António de Oliveira Salazar

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The legislation of the parliamentary republic was not fundamentally altered: religious teaching in schools remained voluntary, while civil marriages and civil divorce were retained and religious oaths were not re-established. The Bishops were to be appointed by the Holy See, but final nomination required the government's approval. The clergy were subject to military service, but in the form of pastoral care to the armed forces and, in time of war, also to the medical units. The Church could establish and maintain private schools, but they would be subject to state supervision. The Catholic religion and morality were to be taught in public schools unless parents had requested the contrary. Catholics who celebrated canonical marriages were not allowed to obtain a civil divorce. The law stated that "It is understood that by the very fact of the celebration of a canonical marriage, the spouses renounce the legal right to ask for a divorce." Despite this prohibition, nearly 91% of all marriages in the country were canonical marriages by 1961.

3230: 5537: 3571: 4056: 5755:, a pioneering specialist on the study of nationalism, was the American Ambassador in Spain during World War II. He met Salazar in person and agreed with Ambassador Hoare. Hayes wrote that Salazar "didn't look like a regular dictator. Rather, he appeared a modest, quiet, and highly intelligent gentleman and scholar ... literally dragged from a professorial chair of political economy in the venerable University of Coimbra a dozen years previously in order to straighten out Portugal's finances, and that his almost miraculous success in this respect had led to the thrusting upon him of other major functions, including those of Foreign Minister and constitution-maker." Hayes appreciated Portugal's endeavours to form a truly neutral peninsular bloc with Spain, an immeasurable contribution – at a time when the British and the United States had much less influence – towards counteracting the propaganda and appeals of the Axis. 77: 937: 3328:

President Carmona appointed Salazar as the 100th prime minister of Portugal, after which he began to operate closer to the mainstream of political sentiment in his country. The authoritarian government consisted of a right-wing coalition, and he was able to co-opt the moderates of each political current with the aid of censorship and repression directed against those outside of it. Those perceived to be genuine fascists were jailed or exiled. Conservative Catholics were Salazar's earliest and most loyal supporters, whereas conservative republicans who could not be co-opted became his most dangerous opponents during the early period. They attempted several coups, but never presented a united front, consequently these attempts were easily repressed. Never a true monarchist, Salazar nevertheless gained most of the monarchists' support, as

5909: 5748:, the British Ambassador in Spain, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping the Iberian peninsula neutral during World War II, and lauded him. Hoare asserted that, in his 30 years of political life, he had met most of the leading statesmen of Europe, and regarded Salazar highly among those. Salazar was to him a learned and impressive thinker: part professor, part priest, part recluse of unshakable beliefs. He regarded him as ascetic, concentrated on serving his country, with an encyclopedic knowledge of Europe and indifferent to ostentation, luxury or personal gains. Hoare strongly believed in Salazar as "being a man of one idea – the good of his country", not wanting to endanger the work of national regeneration to which he had devoted the whole of his public life. 4380:, a former Nazi sympathiser and former leader of the Blue Shirts, arrested and exiled by the regime in the 1930s. Official figures credited Delgado with one-fourth of the votes, in total approximately a million – well behind Tomás. Although the electoral system was so heavily rigged that Tomás could not possibly have been defeated, Salazar was alarmed by the episode. Leaving nothing to chance, he pushed through a constitutional amendment transferring election of the president to the two parliamentary bodies, which were both firmly under his control. Delgado was expelled from the Portuguese military and took refuge in the Brazilian embassy before going into exile. Much of his banishment was spent in Brazil and later in Algeria, as a guest of 3521:, the Sub-Secretary of State of Corporations and Social Welfare, reporting directly to Salazar, enacted extensive legislation that shaped the corporatist structure and initiated a comprehensive social welfare system. This system was equally anti-capitalist and anti-socialist. The corporatisation of the working class was accompanied by strict legislation regulating business. Workers' organisations were subordinated to state control, but granted a legitimacy that they had never before enjoyed and were made beneficiaries of a variety of new social programs. Nevertheless, it is important to note that even in the enthusiastic early years, corporatist agencies were not at the centre of power and therefore corporatism was not the true base of the whole system. 3506:

99.5% of the vote, but with 488,840 abstentions (in a registered electorate of 1,330,258) counting as "yes". Hugh Kay points out that the large number of abstentions might be attributable to the fact that voters were presented with a package deal to which they had to say "yes" or "no" with no opportunity to accept one clause and reject another. In this referendum, women were allowed to vote for the first time in Portugal. Their right to vote had not been obtained during the First Republic, despite feminist efforts, and even in the referendum vote, secondary education was a requirement for female voters, whereas males only needed to be able to read and write.

4071:) the British Ambassador reacted to the US State Department's suggestion as "particularly ill-timed and incomprehensible at the present juncture". He recalled that at the outset of the war, Salazar had remained neutral with British approval and stated that "he would answer the call if it were made on grounds of dire necessity". The British Ambassador was correct, and when in August 1943 the British requested military base facilities in the Azores, invoking the alliance, Salazar responded favourably and quickly: Portugal allowed these bases, letting the British use the Azorean ports of Horta (on the island of Faial) and Ponta Delgada (on the island of 5481:, a large number of Catholics became active in the democratic opposition. The outbreak of the colonial wars in Angola, Guinea and Mozambique – in March 1961, January 1963 and September 1964 respectively – exacerbated the divisions within the Catholic sector along progressive and traditionalist lines. The pope's decision to travel to Bombay in December 1964 to take part in the Eucharistic Congress represented for the Portuguese head of government – who saw in India little more than the illegal occupier of Goa since December 1961 – no less than a direct affront to the nation as a whole. On 21 October 1964, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 5761:, the Japanese minister in Portugal during World War II, praised Salazar in his post-war memoirs: "It was the result of Salazar's intelligence and political ability that Japan–Portugal diplomatic relations were maintained until the war's end, and Salazar who was engaged in diplomacy with his calm attitude, firm theory and judgment, sophisticated expression was still vivid to my eyes. Every time I think about my stay in Portugal, I can't stop but thinking that if Japan had had one politician – just one – like Salazar, our country would have followed a different path and we would not be going through our current misfortune situation." 5974:("Lands of Salazar") was approved in 2011 by the national institute. It never reached the market due to the owner's economic troubles. In 2012, the City Council of Salazar's hometown Santa Comba Dão announced a brand called Memories of Salazar for a range of regional products, notably wine. It was rejected by the same institute for offensiveness and the possibility of public disorder. The mayor claimed the refusal was ridiculous and will not give up or drop the name Salazar from future brand name proposals. He is considering submitting Vineyards of Salazar, as "memories" of the regime could be one reason to add to the refusal. 3864:, mutinied. The sailors, who were affiliated with the Communist Party, confined their officers and attempted to sail the ships out of Lisbon to join the Spanish Republican forces fighting in Spain. Salazar ordered the ships to be destroyed by gunfire. The following day, loyalty oaths became mandatory for all members of the civil service and censorship was severely tightened. Every government functionary was forced to declare that he repudiated communism. This crusade aimed to root out not only communists but also the democratic opposition. The convicted sailors from the 1936 naval revolt were the first to be sent to the 5248: 4678:(which were seen as having their own forms of "civilization"). As it had been before Salazar's tenure in the office, a clear legal distinction continued to be made between indigenous peoples and other citizens – the latter mostly Europeans, some Creole elites, and a few black Africans. A special statute was given to native communities to accommodate their tribal traditions. In theory, it established a framework that would allow natives to be gradually assimilated into Portuguese culture and citizenship, while in reality the percentage of assimilated African population never reached one per cent. 916: 4216: 4991: 4642: 5062: 3607: 3320:, Minister of Justice, passed new legislation that facilitated the organisation of religious processions. The new law outraged the republicans, triggered a cabinet crisis, and Figueiredo threatened to resign. Salazar advised Figueiredo against resigning, but told his friend he would join him in his decision. Figueiredo did resign, and Salazar – at that time hospitalised due to a broken leg – followed suit on 3 July. Carmona went personally to the hospital on the 4th and asked Salazar to change his mind. Prime Minister 5333: 1486:, which place the mother's surname first, Salazar's name would have been "António Salazar de Oliveira" – a pattern followed by his four sisters – but, for reasons that remain unclear, the order of his surnames was reversed, and he thus became "António de Oliveira Salazar". His four older sisters were Maria do Resgate Salazar de Oliveira, an elementary school teacher; Elisa Salazar de Oliveira; Maria Leopoldina Salazar de Oliveira; and Laura Salazar de Oliveira, who in 1887 married Abel Pais de Sousa, brother of 5643: – "an important character", he said. The governess was jealous of the attention he gave to the two girls whom he received at São Bento and who belonged to her family. Maria da Conceição Rita, one of the children, said that Salazar was incapable of going to bed without stopping by her room; he was also the one who played with them and told them stories. Salazar, seen by the world as a cold and distant man who rarely smiled, was nevertheless affectionate and concerned about those close to him. 4052:, wrote, paraphrasing Salazar, that "strict neutrality was the price the allies paid for strategic benefits accruing from Portugal's neutrality and that if her neutrality instead of being strict had been more benevolent in our favour Spain would inevitably have thrown herself body and soul into the arms of Germany. If this had happened the Peninsula would have been occupied and then North Africa, with the result that the whole course of the war would have been altered to the advantage of the Axis." 5576: 3510: 1153: 1148: 4887:. Salazar further asserted that Goans nowhere considered or called themselves Indians, but rather deemed themselves to be Portuguese of Goa and that Goans were represented in the Portuguese legislature; indeed, some had risen to the highest levels of government and the administration of Portuguese universities. The Goans had Portuguese citizenship with full rights, thus access to all governmental posts and the ability to earn their living in any part of the Portuguese territories. 3105: 5703: 5652: 1257:, but they had no idea how to address the critical challenges of the hour. Within one year, armed with special powers, Salazar balanced the budget and stabilised Portugal's currency. Salazar produced the first of many budgetary surpluses. He promoted civilian administration in the authoritarian regime when the politics of more and more countries were becoming militarised. Salazar's aim was the de-politicisation of society, rather than the mobilisation of the populace. 3117: 3667:, the British Ambassador in Madrid during the war, stated that Salazar detested Hitler and all his works. However, he said that "Europe owes him the great service of having pushed back the frontiers of communism with astonishing energy and exciting muscle. I only fear that he will go too far in the economic and social field." And talking to a Romanian diplomat: "... in spite of everything, Hitler was a political genius, who had realized a colossal work." 1445: 5474:, who wrote a critical letter to the Council President criticizing the restrictions on human rights and denouncing the harshness of Portugal's poverty. It was time, he said, for the Church to come out of the catacombs and speak its mind. Salazar was furious. The bishop was not formally exiled, but he decided to leave the country, and it appears that Lisbon made it clear to Rome that the bishop's presence in Portugal would not be appropriate. 4247:

suggests that wartime history is in danger of being used in contemporary Portugal as a political weapon. Tom Gallagher is not alone in classifying as disproportionate the attention given to Sousa Mendes' episode; the Portuguese historian Diogo Ramada Curto also thinks that "the myth of an Aristides who opposed Salazar and capable of acting individually, in isolation, is a late invention that rigorous historical analysis does not confirm."

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the president, including the power to appoint and dismiss the prime minister. The president was elevated to a position of preeminence as the "balance wheel", the defender and ultimate arbiter of national politics. President Carmona, however, had allowed Salazar more or less a free hand since appointing him prime minister and continued to do so; Carmona and his successors would largely be figureheads as he wielded the true power.

3285:. On 11 June, a small group of officers drove from Lisbon to Santa Comba Dão to persuade him to be Minister of Finance. Salazar spent five days in Lisbon. The conditions he proposed to control spending were refused, he quickly resigned, and in two hours he was on a train back to Coimbra University, explaining that because of the frequent disputes and general disorder in the government, he could not do his work properly. 4796: 5396:, granted Salazar the Honorary Doctorate of Law. Salazar wanted to reinstate the Church to its proper place, but also wanted the Church to know its place and keep it. He made it clear when he declared, "The State will abstain from dealing in politics with the Church and feels sure that the Church will refrain from any political action." And he added: "It must be so, because politicaI activity corrupts the Church." 3448:

mobilize it, the goal was to strengthen and preserve traditional values rather than to induce a new social order. At no stage did it appear that Salazar wished it to fulfill the central role the Fascist Party had acquired in Mussolini's Italy, in fact it was meant to be a platform of conservatism, not a revolutionary vanguard. Ministers, diplomats and civil servants were never compelled to join the National Union.

5780:, wrote of Salazar: "He considered himself the guide of the nation, believed that there were things which only he could do ('unfortunately there are a lot of things that seemingly only I can do' – official note published in September 1935) and convinced more and more of his countrymen of that too ... He became more and more of a dictator, more and more inclined to deify himself and to trust others less." 4376:, had the election been conducted fairly. Delgado was well aware that the president's power to sack the prime minister was theoretically the only check on Salazar's power, and stated that if elected, his first policy would be to dismiss Salazar. Delgado was able to rally support from a wide range of opposition viewpoints. Among his supporters were some controversial figures, namely the press campaign manager 4079:(on Terceira Island) and Santana Field (on São Miguel Island). From November 1943, when the British gained use of the Azores, to June 1945, 8,689 US aircraft departed from Lajes, including 1,200 B-17 and B-24 bomber aircraft ferried across the Atlantic. Cargo aircraft carried vital personnel and equipment to North Africa, to the United Kingdom and – after the Allies gained a foothold in Western Europe – to 5193: 5288:. This marked the initiation of Salazar's more outward-looking economic policy. Portuguese foreign trade increased by 52% in exports and 40% in imports. The economic growth and levels of capital formation from 1960 to 1973 were characterised by an unparalleled robust annual growth rates of GDP (6.9%), industrial production (9%), private consumption (6.5%) and gross fixed capital formation (7.8%). 4040:, the British Ambassador in Madrid from 1940 to 1944, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping Iberia neutral during World War II, and lauded him for it. Hoare averred that "Salazar detested Hitler and all his works" and that his corporative state was fundamentally different from a Nazi or fascist state, with Salazar never leaving a doubt of his desire for a Nazi defeat. Historian 6118:

civilisation. He regarded him as ascetic, concentrated on serving his country, with an encyclopedic knowledge of Europe, and indifferent to ostentation, luxury or personal gain. Hoare strongly believed in Salazar as "being a man of one idea – the good of his country – not wanting to endanger the work of national regeneration to which he had devoted the whole of his public life."

3436:("New State"), in theory a corporatist state representing interest groups rather than individuals. He wanted a system in which the people would be represented through corporations, rather than through political parties, and where national interest was given priority over sectional claims. Salazar thought that the party system had failed irrevocably in Portugal. 8031:"The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed. Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens (Lexington, Va.: The George C. Marshall Foundation, 1981– ). Electronic version based on The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 3, "The Right Man for the Job", December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943 – 3–669 Editorial Note on the Third Washington Conference (TRIDENT), May 1943" 4724:, a Portuguese parliamentarian, submitted a report disclosing the situation of forced labor and precarious health services in the Portuguese colonies of Africa. The natives, it said, were simply regarded as beasts of burden. Galvão's courageous report eventually led to his downfall, and in 1952, he was arrested for subversive activities. Although the 7872: 6160:(1942), Ingrid Bergman and her husband escape to Lisbon en route to the US in one of the most memorable film scenes. Star-crossed Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman part as he sends her off into the foggy night to join her husband on a flight from Casablanca. Bogart (Rick) sacrifices the life they might have had together to ensure her safety. 5598:, and at the passage of the special train that carried the coffin to his hometown of Vimieiro near Santa Comba Dão, where he was buried according to his wishes in his native soil, in a plain ordinary grave next to his parents. As a symbolic display of his views of Portugal and the colonial empire, there is footage of several members of the 4204:, helped large numbers of Hungarian Jews who came to the Portuguese diplomatic mission in 1944 seeking Portuguese protection. On 28 April 1944, the Gestapo raided the ambassador's home and arrested his guests. The ambassador, who physically resisted the police, was also arrested, but managed to have his guests released on the grounds of 4265:. A devoted Jew and a supporter of Salazar, Amzalak headed the Lisbon Jewish community for 52 years, from 1926 until 1978. In 1943, Amzalak and Leite Pinto, under Salazar's supervision, initiated a rescue mission. Francisco de Paula Leite Pinto, at that time the General Manager of the Beira Alta Railway, which operated the line from 5937:, was named after Salazar. With 1975's new government it began to degrade. It was renamed Stadium of Machava. Many places across the country (streets, avenues, squares) were named after Salazar. They were renamed since 1974, especially in district capitals. Around 20 localities still reference Salazar today. There are also some 4733:

a tax in Portuguese currency, the government created a situation in which a large percentage of men in any given year could only earn the specie needed to pay the tax by going to work for a colonial employer. In practice, this enabled settlers to use forced labor on a massive scale, frequently leading to horrific abuses.

3815:, which began in July 1936, was the ostensible reason for the radicalisation of the regime. Internally, the regime had to face a monarchist revolt in 1935, a threatened leftist coup in 1936 and several bombs and conspiracies in 1936 and 1937, including an attempt to assassinate Salazar in 1937. At the same time, Spanish 3998:

colonies, while siding with the Allies risked the security of the home country on the mainland. A conflict with Britain would have been economically costly, as Portugal relied on British transports of goods from Portuguese colonies to the mainland. As the price to pay for remaining neutral, Portugal continued to export

6108:

But this quality, unsuited to our Anglo-Saxon tradition, is not out of place in a country which has hitherto founded its democracy on a French philosophy and found it unsuited to the national temperament". The British Embassy also pointed out that Portugal's illiteracy made elections difficult and illusory.

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initial phase of his rule. He wanted to avoid the divisiveness of the First Republic, and he knew that a significant part of the political elite was still anti-clerical. Church and State remained apart. No attempt was made to establish a theocratic policy. The Church's lost property was never restored.

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For a critical look at the theory of lusotropicalism see for instance "Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality" by Gerald J. Bender where Bender, a Professor in the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and a former member of the Board

6107:

According to a dispatch from the British Embassy in Lisbon of that time: "Generally speaking, this novel constitution is receiving the marked approval which it deserves. It has a certain Fascist quality in its theory of 'corporations', which is a reversion to medieval from the 18th-century doctrines.

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in 1945 and the granting of more social rights to the workers. Abel Varzim, who had been a supporter of the regime, attacked Salazar and his claims of the Catholicism of the corporatist state, arguing that the regime was not true to Catholic social teaching as the people suffered in poverty. Varzim's

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created an opportunity for real integration with the developed economies of Western Europe. In 1960, after nearly 30 years of Salazar's rule, Portugal's per capita GDP was only 38% of the European Community (EC-12) average; by the end of Salazar's rule in 1968, it had risen to 48%; and in 1973, under

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was the first to be "lost", in 1961. A brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation for Portugal. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of territory historically Indian by reason of its geographical position, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national

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remained rigidly authoritarian. Salazar had been able to hold onto power by virtue of the public's recollection of the chaos that had characterised Portuguese life before 1926. However, by the 1950s, a new generation emerged that had no collective memory of this instability. The clearest sign of this

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The number of refugees who escaped through Portugal during the war has been estimated to range from a few hundred thousand to one million, large numbers considering the size of the country's population of about 6 million at that time. After the war, Portugal kept on welcoming and supporting refugees.

