifiers
1919:Mercurialis annua
1881:Mercurialis annua
1817:Mercurialis annua
1740:Mercurialis annua
1598:Mercurialis annua
1526:The Bristol Flora
1497:Mercurialis annua
1465:Mercurialis annua
1336:Mercurialis annua
1226:Mercurialis annua
1181:Mercurialis annua
1154:Mercurialis annua
1076:Mercurialis annua
1055:Int. J. Plant Sci
1051:Mercurialis annua
991:978-0-9560144-0-5
927:978-1-5272-2630-2
753:
744:
743:(Gyllenhal, 1833)
737:
725:
694:communities. Its
688:scentless mayweed
652:hairy bittercress
590:urban heat island
563:Arabian Peninsula
559:Mediterranean Sea
474:
467:
463:Discoplis serrata
460:
421:Species Plantarum
413:Mercurialis annua
320:perianth segments
279:, giving rise to
229:Mercurialis annua
225:
224:
212:Mercurialis annua
74:
16:(Redirected from
2481:
2449:Dioecious plants
2419:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
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2359:
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2308:
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2249:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2223:NBNSYS0000003722
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
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2121:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2073:
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2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2034:
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2024:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1934:
1933:
1926:photo database,
1914:
1900:
1860:
1859:
1846:British Columbia
1833:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:Plant Atlas 2020
1459:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1264:Flora Britannica
1259:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1078:(Euphorbiaceae)"
1069:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1002:
996:
995:
977:
968:
967:
959:
946:
945:
939:
931:
913:
904:
903:
893:
751:
742:
735:
723:
696:Ellenberg values
684:sticky mouse-ear
472:
465:
458:
388:
214:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2454:Flora of Europe
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2267:Observation.org
2265:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1941:
1903:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1834:
1830:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1768:A Modern Herbal
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1507:Acta Bot. Neerl
1501:Messor structor
1491:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1241:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1193:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1120:
1113:
1070:
1066:
1047:
1040:
1003:
999:
992:
978:
971:
960:
949:
933:
932:
928:
914:
907:
894:
887:
882:
825:
760:
748:Aphis nasturtii
668:black horehound
609:
551:
410:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
372:
250:
238:flowering plant
221:
216:
210:
197:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
35:Annual mercury
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:wfo-0000241716
2407:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1967:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1901:
1875:
1868:
1867:External links
1865:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1828:
1808:
1801:
1783:
1776:
1758:
1729:
1700:
1693:
1671:
1642:
1613:
1586:
1571:
1556:
1549:
1531:
1516:
1482:
1454:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1378:
1371:
1353:
1325:
1305:
1279:
1272:
1254:
1239:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1167:
1139:
1132:
1111:
1064:
1038:
1017:(4): 547–560.
997:
990:
969:
947:
926:
905:
884:
883:
881:
878:
824:
821:
759:
756:
608:
605:
597:William Turner
550:
547:
539:M. testiculata
468:. (1838), and
409:
406:
402:Flora of China
390:
383:
382:
381:
380:
371:
370:Identification
368:
293:androdioecious
268:teeth, with a
249:
246:
234:annual mercury
223:
222:
217:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
189:
185:
184:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Annual mercury
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2486:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1802:0-11-702861-4
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1777:0-486-22798-7
1773:
1769:
1762:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1694:1 85153 214 5
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:Field Studies
1675:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1550:0 95086 371 8
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1513:(3): 253–262.
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1372:0 905906 45 4
1368:
1364:
1357:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1293:Dioscorides P
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1273:1 85619 377 2
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1210:0-12-661650-7
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1133:0-9543347-4-4
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1088:(4): e35597.
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1061:(1): 129–139.
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
987:
983:
976:
974:
965:
958:
956:
954:
952:
943:
937:
929:
923:
919:
912:
910:
901:
900:
892:
890:
885:
877:
875:
874:First Nations
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
834:
830:
829:dog's mercury
820:
818:
812:
809:
801:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
769:
764:
755:
752:Kaltenbach II
750:
749:
741:
734:
733:
727:
722:
720:
715:
711:
709:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:hedge mustard
673:
672:common mallow
669:
663:
661:
660:hedge mustard
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
632:
628:
625:
621:
617:
616:
604:
602:
598:
593:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:Ancient Greek
528:
524:
523:
517:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
480:
476:
471:
464:
457:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:was named by
414:
405:
403:
399:
387:
379:
377:
376:dog's mercury
363:
355:
351:
349:
345:
336:
332:
330:
326:
321:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:gynodioecious
286:
282:
278:
277:hermaphrodite
273:
271:
265:
263:
258:
255:
245:
243:
242:Euphorbiaceae
239:
235:
231:
230:
220:
215:
213:
207:
204:
203:Binomial name
200:
196:
195:
194:M. annua
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:Euphorbiaceae
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Tracheophytes
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1946:
1918:
1908:
1886:
1880:
1837:
1831:
1816:
1811:
1792:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1739:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1710:
1703:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1652:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1391:
1362:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1123:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1014:
1010:
1000:
981:
963:
917:
898:
871:
866:
837:
826:
813:
806:
787:
772:
746:
739:
730:
728:
717:
714:M. rostrupii
713:
706:
704:
700:
664:
648:little robin
641:
637:
619:
613:
610:
594:
586:
567:
552:
542:
538:
534:
520:
518:
507:
489:
483:
481:
477:
469:
462:
455:
453:
436:
428:
412:
411:
396:
373:
341:
317:
274:
266:
251:
233:
228:
227:
226:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
160:Malpighiales
143:
130:
117:
104:
29:
2205:NatureServe
2153:iNaturalist
1971:Wikispecies
1687:: 207–531.