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followed its course while he was in power. Salazar was widely praised for keeping Portugal neutral during the Second World War. From the war's very beginning in 1939, Salazar was convinced that Britain would suffer injury, but remain undefeated, that the United States would step into the conflict and

3269:

In 1921, Salazar was persuaded to stand as a candidate for election to parliament, though he did so reluctantly. He appeared once in the chamber and never returned, struck by the disorder he witnessed and a feeling of futility. Salazar was convinced that liberal individualism had led to fragmentation

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part of its gold value. Portugal's public finances entered a critical phase, having been under imminent threat of default since at least the 1890s. The gaps between the rich and the poor continued to widen. The regime led Portugal to enter World War I in 1916, a move that only aggravated the perilous

6117:

Hoare asserted that, in his 30 years of political life, he had met most of the leading statesmen of Europe, and regarded Salazar very highly among those. Salazar was to him a learned and impressive thinker, part professor, part priest, part recluse of unshakable beliefs in the principles of European

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is overwhelmed by the clarity and conciseness of style, the most perfect and captivating doctrinal prose that exists in Portuguese, underscored by a powerful emotional rhythm. According to Saraiva, Salazar's prose deserves a prominent place in the history of Portuguese literature, and only political

5618:

The first woman in his life was Felismina de Oliveira, a friend of his sister. She was a young woman from a modest background, who accompanied her on Saturday visits to Salazar at the seminary. Opposition from Felismina's family and Salazar's religious career put an end to the relationship. However,

5328:

In July 1929, with Salazar acting as minister of finance, the government revoked a law that had facilitated the organisation of religious processions. Salazar presented his written resignation to the prime minister saying, "Your Excellency knows that I never asked for anything that might improve the

5073:

Under Salazar the number of elementary schools grew from 7,000 in 1927 to 10,000 in 1940. While the illiteracy rate under the twenty years of the First Republic had only dropped a modest 9%, under Salazar in twenty years, the illiteracy rate dropped 21%, from 61.8% in 1930 to 40.4% in 1950. In 1940,

4937:

Support and opposition to India's action was on expected lines. Statements of support came from the Arab states, newly independent Ceylon and Indonesia, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union and Soviet bloc countries. Statements deploring India's resort to force in Goa, Daman, and Diu were primarily made

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to obtain Portuguese citizenship until it was abolished in 1961, the conditions of the native populations of the colonies were still harsh, and they suffered inferior legal status under its policies. Under the Colonial Act, African Natives could be forced to work. By requiring all African men to pay

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to the Spanish frontier, organized several trains that brought refugees from Berlin and other European cities to Portugal. Amzalak was also able to persuade Salazar to instruct consuls in territories under Nazi occupation to validate all passports held by Jews, even though these documents were known

4229:

in his place. Branquinho, in close coordination with Salazar, issued protective Passports to hundreds of Jewish families and risked his life renting houses and apartments to shelter and protect the refugees from deportation and murder. Branquinho saved an estimated 1,000 Hungarian Jews. Branquinho's

3872:

to house political prisoners. It was labeled the "slow death camp" where dozens of political prisoners (mostly communists, but also adherents of other ideologies), were imprisoned under inhumane unhealthy conditions in exceedingly hot weather and died. Historians say that 60 people died in jails for

5638:

Several historians and observers point to the probable platonic love of his virgin governess, Maria de Jesus Caetano Freire, for him. She had followed him from Coimbra, where she was already serving him, to Lisbon in 1928. She was a hard and strong woman, rigid, vengeful, with a "canine dedication"

5626:

he had an affair with the pianist Glória Castanheira, and then with her niece, Maria Laura Campos, married, whom he met several times in the Hotel Borges, in Lisbon, between 1931 and 1932, even after she had married for the second time. The affair ended when Laura moved to Seville with her husband.

5347:

Despite his identification with the Catholic lobby before coming to power and the fact that he supposedly based his political philosophy around a close interpretation of the Catholic social doctrine, he did not implement any direct change to strengthen the presence of Catholicism in Portugal in the

4895:

correspondents suggested that not only were the residents of Goa unexcited by the prospect of Indian sovereignty, but that even the diaspora was less energised than the Indian government was prone to suggest. Contrary to what these politically motivated sources suggest, Goa did have a vigorous and

4281:

to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Until late 1942, immigration was very restricted. In cases in which refugees were suspected to desire not simply to pass through Portugal in transit to their destination, but rather intended to remain in the country, the consulates needed to get a previous authorization

4246:

argues that Branquinho's case has been largely overlooked, probably because he was coordinating his actions with Salazar, which weakens the core argument in the Sousa Mendes' legend that he was defying a tyrannical superior. Gallagher argues that the disproportionate attention given to Sousa Mendes

4087:

to the United States for medical care and rehabilitation. Use of Lajes Field reduced flying time between Brazil and West Africa from 70 hours to 40, a considerable reduction that enabled aircraft to make almost twice as many crossings, clearly demonstrating the geographic value of the Azores during

3674:

observes that one of the main problems in defining fascism is that it was widely mimicked. He wrote, "In fascism's heyday, in the 1930s, many regimes that were not functionally fascist borrowed elements of fascist decor in order to lend themselves an aura of force, vitality, and mass mobilization."

3662:

says that fascism never took roots in Salazar' Portugal The Estado Novo of Portugal differed from fascism even more profoundly than Franco's Spain. Salazar was, in effect, the dictator of Portugal, but he preferred a passive public and a limited state where social power remained in the hands of the

3554:) and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, the propensity for organising masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the 3327:

Salazar stayed on as finance minister while military prime ministers came and went. From his first successful year in office, he gradually came to embody the financial and political solution to the turmoil of the military dictatorship, which had not produced a clear leader. Finally, on 5 July 1932,

5630:

His last affair, the strongest and most lasting, seems to have been the one he had with Christine Garnier, a French journalist and writer, whom he called "the fragrant disorder". The latter, also married, had come to Portugal in 1961 with the idea of writing a book about Salazar. He invited her to

5614:

maintained this image. However, this is not true. Salazar had several love affairs, although he was afraid of falling in love. One of his seminary colleagues commented: "He never says the words that people expect, he doesn't give in to impulses, as soon as he has given something from his heart, he

5511:

officially announced his intention to take part in the Fiftieth Anniversary celebrations of the first reported Fátima apparition – also the twenty-fifth of the consecration of the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary by Pius XII – during his General Audience of 3 May 1967. From the very start, he

5403:

was signed. There were difficulties in the negotiations that preceded its signing; the Church remained eager to re-establish its influence, whereas Salazar was equally determined to prevent any religious intervention within the political sphere, which he saw as the exclusive preserve of the State.

4882:

initiated proceedings to find a diplomatic solution to the Goa problem. The Portuguese had been in Goa since 1510, while an independent India had only just been established. Nehru argued that the Goans were Indians by every standard and that Goa was a colony ruthlessly administered by a racist and

3888:, a non-aggression treaty that marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations. Meetings between Franco and Salazar played a fundamental role in this new political arrangement. The pact proved to be a decisive instrument in keeping the Iberian Peninsula out of Hitler's continental system. 3798:

In the PIDE headquarters in Lisbon, a five-storey building on António Maria Cardoso Street, a Salazar's phrase was written: "We will mourn the dead, if the living don't deserve it". Until 1971, when interrogations took place in the southern stronghold of Caxias, it was there that many opponents of

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of 19 March 1933. A draft had been published one year before, and the public was invited to state any objections in the press. These tended to stay in the realm of generalities and only a handful of people, less than 6,000, voted against the new constitution. The new constitution was approved with

3492:

The new constitution introduced by Salazar established an anti-parliamentarian and authoritarian government that would last until 1974. The president was to be elected by popular vote for a period of seven years. On paper, the new document vested sweeping, almost dictatorial powers in the hands of

3305:

was elected president. However, before accepting the position, he personally secured from Carmona a categorical assurance that as finance minister he would have a free hand to veto expenditure in all government departments, not just his own. Salazar was the financial czar virtually from the day he

3207:

said that he could not describe the "political background as anything but deplorable ... very different from the orderly, prosperous and well-managed country that it later became under the government of Senhor Salazar". Salazar would keep in mind the political chaos of this time when he later

3182:

The era of the First Republic has been described as one of "continual anarchy, government corruption, rioting and pillage, assassinations, arbitrary imprisonment and religious persecution". It witnessed the inauguration of eight presidents, 44 cabinet re-organisations and 21 revolutions. The first

5797:

wrote that Salazar was "capable of governing within the limits of his area of expertise, which is financial science, but not (capable of governing) with the lack of limits of government in general", adding that "What is wrong, here, is not that Sr. Oliveira Salazar is Minister of Finance, which I

5462:), was closed in 1948. In his personal diary he wrote: "o estado-salazar é quem manda na igreja" ("In Portugal the Salazar–State rules the church"). Joaquim Alves Correia was forced into exile in the United States, where he died in 1951. The opposition candidate in the 1958 presidential election, 5407:

Pinto and Rezola argue that a key strategy Salazar used to stabilise his regime was to come to terms with the Catholic Church through the Concordat. Anti-clericalism would be discouraged and the Church would have an honored and central position in Portuguese life. The Church agreed to stay out of

1376:

The years between the conclusion of World War II and 1973 represented the best period of economic expansion for Portugal in the 20th century. During this era, growth rates reached unprecedented levels and sustained this momentum over an extended period. Following over a century of either economic

6127:

Hayes wrote of Salazar, claiming he "didn't look like a regular dictator. Rather, he appeared a modest, quiet, and highly intelligent gentleman and scholar ... literally dragged from a professorial chair of political economy in the venerable University of Coimbra a dozen years previously in

5631:

come to Portugal on vacation, to Santa Comba Dão; she was amazed by the modesty of his house. Christine became his favorite, and from then on she made frequent trips between Portugal and France. Salazar abandoned his usual avarice for a while and bought her expensive gifts. The book was written:

4803:

In the 1960s, armed revolutionary movements and scattered guerrilla activity reached Mozambique, Angola, and Portuguese Guinea. Except in Portuguese Guinea, the Portuguese army and naval forces were able to suppress most of these insurgencies effectively through a well-planned counter-insurgency

4661:

Salazar briefly served as minister of colonies before assuming the premiership, and in that capacity he prepared the Colonial Act of 1930, which centralised the administration of the colonies in his own system and proclaimed the need to bring indigenous peoples into western civilisation and the

4132:

citizens could not be discriminated against. In the previous year, Adolfo Benarus, Honorary Chairman of COMASSIS and a leader of the Lisbon's Jewish Community, published a book in which he applauded the lack of anti-Semitism in Portugal. The honorary president of the Jewish community of Lisbon,

3997:

Salazar's policy of neutrality for Portugal in World War II thus included a strategic component. The country still held colonies that Portugal could not defend from military attack. Siding with the Axis would have brought Portugal into conflict with Britain, likely resulting in the loss of its

3984:

passed in 1935 in Germany, considering it regrettable that German nationalism was "wrinkled by racial characteristics so well marked", which had imposed "the legal point of view, the distinction between citizens and the subject – and this at the risk of dangerous consequences". Salazar thought,

5789:

magazine said of Salazar: "Every four years, Premier António de Oliveira Salazar preserves Portugal's image as a democracy by blowing the dust off a few selected "opposition" leaders and relaxing police controls just enough for a few weeks to permit them to run for Portugal's 130-seat National

5077:

In 1952 a vast multi-pronged "Plan for Popular Education" was launched with the intent of finally extirpating illiteracy and putting into school every child of school age. This plan included fines for parents who did not comply, and these were strictly enforced. By the late 1950s, Portugal had

4829:

In the 1960s, most of the world ostracised the Portuguese government because of its colonial policy, especially the newly independent African nations. Domestically, factions within Portugal's elite, including business, military, intellectuals and the church started to challenge Salazar and his

4313:

In October 1945, Salazar announced a liberalisation program designed to restore civil rights that had been suppressed during the Spanish Civil War and World War II in hopes of improving the image of his regime in Western circles. The measures included parliamentary elections, general political

3447:

a single-party, which he marketed as a "non-party", announcing that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party. The National Union became an ancillary body, not a source of political power. The National Union was set up to control and restrain public opinion rather than to

5772:

The Portuguese literary historian, António José Saraiva, a communist and a fierce lifelong political opponent of Salazar, claimed that "Salazar was, undoubtedly, one of the most remarkable men in the history of Portugal and possessed a quality that remarkable men do not always have: the right

5383:

Salazar allegedly based his political theory on the doctrines of the popes and throughout the 1930s achieved great prestige in the Catholic world. In 1936, the episcopate expressed its full support for the regime in a Carta Pastoral, reaffirmed the following year by the head of the Portuguese

3989:

and its imperial ambitions was tempered only by his view of the German Reich as a bastion against the spread of Communism rather than an allied nation. He had favoured the Spanish nationalist cause out of fear of a Communist invasion of Portugal, yet he was uneasy at the prospect of a Spanish

5268:

technical-industrial expertise led to a new period of economic fostering, with Portugal as an attractive country for international investment. Industrial development and economic growth would continue throughout the 1960s. During Salazar's tenure, Portugal participated in the founding of the

3601:

We are opposed to all forms of Internationalism, Communism, Socialism, Syndicalism and everything that may divide or minimise, or break up the family. We are against class warfare, irreligion and disloyalty to one's country; against serfdom, a materialistic conception of life, and might over

5741:

According to American scholar J. Wiarda, despite certain problems and continued poverty in many sectors, the consensus among historians and economists is that Salazar in the 1930s brought remarkable improvements in the economic sphere, public works, social services and governmental honesty,

3288:

Portugal's overriding problem in 1926 was its enormous public debt, much of which was owed to foreign entities. Several times between 1926 and 1928, Salazar turned down appointment to the finance ministry. He pleaded ill-health, devotion to his aged parents and a preference for the academic

5222:, which were popular in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression. Under Salazar, the Portuguese budget went from insolvency to showing a substantial surplus every year from 1928. Portugal's credit worthiness rose in foreign markets and the external floating debt was completely paid. 4167:-HICEM) in Paris to transfer its main office to Lisbon. This authorization was done against the will of the British Embassy in Lisbon. The British feared that this would make the Portuguese people less sympathetic with the allied cause.According to the Lisbon Jewish community, Salazar held 3686:

argue that Salazar's regime was not fascist as it lacked most aspects of fascism – unlike fascism, Salazarism had no anti-bourgeois or anti-capitalist motivations, there was no determination of the state apparatus by an armed party, and loyalty to Salazar "was more a case of

5726:

in 1938, 'I estimate that within five years every child in this country will have the opportunity to read and write.' His true policy had been revealed six years earlier when he stated categorically, 'I consider more urgent the creation of elites than the necessity to teach people how to

3706:

Salazar did not allow all ideas to compete (liberalism) but neither did he have a totalitarian ideology like fascism; instead he had a "mentality" (discipline, order, conservatism, Catholicism), which he believed in but did not seek to spread by forced indoctrination, as totalitarianism

5790:

Assembly. There are a few cracks in the facade. The assembly functions only as a rubber stamp. The opposition candidates are usually feeble old men left over from a regime that was discredited and overthrown four decades ago, and Salazar decides what they can and cannot talk about".

5267:

approach to economic policy that had ensured Portugal's neutral status during World War II. From 1950 until Salazar's death, Portugal saw its GDP per capita increase at an annual average rate of 3.7%. The rise of new technocrats in the early 1960s with a background in economics and

5210:, when Portugal's public finances were in a critical state, with an imminent threat of default since at least the 1890s. After Salazar became prime minister, he levied numerous taxes to balance the Portuguese budget and pay external debts. Salazar's first years were marked by the 5764:

Belgian diplomat André de Staercke, dean of NATO's ambassadors, who served for almost 24 years on the alliance council, developed a close and long friendship with Salazar. In his memoirs, Staercke dedicates a full chapter to Salazar and ranks Salazar, together with Churchill and

3562:, was formed as a subservient umbrella organisation to support the regime itself, and therefore did not have its own philosophy. At the time, according to Kay, many European countries feared what he described as "the destructive potential of communism". Salazar not only forbade 1525:. During these student years in Coimbra, he developed a particular interest in finance and graduated in law with distinction, specialising in finance and economic policy. He graduated in 1914, with 19 points out of 20, and in the meantime, became an assistant professor of 5627:

Also at the hotel Borges, Salazar met Mercedes de Castro, a rich daughter of a diplomat. He also had a relationship with Maria Emilia Vieira, a young woman who, before meeting the dictator, had already enjoyed bohemian adventures in Paris as an astrologer and a dancer.

4219:

Commemorative plaque to Mr. Carlos Sampaio Garrido, Portugal's ambassador and Mr. Teixeira Branquinho, chargé d'affaires in mission to Budapest in 1944 who managed to rescue some thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust (Budapest, District XIII, Újpesti Quay Nr

3215:, which was welcomed by most civilian classes. At the time, the prevailing view in Portugal was that political parties were elements of division and that parliamentarianism was in crisis. This led to general support, or at least tolerance, of an authoritarian regime. 3691:

observes that Salazar did not pursue genocidal policies, and while Salazar's Portugal was marked by political repression, it gradually "became less repressive and eventually opened up somewhat, not to liberalism, but to greater pluralism and less strict controls".

1377:

stagnation or divergence from wealthier global economies, Portugal's economy began to consistently converge, particularly accelerating during the 1960s. Portugal's GDP per capita in relation to the EU reached 66% in 1973, falling afterwards to below 65% in 2022.

3979:

In 1934, several years before the war began, Salazar clarified in an official speech that Portuguese nationalism did not include "the pagan ideal and anti-human to deify a race or empire", and again, in 1937, Salazar published a book in which he criticised the

3714:

Concerning political parties, while democratic politics are competitive, and totalitarianism entails total dominance by a single party, Portugal had a large political patronage machine that served some but limited purposes (not determining the whole fabric of

9036:'Até os americanos já o tinham abandonado, temendo "recriar o caos que existia em Portugal antes de Salazar tomar o poder".', from História de Portugal (2009), Rui Ramos, Bernardo de Vasconcelos e Sousa, and Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro, Esfera dos Livros, cited in 5586:

Salazar lived for a further 23 months. After he emerged from over one month of coma and unexpectedly recovered lucidity, his intimates did not tell him he had been removed from power, instead allowing him to "rule" in privacy until his death on 27 July 1970.

3880:

as special liaison of the Portuguese government to Franco's government, where he achieved great prestige and influence. In April 1938, Pereira officially become a full-rank Portuguese ambassador to Spain, and he remained in this post throughout World War II.

5818:. Caetano tried to blunt the harsher edges of the regime he helped create, but the meager reforms he was able to wring out of the hardline elements of the government did not go nearly far enough for elements of the population who wanted more freedom. The 4159:

On 13 June, Salazar had to act fast again, this time to support the Belgian royal family. Salazar sent instructions to the Portuguese Consulate in Bayonne saying the "Portuguese territory is completely open" to the Belgian royal family and its entourage.

4200:, helped several, and his actions were not unique by any means. Issuing visas in contravention of instructions was widespread at Portuguese consulates all over Europe, although some cases were supported by Salazar. The Portuguese Ambassador in Budapest, 4035:

wrote to Salazar to congratulate him for his policy of keeping Portugal out of the war, avowing that "as so often before during the many centuries of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance, British and Portuguese interests are identical on this vital question."

3915:

who was involved in clandestine activities against the dictatorship, attempted to assassinate Salazar on 4 July 1937. Salazar was on his way to Mass at a private chapel in a friend's house on Barbosa du Bocage Avenue in Lisbon. As he stepped out of his

4792:, and his refusal to grasp the impossibility of his regime outliving him marked the final years of his tenure. "Proudly alone" was the motto of his final decade. For the Portuguese ruling regime, the overseas empire was a matter of national identity. 3920:

limousine, a bomb hidden in an iron case exploded only 3 metres (10 ft) away. The blast left Salazar untouched, but his chauffeur was rendered deaf. An inept secret police made several arrests and beat five innocent people till they confessed.

4883:

fascist colonial regime, "just a pimple on the face of India", in his famous phrase. Salazar maintained that in spite of Goa's location and the nature of Portugal's political system, it was a province of Portugal as integral to his nation as the

3710:

Both liberal and totalitarian regimes try to mobilize their populations (the latter by force) to participate in politics; Salazar in contrast relied more on apathy, indifference and the de-politicization of the population from earlier frenetic

4751:, which maintained that the Portuguese had a special talent for adapting to environments, cultures, and the peoples who lived in the tropics in order to build harmonious multiracial societies. Such a view has long been criticised, notably by 4224:

Following the German occupation of Hungary, in response to a request from Britain and the United States who wanted neutral countries to downgrade their diplomatic presence in Hungary, Salazar recalled Garrido and left the chargé d'affaires,

6418:

Amaral, L. (2019).The Estado Novo Period After World War II: The Golden Age of Economic Growth. In: The Modern Portuguese Economy in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

6200:

in 2004. Salazar's text was slightly amended in 1975 in order to allow civil divorce in Catholic marriages, while keeping all the other articles in force. (Additional Protocol to the 1940 Concordat, Decreto n.º 187/75, Signed by President

5329:

legal status of Catholics". He carefully avoided adding more problems to an already troubled nation, but he could not accept the "violation of rights already conceded by law or by former government to Catholics or the Church in Portugal".

3772:"). The secret police existed not only to protect national security in a modern sense, but also to monitor the population, apply censorship, and suppress the regime's political opponents, especially those associated with the international 3183:

government of the Republic lasted less than 10 weeks and the longest-ruling government lasted little over a year. Revolution in Portugal became a byword in Europe. The cost of living increased twenty-fivefold, while the currency fell to a

3822:

At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, Salazar took up additional portfolios as minister of war and minister of foreign affairs, while retaining direction of the ministry of finance, thus concentrating even more power in his hands.

5670:

barriers have deprived it of its place. Saraiva says it is written with the clarity of the great prose of the 17th century, cleansed of all the distractions and sloppiness that often obscures the prose of the Portuguese scholars.

4392:

and killed, alongside his Brazilian secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos. An official statement claimed that Delgado was shot and killed in self-defence, despite Delgado being unarmed; de Campos' body bore marks of strangulation.

4018:

British strategists regarded Portuguese non-belligerency as "essential to keep Spain from entering the war on the side of the Axis". Britain recognised Salazar's important role on 15 May 1940, when Douglas Veale, Registrar of the

3687:

condescending obedience than enthusiastic support on the part of subordinates". Da Cruz and Schmitter also note that Salazarism was marked by nationalist and conservative policies rather than expansionist ambitions. Additionally,

14481: 4938:

by countries with overseas colonies, including the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Spain, and some other Western countries notably the United States, Canada and Australia, apart from regional rivals China and Pakistan.

4111:

Portugal's official nationalism was not grounded in race or biology. Salazar argued that Portuguese nationalism did not glorify a single race because such a notion was pagan and anti-human. In 1937, he published a book entitled

3851:

The most complete statesman, the one most worthy of respect, that I have known is Salazar. I regard him as an extraordinary personality for his intelligence, his political sense and his humility. His only defect is probably his

3301:, but the conditions were considered unacceptable. With Portugal under the threat of an imminent financial collapse, Salazar finally agreed to become its 81st Finance Minister on 26 April 1928 after the republican and Freemason 1513:, where he studied for eight years, from 1900 to 1908. Salazar considered becoming a priest, but like many who entered the seminary very young, he decided not to proceed to the priesthood after receiving holy orders. He went to 4230:

case differs from that of Sousa Mendes in at least three respects. He was deliberately setting out to save Jews, he had the full backing of the authorities in Lisbon, and was in the heart of a Nazi regime, in 1944, when the

1170: 5714:

Due to Salazar's long rule, a detached evaluation of him is difficult. While his rule saw more stability and prosperity than most living Portuguese had ever known, it came at the expense of democracy and civil liberties.

6128:

order to straighten out Portugal's finances, and that his almost miraculous success in this respect had led to the thrusting upon him of other major functions, including those of Foreign Minister and constitution-maker."

4148:, Duchess of Parma with Portuguese Passports. With these Portuguese Passports the entire entourage of the royal families could get visas without creating problems to the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way 3175:. The political institutions of the First Republic lasted until 1926, when it was replaced by a military dictatorship. This was first known as the "Ditadura Militar" (Military Dictatorship) and then, from 1928, as the " 1467:), to a family of modest income on 28 April 1889. His father, a small landowner, had started as an agricultural labourer and became the manager for the Perestrelos, a wealthy family of rural landowners of the region of 5009:

Despite the authoritarian character of the regime, Portugal did not experience the same levels of international isolation as Spain did following World War II. Unlike Spain, Portugal under Salazar was accepted into the

1430:

of 1974, four years after Salazar's death. In recent decades, "new sources and methods are being employed by Portuguese historians in an attempt to come to grips with the dictatorship which lasted forty-eight years."

5324:

of Lisbon. During their university years at Coimbra they shared a house and expenses, in an old convent known as "Os Grilos" and were cared for by a young maid, Maria de Jesus, who later followed Salazar to Lisbon.

3596:

political system that recognised neither legal nor moral limits. Salazar also viewed German Nazism as espousing pagan elements that he considered repugnant. Just before World War II, Salazar made this declaration:

3497:

argues that Salazar achieved his position of power not just because of constitutional stipulations, but also because of his character: domineering, absolutist, ambitious, hardworking and intellectually brilliant.

8857:

Jaime Reis & Nuno Palma, 2018. "Can Autocracy Promote Literacy? Evidence from a Cultural Alignment Success Story", Economics Discussion Paper Series 1805, Economics, The University of Manchester, revised May

8038: 9949: 3336:

were torn between supporting the regime and denouncing it as bourgeois. They were granted enough symbolic concessions for Salazar to win over the moderates, but the rest were repressed by the political police.

5928:

6 months ahead of schedule and under budget, it was the 5th longest suspension bridge in the world and the longest outside of the US. It was later renamed the "25 April Bridge" after the Carnation Revolution.

5380:, Article 45 provided for freedom of public and private worship for all religions, together with the right to establish Church organizations and associations "in accordance with the norms of law and order". 4830:

policies. Later, despite tentative overtures towards an opening of the regime, Marcelo Caetano balked at ending the colonial war, notwithstanding the condemnation of most of the international community. The

4044:, a pioneering specialist on the study of nationalism, was the American Ambassador in Spain during the war. He met Salazar in person and also praised him, expressing a similar opinion to Hoare's in his book 3799:

the regime were subjected to beatings and torture. It was a city area, in the middle of Lisbon's downtown, and the screams could be heard in the street. On August 1, 1958, the Brazilian ambassador herself (

4890:

Throughout the debate between Salazar and Nehru, many Goans seem to have been apathetic regarding either position, and there were no signs in Goa of discontentment with the Portuguese regime. Reports from

3566:

parties, but also revolutionary fascist-syndicalist parties. One overriding criticism of his regime is that stability was bought and maintained at the expense of suppression of human rights and liberties.

9691:

journal of 22 April 1989. In Portuguese: "Salazar foi, sem dúvida, um dos homens mais notáveis da História de Portugal e possuía uma qualidade que os homens notáveis nem sempre possuem: a recta intenção."

3842:

when certain Nationalist forces virtually ran out of ammunition. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile". Later, Franco spoke of Salazar in glowing terms in an interview in the

10748:

Gallagher, Tom. "Salazar: Portugal's Great Dictator A contemporary of Hitler, Franco and Mussolini, Salazar is remembered by some of his compatriots as the greatest figure in the nation's history. Why?"

4352:. This influence led the MUD to be outlawed by the government in 1948 after several waves of suppression. Restrictions on civil liberties that had been temporarily lifted were then gradually reinstated. 3243: 3202:

of the Republic and political assassination and terrorism became commonplace. Between 1920 and 1925, according to official police figures, 325 bombs burst in the streets of Lisbon. The British diplomat

3459:, and primarily representing a combination of authoritarian nationalist, conservative and anti-liberal tendencies. According to Leal, the most unique characteristic of Salazar's political thinking was 4002:

and other commodities to both the Axis (via Switzerland, partly) and the Allied countries. On 1 September 1939, at the start of World War II, the Portuguese Government announced that the 600-year-old

6980: 3699:, Salazar's Portugal was "an authoritarian regime with its own distinctive politics and dynamics" that was neither fascist nor totalitarian. In his analysis of the regime, he makes following points: 1292:

to some extent although in a very conditioned way until the beginning of the final stage of his rule, in the 1960s. Salazar distanced himself from Nazism and fascism, which he described as a "pagan

3258:

to which it is said he was very sympathetic, despite the fact that they were contrary to his actions. He was a frequent contributor to journals concerned with social studies, especially the weekly

9976: 8912: 5388:

said of him: "I bless him with all my heart, and I cherish the most ardent desire that he be able to complete successfully his work of national restoration, both spiritual and material". In 1938,

9900: 5610:

Salazar never married; he has no known descendants. Salazar's image in public opinion was of a man entirely dedicated to the nation, almost a monk, far removed from feminine temptations, and

5427:

Despite this landmark agreement, Church-state relations and inter-Church relations in Portugal were not without some tensions through the 1940s. Some prominent oppositionist priests, such as

4186: 3306:

took office. Within one year, armed with special powers, Salazar balanced the budget and stabilised Portugal's currency. Salazar produced the first of many budgetary surpluses in Portugal.

7066:

Adão, Áurea; Remédios, Maria José (23 May 2006). "The educational narrativity in the first period of Oliveira Salazar's government. Women's voices in the National Assembly (1935–1945)".

5470:

to show how the social policies of the regime were against the social teachings of the Church. That same year, in July 1958, Salazar suffered a severe blow from the bishop of Porto, Dom

5244:

claim that Salazar's policies from the 1930s to the 1950s led to economic and social stagnation and rampant emigration that turned Portugal into one of the poorest countries in Europe.

3838:, as well as the anarchists and the communists. The Nationalists lacked access to seaports early on, so Salazar's Portugal helped them receive armaments shipments from abroad, including 5018:(NATO) in 1949, a reflection of Portugal's role as an ally against communism during the Cold War in spite of its status as the only non-democratic founder. In 1950, Portugal joined the 4834:

brought retreat from the colonies and acceptance of their independence, the subsequent power vacuum leading to the inception of newly independent communist states in 1975, notably the

4196:

Portugal, particularly Lisbon, was one of the last European exit points to the US, and a large number of refugees found shelter in Portugal. The Portuguese consul general in Bordeaux,

9771: 6183:(Our Africa) wherein he defended colonialist policies far more aggressive than those of Salazar and supported the idea of massive territorial occupation by Portuguese white settlers. 5361: 4282:

from Lisbon. This was frequently the case with foreigners of indefinite or contested nationality, stateless individuals, Russians, and Jews expelled from their countries of origin.

3359: 8886: 4193:

agreed to host about 2,500 Gibraltarian refugees, mostly women and children, who arrived at Funchal between 21 July and 13 August 1940 and remained there until the end of the war.

9332: 5050:

Although the militants of the First Republic had chosen education as one of their banner causes, the evidence shows that First Republic was less successful than the authoritarian

4251: 3924:

A year later, the bishops of the country argued in a collective letter that it was an "act of God" that had preserved Salazar's life. The official car was replaced by an armoured

3471: 5552:. In February 2009, there were anonymous witnesses who admitted, after some investigation into Salazar's best-kept secrets, that he had fallen in a bath instead of from a chair. 4297:, the war-time leader of Hungary, who had participated alongside the Germans, was granted asylum status. In 1950, the Horthy family managed to find a home in Portugal, thanks to 1177: 14491: 7667: 3423:

provided the blue print for the erection of the corporatist system. But the practice was that stability of the regime was maintained by suppressing human rights and liberties.

10871:

Simpson, Duncan, and Ana Louceiro. "Everyday life under the PIDE: A quantitative survey on the relations between ordinary citizens and Salazar's political police (1955–74)".

5054:

in expanding elementary education. Under the First Republic, literacy levels in children aged 7 to 14 registered a modest increase from 26% in 1911 to 33% in 1930. Under the

3332:, the exiled and deposed last king of Portugal, always endorsed Salazar. Later, in 1932, it was due to Salazar's actions that the deposed king was given a state funeral. The 4736:

Following the Second World War, unlike the other European colonial powers, Salazar attempted to resist this tide of decolonization and maintain the integrity of the empire.

4930:

was destroyed, before General Vassalo e Silva surrendered. Salazar forced the general into exile for disobeying his order to fight to the last man and surrendering to the

4290:

from 1947 to 1952, 5,500 Austrian children, most of them orphans, were transported by train from Vienna to Lisbon and then sent to the foster care of Portuguese families.

3985:

regarding World War II, that "a German victory spelt disaster for the rule of law and for peripheral, agricultural, countries such as Portugal." Salazar's dislike of the

10955: 8398: 5014:(1947–1948) in return for the aid it gave to the Allies during the final stages of the war. Furthermore, also unlike Spain, it was one of the 12 founding members of the 8030: 4816:

in a constitutional "coup d'état" to remove an aged Salazar from the premiership. Botelho Moniz ended up being removed from his government position. His political ally

3658:

wrote that, "Salazar's system might best be described as one of Authoritarian Corporatism or even authoritarian corporative liberalism", rather than fascism. Historian

9941: 5169:). In addition, the long-established universities of Lisbon and Coimbra were greatly expanded and modernised. New buildings and campuses were constructed, such as the 6145:

tance of Jewish Refugees in Portugal (COMASSIS), which was led by Augusto d´Esaguy and Elias Baruel, having Moses Amzalak and Adolfo Benarus as its honorary chairmen.

5814:, Salazar's longtime aide as well as a well-reputed scholar of the University of Lisbon Law School, statesman and distinguished member of the regime who co-wrote the 10876: 4972:

took over the rule of Mozambique following negotiations with the new Portuguese regime installed by the Carnation Revolution. Ian Smith later wrote in his biography

11039:

Salazar, o fim e a morte: história de uma mistificação; inclui os textos inéditos do Prof. Eduardo Coelho 'Salazar e o seu médico' e 'Salazar visto pelo seu médico'

4978:

that had Salazar lasted longer than he did, the Rhodesian government would have survived to the present day, ruled by a black majority government under the name of

6919:

Leal, Ernesto Castro (2016). "The Political and Ideological Origins of the Estado Novo in Portugal". Authoritarian States and Corporatism in Portugal and Brazil.

5512:

made every effort to remove any political significance from his visit. It was effectively limited to a single day in Fátima, not Lisbon, and the pope made use of

4156:

got their visas because they were descendants of Portuguese citizens. Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime.

3310: 1487: 14541: 9029: 5439: 5316:. Before accepting the office of minister of finance, Salazar had been associated with several Catholic movements and had developed a very close friendship with 4758:

Most of Salazar's political opponents (with the exception of the Portuguese Communist Party) also strongly favoured colonialist policies. This was the case with

3489:

included representatives of municipalities, religious, cultural and professional groups and of the official workers' syndicates that replaced free trade unions.

14466: 8820: 5273: 5027: 1362: 10773:

Kallis, Aristotle. "Unlikely Mediterranean authoritarian crossings: Salazar's Portugal as model for the 4th of August dictatorship in Greece (1936–1940)". in

5665:

The Portuguese literary historian António José Saraiva, a communist and a fierce lifelong political opponent of Salazar, claimed that one who reads Salazar's

4759: 14331: 11194: 4171:, the leader of the Lisbon Jewish community, in high esteem, and allowed Amzalak to play an important role in getting Salazar's permission for the transfer. 4137:

historian, said that modern anti-Semitism failed "to establish even a toehold in Portugal", while it grew virulently elsewhere in early 20th-century Europe.

4055: 3013: 1304:. Salazar described and promoted the party as a "non-party", and announced that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party. He promoted 6988: 5536: 5078:

succeeded in pulling itself out of the educational abyss in which it had long found itself: illiteracy among children of school age virtually disappeared.

4974: 4961: 4947: 10861:

Santos, Paula Borges. "Politics and religion under the dictatorship in Portugal (1933–1974): rebuilding the separation between the State and the Church".

3614:. The motto on the shield says "Everything for the nation, nothing against the nation" and that at the foot says "Fortunate fatherland that has such sons" 3229: 14486: 9972: 8924: 5225:

However, Portugal remained largely underdeveloped, its population relatively poor and with low education attainment when compared to the rest of Europe.

3570: 9896: 5408:

politics, but it did operate numerous social groups for adults and youth. The Church role became a major pillar of the New State's "limited pluralism".

3897: 3241:

views, which were aroused by the new anti-clerical stance of the First Republic. He became a member of the non-politically affiliated Catholic movement

9740: 5499:

Directly linked with the pope's visit to India, a second event of significant importance preceded the pope's visit to Portugal: the attribution of the

5291:

Despite the effects of an expensive war effort in African territories against guerrilla groups, Portuguese economic growth from 1960 to 1973 under the

4096:

was "far more difficult to deal with as an ally during the First War than the infinitely better Government of Salazar was as a neutral in the Second".

3254:(Academic Centre for Christian Democracy). Salazar rejected the monarchists because he felt that they were opposed to the social doctrines espoused by 9560: 8957:

Candeias, António (2004). Alfabetização e Escola em Portugal nos SÈculos XIX e XX. Os Censos e as Estatísticas (Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian).

4006:

remained intact, but that since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal was free to remain neutral in the war and would do so. In an

8724: 10617:

Wheeler, Douglas L. (1983). "In the Service of Order: The Portuguese Political Police and the British, German and Spanish Intelligence, 1932–1945".

9199: 14020: 13052: 11062: 10084: 9400: 5992:("Salazar – Fatherland's Workman") is registered and runs the website www.oliveirasalazar.org, an archive of various documents related to Salazar. 3703:

While Portugal did not allow completely unrestricted interest group pluralism (liberalism), it did not completely snuff them out (totalitarianism).

2265: 10227: 4128:, ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race, and that therefore, 3932:, Emídio Santana fled to Britain, where he was arrested by British police and returned to Portugal. He was then sentenced to 16 years in prison. 3539: 1482:

He was the only male child of two fifth cousins, António de Oliveira (1839–1932) and his wife Maria do Resgate Salazar (1845–1926). According to

762: 8325: 7957: 3324:, who took issue with Carmona's policies, left the cabinet. Salazar remained in the cabinet as Minister of Finance, but with additional powers. 1163: 915: 14496: 8687: 5355:

to be unnecessary, since all political parties were to be suppressed, and he "invited" its members to join his own political organization, the

5204:, financial stability was Salazar's highest priority. His first incursions into Portuguese politics as a member of the cabinet were during the 3718:

Salazar was not a Messianic leader like Mussolini; he was not a particularly good public speaker, shunned mass rallies and was not charismatic.

3147: 1349:, Portugal under his rule took part in the founding of some international organisations. The country was one of the 12 founding members of the 4083:

near Paris. Flights returning from Europe carried wounded servicemen. Medical personnel at Lajes handled approximately 30,000 air evacuations

3752: 11669: 5428: 4328:. Initially, the MUD was controlled by the moderate opposition, but soon became strongly influenced by the Communist Party, which controlled 3248: 3171:

Salazar was twenty-one years old at the time of the revolution of 5 October 1910, which overthrew the Portuguese monarchy and instituted the

10847:

Pinto, António Costa. "Looking for a third way: Salazar's dictatorship and the diffusion of authoritarian models in the era of fascism". in

3819:

agents were active in Lisbon and Spanish troops were deployed on Portugal's vulnerable border, severely threatening Portuguese sovereignty.

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until 1975, even though it never officially recognised the new Rhodesian state, which was governed by a white minority elite. In 1975, the

4630:

During the last years of the monarchy and of the First Republic in Portugal, an attempt was made to obtain firmer control over the claimed

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The principal reason for the neutrality of Portugal in World War II was strategic, and within the compass of the overall objectives of the

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A new constitution was drafted by a group of lawyers, businessmen, clerics and university professors, with Salazar the leading spirit and

1413:, was first exiled and became involved in several violent actions aimed at overthrowing the regime, including the Portuguese cruise liner 14521: 13734: 13089: 8878: 8178: 6642: 76: 14556: 13155: 3769: 1714: 1197: 61: 8665: 8370:

Spared Lives, The Action of Three Portuguese Diplomats in World War II – Documentary e-book edited by the Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

5952:. Kitchen cake spatulas are sometimes referred to as 'Salazar' in Portugal for their effectiveness in not leaving any residue behind. 13084: 11187: 10992: 3502: 1054: 8241: 7664: 7575: 6225: 3675:

He went on to observe that Salazar "crushed Portuguese fascism after he had copied some of its techniques of popular mobilization".

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the regime celebrated the fact that for the first time in Portuguese History, the majority of the population could read and write.

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He also received several other similar distinctions from countries including France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Romania and Spain.

4686: 3443:, Salazar never had the intention to create a party-state. Salazar was against the whole-party concept and in 1930 he created the 14551: 14294: 4717:

in the Far East. Salazar wanted Portugal to be relevant internationally, and the country's overseas colonies made that possible.

3831: 2986: 1253:. The military of 1926 saw themselves as the guardians of the nation in the wake of the instability and perceived failure of the 14506: 14441: 5548:

on his right hemisphere. Most sources maintain that it was caused by a fall from a chair on 3 August in his summer house in the

4842:, which promptly began to expel all of their white Portuguese citizens. As a result, over a million Portuguese became destitute 3588:, but considerable differences in its moral approach to governing. Although Salazar admired Mussolini and was influenced by his 14476: 13540: 12880: 9839: 8787: 8155:

AHDMNE, Telegramas expedidos, Consulado de Portugal em Bayonne, Lisboa, t de Oliveira Salazar para Faria Machado, 13 June 1940.

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at the Law School. In 1917, he assumed the chairs of economic policy and finance at the university by appointment of professor

1366: 419: 7782:

António de Oliveira Salazar, "O Espírito da Revolução", speech at the Salazar's official visit to Porto on 28 April 1934, in

7659:

Maria Inácia Rezola, "The Franco–Salazar Meetings: Foreign policy and Iberian relations during the Dictatorships (1942–1963)"

5555:

After the incident, Salazar's life went on normally. Sixteen days later, Salazar admitted he felt sick and he was admitted to

5523:

there was no question of discrimination against the Jewish and Protestant minorities, and the ecumenical movement flourished.

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on 15 August 1947, the British and French vacated their colonial possessions in the new country. Subsequently, Prime Minister

4804:

campaign using light infantry, militia, and special operations forces. However, despite the early military successes, Colonel

14546: 10971: 10689: 10665: 10357: 10289: 10207: 10197: 10173: 10129: 9712: 9554: 8591: 8464: 8390: 8216: 7698: 7241: 7214: 7189: 5745: 5635:, a bestseller. In Paris, Christine's husband later found Salazar's letters to his wife, and eventually asked for a divorce. 5180:

The last two decades of the Estado Novo, from the 1960s to the 1974 Carnation Revolution were marked by strong investment in

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Slander, Ideological Differences, or Academic Debate? The "Verão Quente" of 2012 and the State of Portuguese Historiography

5563:

considered that the 79-year-old prime minister would die soon; on 25 September, he dismissed Salazar and replaced him with

4608: 4586: 4564: 4542: 4520: 4498: 4476: 4454: 4432: 2823: 2550: 2522: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 11549: 10714:

Baklanoff, Eric N (1992). "The Political Economy of Portugal's Later "Estado Novo": A Critique of the Stagnation Thesis".