1392:Mercurialis
920:. Suffolk.
865:extract of
817:Maud Grieve
790:Dioscorides
721:mercurialis
719:Synchytrium
620:M. structor
555:Middle East
514:Dioscorides
248:Description
181:Mercurialis
124:Angiosperms
2444:Acalypheae
2433:Categories
2318:kew-125710
2313:Plant List
2028:Calflora:
1855:1894778243
1751:8 November
1722:8 November
1664:8 November
1635:8 November
1475:5 November
1402:8 November
1346:8 November
1236:: 547–560.
1164:: 379–386.
880:References
863:methanolic
758:In culture
708:Melampsora
578:Martinique
574:Guadeloupe
344:schizocarp
307:entirely.
285:monoecious
2109:250016244
2091:FloraBase
1924:CalPhotos
1394:annua L."
1033:0024-4066
936:cite book
847:narcissin
766:A bronze
736:(Herbst.)
692:chickweed
690:and OV13
329:tubercles
301:peduncles
281:dioecious
270:hydathode
188:Species:
94:Kingdom:
2388:VicFlora
2377:VASCAN:
2370:12802185
2365:Tropicos
2292:PalDat:
2210:2.150552
2184:10246058
2171:352179-1
2018:BioLib:
1956:Wikidata
1082:PLoS ONE
867:M. annua
808:Culpeper
710:populnea
624:caruncle
543:aphlopho
527:Culpeper
504:Odysseus
492:Leighton
484:M. annua
461:(1762),
417:Linnaeus
348:caruncle
262:glabrous
166:Family:
137:Eudicots
71:IUCN 3.1
2132:3062975
2057:1154390
1962:Q163949
1922:in the
1105:3330815
833:spinach
783:Mercury
496:Mercury
425:p. 1035
305:stamens
176:Genus:
156:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
2326:PLANTS
2285:339357
2243:NZOR:
2119:merann
2116:FoIO:
2083:170019
1998:107243
1995:APDB:
1852:
1799:
1774:
1691:
1547:
1369:
1270:
1207:
1130:
1102:
1031:
988:
924:
779:Hermes
686:, OV9
658:, and
615:Messor
325:styles
254:annual
150:Rosids
2400:WoI:
2357:584-1
2352:SANBI
2302:PFI:
2254:NZPCN
2197:28354
2179:IRMNG
2158:68838
2145:24100
2078:EUNIS
2070:MERAN
2044:3ZTJ8
2021:39391
2011:92816
1985:APA:
1300:(PDF)
843:rutin
644:Eunis
435:and "
297:plant
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
2380:5619
2339:POWO
2331:MEAN
2305:2891
2272:7058
2259:3174
2236:3986
2231:NCBI
2192:ITIS
2166:IPNI
2140:GRIN
2127:GBIF
2096:4660
2065:EPPO
2031:5450
2006:APNI
1988:1845
1850:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1753:2023
1724:2023
1689:ISBN
1666:2023
1637:2023
1545:ISBN
1477:2023
1404:2023
1367:ISBN
1348:2023
1268:ISBN
1228:?".
1205:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1029:ISSN
986:ISBN
942:link
922:ISBN
857:and
823:Uses
775:herm
768:herm
738:and
674:and
576:and
500:moly
459:L.f.
257:herb
2411:WFO
2403:507
2218:NBN
2104:FNA
2052:EoL
2039:CoL
1821:doi
1467:L."
1338:L."
1183:L."
1100:PMC
1090:doi
1059:169
1019:doi
853:),
537:or
466:Raf
419:in
404:).
291:or
2435::
2413::
2390::
2367::
2354::
2341::
2328::
2315::
2282::
2269::
2256::
2233::
2220::
2207::
2194::
2181::
2168::
2155::
2142::
2129::
2106::
2093::
2080::
2067::
2054::
2041::
2008::
1973::
1958::
1907:.
1895:,
1891:.
1885:.
1844:,
1840:.
1744:.
1715:.
1685:10
1683:.
1657:.
1628:.
1608:61
1606:.
1602:.
1511:39
1509:.
1505:.
1485:^
1381:^
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