9177: 7422:"Acousmatic and Acoustic Violence and Torture in the Estado Novo: The Notorious Revelations of the PIDE/DGS Trial in 1957" 5359:. The role of the Church should be social and not political, he argued. In reaction, Cardinal-Patriarch Cerejeira founded 4301:

contacts with Portuguese diplomats in Switzerland. Horthy and members of his family were relocated to the seaside town of

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António Costa and Maria Inácia Rezola, "Political Catholicism, Crisis of Democracy and Salazar's New State in Portugal",

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quickly pointed out that there could be no permanent military solution for Portugal's colonial problem. In 1961, General

4314:

amnesty, restoration of freedom of the press, curtailment of legal repression and a commitment to introduce the right of

2007: 10734:

Costa Pinto, António. "The Portuguese 'New State' and the Diffusion of Authoritarian Models in Interwar Latin America".

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On 26 June 1940, four days after France's capitulation to Germany, Salazar authorised the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (

3485:. It could initiate legislation, but only concerning matters that did not require government expenditures. The parallel 1049: 12853: 12472: 11079: 11046: 10536: 10505: 10487: 10469: 10451: 10433: 10404: 9672: 9515: 9307: 9059: 8979: 8497: 8084: 7359: 7054: 5948:) is the name given to a cake that Salazar used to eat sometimes. It is cheap and simple, perhaps with similarities to 5015: 4839: 4242:

in Budapest, but in Portugal he remains largely unknown. Branquinho was finally recalled to Lisbon on 30 October 1944.

3140: 2893: 2763: 1350: 9078: 9026: 6288: 1234:. The regime he created lasted until 1974, making it one of the longest-lived authoritarian regimes in modern Europe. 1084: 12985: 12227: 11662: 10574: 10555: 10151: 10054: 8552: 5847: 4256: 4226: 3550:("Blue Shirts"). Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" (meaning German 3476: 2998: 2898: 12863: 12858: 12824: 11325: 6179:

Norton de Matos, who had been governor-general of Angola during the First Republic, published a book in 1953 titled

6170:

of Directors of the African Studies Association (U.S.A.) from 1979 to 1987, demolishes the theory of lusotropicalism

5519:

Religions other than the Catholic faith had little or no expression in Portugal. Throughout the period of Salazar's

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Sir Ronald Campbell saw Salazar as fundamentally loyal to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. When in May 1943, in the

3409:

argued that labor associations were part of the natural order, like the family. The right of men to organise into

2733: 14511: 14471: 13754: 11252: 10866: 9460: 5815: 5377: 5269: 5023: 3917: 1777: 1358: 1346: 10766:

Hamann, Kerstin, and Paul Christopher Manuel. "Regime changes and civil society in twentieth-century Portugal".

7375: 3403:, 1931), which were meant to prevent class struggle and transform economic concerns secondary to social values. 1102: 14306: 11154: 10016: 9793: 9278:"Fevereiro de 1969 – O presidente Salazar, há alguns meses enfermo, tem alta da Casa de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha" 7837:"The Allied Neutral? Portuguese Balance of Payments With the UK and Germany In the Second World War, 1939–1945" 7601: 7532: 5549: 5146: 4897: 4835: 4141: 3290: 649: 187: 13570: 10754: 10142:(1990). "Chapter 9: Conservatism, dictatorship and fascism in Portugal, 1914–45". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.). 5540:

An aged Salazar and a group of academic students three months after being discharged from the hospital in 1969

1417:

and the Beja Revolt ultimately leading to his assassination by the regime's secret police, the PIDE, in 1965.

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Wheeler, Douglas (Summer 1986). "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II".

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claims Salazar was one of the most gifted men of his generation and hugely dedicated to his job and country.

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in 1910 Salazar left the seminary and entered the University of Coimbra; he never intended to be a priest.

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Political prisoners were incarcerated in detention centers, such as the Caxias prison, near Lisbon, or the

3271: 3263: 3212: 1456: 1250: 829: 13749: 13726: 11655: 11282: 5861: 5854: 5450: 5393: 5058:, literacy levels in children of the same age group increased to 56% in 1940, 77% in 1950 and 97% in 1960. 4321: 4064: 1334: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1079: 560: 67: 58: 13605: 13455: 11429: 8712: 5214:

and the Second World War. The first era of his rule was thus an economic program based on the policies of

4133:

claimed in 1937 that "happily in Portugal, modern anti-Semitism doesn't exist". In 2011, Avraham Milgram,

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was at its peak, while Sousa Mendes was at Bordeaux in 1940. Branquinho's name has been engraved in the

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Just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939, Portugal and Spain signed the

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On 8 September 1936, a naval revolt took place in Lisbon. The crews of two naval Portuguese vessels, The

3784: 3062: 2878: 2275: 1659: 11590: 11580: 11413: 3861: 14136: 13739: 13640: 12995: 12492: 12017: 11741: 11701: 11481: 11473: 10806:(in Portuguese). Presidência do Conselho de Ministros. Comissão do Livro Negro sobre o Regime Fascista. 10105: 9006: 5487: 5352: 4325: 3278: 2681: 2505: 2027: 1624: 1579: 1388:

as a unified state that spanned multiple continents. After Salazar fell into a coma in 1968, President

1208: 874: 734: 97: 12835: 11496: 9748: 4262: 4239: 4168: 3757:("International and State Defence Police"), which lasted until 1969 (and from that year to 1974 under 3321: 675: 13980: 13525: 13079: 13032: 12713: 12281: 12244: 12022: 11257: 11211: 10343: 8317: 7299: 6095: 5777: 5556: 5356: 5236:

claim that Salazar's early reforms and policies allowed political and financial stability, therefore

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Salazar's reluctance to travel abroad, his increasing determination not to grant independence to the

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had "unanimously decided at its meeting last Monday, to invite you to accept the Honorary Degree of

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Salazar attended the primary school in his small village and later went to another primary school in

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rhetoric. He was generally opposed to the concept of political parties when, in 1930, he created the

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In the 1960s, Portugal founded universities in the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique (the

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islands, and tortured. The political police used a net of civilian informants, in popular parlance "

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as conservative authoritarian rather than fascist. On the other hand, some Portuguese scholars like

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For forty years, Portugal was governed by a man that had been educated at a seminary, had received

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Benarus, Adolfo – 'O Antisemitismo' – 1937 (Lisboa : Sociedade Nacional de Tipografia). p. 31

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criticised Salazar's excessive promises, writing that "Salazar was being deceitful when he told

5719: 5482: 5019: 4243: 3816: 3679: 3623: 3199: 2931: 2753: 2415: 2017: 1888: 1724: 1370: 1354: 1207:(28 April 1889 – 27 July 1970) was a Portuguese statesman, academic, and economist who served as 1140: 1117: 1094: 13855: 12783: 12604: 12251: 12146: 11265: 11224: 9378: 8631: 5516:

instead of Lisbon airport, which would have given a far more official nature to the pilgrimage.

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On 12 June 1940, Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide

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Stoer, Stephen R; Dale, Roger (1987). "Education, State, and Society in Portugal, 1926–1981".

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A mocidade e os princípios, 1889–1928 (3. ed. com estudo prévio pelo Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão)

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Parecer sôbre a proposta de lei n.º 172 (Condicionamento industrial), Assembleia da República

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Pimentel, Irene (2002). "Women's Organizations and Imperial Ideology under the Estado Novo".

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from Britain in 1965, Portugal supported it economically and militarily through neighbouring

4908: 4875: 4702: 4682: 4667: 4654: 4149: 4089: 3803:' wife) witnessed a detainee fall from the third floor of the political police headquarters. 3460: 3414: 3329: 2798: 2793: 2778: 2047: 1924: 1692: 1619: 1614: 1589: 1548: 1522: 1414: 1242: 895: 512: 239: 64: 13450: 11434: 9998: 5930: 5559:

two days later. On 16 September, he went into a coma. With Salazar incapacitated, President

1135: 14451: 14446: 14404: 14274: 14055: 12868: 12771: 12661: 12431: 12353: 12111: 11726: 11402: 9010: 7467: 5823: 5229: 5166: 4831: 4108:. This modest, but complex role allowed Portugal to rescue a large number of war refugees. 4049: 4020: 3611: 3084: 2971: 2843: 2545: 2390: 1604: 1427: 5912:

View of the 25 de Abril Bridge, formerly Salazar Bridge, from Chapel of Santo Amaro, with

4298: 4072: 3902: 8: 14416: 14380: 14119: 14092: 14065: 13545: 13480: 13145: 13140: 13010: 12948: 12497: 12210: 11906: 11881: 11771: 11746: 11716: 11626: 11616: 11392: 10183: 8233: 6083: 5758: 5752: 5599: 5545: 5513: 5264: 4782: 4324:(MUD), which ranged from ultra-Catholics and fringe elements of the extreme right to the 4215: 4205: 4041: 4028: 3912: 3580: 3486: 3282: 3277:

which established the Ditadura Nacional regime, Salazar briefly joined the government of

3109: 3057: 3030: 2488: 2463: 2385: 2092: 1704: 1699: 1654: 1629: 1594: 1381: 1064: 12094: 11606: 11418: 11364: 11347: 10089: 10068: 8879:"A tale of two regimes: Educational Achievement and Institutions in Portugal, 1910–1950" 8128:

O Mecanismo de (Des) Promoções do MNE: O Caso Paradigmático de Aristides de Sousa Mendes

7568: 5504: 5184:, which experienced one of the fastest growth rates of Portuguese education in history. 4349: 1564: 14395: 14368: 14346: 14336: 14289: 14203: 14193: 14183: 13965: 13850: 13759: 13645: 13625: 13304: 13233: 13015: 12941: 12936: 12673: 12626: 12487: 12239: 12215: 11853: 11721: 11621: 11501: 11375: 11246: 11056: 10960: 10943: 10907: 10899: 10836: 10828: 10785: 10723: 10642: 10634: 10598: 10548:

Judeus em Portugal durante a II Guerra Mundial : em fuga de Hitler e do Holocausto

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O Mecanismo de (Des)Promoções do MNE: O Caso Paradigmático de Aristides de Sousa Mendes

7903: 7864: 7606: 7329: 7083: 5921: 5896: 5560: 5389: 4990: 4813: 4740: 4729: 4694: 4373: 4093: 4068: 4024: 3971:

commented, "I found not another continental European leader who then agreed with him".

3869: 3839: 3683: 3464: 3456: 3376: 3266:. Local press described him as "one of the most powerful minds of the new generation". 3067: 2981: 2873: 2818: 2420: 2330: 2187: 1893: 1797: 1599: 1389: 1319: 1130: 1112: 680: 138: 14060: 12621: 11636: 11544: 7841:

Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History

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Salazar did not pursue genocidal politics involving the slaughter of masses of people.

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History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire; vol. 2, From Empire to Corporate State

9668: 9550: 9511: 9055: 8975: 8913:"Alfabetização e escola em Portugal no século XX: Censos Nacionais e estudos de caso" 8639: 8587: 8548: 8460: 8212: 8080: 7868: 7856: 7611: 7528: 7449: 7445: 7355: 7237: 7210: 7185: 7178: 7087: 7050: 6156: 5890: 5798:

accept is right, but that he is minister of everything, which is more questionable."

5679:("How to Raise a State"), in which he criticised the philosophical ideals behind the 5400: 5206: 5150: 4979: 4789: 4698: 4690: 4650: 4631: 4250:

Other Portuguese who deserve credit for saving Jews during the war include Professor

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The year 1933 marked a watershed in Portuguese history. Under Salazar's supervision,

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but argued that the role of the Church was social, not political, and negotiated the

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https://debates.parlamento.pt/catalogo/r2/dan/01/01/03/118S3/1937-02-18?sft=true#p7

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was the defence of the African empire, considered a part of the national identity.

4369: 4368:. Most neutral observers believed that the candidate of the democratic opposition, 4293:

Among the many refugees accepted into Portugal for political and religious asylum,

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The Sword and the Olive – Recollections of Diplomacy and Foreign Service 1913–1954

9973:"Santa Comba Dão queria lançar vinho "Memórias de Salazar" mas marca foi chumbada" 7702: 7421: 6932: 6438:"Unhappy anniversary: Missed opportunities for growth and convergence in Portugal" 6242: 5723: 5240:

and economic growth. On the other hand, historians such as the leftist politician

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that kept the church at arm's length. One of the mottos of the Salazar regime was

1246: 121: 14421: 14097: 14045: 13945: 13935: 13825: 13790: 13690: 13675: 13610: 13565: 13405: 13324: 13294: 13199: 13160: 13027: 12793: 12419: 12181: 12132: 11800: 11516: 11137: 11096: 10679: 10347: 10211: 10187: 10064: 9702: 9505: 9303: 9277: 9082: 9033: 8865: 8859: 8692: 8542: 8501: 8434: 7671: 6927:(2). Translated by Richard Correll. Modern Humanities Research Association: 148. 6637: 5811: 5794: 5785: 5564: 5297: 4748: 4744: 4381: 4266: 3968: 3758: 3427: 3195: 3121: 2711: 2706: 2468: 2315: 2305: 2295: 2285: 2280: 2217: 2157: 2137: 2087: 2057: 2002: 1914: 1909: 1883: 1758: 1719: 1526: 469: 330: 165: 33: 14482:

Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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Ducret, Diane (2012). "4: Antonio Salazar, jeux interdits pour un séminariste".

7437: 6424: 4923:. 31 Portuguese soldiers were killed in action, and the Portuguese Navy frigate 4778: 4770: 4341: 4333: 4007: 3578:

The corporatist state had some similarities to Italian fascism and the original

3364: 3293:, the public deficit kept on growing. The government tried to obtain loans from 2783: 2440: 2117: 1401:

enabling him to exercise vast political powers, Salazar used censorship and the

1245:, Salazar entered public life as finance minister with the support of President 14326: 14269: 14213: 14146: 14030: 14005: 13975: 13940: 13875: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13535: 13505: 13490: 13425: 13400: 13359: 13223: 12539: 12358: 12308: 12200: 12158: 12001: 11370: 11015:

Doctrine and Action: Internal and Foreign Policy of the New Portugal, 1928–1939

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Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal

7079: 5575: 5276:(OECD) in 1961. In the early 1960s, Portugal also added its membership in the 4345: 3800: 3592:, he distanced himself from fascist dictatorship, which he considered a pagan 3383:, was alleged to be based on similar interpretations of the papal encyclicals 14435: 14375: 14208: 14010: 13960: 13910: 13845: 13705: 13700: 13665: 13655: 13590: 13500: 13445: 13420: 13282: 13218: 12413: 12234: 10856:

Politics in the Portuguese Empire: The State, Industry, and Cotton, 1926–1974

10301:"Review: The Origins and Nature of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal, 1919–1945" 8636:África Nossa: O que Queremos e o que não Queremos nas Nossas Terras de África 7860: 7615: 7453: 7042: 5964: 5735: 5467: 5420: 5385: 5376:

told Cerejeira that he should focus on social, not political, issues. In the

5332: 5011: 4920: 4903:

With an Indian military operation imminent, Salazar ordered Governor General

4337: 4316: 4189:

due to imminent attacks expected from Nazi Germany. At that time, Portuguese

3865: 3739: 3671: 3639: 3635: 3405: 3390: 3385: 3255: 3052: 2425: 2345: 2270: 2212: 2202: 2192: 2152: 2142: 2112: 2077: 1871: 1782: 11996: 10962:

The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945

10741:

Coyne, E.J. "Oliveira Salazar and the Portuguese Corporative Constitution".

10255:"Neutrality by Agreement: Portugal and the British Alliance in World War II" 8844:

Nicolau Andresen, "The Salazar Regime and European Integration, 1947–1972",

8491: 8459:. New York: Social Science Monographs, Boulder – Columbia University Press. 8095:

Dez anos de Política Externa, Vol. 1, p. 137. Edição Imprensa Nacional 1961.

3650:, Manuel Villaverde Cabral, Manuel de Lucena and Manuel Loff think that the 3262:, which was directed by his friend (and later Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon) 2560: 1851: 14341: 14321: 14279: 14109: 14050: 13995: 13915: 13895: 13885: 13670: 13650: 13620: 13520: 13475: 13470: 13415: 13369: 13344: 13208: 12776: 12725: 12567: 12271: 12123: 11950: 11939: 11858: 11813: 11678: 11287: 11276: 11240: 11235: 10824: 9924:"The Real Historical Figure Who Inspired Salazar Slytherin in Harry Potter" 9075: 6725: 6723: 5960: 5867: 5806:

Salazar saw no prospects for his regime beyond his death. Nonetheless, the

5702: 5373: 5309: 5237: 4329: 4278: 4080: 3986: 3959: 3885: 3777: 3509: 3400: 3294: 3035: 2588: 2540: 2473: 2410: 2380: 2350: 2177: 2122: 2102: 1987: 1954: 1934: 1792: 1767: 1556: 1338: 1277: 1152: 1147: 1089: 248: 12139: 5651: 4681:

In 1945, Portugal still had an extensive colonial empire that encompassed

4320:. The opposition started to organise itself around a broad coalition, the 3958:, in which Portugal participated during the period of the First Republic; 14363: 14284: 14256: 14236: 14141: 13905: 13685: 13575: 13550: 13465: 13354: 13339: 13329: 13272: 13267: 13245: 13228: 13213: 13192: 13187: 12808: 12802: 12749: 12519: 12461: 12375: 12348: 12205: 12193: 12116: 12101: 11896: 11761: 9897:"Salazar "sobrevive" na toponímia nacional em 20 localidades portuguesas" 5949: 5843: 5500: 4931: 4896:

well-established anti-colonial movement led by prominent figures such as

4812:, after being nominated Minister of Defense, tried to convince President 4752: 4635: 4120:), in which he criticised the philosophical ideals behind Nazi Germany's 4076: 4010:

of 5 September 1939, the British Government confirmed the understanding.

3991: 3955: 3452: 3410: 3380: 2936: 2916: 2643: 2611: 2510: 2400: 2162: 2127: 2107: 1992: 1939: 1929: 1919: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1829: 1814: 1772: 1751: 1746: 1644: 1318:("God, Fatherland and Family"), although he never turned Portugal into a 1305: 1285: 1281: 1269: 1220: 10832: 10795: 10327: 7333: 6720: 5602:, of both African and European ethnicity, paying homage at his funeral. 4739:

In order to justify Portugal's colonial policies and Portugal's alleged

4305:, in the house address Rua Dom Afonso Henriques, 1937 2765.573 Estoril. 3467:

as well as his inclusion of both reformist and traditionalist currents.

3417:, was thus inherent and could not be denied by employers or the state. 3371:

Salazar based his political philosophy on a close interpretation of the

3116: 13785: 13780: 13495: 13349: 13314: 13255: 13172: 12873: 12754: 12288: 11848: 11022: 10947: 10903: 10727: 10609: 9871:"Clube Ferroviário de Moçambique – Estádio da Machava (antigo Salazar)" 9747:. Vol. 86, no. 20. Time Inc. 12 November 1965. Archived from 8643: 7907: 7317: 5769:

as one of the three greatest political leaders he has met in his life.

5611: 5285: 4663: 4134: 3788: 3363:

Salazar (third from left) and his first government, formed in 1932, at

3040: 2626: 2570: 2235: 2067: 1982: 1903: 1834: 1731: 1289: 1273: 890: 10638: 7749:"Correio da Manhã: Portugal, Mundo, Sociedade, Cultura. Classificados" 5920:

The bridge across the Tagus connecting Lisbon to Almada was named the

5372:

in 1933 and continued to agitate for political power until 1934, when

5034:

in 1962, and finally, Portugal signed a free trade agreement with the

4826:

reiterating his view that a military solution in Africa was unlikely.

3574:

Salazar sitting at his desk with an autographed portrait of Mussolini.

14390: 14025: 13374: 13309: 13128: 13042: 13005: 12963: 12891: 12639: 12529: 12514: 12426: 12402: 12325: 12153: 12059: 11808: 9002:

Os Grandes Portugueses: Prof. Dr. António de Oliveira Salazar, in RTP

6987:. The Contemporary Portuguese History Research Centre. Archived from 5710:

as the "old men of Iberia", the last two dictators of Western Europe.

5659: 4957: 4231: 3773: 3750:") was established in 1933. It was replaced in 1945 by the remodeled 3593: 3451:

Portuguese historian Ernesto C. Leal described Salazar's ideology as

3072: 2638: 2633: 2606: 2565: 2555: 2500: 2370: 1959: 1898: 1804: 1687: 1444: 1293: 1265: 1261: 10939: 9801: 9174:"Full text Salazar's concordat (1940) available online in this link" 5933:, a noteworthy multi-purpose stadium built in Mozambique during the 5411: 5300:, Portugal's per capita GDP had reached 56.4% of the EC-12 average. 5200:

After the politically unstable and financially chaotic years of the

4174: 3940: 3730: 14131: 14114: 13260: 13057: 12968: 12719: 12599: 12534: 12444: 12370: 12343: 12106: 11968: 11886: 11526: 11462: 10895: 10653: 9236:

Tom Gallagher, "Portugal", in Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway, eds,

8438: 5640: 5423:

as a stylised sword, symbolising the growth of the empire and faith

4953: 4389: 4356: 3999: 3896:

The decisive conservatism of the regime naturally drew opposition.

3238: 3237:

As a young man, Salazar's involvement in politics stemmed from his

2648: 2616: 2601: 2595: 2575: 2483: 2478: 1839: 1510: 1384:

was the basis of Salazar's territorial policy, a conception of the

1297: 1231: 10017:"Nostalgia for António de Oliveira Salazar divides the Portuguese" 7602:"Nostalgia for António de Oliveira Salazar divides the Portuguese" 5999:

keyboard layout, introduced by means of a decree of 17 July 1937.

5590:

Tens of thousands paid their last respects at the funeral, at the

4866:

Of the colonies remaining to Portugal at the end of World War II,

3309:

In July 1929, Salazar again presented his resignation. His friend

14035: 13595: 13250: 13182: 12973: 12841: 12765: 12450: 12407: 12314: 11927: 11891: 10500:. Vol. 5 (4th ed.). Porto: Livraria Civilização. 1984. 10428:. Vol. 1 (3a ed.). Porto : Civilização Editora. 2000 . 9490:

a sua prosa digna de entrar na história da literatura portuguesa.

8297: 7068:

History of Education: Journal of the History of Education Society

5938: 5655: 5623: 5591: 5508: 5256: 5215: 4884: 4843: 4795: 4302: 4190: 4179: 3563: 3270:

of society and a perversion of the democratic process. After the

3089: 2621: 2581: 2375: 1824: 1741: 1514: 1476: 37: 11002:, Luso-Brazilian Review, Vol. 34, No. 2 (1997), pp. 91–107. 10991:, E-Journal of Portuguese History (2012), 10#1, pp. 62–77, 10482:. Vol. 4 (4a ed.). Porto: Livraria Civilização. 1980. 10464:. Vol. 3 (5a ed.). Porto: Livraria Civilização. 1978. 8541:

Armando Marques Guedes; María José Lopes; Stephen Ellis (2007).

5886:

Salazar was conferred with the following academic distinctions.

13240: 12042: 11647: 8819:. Keesing's Record of World Events. March 1962. p. 18659. 7569:"Tarrafal: Memórias do Campo da Morte Lenta/ by Diana Andringa" 5996: 5341: 5313: 4274: 4125: 3551: 3440: 2653: 1809: 850: 9764:"Salazar and the New State in the writings of Fernando Pessoa" 9054:(in Portuguese). Vol. VII. Lisbon: Estampa. p. 474. 8974:(in Portuguese). Vol. VII. Lisbon: Estampa. p. 251. 5192: 13287: 11074:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros. 10926:

West, S. George (1938). "The Present Situation in Portugal".

9546:

Research guide to European historical biography, 1450–present

9027:

História de Portugal. A luta de facções entre os salazaristas

8037:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1991. pp. 705–08. 6067: 4985: 4820:

was nonetheless allowed to publish a letter in the newspaper

1876: 1506: 1472: 9507:

Salazar, Hitler e Franco: estudos sobre Salazar e a ditadura

8762:

Voices in the Liberation Struggle: The Case of Goa (1947–61)

8340: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8181:(in Portuguese). Israeli Community in Lisbon. Archived from 8079:

Salazar, António de Oliveira – 'Como se Levanta um Estado',

8060: 8058: 8056: 7267: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6041: 5839:

Salazar was made member of the following Portuguese Orders.

5149:, and by 1973 founded several state-run universities across 4208:

of diplomatic legations. In 2010, Garrido was recognised as

1533:. In the following year, Salazar was awarded his doctorate. 13177: 12958: 12524: 11086:– Salazar seen by "Micas", one of his two adopted children. 11069: 9860:

Newspaper Archive of Southern Cross, 30 June 1938, p. 8/24.

9200:"Casamentos não católicos entre pessoas do sexo oposto (%)" 9128:. Vol. II. Immaculate Heart Publications. p. 412. 9123: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7748: 6032: 4372:, would have defeated the candidate of the Salazar regime, 4164: 1736: 1402: 1074: 11070:

de Melo Rita, Maria da Conceição; Vieira, Joaquim (2007).

10804:

Correspondência de Pedro Teotónio Pereira Oliveira Salazar

10369:"Portugal, the Consuls, and the Jewish Refugees,1938–1941" 10281:

Lisbon: War in the Shadows of the City of Light, 1939–1945

9333:'Salazar fell in a bathtub, not from a chair' (Portuguese) 9139: 9137: 9135: 9088: 8612: 8473: 7936: 7934: 7717: 7486: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7163:

Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada

6981:"British Embassy in Lisbon despatch on draft constitution" 4666:

was the main objective, except for the Atlantic colony of

3873:

political reasons during Salazar's nearly 40-year regime.

3501:

The corporatist constitution was approved in the national

1405:

secret police to quell opposition. One opposition leader,

10761:

Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents

9816: 9700: 9644: 9587: 9156: 9154: 9152: 8906: 8904: 8512: 8510: 8435:"Did Portugal's dictator Salazar order killing of rival?" 8280: 8053: 7729: 6455: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6026: 5466:, a Roman Catholic and a dissident of the regime, quoted 4916: 4867: 4124:

In 1938, he sent a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in

3795:", who were found in practically all sectors of society. 1219:("National Dictatorship"), he reframed the regime as the 10798:; standard scholarly history; chapter 27 pp. 663–83 9575: 9076:"Portugal: A Country Study – Economic Growth and Change" 8379:

Neil Lochery estimates a high end number of one million.

8352: 7992: 7990: 7914: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6900: 6776: 6774: 6684: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6484: 6472: 6256: 6254: 6252: 4332:. In its leadership were several communists, among them 4067:, the conferees agreed on the occupation of the Azores ( 3642:

and Howard J. Wiarda, prefer to consider the Portuguese

3430:

also playing a major role. The constitution created the

1365:

in 1961. Under Salazar's rule, Portugal also joined the

10237:

Pearl Harbor, Lisboa, Tóquio – memórias de um diplomata

10043:

The Blue Shirts – Portuguese Fascists and the New State

9243: 9132: 8910: 8457:

The Blue Shirts – Portuguese Fascists and the New State

8268: 8011: 8008:

Leite, 'Document 2: Telegram From Sir Ronald Campbell'.

7977: 7975: 7931: 7328:(368). Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 405–11. 7250: 6888: 6866: 6864: 6540: 6538: 6513: 6511: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6350: 6338: 6243:"Oliveira Salazar – Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo" 5069:: a crucifix and portraits of Salazar and Américo Tomás 1471:

who possessed lands and other assets scattered between

14492:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

10681:

Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience

9599: 9444:

Carvalho, Miguel (2013). "I: De Favaios a São Bento".

9260: 9258: 9149: 9107: 9105: 9103: 8993: 8991: 8901: 8744: 8742: 8507: 8256: 8107: 7804: 7549: 7279: 6810: 6496: 6317: 6305: 6271: 6269: 5401:

Concordat between the Portuguese state and the Vatican

5274:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

5028:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

4048:. In November 1943, the British Ambassador in Lisbon, 1363:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

14332:

Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States

11097:

Newspaper clippings about António de Oliveira Salazar

9800:. Presidência da República Portuguesa. Archived from 9478:

António José Saraiva (22 April 1989). "Salazarismo".

8939: 7987: 7816: 7537: 7498: 7209:(1 ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 226. 7118: 7106: 7094: 7003: 6956: 6771: 6708: 6657: 6523: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6249: 6064: 6061: 6038: 6023: 6020: 4388:(the regime's secret police) near the border town of 4384:. Later, in 1965, he was lured into an ambush by the 3954:

Salazar had experienced the social turmoil caused by

1361:(EFTA) in 1960; it was also a founding member of the 9477: 9085:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993. 8713:"The Case of Goa: History, Rhetoric and Nationalism" 8158: 7972: 7376:"PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado)" 7130: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6861: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6798: 6786: 6696: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6535: 6508: 6395: 6196:

by 30 years; a new one was signed by Prime Minister

6070: 6029: 4092:

stated that the Portuguese Republican Government of

3742:

to enforce the policies he wished to implement. The

9631:

The Political Structure of the Portuguese New State

9255: 9100: 8988: 8739: 8522: 8393:[After the war the paradise was Portugal]. 7676: 7629: 7346: 6633:"Portugal: The War Has Made It Europe's Front Door" 6293: 6266: 6035: 5864:(28 May 1932, first civilian to receive such honor) 3194:state of affairs in the country. Concurrently, the 1392:dismissed him from the position of prime minister. 1357:in 1950 and was one of the founding members of the 10959: 10597: 10446:. Vol. 2. Porto: Livraria Civilização. 1977. 9349:"Salazar Now Out of Coma; Was Unconscious a Month" 8544:State and Traditional Law in Angola and Mozambique 8209:My World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein 7641: 7177: 6378: 6192:Salazar's concordat outlived him and outlived the 5263:Throughout the 1950s, Salazar maintained the same 4670:(which was seen as an extension of Portugal), the 4187:the civilian population of Gibraltar was evacuated 1211:from 1932 to 1968. Having come to power under the 11037:Coelho, Eduardo Coelho; António Macieira (1995). 10920:The Lisbon Route: Entry and Escape in Nazi Europe 10518:. Vol. 6. Porto : Civilização Editora. 1985. 9798:Página Oficial das Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas 9617:See other comments for the 1930s achievements in 7701:. Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo. Archived from 7142: 7015: 6939: 6876: 6849: 6822: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6598: 6579: 6567: 6550: 6370:12 October 1943 Statement in the House of Commons 5793:The Portuguese poet, writer, and literary critic 4948:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4273:Large numbers of political dissidents, including 14433: 10849:An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism 10775:An Authoritarian Third Way in the Era of Fascism 10124:. Manchester University Press. pp. 60, 99. 9542: 9510:(in Portuguese). Livros Horizonte. p. 245. 9488: 9225:Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions 8534: 7297:Robert O. Paxton, "The five stages of fascism". 7229: 5684: 5674: 5065:Required elements of primary schools during the 4634:. One reason the government dragged itself into 4178:Memorial commemorating Gibraltarian evacuees on 1421: 1409:, who openly challenged Salazar's regime in the 1396: 1341:while still providing aid and assistance to the 1313: 1223: 1212: 11202: 10684:(First ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press. 9401:"Antonio Salazar: los romances del seminarista" 8630: 8579: 8492:Colonial Act, original text, in Portuguese, in 6435: 5924:(Salazar Bridge) upon completion. Built by the 5893:, 1939, Honorary Degree of Doctor of Civil Law. 5776:The Portuguese historian, scholar, and editor, 5531: 5045: 4277:personnel, sought refuge in Portugal after the 3911:("National Syndicate of Metallurgists") and an 3345: 44: and the second or paternal family name is 14542:Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword 10700:Projecção de Salazar no Estrangeiro, 1928–1948 10654:Wheeler, Douglas L.; Walter C. Opello (2010). 10526: 9899:. Público, Comunicação Social. 24 April 2009. 8303: 8211:. Associated University Presses. p. 413. 8075: 8073: 7403:"How the CIA Taught the Portuguese to Torture" 7273: 7160: 6121: 6111: 4065:Third Washington Conference, codenamed Trident 3610:A propaganda poster depicting Salazar as King 3533:as a part of a purge of the leadership of the 14467:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 12286: 11663: 11188: 11000:The Creation of the Portuguese Legion in 1936 10702:(in Portuguese). Porto: União Nacional. 1949. 9665:Mémoires sur la Régence et la Question Royale 8965: 8963: 8432: 8364: 7184:(1 ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. 4755:, a prominent historian of colonial empires. 4059:Royal Air Force Coastal Command in the Azores 3990:government bolstered by strong ties with the 3340: 3141: 1497:, who served as Salazar's Interior Minister. 1171: 13197: 12249: 12191: 12144: 12130: 12121: 12092: 11061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10550:(in Portuguese). Lisboa: Esfera dos Livros. 10284:(1st ed.). PublicAffairs. p. 345. 10259:American University International Law Review 10121:Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation 10083:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9942:"INPI autorizou vinho com o nome de Salazar" 9761: 9755: 9694: 9536: 9049: 8969: 8315: 7065: 4777:, the leader of the opposition supported by 3524: 1756: 1509:. At age 11, he won a free place at Viseu's 110:5 February 1932 – 27 September 1968 27:Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968 13735:European Conservatives and Reformists Party 10226:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10036: 9971:Ribeiro, Graça Barbosa (28 November 2012). 9503: 9497: 9343: 9341: 9326: 9020: 8911:Candeias, António; Simoes, Eduarda (1999). 8451: 8423:(History Magazine) – Number 8 (New Series). 8231: 8070: 3753:Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado 1536: 14487:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry 11670: 11656: 11195: 11181: 11041:(1. ed.). Lisboa: Publ. Dom Quixote. 10531:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Temas e Debates. 10216:. Collins; First Edition. pp. 124–25. 9921: 9707:. Columbia University Press. p. 215. 9667:. Bruxelles: Editions Racine. p. 24. 9238:Political Catholicism in Europe, 1918–1965 8960: 8586:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1033–34. 8391:"Depois da guerra, o paraíso era Portugal" 6084:[ɐ̃ˈtɔ.ni.uðɨɔ.liˈvɐj.ɾɐsɐ.lɐˈzaɾ] 5822:eventually fell on 25 April 1974 with the 5255:'s model of the new Santa Clara bridge in 4986:International relations after World War II 4900:with ties to the Indian National Congress 3663:Church, the army, and the big landowners. 3379:in Austria. The economic system, known as 3289:cloisters. In 1927, under the ministry of 3148: 3134: 1178: 1164: 573:3 November 1930 – 6 November 1930 432:6 November 1936 – 6 November 1947 384:25 January 1936 – 5 February 1936 343:30 January 1939 – 2 February 1939 75: 14229: 10881: 10759:Graham, Lawrence S. and Harry M. Makler. 10745:, vol. 64, no. 752, 1936, pp. 81–94. 10527:Pimentel, Irene; Ninhos, Claudia (2013). 10234: 10160: 10138: 10114: 9650: 9639:Economic Planning in Corporative Portugal 9581: 8876: 8573: 8358: 8346: 8291: 8203: 8064: 7311: 7309: 6906: 6894: 6490: 6478: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6311: 6260: 6237: 6235: 5228:Conservative Portuguese scholars such as 5038:in 1972, still under the auspices of the 4728:('Indigenous Statute') set standards for 4645:Portuguese colonies in Africa during the 4308: 10873:International Journal of Iberian Studies 10810: 10564: 10545: 10166:Salazar: The Dictator Who Refused To Die 9662: 9443: 9338: 9043: 8883:CEPR Centre for Economic Policy Research 8764:(Doctoral dissertation, Goa University). 7599: 7492: 7165:(in Portuguese). Edições Tinta-da-China. 6912: 6436:Vinhas de Sousa, Lucio (11 March 2024). 5977:On 25 March 2007, Salazar was named the 5907: 5881: 5701: 5650: 5574: 5535: 5410: 5331: 5251:Salazar (third from the left) observing 5246: 5191: 5060: 5022:and participated in the founding of the 4989: 4915:in December 1961 to evict Portugal from 4794: 4640: 4366:Portuguese presidential election of 1958 4214: 4173: 4054: 3939: 3891: 3744:Polícia de Vigilância e Defesa do Estado 3729: 3605: 3569: 3508: 3375:, much like the contemporary regime of 3358: 3228: 1443: 200:13 April 1961 – 4 December 1962 11012: 10616: 10394: 10366: 10342: 10298: 10277: 10103: 10063: 9970: 9822: 9625:magazine 1940, and books from: Derrick 9593: 9249: 9143: 9094: 9050:Mattoso, José; Rosas, Fernando (1994). 8970:Mattoso, José; Rosas, Fernando (1994). 8788:"A Summary of the Early History of Goa" 8696:. New York. 7 July 1975. Archived from 8618: 8479: 8316:Ramada Curto, Diogo (5 November 2017). 8274: 8262: 8234:"Madeira Gold Medal of Merit for Louis" 8164: 8145:(PhD). Coimbra University. p. 459. 8140: 8130:(PhD). Coimbra University. p. 458. 8125: 8113: 8017: 7940: 7893: 7810: 7795: 7735: 7723: 7555: 7543: 7472:Movimento Cívico Não Apaguem a Memória! 7303:70.1 (1998): 1–23, quotes at pp 3, 17. 7285: 6816: 6780: 6714: 6678: 6666: 6544: 6529: 6502: 6466: 4799:Portuguese soldiers on patrol in Angola 662:27 April 1928 – 28 August 1940 614:21 January 1930 – 20 July 1930 482:11 May 1936 – 6 September 1944 14: 14434: 11036: 10954: 10674: 10592: 10569:(in Portuguese). Círculo de Leitores. 10094: 9633:pp. 346–54', Jacques Ploncard d'Assac 9605: 9458: 9428: 9424: 9422: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9388: 8790:. GOACOM. 4 April 1916. Archived from 8775:Role of women in Goan freedom struggle 8388: 7834: 7511: 7474:(in European Portuguese). 20 July 2006 7419: 7315: 7306: 7207:Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes 7124: 7112: 7100: 7009: 6985:Contemporary Portuguese History Online 6967: 6870: 6843: 6804: 6792: 6702: 6690: 6619: 6406: 6275: 6232: 5278:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 5032:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 4962:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4907:to fight to the last man and adopt a 4773:), who had been minister of colonies, 3725: 1517:in 1910 during the first years of the 1367:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 944:This article is part of a series about 295:15 April 1935 – 26 April 1935 254:18 April 1951 – 9 August 1951 14497:National Union (Portugal) politicians 11651: 11176: 11013:Salazar, António de Oliveira (1939). 10583: 10252: 10206: 10182: 9979:from the original on 19 December 2020 9922:Williamson, Scott (8 December 2021). 9721:from the original on 19 December 2020 9524:from the original on 19 December 2020 9398: 9180:from the original on 30 December 2020 8945: 8710: 8600:from the original on 19 December 2020 8561:from the original on 19 December 2020 8401:from the original on 14 November 2016 8232:Mascarenhas, Alice (9 January 2013). 8041:from the original on 23 November 2015 7996: 7981: 7925: 7796:Salazar, António de Oliveira (1977). 7693: 7691: 7682: 7635: 7261: 7175: 7154: 6732:, pp. 3–4, 10, 22–24, 33, 65–66. 6082: 5492:, officially defined the visit as an 5303: 4023:, informed him that the university's 3748:State Surveillance and Defense Police 3244:Centro Académico de Democracia Cristã 10925: 10660:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 238–41. 10588:(4th ed.). A Esfera dos Livros. 10444:Os tempos áureos, 1928–1936 (2. ed.) 9903:from the original on 10 January 2016 9842:from the original on 27 October 2020 9563:from the original on 2 February 2022 9314:from the original on 29 January 2021 9284:from the original on 28 January 2021 9124:Michel de la Sainte Trinite (1984). 8826:from the original on 2 February 2022 8426: 7581:from the original on 16 January 2021 7400: 7204: 7047:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 6918: 6625: 5967:, had his name inspired by Salazar. 5944:In popular culture, Salazar's Cake ( 5673:Salazar had books published, namely 5570: 5187: 4625: 4396: 3806: 3503:Portuguese constitutional referendum 14457:20th-century Portuguese politicians 10768:South European Society and Politics 10243: 10192:(1st ed.). Macmillan Company. 10189:Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942–1945 10168:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. 9877:from the original on 15 August 2020 9774:from the original on 15 August 2020 9419: 9385: 9264: 9160: 9111: 9052:História de Portugal: o Estado Novo 8972:História de Portugal: o Estado Novo 8748: 8727:from the original on 25 August 2016 8688:"Dismantling the Portuguese Empire" 8528: 8516: 7960:from the original on 15 August 2020 7822: 7800:. Lisbon: Golden Books. p. 69. 7770: 7647: 7148: 7136: 7030: 6950: 6882: 6855: 6831: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6607: 6592: 6573: 6561: 6517: 6389: 6299: 5544:In August 1968, Salazar suffered a 5419:in Lisbon, displaying the cross of 4657:were by far the largest territories 3967:would win. The American journalist 3909:Sindicato Nacional dos Metalúrgicos 3876:In January 1938, Salazar appointed 3481:, was restricted to members of the 775:July 1921 – September 1921 724:3 June 1926 – 19 June 1926 24: 14522:20th-century Portuguese economists 11461: 11006: 10777:(Routledge, 2021) pp. 91–106. 10707: 9762:José Barreto (22 September 2008). 9701:A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1972). 9448:(in Portuguese). Oficina do Livro. 8638:(in Portuguese). Oporto: Marânus. 8583:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia 8433:James Badcock (13 February 2015). 8328:from the original on 11 April 2021 8244:from the original on 19 April 2014 7875:from the original on 25 April 2021 7688: 7350:; MacLeish Mott, Margaret (2001). 7230:Robert O. Paxton (23 March 2004). 7036: 5899:, 1938, Honorary Doctorate of Law. 5182:secondary and university education 5016:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4941: 4144:, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and 1351:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 525:5 July 1932 – 6 July 1932 25: 14568: 14557:20th-century presidents in Europe 11090: 10981: 10796:full text online vol 2 after 1700 10657:Historical Dictionary of Portugal 10110:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 9952:from the original on 22 July 2018 9741:"Portugal: Against the Situation" 9461:"A mulher que humaniza o ditador" 8889:from the original on 16 June 2020 8877:Palma, Nuno; Reis, Jaime (2018). 8668:from the original on 23 July 2013 7401:Reed, Christopher (21 May 2004). 6645:from the original on 13 June 2021 5848:Order of Saint James of the Sword 5810:persisted under the direction of 5706:Caricature depicting Salazar and 4227:Carlos de Liz-Teixeira Branquinho 4146:Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal 3198:was hounded by the anti-clerical 1230:("New State"), with himself as a 885:1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) 756:Filomeno da Câmara de Melo Cabral 11677: 10851:(Routledge, 2021) pp. 7–37. 10802:Pereira, Pedro Teotónio (1987). 10565:Pimentel, Irene Flunser (2007). 10546:Pimentel, Irene Flunser (2006). 10529:Salazar, Portugal e o Holocausto 10299:Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2002). 10253:Leite, Joaquim da Costa (1998). 10009: 9991: 9964: 9934: 9915: 9889: 9863: 9854: 9828: 9794:"Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas" 9786: 9733: 9681: 9656: 9611: 9471: 9452: 9437: 9367: 9296: 9270: 9240:(Oxford University Press, 1996). 9230: 9217: 9192: 9166: 9117: 9068: 8951: 8870: 8851: 8838: 8806: 8780: 8767: 8754: 8704: 8680: 8650: 8624: 8485: 8445: 8413: 8382: 8373: 8309: 8225: 8197: 8176: 8170: 8149: 8134: 8119: 8098: 8089: 8023: 8002: 7946: 7887: 6186: 6173: 6163: 6148: 6131: 6057: 6016: 5801: 5605: 5312:, and had considered becoming a 4960:. After Rhodesia proclaimed its 4785:, a prominent Salazar opponent. 4687:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 3535:Portuguese National Syndicalists 3115: 3103: 1563: 1151: 1146: 935: 914: 13755:International Monarchist League 10858:(Oxford University Press, 1993) 10792:A History of Spain and Portugal 10736:Journal of Contemporary History 10619:Journal of Contemporary History 10604:(First ed.). John Murray. 10397:Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews 10146:. Routledge. pp. 157–173. 10104:Egerton, F. Clement C. (1943). 10073:. New York: Campion Books, Ltd. 9975:. Público, Comunicação Social. 9836:"Salazar – O Obreiro da Pátria" 9399:Ayuso, Bárbara (9 March 2014). 8419:Rosas, Fernando (dir.) (1995). 7828: 7789: 7776: 7759: 7741: 7661:E-Journal of Portuguese History 7653: 7593: 7561: 7517: 7460: 7420:Duarte, Anabela (Winter 2015). 7413: 7394: 7368: 7340: 7291: 7223: 7198: 7180:A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 7169: 7059: 6973: 6429: 6412: 6362: 6101: 6089: 5829: 5378:Portuguese Constitution of 1933 5270:European Free Trade Association 5024:European Free Trade Association 4840:People's Republic of Mozambique 3935: 3160: 1359:European Free Trade Association 14552:World War II political leaders 10413:Nogueira, Franco (1977–1985), 10352:(1st ed.). Enigma Books. 10349:Salazar: A Political Biography 10239:. Iwanami Shoten. p. 108. 10107:Salazar, Rebuilder of Portugal 9459:Raposo, Lumena (5 June 2010). 7769:, 2 October 1968, as cited in 7600:Bilefsky, Dan (23 July 2007). 6281: 6226:"Chefes do Governo desde 1821" 6218: 6154:At the conclusion of the film 6009: 5658:with a quote from Salazar, in 5550:Fort of Saint Anthony of Barra 5392:, a university founded by the 5351:In 1932, Salazar declared the 5147:Portuguese Catholic University 5145:). In 1971, it recognised the 5143:University of Lourenço Marques 4952:Salazar was a close friend of 4855: 4252:Francisco de Paula Leite Pinto 4142:Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal 4088:the war. The British diplomat 3868:established by Salazar in the 3654:should be considered fascist. 1055:1933 constitutional referendum 13: 1: 14477:Finance ministers of Portugal 11155:Interim President of Portugal 10308:Contemporary European History 10213:Ambassador on Special Mission 9549:. Beacham Pub. p. 1734. 8318:"O desconhecido Veiga Simões" 8035:George C. Marshall Foundation 7468:"Locais de Memória (prisões)" 6933:10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128 6212: 5990:Salazar – O Obreiro da Pátria 5697: 5689:("How to Re-erect a State"). 4911:. Eventually, India launched 4286:In an operation organised by 3974: 3218: 3211:Public discontent led to the 1434: 82: 14547:University of Coimbra alumni 13750:International Democrat Union 10987:Ribeiro De Meneses, Filipe. 10884:Comparative Education Review 10516:O último combate (1964–1970) 10462:As grandes crises, 1936–1945 10065:Derrick, Michael; R.J. Stove 9126:The Whole Truth About Fatima 7274:Pimentel & Ninhos (2013) 5862:Order of the Tower and Sword 5855:Order of the Colonial Empire 5532:Health breakdown and removal 5415:The entrance profile of the 5394:Catholic Diocese of New York 5046:Education and literacy rates 4743:, Salazar ended up adopting 4322:Movement of Democratic Unity 4013: 3770:General Security Directorate 3734:Tarrafal concentration camp 3470:The legislature, called the 1500: 1113:Portugal-Rhodesian relations 414:Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt 404:Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt 373:Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt 363:Manuel Ortins de Bettencourt 7: 14537:Prime ministers of Portugal 14507:People from Santa Comba Dão 14502:Naval ministers of Portugal 14442:António de Oliveira Salazar 13765:Tradition, Family, Property 11204:Prime ministers of Portugal 11101:20th Century Press Archives 11072:Os meus 35 anos com Salazar 11017:. London: Faber and Faber. 10782:Salazar and Modern Portugal 10399:. Yad Vashem. p. 324. 10248:. New York: Hawthorn Books. 10246:Salazar and Modern Portugal 9663:Staercke, André de (2003). 8923:(1): 163–94. Archived from 8397:(in Portuguese). Portugal. 7784:Discursos e Notas Políticas 7438:10.3998/mp.9460447.0009.101 7318:"On Salazar and Salazarism" 7236:. Internet Archive. Knopf. 6425:10.1007/978-3-030-24548-1_5 5646: 5579:Oliveira Salazar's tomb in 5526: 5417:Monument to the Discoveries 5320:, who in 1929 would become 5282:International Monetary Fund 5036:European Economic Community 5001:with Portuguese Ambassador 4970:Mozambican Liberation Front 4871:soil and its own citizens. 4836:People's Republic of Angola 4210:Righteous Among the Nations 4099: 3558:. Salazar's own party, the 3179:" (National Dictatorship). 1353:(NATO) in 1949, joined the 1191:António de Oliveira Salazar 420:Minister of Foreign Affairs 55:António de Oliveira Salazar 10: 14573: 14532:Portuguese Roman Catholics 14517:Portuguese anti-communists 14137:Traditionalist Catholicism 11128:Prime Minister of Portugal 10738:(2021): 00220094211066000. 10631:10.1177/002200948301800101 10415:Salazar: estudo biográfico 10235:Morishima, Morito (1950). 10144:Fascists and Conservatives 10030: 9446:A Última Criada de Salazar 8846:European Review of History 8760:Raut-Desai, A. A. (2003). 8664:. London. 16 August 1975. 8324:(in European Portuguese). 8304:Pimentel & Ninhos 2013 6098:claims it was an accident. 5981:ever as the winner of the 5742:efficiency and stability. 5615:hastens to take it back." 5507:sanctuary on 13 May 1965. 5353:Portuguese Catholic Centre 5318:Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira 4945: 4859: 4416:Votes (including invalid) 4413:% won of total valid votes 4326:Portuguese Communist Party 3947: 3763:Direção-Geral de Segurança 3513:Flag of the National Union 3352: 3341:Prime Minister (1932–1968) 3297:under the auspices of the 3264:Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira 3222: 3164: 2506:Traditionalist Catholicism 1411:1958 presidential election 1209:Prime Minister of Portugal 1024:Prime Minister of Portugal 875:Portuguese Catholic Centre 98:Prime Minister of Portugal 31: 14413: 14222: 14162: 14083: 13773: 13725: 13718: 13383: 13116: 13109: 13070: 12984: 12927: 12918: 12817: 12792: 12740: 12700: 12691: 12550: 12471: 12393: 12334: 12299: 12282:Italian school of elitism 12262: 12167: 12083: 12074: 12010: 11982: 11959: 11917: 11867: 11839: 11799: 11790: 11694: 11685: 11525: 11472: 11459: 11210: 11161: 11152: 11144: 11134: 11125: 11117: 11112: 10395:Milgram, Avraham (2011). 10367:Milgram, Avraham (1999). 10320:10.1017/S096077730200108X 9543:James A. Moncure (1992). 9081:26 September 2011 at the 8814:"India, Portugal, Indian" 8141:Madeira, Lina A. (2013). 8126:Madeira, Lina A. (2013). 7954:"Oxford In Portugal 1941" 7853:10.1017/S0212610919000314 7798:Como se Levanta um Estado 7755:(in European Portuguese). 7446:2027/spo.9460447.0009.101 7322:An Irish Quarterly Review 7300:Journal of Modern History 7080:10.1080/00467600500221315 6096:Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses 5834: 5778:A. H. de Oliveira Marques 5692: 5686:Como se Reergue um Estado 5676:Como se Levanta um Estado 5202:Portuguese First Republic 5196:Salazar, aged 50, in 1939 4898:Tristão de Bragança Cunha 4270:to be far from "kosher". 4236:Raoul Wallenberg-memorial 4198:Aristides de Sousa Mendes 4114:Como se Levanta um Estado 4106:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 4004:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 3858:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque 3834:in their war against the 3525:Relationship with fascism 3173:First Portuguese Republic 3167:First Portuguese Republic 1519:Portuguese First Republic 1484:Portuguese naming customs 1439: 1337:and Spain neutral during 1333:and played a key role in 1085:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 922: 910: 902: 889: 881: 868: 857: 840: 816: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 779: 768: 760: 750: 740: 728: 717: 712:João Pinto da Costa Leite 705: 695: 666: 655: 648: 638: 628: 618: 607: 597: 587: 577: 566: 559: 555:Daniel Rodrigues de Sousa 549: 539: 529: 518: 506: 496: 486: 475: 468: 458: 446: 436: 425: 418: 408: 398: 388: 377: 367: 357: 347: 336: 329: 319: 309: 299: 288: 278: 268: 258: 245: 238: 226: 214: 204: 193: 186: 182: 175: 171: 159: 147: 114: 103: 96: 92: 74: 53: 14302:Catholic social teaching 11535:National Salvation Junta 11165:Francisco Craveiro Lopes 10763:(U of Texas Press, 1979) 10498:A resistência, 1958–1964 9375:"O Príncipe Encarcerado" 8848:(2007) 14#2 pp. 195–214. 8773:Kakodkar, A. A. (1986). 8580:Bernard A. Cook (2001). 8547:. Almedina. p. 60. 8389:Sobral, Claudia (2013). 8179:"Moses Bensabat Amzalak" 7670:24 February 2021 at the 7316:Sanfey, Michael (2003). 7205:Linz, Juan José (2000). 7045:& Stöver, P. (2010) 6203:Francisco da Costa Gomes 6002: 5963:book series, created by 5941:with quotes of Salazar. 5903: 5362:Ação Católica Portuguesa 5159:New University of Lisbon 4862:Indian annexation of Goa 4818:Francisco da Costa Gomes 4806:Francisco da Costa Gomes 4075:), and the airfields of 4046:Wartime Mission in Spain 3950:Portugal in World War II 3529:In 1934, Salazar exiled 3373:Catholic social doctrine 2994:Catholic social teaching 1448:Salazar's birthplace in 561:Minister of the Colonies 284:Francisco Craveiro Lopes 134:Francisco Craveiro Lopes 36:, the first or maternal 14527:Portuguese nationalists 14252:Conservative liberalism 13740:European People's Party 10966:. London: Pluto Press. 10344:Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro 10278:Lochery, Neill (2011). 10070:The Portugal of Salazar 9687:Saraiva, António José, 9627:The Portugal Of Salazar 9280:. oliveirasalazar.org. 9015:The Greatest Portuguese 7956:. British Pathé. 1941. 7354:. Praeger. p. 48. 7176:Payne, Stanley (1995). 7161:Fernando Rosas (2019). 5995:Salazar originated the 5594:that took place at the 5483:Alberto Franco Nogueira 5449:, openly supported the 5272:(EFTA) in 1960 and the 5030:in 1961. It joined the 5026:(EFTA) in 1960 and the 5020:European Payments Union 4775:General Norton de Matos 4263:Moisés Bensabat Amzalak 4240:Dohány Street Synagogue 4169:Moisés Bensabat Amzalak 3624:Thomas Gerard Gallagher 3322:José Vicente de Freitas 3233:Salazar (left) in 1925. 3213:28 May 1926 coup d'état 3110:Conservatism portal 2932:Conservative liberalism 1778:Family as a state model 1371:Portuguese Colonial War 1355:European Payments Union 1288:in nature; it was also 1251:28 May 1926 coup d'état 1118:Portuguese Colonial War 1095:Portuguese Colonial Act 701:José Vicente de Freitas 676:José Vicente de Freitas 14512:People of the Cold War 14472:Estado Novo (Portugal) 13745:Identity and Democracy 13198: 12287: 12250: 12192: 12145: 12131: 12122: 12093: 11466: 10875:34.3 (2021): 195–216. 10825:10.1353/port.2002.0014 10095:Ducret, Diane (2012). 9999:"The 'great' dictator" 9770:. Portuguese Studies. 9629:, William C. Atkinson 9489: 9227:(2007) 8#2 pp. 353–68. 8711:Bravo, Philip (1998). 7233:The Anatomy of Fascism 5983:Os Grandes Portugueses 5917: 5711: 5685: 5675: 5662: 5583: 5541: 5479:Second Vatican Council 5472:António Ferreira Gomes 5424: 5344: 5260: 5197: 5070: 5006: 4927:Alfonso de Albuquerque 4905:Manuel Vassalo e Silva 4800: 4726:Estatuto do Indigenato 4658: 4309:Maintaining the regime 4221: 4202:Carlos Sampaio Garrido 4182: 4060: 4031:". In September 1940, 3987:Nazi regime in Germany 3945: 3878:Pedro Teotónio Pereira 3854: 3836:Second Republic forces 3735: 3615: 3604: 3590:Labour Charter of 1927 3575: 3514: 3368: 3355:Estado Novo (Portugal) 3234: 1757: 1452: 1422: 1397: 1369:in 1961 and began the 1315:Deus, Pátria e Família 1314: 1224: 1213: 233:Manuel Gomes de Araújo 14405:Small-c conservatives 14317:Counter-revolutionary 14307:Conservative feminism 14199:Counter-Enlightenment 14154:Traditionalist School 11465: 10998:Luís Nuno Rodrigues. 10928:International Affairs 10716:Luso-Brazilian Review 10596:, Sir George (1957). 9407:(in European Spanish) 8500:29 April 2014 at the 7896:Luso-Brazilian Review 7835:Golson, Eric (2020). 7786:, Vol. 1, pp. 324–26. 7663:(2008) 6#2 pp. 1–11. 7525:The Spanish Civil War 5911: 5882:Academic distinctions 5872:Order of Prince Henry 5705: 5654: 5578: 5539: 5440:Joaquim Alves Correia 5414: 5335: 5250: 5195: 5064: 4999:North Atlantic Treaty 4993: 4966:Portuguese Mozambique 4946:Further information: 4909:scorched earth policy 4860:Further information: 4798: 4703:Portuguese Mozambique 4683:Portuguese Cape Verde 4644: 4378:Francisco Rolão Preto 4218: 4177: 4150:Zita of Bourbon-Parma 4058: 3948:Further information: 3943: 3892:Assassination attempt 3849: 3733: 3678:Political scientists 3609: 3599: 3573: 3531:Francisco Rolão Preto 3512: 3461:Christian corporatism 3415:collective bargaining 3362: 3353:Further information: 3334:National Syndicalists 3330:Manuel II of Portugal 3279:José Mendes Cabeçadas 3232: 3223:Further information: 3165:Further information: 3009:Hispanic conservatism 2999:Conservative feminism 2523:Traditionalist School 1531:José Alberto dos Reis 1523:University of Coimbra 1447: 1426:collapsed during the 1415:Santa Maria hijacking 1276:, Salazar's rule was 1243:University of Coimbra 896:University of Coimbra 746:José Mendes Cabeçadas 735:José Mendes Cabeçadas 513:Fernando Santos Costa 502:Abílio Passos e Sousa 240:President of Portugal 177:Further offices held 14275:Anti-gender movement 14179:Bourbon Restauration 12432:National Catholicism 12147:Révolution nationale 12112:Integral nationalism 11430:Domingues dos Santos 11262:Constitutional Junta 10586:História de Portugal 9948:. 29 November 2012. 9804:on 11 September 2013 9504:João Medina (2000). 9433:(in French). Perrin. 9032:3 March 2016 at the 9011:Jaime Nogueira Pinto 8658:"Flight from Angola" 8185:on 23 September 2015 5970:A wine brand called 5824:Carnation Revolution 5816:Constitution of 1933 5557:Hospital de São José 5230:Jaime Nogueira Pinto 5171:Cidade Universitária 5167:University of Aveiro 5139:University of Luanda 4832:Carnation Revolution 4279:plot of 20 July 1944 4118:How to Raise a State 4021:University of Oxford 3866:Tarrafal prison camp 3680:Manuel Braga da Cruz 3612:Afonso I of Portugal 3537:, also known as the 3439:Unlike Mussolini or 3085:Small-c conservative 2972:Anti-gender movement 1521:to study law at the 1455:Salazar was born in 1428:Carnation Revolution 545:António Lopes Mateus 331:Minister of the Navy 14417:Conservatism portal 14381:Right-wing politics 14120:Jewish conservatism 14093:Christian democracy 13340:Social institutions 13146:Collective identity 13141:Class collaboration 12949:Clerico-nationalism 12498:Muscular liberalism 11831:Neoauthoritarianism 11550:Pinheiro de Azevedo 10584:Ramos, Rui (2010). 10480:O ataque, 1945–1958 10184:Hayes, Carlton J.H. 10097:Femmes de dictateur 9431:Femmes de dictateur 8917:Análise Psicológica 8864:4 June 2021 at the 8700:on 13 January 2009. 8238:Gibraltar Chronicle 6368:Winston Churchill, 6198:José Manuel Barroso 5979:Greatest Portuguese 5860:Grand Cross of the 5853:Grand Cross of the 5718:In 1983, historian 5600:Mocidade Portuguesa 5596:Jerónimos Monastery 5546:cerebral hemorrhage 5514:Monte Real Air Base 5265:import substitution 5163:University of Évora 5110:Children aged 7–14 4874:After India gained 4810:Júlio Botelho Moniz 4709:in South Asia; and 4662:Portuguese nation. 4632:African possessions 4407:Salazar's position 4359:started, Salazar's 4344:(later President), 4206:extraterritoriality 4050:Sir Ronald Campbell 4029:Doctor of Civil Law 3913:anarcho-syndicalist 3726:Securing the regime 3632:António Costa Pinto 3487:Corporative Chamber 3472:Assembleia Nacional 3311:Mário de Figueiredo 3283:Minister of Finance 3122:Politics portal 3058:Right-wing politics 2489:Jewish conservatism 2464:Christian democracy 1930:Social institutions 1705:Collective identity 1700:Class collaboration 1488:Mário Pais de Sousa 1382:pluricontinentalism 1065:Corporative Chamber 906:Economics professor 763:Chamber of Deputies 650:Minister of Finance 464:José Caeiro da Mata 221:Júlio Botelho Moniz 188:Minister of Defence 81:Official portrait, 14337:LGBTQ conservatism 14290:Black conservatism 14204:German Romanticism 14194:Conservative Order 14184:Congress of Vienna 13760:Muslim Brotherhood 13606:Corrêa de Oliveira 13305:Organized religion 13234:Complementarianism 12321:National Democracy 11467: 11113:Political offices 10854:Pitcher, M. Anne. 10813:Portuguese Studies 10790:Payne, Stanley G. 10770:4.1 (1999): 71–96. 10567:A história da PIDE 10376:Yad Vashem Studies 10244:Kay, Hugh (1970). 10040:, António (2000). 10021:The New York Times 9946:Diário de Notícias 9465:Diário de Notícias 9353:The New York Times 9304:"O fim de Salazar" 9163:, pp. 359–60. 9074:Eric Solsten, ed. 8621:, pp. 358–59. 8519:, pp. 212–15. 8482:, pp. 584–86. 8455:, António (2000). 8349:, pp. 124–25. 8306:, pp. 343–50. 7928:, pp. 185–99. 7825:, pp. 121–22. 7767:Milwaukee Sentinel 7765:Henry Jay Taylor, 7738:, pp. 216–19. 7726:, p. 216-219. 7705:on 17 October 2013 7699:"'Emídio Santana'" 7607:The New York Times 7495:, pp. 99–101. 7426:Music and Politics 7264:, pp. 124–25. 6921:Portuguese Studies 6693:, pp. 47, 92. 6469:, pp. 608–09. 5918: 5897:Fordham University 5783:In November 1965, 5712: 5667:Speeches and Notes 5663: 5633:Férias com Salazar 5584: 5542: 5425: 5390:Fordham University 5345: 5322:Cardinal-Patriarch 5304:Religious policies 5296:the leadership of 5261: 5198: 5175:Alta Universitária 5071: 5007: 4975:The Great Betrayal 4801: 4741:civilising mission 4659: 4222: 4183: 4094:Bernardino Machado 4090:Sir George Rendell 4069:Operation Alacrity 4061: 4025:Hebdomadal Council 3946: 3870:Cape Verde Islands 3826:Salazar supported 3738:Salazar relied on 3736: 3684:Philippe Schmitter 3616: 3576: 3515: 3465:social corporatism 3377:Engelbert Dollfuss 3369: 3235: 2982:Black conservatism 2911:Related ideologies 2501:Theravada Buddhism 1894:Organised religion 1798:Complementarianism 1453: 1345:. Despite being a 1325:Salazar supported 1320:confessional state 681:Artur Ivens Ferraz 18:António de Salazar 14429: 14428: 14312:Conservative wave 14265: 14264: 14189:Concert of Europe 14125:Religious Zionism 14079: 14078: 13714: 13713: 13151:Cultural heritage 13124:Ancestral worship 13105: 13104: 13066: 13065: 12914: 12913: 12732:Orthodox Peronism 12687: 12686: 12187:Historical School 12070: 12069: 11645: 11644: 11586:Freitas do Amaral 11304:Tamagnini Barbosa 11258:Pimenta de Castro 11171: 11170: 11162:Succeeded by 11135:Succeeded by 11121:Domingos Oliveira 10973:978-0-7453-1029-9 10753:(Sept 2018) 68#9 10743:The Irish Monthly 10691:978-0-87023-221-3 10676:Wiarda, Howard J. 10667:978-0-8108-7075-8 10359:978-1-929631-90-2 10291:978-1-58648-879-6 10210:, Samuel (1946). 10199:978-1-121-49724-5 10175:978-1-78738-388-3 10131:978-0-7190-0876-4 9825:, pp. 76–77. 9751:on 1 August 2014. 9714:978-0-231-03159-2 9596:, pp. 14–15. 9556:978-0-933833-28-9 9482:(in Portuguese). 9355:. 19 October 1968 9097:, p. 19, 58. 8919:(in Portuguese). 8777:. Goa University. 8593:978-0-8153-4058-4 8494:Diário do Governo 8466:978-0-88033-982-7 8218:978-0-8453-4780-5 8207:, Israel (1984). 7348:Wiarda, Howard J. 7243:978-1-4000-4094-0 7216:978-1-55587-890-0 7191:978-0-299-14874-4 7139:, pp. 50–51. 6681:, pp. 38–44. 6520:, pp. 10–11. 6302:, pp. 68–69. 5972:Terras de Salazar 5957:Salazar Slytherin 5955:The character of 5916:in the background 5891:Oxford University 5571:Death and funeral 5384:Catholic Church. 5207:Ditadura Nacional 5188:Economic policies 5173:(Lisbon) and the 5151:mainland Portugal 5135: 5134: 4980:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 4760:João Lopes Soares 4720:In 1947, Captain 4699:Portuguese Guinea 4691:Portuguese Angola 4626:Colonial policies 4623: 4622: 4397:Electoral results 4154:Otto von Habsburg 4130:Portuguese Jewish 4033:Winston Churchill 3926:Chrysler Imperial 3907:, founder of the 3813:Spanish Civil War 3807:Spanish Civil War 3618:Scholars such as 3420:Quadragesimo anno 3413:and to engage in 3396:Quadragesimo anno 3346:Formation of the 3299:League of Nations 3225:Ditadura Nacional 3205:Sir George Rendel 3177:Ditadura Nacional 3158: 3157: 3021:LGBT conservatism 3004:Conservative wave 2666:National variants 2535:Personal variants 2494:Religious Zionism 1710:Cultural heritage 1683:Ancestral worship 1386:Portuguese Empire 1331:Spanish Civil War 1310:Concordat of 1940 1241:professor at the 1239:political economy 1215:Ditadura Nacional 1188: 1187: 1141:Salazar Slytherin 1108:Annexation of Goa 1060:Concordat of 1940 1050:1933 Constitution 1033: 964: 963: 926: 925: 787: 786: 685:Domingos Oliveira 624:Domingos Oliveira 583:Domingos Oliveira 154:Domingos Oliveira 16:(Redirected from 14564: 14386:Authoritarianism 14247:Communitarianism 14242:Clerical fascism 14227: 14226: 14103:Theoconservatism 13723: 13722: 13526:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 13335:Social hierarchy 13320:Private property 13203: 13114: 13113: 12925: 12924: 12708:Federal Peronism 12698: 12697: 12382:Pochvennichestvo 12359:Black-hundredism 12292: 12277:Historical Right 12255: 12197: 12150: 12136: 12127: 12098: 12095:Action Française 12081: 12080: 11797: 11796: 11692: 11691: 11672: 11665: 11658: 11649: 11648: 11512:Oliveira Salazar 11482:Mendes Cabeçadas 11425:Rodrigues Gaspar 11414:Ginestal Machado 11253:Azevedo Coutinho 11197: 11190: 11183: 11174: 11173: 11145:Preceded by 11118:Preceded by 11110: 11109: 11085: 11066: 11060: 11052: 11026: 10977: 10965: 10951: 10915: 10844: 10807: 10731: 10703: 10695: 10671: 10650: 10613: 10603: 10589: 10580: 10561: 10542: 10519: 10511: 10493: 10475: 10457: 10439: 10410: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10373: 10363: 10339: 10305: 10295: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10249: 10240: 10231: 10225: 10217: 10203: 10179: 10157: 10135: 10111: 10100: 10088: 10082: 10074: 10060: 10048: 10025: 10024: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10005:. 26 March 2007. 9995: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9867: 9861: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9768:The Free Library 9759: 9753: 9752: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9698: 9692: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9637:, Freppel Cotta 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9480:Revista Expresso 9475: 9469: 9468: 9467:(in Portuguese). 9456: 9450: 9449: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9426: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9396: 9383: 9382: 9377:. Archived from 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9345: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9228: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9147: 9141: 9130: 9129: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9047: 9041: 9024: 9018: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8985: 8967: 8958: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8908: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8874: 8868: 8855: 8849: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8825: 8818: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8784: 8778: 8771: 8765: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8654: 8648: 8647: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8505: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8430: 8424: 8421:Revista História 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8087: 8077: 8068: 8062: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7985: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7929: 7923: 7912: 7911: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7793: 7787: 7780: 7774: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7695: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7523:Beevor, Antony. 7521: 7515: 7509: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7248: 7247: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7183: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7063: 7057: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7013: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6954: 6948: 6937: 6936: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6641:. 29 July 1940. 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6596: 6590: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6427: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6376: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6264: 6258: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6206: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6152: 6146: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6013: 5874:(4 October 1968) 5767:Paul-Henri Spaak 5759:Morito Morishima 5746:Sir Samuel Hoare 5730: 5688: 5678: 5491: 5464:Humberto Delgado 5448: 5437: 5370: 5336:Lateral view of 5212:Great Depression 5155:Minho University 5081: 5080: 5003:Teotónio Pereira 4995:President Truman 4880:Jawaharlal Nehru 4768: 4753:Charles R. Boxer 4715:Portuguese Timor 4711:Portuguese Macau 4707:Portuguese India 4401: 4400: 4370:Humberto Delgado 4350:Mário Sacramento 4288:Caritas Portugal 4260: 4038:Sir Samuel Hoare 3928:. Sought by the 3906: 3828:Francisco Franco 3776:movement or the 3689:Howard J. Wiarda 3656:Stanley G. Payne 3620:Stanley G. Payne 3586:Benito Mussolini 3548: 3519:Teotónio Pereira 3495:Howard J. Wiarda 3480: 3319: 3252: 3208:ruled Portugal. 3192: 3191: 3187: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3120: 3119: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3063:Authoritarianism 3014:in United States 2977:Anti-immigration 2927:Communitarianism 2922:Clerical fascism 2168:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 1925:Social hierarchy 1847:Moral absolutism 1762: 1567: 1544: 1543: 1496: 1425: 1407:Humberto Delgado 1400: 1380:The doctrine of 1335:keeping Portugal 1327:Francisco Franco 1317: 1229: 1218: 1206: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1155: 1150: 1027: 960: 959: 958: 956: 955:Oliveira Salazar 946: 945: 939: 932: 931: 928: 927: 918: 847: 826: 824: 812:Personal details 773: 753: 743: 731: 722: 708: 698: 669: 660: 641: 631: 621: 612: 600: 590: 580: 571: 552: 542: 532: 523: 509: 499: 489: 480: 461: 453:Armindo Monteiro 449: 439: 430: 411: 401: 391: 382: 370: 360: 350: 341: 322: 312: 302: 293: 281: 271: 261: 252: 229: 217: 207: 198: 173: 172: 162: 150: 108: 87: 84: 79: 51: 50: 21: 14572: 14571: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14562: 14561: 14432: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14422:Politics portal 14409: 14261: 14218: 14164: 14158: 14098:Christian right 14075: 14001:Prat de la Riba 13769: 13710: 13379: 13325:Public morality 13295:Ordered liberty 13200:Noblesse oblige 13161:Culture of life 13156:Cultural values 13101: 13062: 12987: 12980: 12910: 12813: 12788: 12736: 12683: 12546: 12474: 12467: 12420:Carlo-francoism 12389: 12330: 12295: 12258: 12245:State Socialism 12163: 12133:Nouvelle Droite 12066: 12006: 11978: 11955: 11913: 11863: 11835: 11786: 11687: 11681: 11676: 11646: 11641: 11555:Almeida e Costa 11521: 11474:Second Republic 11468: 11457: 11326:Fernandes Costa 11266:Pinheiro Chagas 11225:Pinheiro Chagas 11206: 11201: 11167: 11158: 11150: 11140: 11138:Marcelo Caetano 11131: 11123: 11093: 11082: 11054: 11053: 11049: 11009: 11007:Primary sources 10984: 10974: 10940:10.2307/2602248 10918:Weber, Ronald. 10801: 10713: 10710: 10708:Further reading 10698: 10692: 10668: 10577: 10558: 10539: 10514: 10508: 10496: 10490: 10478: 10472: 10460: 10454: 10442: 10436: 10424: 10407: 10385: 10383: 10371: 10360: 10303: 10292: 10268: 10266: 10219: 10218: 10200: 10176: 10154: 10132: 10076: 10075: 10057: 10046: 10033: 10028: 10023:. 23 July 2007. 10015: 10014: 10010: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9982: 9980: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9920: 9916: 9906: 9904: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9807: 9805: 9792: 9791: 9787: 9777: 9775: 9760: 9756: 9739: 9738: 9734: 9724: 9722: 9715: 9699: 9695: 9686: 9682: 9675: 9661: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9621:magazine 1935, 9616: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9527: 9525: 9518: 9502: 9498: 9476: 9472: 9457: 9453: 9442: 9438: 9427: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9397: 9386: 9381:on 3 July 2007. 9373: 9372: 9368: 9358: 9356: 9347: 9346: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9235: 9231: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9150: 9142: 9133: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9083:Wayback Machine 9073: 9069: 9062: 9048: 9044: 9034:Wayback Machine 9025: 9021: 9001: 8998:(in Portuguese) 8997: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8930: 8928: 8909: 8902: 8892: 8890: 8875: 8871: 8866:Wayback Machine 8856: 8852: 8843: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8794:on 2 April 2012 8786: 8785: 8781: 8772: 8768: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8709: 8705: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8634:, José (1953). 8632:Norton de Matos 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8555: 8539: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8515: 8508: 8502:Wayback Machine 8490: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8450: 8446: 8431: 8427: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8322:Jornal Expresso 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8154: 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5812:Marcelo Caetano 5804: 5795:Fernando Pessoa 5728: 5700: 5695: 5649: 5608: 5573: 5565:Marcelo Caetano 5534: 5529: 5494:agravo gratuito 5485: 5442: 5431: 5399:In May 1940, a 5364: 5338:Christ the King 5306: 5298:Marcelo Caetano 5284:(IMF), and the 5220:interventionism 5190: 5048: 5005:standing behind 4988: 4956:Prime Minister 4950: 4944: 4942:Aid to Rhodesia 4913:Operation Vijay 4864: 4858: 4762: 4749:Lusotropicalism 4747:'s theories of 4745:Gilberto Freyre 4722:Henrique Galvão 4672:Indian colonies 4628: 4605:Prime Minister 4602:União Nacional 4583:Prime Minister 4580:União Nacional 4561:Prime Minister 4558:União Nacional 4539:Prime Minister 4536:União Nacional 4517:Prime Minister 4514:União Nacional 4495:Prime Minister 4492:União Nacional 4473:Prime Minister 4470:União Nacional 4451:Prime Minister 4448:União Nacional 4429:Prime Minister 4399: 4382:Ahmed Ben Bella 4311: 4267:Figueira da Foz 4254: 4212:by Yad Vashem. 4102: 4016: 3977: 3969:Henry J. Taylor 3952: 3944:Salazar in 1940 3938: 3900: 3894: 3809: 3759:Marcelo Caetano 3728: 3542: 3527: 3474: 3428:Marcelo Caetano 3357: 3351: 3343: 3313: 3295:Baring Brothers 3291:Sinel de Cordes 3246: 3227: 3221: 3196:Catholic Church 3189: 3185: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3154: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3095: 3094: 2955: 2947: 2946: 2912: 2904: 2903: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2469:Christian right 2459: 2451: 2450: 2231: 2223: 2222: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1915:Public morality 1910:Property rights 1884:Ordered liberty 1759:Noblesse oblige 1720:Culture of life 1715:Cultural values 1678: 1670: 1669: 1575: 1542: 1527:economic policy 1503: 1490: 1469:Santa Comba Dão 1461:Santa Comba Dão 1450:Santa Comba Dão 1442: 1437: 1193: 1184: 1145: 1136:Salazar Stadium 1122: 1099: 1034: 1032: 1021: 954: 952: 950: 949: 948: 947: 943: 942: 870: 869:Other political 858:Political party 849: 845: 834:Santa Comba Dão 828: 822: 820: 774: 769: 751: 741: 729: 723: 718: 706: 696: 691: 667: 661: 656: 644:Eduardo Marques 639: 634:Eduardo Marques 629: 619: 613: 608: 603:Eduardo Marques 598: 593:Eduardo Marques 588: 578: 572: 567: 550: 540: 530: 524: 519: 507: 497: 487: 481: 476: 470:Minister of War 459: 447: 437: 431: 426: 409: 399: 389: 383: 378: 368: 358: 348: 342: 337: 320: 310: 300: 294: 289: 279: 269: 259: 253: 246: 227: 215: 205: 199: 194: 178: 166:Marcelo Caetano 160: 148: 143: 109: 104: 88: 85: 70: 56: 49: 34:Portuguese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14570: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14407: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14388: 14378: 14373: 14372: 14371: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14354: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14327:Ethnopluralism 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14270:Anti-communism 14266: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14233: 14231: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14214:Ultra-royalism 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14168: 14166: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14147:Ultramontanism 14144: 14134: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14095: 14089: 14087: 14081: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13777: 13775: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13731: 13729: 13720: 13716: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13360:State religion 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13270: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13226: 13224:Fundamentalism 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13195: 13190: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13111: 13107: 13106: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13090:National Right 13087: 13076: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13053:Traditionalist 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13008: 12998: 12992: 12990: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12933: 12931: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12906: 12903:Perezjimenismo 12896: 12895: 12894: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12876: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12827: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12798: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12769: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12734: 12729: 12722: 12717: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12560: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12490: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12458: 12456:Neocatholicism 12453: 12448: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12434: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12405: 12399: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12373: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12351: 12346: 12340: 12338: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12311: 12309:Golden Liberty 12305: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12268: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12203: 12201:Ordoliberalism 12198: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12173: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12159:Ultra-royalism 12156: 12151: 12142: 12137: 12128: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12052: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 12002:Neo-Ottomanism 11999: 11994: 11988: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11965: 11963: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11936: 11931: 11923: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11877:Fundamentalist 11873: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11845: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11811: 11805: 11803: 11794: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11777:Traditionalist 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11698: 11696: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11675: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11652: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11593: 11591:Pinto Balsemão 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11566:Nobre da Costa 11563: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11531: 11529: 11527:Third Republic 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11487:Gomes da Costa 11484: 11478: 11476: 11470: 11469: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11416: 11411: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11384: 11382:Barros Queirós 11379: 11373: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11299:Canto e Castro 11296: 11291: 11285: 11280: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11214: 11212:First Republic 11208: 11207: 11200: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11177: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11160: 11151: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11133: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11092: 11091:External links 11089: 11088: 11087: 11081:978-9896260743 11080: 11067: 11048:978-9722012720 11047: 11028: 11027: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11003: 10996: 10983: 10982:Historiography 10980: 10979: 10978: 10972: 10956:Wright, George 10952: 10923: 10916: 10896:10.1086/446698 10879: 10869: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10808: 10799: 10788: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10696: 10690: 10672: 10666: 10651: 10614: 10590: 10581: 10575: 10562: 10556: 10543: 10538:978-9896442217 10537: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10512: 10507:978-9722618410 10506: 10494: 10489:978-9722618441 10488: 10476: 10471:978-9722618434 10470: 10458: 10453:978-9722618403 10452: 10440: 10435:978-9722618397 10434: 10419: 10418: 10411: 10406:978-9653083875 10405: 10392: 10364: 10358: 10340: 10314:(1): 153–163. 10296: 10290: 10275: 10250: 10241: 10232: 10204: 10198: 10180: 10174: 10162:Gallagher, Tom 10158: 10152: 10140:Gallagher, Tom 10136: 10130: 10116:Gallagher, Tom 10112: 10101: 10092: 10061: 10055: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10008: 9990: 9963: 9933: 9914: 9888: 9862: 9853: 9827: 9815: 9785: 9754: 9732: 9713: 9693: 9680: 9674:978-2873863166 9673: 9655: 9653:, p. 108. 9651:Morishima 1950 9643: 9610: 9608:, p. 156. 9598: 9586: 9582:Gallagher 1983 9574: 9555: 9535: 9517:978-9722410748 9516: 9496: 9470: 9451: 9436: 9418: 9384: 9366: 9337: 9325: 9295: 9269: 9267:, p. 362. 9254: 9252:, p. 327. 9242: 9229: 9216: 9204:www.pordata.pt 9191: 9165: 9148: 9146:, p. 301. 9131: 9116: 9114:, p. 359. 9099: 9087: 9067: 9061:978-9723310863 9060: 9042: 9019: 8987: 8981:978-9723310863 8980: 8959: 8950: 8948:, p. 641. 8938: 8927:on 12 May 2014 8900: 8869: 8850: 8837: 8805: 8779: 8766: 8753: 8751:, p. 305. 8738: 8717:Past Imperfect 8703: 8679: 8649: 8623: 8611: 8592: 8572: 8553: 8533: 8531:, p. 215. 8521: 8506: 8484: 8472: 8465: 8444: 8425: 8412: 8381: 8372: 8363: 8359:Goldstein 1984 8351: 8347:Gallagher 2020 8339: 8308: 8296: 8294:, p. 126. 8292:Gallagher 2020 8279: 8277:, p. 264. 8267: 8255: 8224: 8217: 8196: 8177:Levy, Samuel. 8169: 8157: 8148: 8133: 8118: 8106: 8097: 8088: 8085:978-9899537705 8069: 8067:, p. 122. 8065:Gallagher 2020 8052: 8022: 8020:, p. 278. 8010: 8001: 7999:, p. 119. 7986: 7971: 7945: 7943:, p. 240. 7930: 7913: 7886: 7827: 7815: 7813:, p. 223. 7803: 7788: 7775: 7758: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7687: 7675: 7652: 7650:, p. 117. 7640: 7628: 7592: 7560: 7558:, p. 200. 7548: 7536: 7516: 7514:, p. 160. 7497: 7485: 7459: 7412: 7393: 7367: 7361:978-0275970185 7360: 7339: 7305: 7290: 7288:, p. 249. 7278: 7266: 7249: 7242: 7222: 7215: 7197: 7190: 7168: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7127:, p. 155. 7117: 7115:, p. 132. 7105: 7103:, p. 109. 7093: 7058: 7055:978-3832956097 7035: 7014: 7012:, p. 101. 7002: 6991:on 18 May 2018 6972: 6970:, p. 100. 6955: 6938: 6911: 6909:, p. 167. 6907:Gallagher 1990 6899: 6895:Gallagher 2020 6887: 6875: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6821: 6819:, p. 162. 6809: 6797: 6785: 6770: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6671: 6656: 6624: 6612: 6597: 6578: 6566: 6549: 6534: 6522: 6507: 6505:, p. 153. 6495: 6493:, p. 203. 6491:Gallagher 2020 6483: 6481:, p. 199. 6479:Gallagher 2020 6471: 6454: 6428: 6411: 6394: 6392:, p. 123. 6377: 6361: 6357:Gallagher 2020 6349: 6345:Gallagher 1983 6337: 6333:Gallagher 2020 6316: 6312:Gallagher 2020 6304: 6292: 6280: 6265: 6261:Gallagher 2020 6248: 6231: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6185: 6172: 6162: 6147: 6130: 6120: 6110: 6100: 6088: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5803: 5800: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5681:Nuremberg laws 5648: 5645: 5607: 5604: 5572: 5569: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5357:National Union 5305: 5302: 5242:Fernando Rosas 5189: 5186: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5084:Literacy Rate 5047: 5044: 4987: 4984: 4943: 4940: 4857: 4854: 4823:Diário Popular 4783:António Sérgio 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4425:União Nacional 4421: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4330:its youth wing 4310: 4307: 4185:In July 1940, 4122:Nuremberg laws 4101: 4098: 4015: 4012: 3982:Nuremberg Laws 3976: 3973: 3937: 3934: 3898:Emídio Santana 3893: 3890: 3808: 3805: 3761:, it was the 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697:Juan José Linz 3660:Juan José Linz 3648:Fernando Rosas 3628:Juan José Linz 3581:corporativismo 3560:National Union 3526: 3523: 3483:National Union 3445:National Union 3350: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3275:of 28 May 1926 3220: 3217: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3112: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3046:Patriarchalism 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2960:Anti-communism 2956: 2954:Related topics 2953: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942:Ordoliberalism 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2894:United Kingdom 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2516:Ultramontanism 2513: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945:State religion 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1790: 1788:Fundamentalism 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1754: 1749: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1660:Traditionalist 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1541: 1535: 1502: 1499: 1465:Viseu District 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1302:National Union 1255:First Republic 1186: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1131:Salazar Bridge 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1103:Decolonization 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 966: 965: 962: 961: 940: 924: 923: 920: 919: 912: 908: 907: 904: 900: 899: 893: 887: 886: 883: 879: 878: 872: 866: 865: 862:National Union 859: 855: 854: 848:(aged 81) 842: 838: 837: 818: 814: 813: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 781: 777: 776: 766: 765: 761:Member of the 758: 757: 754: 748: 747: 744: 738: 737: 732: 730:Prime Minister 726: 725: 715: 714: 709: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 690: 689: 686: 683: 678: 672: 670: 668:Prime Minister 664: 663: 653: 652: 646: 645: 642: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 620:Prime Minister 616: 615: 605: 604: 601: 595: 594: 591: 585: 584: 581: 579:Prime Minister 575: 574: 564: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 531:Prime Minister 527: 526: 516: 515: 510: 504: 503: 500: 494: 493: 490: 488:Prime Minister 484: 483: 473: 472: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 450: 444: 443: 440: 438:Prime Minister 434: 433: 423: 422: 416: 415: 412: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 392: 390:Prime Minister 386: 385: 375: 374: 371: 365: 364: 361: 355: 354: 351: 349:Prime Minister 345: 344: 334: 333: 327: 326: 323: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 303: 301:Prime Minister 297: 296: 286: 285: 282: 276: 275: 272: 266: 265: 262: 260:Prime Minister 256: 255: 243: 242: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 208: 206:Prime Minister 202: 201: 191: 190: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 124: 118: 116: 112: 111: 101: 100: 94: 93: 90: 89: 80: 72: 71: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14569: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14412: 14406: 14403: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14376:Right realism 14374: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14357:United States 14355: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14347:Radical right 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14296: 14295:United States 14293: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14209:Holy Alliance 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14174: 14173:Ancien régime 14170: 14169: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14082: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13981:Pérez Jiménez 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13772: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13728: 13727:Organisations 13724: 13721: 13717: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13431:Chateaubriand 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13384:Intellectuals 13382: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13219:Family values 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13209:Ethical order 13207: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13098: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996:Compassionate 12994: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12983: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12920:North America 12917: 12905: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12837: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12739: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12693:Latin America 12690: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12510:One-nationism 12508: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12493:Compassionate 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12414:Carloctavismo 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12392: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12235:Ritter School 12233: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12223:Revolutionary 12221: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12009: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11981: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11958: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11946:Shōwa Statism 11944: 11942: 11941: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11916: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11866: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11832: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11742:Paternalistic 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11702:Authoritarian 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695:International 11693: 11690: 11684: 11680: 11673: 11668: 11666: 11661: 11659: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11627:Passos Coelho 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11617:Santana Lopes 11615: 11613: 11612:Durão Barroso 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11464: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11446:Leite Pereira 11444: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11337:Leite Pereira 11335: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11314:Leite Pereira 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11193: 11191: 11186: 11184: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11166: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11148:Óscar Carmona 11143: 11139: 11130: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11083: 11077: 11073: 11068: 11064: 11058: 11050: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11031:In Portuguese 11024: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11010: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10975: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10934:(2): 211–32. 10933: 10929: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10890:(3): 400–18. 10889: 10885: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10797: 10794:(2 vol 1973) 10793: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10751:History Today 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10659: 10658: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10602: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10582: 10578: 10576:9789727599561 10572: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10557:9789896261054 10553: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10525: 10524: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10381: 10377: 10370: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10276: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10247: 10242: 10238: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10153:0-04-940086-X 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10056:0-88033-982-9 10052: 10045: 10044: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10022: 10018: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9857: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9824: 9819: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9758: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9736: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9705: 9697: 9690: 9684: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9647: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9590: 9584:, p. 99. 9583: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9539: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9500: 9493: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9447: 9440: 9432: 9425: 9423: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9342: 9334: 9329: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9259: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9233: 9226: 9220: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9145: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9096: 9091: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9071: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8966: 8964: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8905: 8888: 8885:. p. 4. 8884: 8880: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8854: 8847: 8841: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8776: 8770: 8763: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8743: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8667: 8663: 8662:The Economist 8659: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8627: 8620: 8615: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8576: 8560: 8556: 8554:9789724030517 8550: 8546: 8545: 8537: 8530: 8525: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8416: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8376: 8367: 8361:, p. 68. 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8276: 8271: 8265:, p. 89. 8264: 8259: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8152: 8144: 8137: 8129: 8122: 8116:, p. 11. 8115: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8074: 8066: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8019: 8014: 8005: 7998: 7993: 7991: 7984:, p. 36. 7983: 7978: 7976: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7909: 7905: 7902:(1): 107–27. 7901: 7897: 7890: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7847:(1): 79–110. 7846: 7842: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7779: 7773:, p. 123 7772: 7768: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7685:, p. 58. 7684: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7638:, p. 45. 7637: 7632: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7577: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7546:, p. 19. 7545: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7494: 7489: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7407:Counter Punch 7404: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7310: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7276:, p. 84. 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7226: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7172: 7164: 7157: 7151:, p. 68. 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7074:(5): 547–59. 7073: 7069: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7033:, p. 49. 7032: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6953:, p. 55. 6952: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6897:, p. 44. 6896: 6891: 6885:, p. 53. 6884: 6879: 6873:, p. 98. 6872: 6867: 6865: 6858:, p. 65. 6857: 6852: 6846:, p. 97. 6845: 6840: 6834:, p. 63. 6833: 6828: 6826: 6818: 6813: 6807:, p. 79. 6806: 6801: 6795:, p. 80. 6794: 6789: 6783:, p. 64. 6782: 6777: 6775: 6768:, p. 38. 6767: 6762: 6756:, p. 32. 6755: 6750: 6744:, p. 23. 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6717:, p. 14. 6716: 6711: 6705:, p. 81. 6704: 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6669:, p. 39. 6668: 6663: 6661: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6622:, p. 46. 6621: 6616: 6610:, p. 26. 6609: 6604: 6602: 6595:, p. 24. 6594: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6576:, p. 12. 6575: 6570: 6564:, p. 11. 6563: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6532:, p. 12. 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6409:, p. 37. 6408: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6371: 6365: 6359:, p. 64. 6358: 6353: 6347:, p. 60. 6346: 6341: 6335:, p. 43. 6334: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6314:, p. 68. 6313: 6308: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278:, p. 94. 6277: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6166: 6159: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6124: 6114: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6075: 6054: 6046: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5965:J. K. Rowling 5962: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5922:Ponte Salazar 5915: 5910: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802:After Salazar 5799: 5796: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5753:Carlton Hayes 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5736:Neill Lochery 5732: 5725: 5724:António Ferro 5721: 5720:Tom Gallagher 5716: 5709: 5704: 5690: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5606:Personal life 5603: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561:Américo Tomás 5558: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5538: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468:Pope Pius XII 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456:O Trabalhador 5452: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386:Pope Pius XII 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5253:Edgar Cardoso 5249: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012:Marshall Plan 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4921:Daman and Diu 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4814:Américo Tomás 4811: 4807: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4652: 4649:(1933–1974): 4648: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374:Américo Tomás 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338:Salgado Zenha 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318: 4317:habeas corpus 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4295:Miklós Horthy 4291: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4244:Tom Gallagher 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042:Carlton Hayes 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785:Tarrafal camp 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740:secret police 3732: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3695:According to 3693: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3672:Robert Paxton 3668: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640:Robert Paxton 3637: 3636:Roger Griffin 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3540:Camisas-azuis 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3406:Rerum novarum 3402: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3386:Rerum novarum 3382: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3303:Óscar Carmona 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256:Pope Leo XIII 3253: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3231: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3053:Right realism 3051: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2987:United States 2985: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2899:United States 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008:Chateaubriand 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972:Intellectuals 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Law and order 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783:Family values 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768:Ethical order 1766: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625:Paternalistic 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1580:Authoritarian 1578: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1537:Politics and 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1446: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1390:Américo Tomás 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:Óscar Carmona 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 968: 967: 957: 941: 938: 934: 933: 930: 929: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 873: 867: 863: 860: 856: 852: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827:28 April 1889 819: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 778: 772: 767: 764: 759: 755: 749: 745: 739: 736: 733: 727: 721: 716: 713: 710: 704: 700: 694: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 671: 665: 659: 654: 651: 647: 643: 637: 633: 627: 623: 617: 611: 606: 602: 596: 592: 586: 582: 576: 570: 565: 562: 558: 554: 548: 544: 538: 534: 528: 522: 517: 514: 511: 505: 501: 495: 491: 485: 479: 474: 471: 467: 463: 457: 454: 451: 445: 441: 435: 429: 424: 421: 417: 413: 407: 403: 397: 393: 387: 381: 376: 372: 366: 362: 356: 352: 346: 340: 335: 332: 328: 325:Óscar Carmona 324: 318: 315:Óscar Carmona 314: 308: 304: 298: 292: 287: 283: 277: 274:Óscar Carmona 273: 267: 263: 257: 251: 250: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231: 225: 222: 219: 213: 209: 203: 197: 192: 189: 185: 181: 174: 170: 167: 164: 158: 155: 152: 146: 140: 139:Américo Tomás 137: 135: 132: 129: 125: 123: 122:Óscar Carmona 120: 119: 117: 113: 107: 102: 99: 95: 91: 78: 73: 69: 66: 63: 60: 52: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 14462:Anti-Marxism 14342:Para-fascism 14322:Elite theory 14280:Anti-Masonry 14171: 14110:Confucianism 14015: 13886:John Paul II 13661:Solzhenitsyn 13370:Subsidiarity 13345:Social order 13085:Centre Right 12901: 12879: 12834: 12801: 12777:Patrianovism 12764: 12726:Nacionalismo 12724: 12712: 12460: 12443: 12412: 12380: 12313: 12272:Berlusconism 12211:Cameralistic 12124:Maurrassisme 11951:State Shinto 11940:Nippon Kaigi 11938: 11926: 11814:Confucianism 11679:Conservatism 11602:Cavaco Silva 11540:Palma Carlos 11511: 11502:Ivens Ferraz 11153: 11126: 11071: 11038: 11030: 11029: 11014: 10999: 10988: 10961: 10931: 10927: 10919: 10887: 10883: 10872: 10863:Storicamente 10862: 10855: 10848: 10816: 10812: 10803: 10791: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10750: 10742: 10735: 10719: 10715: 10699: 10680: 10656: 10622: 10618: 10599: 10585: 10566: 10547: 10528: 10515: 10497: 10479: 10461: 10443: 10425: 10414: 10396: 10384:. 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4693:(including 4647:Estado Novo 4636:World War I 4361:Estado Novo 4346:Júlio Pomar 4255: [ 4077:Lajes Field 3992:Axis powers 3956:World War I 3901: [ 3847:newspaper: 3801:Álvaro Lins 3652:Estado Novo 3644:Estado Novo 3556:Estado Novo 3543: [ 3475: [ 3433:Estado Novo 3381:corporatism 3348:Estado Novo 3314: [ 3273:coup d'état 3260:O Imparcial 3247: [ 2937:Corporatism 2917:Agrarianism 2879:South Korea 2874:Switzerland 2824:New Zealand 2819:Netherlands 2644:Thatcherism 2612:Pinochetism 2511:Integralism 2230:Politicians 2048:Tocqueville 2013:Czartoryski 1950:Stewardship 1940:Sovereignty 1920:Rule of law 1862:Natural law 1857:Nationalism 1830:Maternalism 1815:Imperialism 1773:Familialism 1752:Meritocracy 1747:Aristocracy 1693:Traditional 1645:Reactionary 1640:Progressive 1610:Libertarian 1585:Corporatist 1539:Estado Novo 1491: [ 1423:Estado Novo 1398:Estado Novo 1306:Catholicism 1286:nationalist 1282:corporatist 1270:syndicalism 1260:Opposed to 1226:Estado Novo 1221:corporatist 1044:Estado Novo 877:(1919–1930) 864:(1930–1970) 742:Preceded by 697:Preceded by 630:Preceded by 589:Preceded by 541:Preceded by 498:Preceded by 448:Preceded by 400:Preceded by 359:Preceded by 311:Preceded by 270:Preceded by 216:Preceded by 149:Preceded by 86: 1968 38:family name 14436:Categories 14230:Ideologies 14165:background 14163:Historical 13951:Metternich 13926:Mannerheim 13801:Berlusconi 13531:La Mennais 13461:Dostoevsky 13436:Chesterton 13350:Solidarity 13315:Patriotism 13300:Organicism 13256:Monarchism 13173:Discipline 13117:Principles 13110:Philosophy 12898:Venezuela 12874:Fujimorism 12772:Monarchist 12755:Coronelism 12662:Monarchist 12650:Monarchist 12622:Luxembourg 12588:Monarchist 12483:Cameronism 12354:Monarchist 12289:Sanfedismo 12117:Legitimism 12018:Bangladesh 11997:Erdoğanism 11992:Democratic 11854:Monarchist 11849:Khomeinism 11637:Montenegro 11576:Pintasilgo 11571:Mota Pinto 11403:Cunha Leal 11398:Maia Pinto 11331:Sá Cardoso 11320:Sá Cardoso 11132:1932–1968 11023:B00086D6V6 10819:: 121–31. 10610:B000UVRG60 9567:8 November 9486:(22): 15. 9411:26 January 9318:21 January 9288:21 January 9038:ionline.pt 8946:Ramos 2010 8644:B004PVOVDW 7997:Hayes 1945 7982:Hayes 1945 7926:Leite 1998 7709:15 October 7683:Hoare 1946 7636:Hoare 1946 7533:0911745114 7262:Hoare 1946 7049:, p. 1542 6213:References 6157:Casablanca 5988:The brand 5751:Historian 5734:Historian 5698:Evaluation 5612:censorship 5477:After the 5460:The Worker 5286:World Bank 5165:, and the 4849:retornados 4668:Cape Verde 4655:Mozambique 4419:% turnout 4135:Yad Vashem 4081:Orly Field 4073:São Miguel 3975:Neutrality 3817:Republican 3789:Cabo Verde 3787:, on the 3670:Historian 3219:Early path 3200:Freemasons 3161:Background 3041:Patriarchy 2804:Luxembourg 2682:Bangladesh 2627:Khomeinism 2571:Fujimorism 2561:Erdoğanism 2551:Cameronism 2311:De Gasperi 2276:Mannerheim 2251:Metternich 2093:Jabotinsky 2083:Chesterton 2053:Dostoevsky 1904:Patriotism 1889:Organicism 1835:Monarchism 1732:Discipline 1677:Principles 1435:Background 1290:capitalist 1274:liberalism 1249:after the 1037:Government 953:António de 903:Profession 891:Alma mater 853:, Portugal 836:, Portugal 823:1889-04-28 783:Guimarães 14061:de Valera 14021:Salisbury 13966:Netanyahu 13921:Macdonald 13891:Kaczyński 13871:de Gaulle 13831:Churchill 13811:Bolsonaro 13796:Andreotti 13636:Santayana 13601:Oakeshott 13561:Mansfield 13441:Coleridge 13391:Bainville 13375:Tradition 13310:Orthodoxy 13129:Authority 13080:Australia 13043:Reaganism 13033:Old Right 13016:Tea Party 13006:Fusionism 12892:Herrerism 12854:Guatemala 12701:Argentina 12640:Miguelist 12636:Portugal 12515:Powellism 12439:Integrism 12427:Francoism 12403:Alfonsism 12326:Sarmatism 12216:Socialist 12154:Sarkozysm 12140:Orléanism 12060:Chiangism 12050:Singapore 12023:Hong Kong 11974:New Right 11902:Religious 11809:Chiangism 11767:Religious 11752:Pragmatic 11688:by region 11545:Gonçalves 11435:Guimarães 11419:A. Castro 11365:A. Castro 11272:J. Castro 11057:cite book 10912:143456417 10841:245843740 10647:153719176 10336:162411841 10222:cite book 10099:. Perrin. 10079:cite book 8205:Goldstein 7869:213367178 7861:0212-6109 7616:0362-4331 7527:. p. 97. 7454:1938-7687 7380:Infopédia 7088:144480521 7043:Nohlen, D 5985:contest. 5959:from the 5660:Esposende 5234:Rui Ramos 4958:Ian Smith 4954:Rhodesian 4730:indigenes 4232:Holocaust 4014:Responses 3963:that the 3845:Le Figaro 3774:communist 3711:activity. 3594:Caesarist 3457:syncretic 2864:Singapore 2764:Guatemala 2717:Hong Kong 2672:Australia 2639:Sarkozysm 2634:Reaganism 2607:Powellism 2566:Francoism 2556:Chiangism 2436:Bolsonaro 2421:Netanyahu 2416:Kaczyński 2326:De Gaulle 2301:Churchill 2266:Salisbury 2208:Mansfield 2188:Koselleck 2148:Oakeshott 2018:Coleridge 1960:Tradition 1899:Orthodoxy 1805:Historism 1688:Authority 1650:Religious 1635:Pragmatic 1501:Education 1395:With the 1294:Caesarism 1266:socialism 1262:communism 1030:1932–1968 911:Signature 771:In office 720:In office 658:In office 196:In office 126:Himself ( 115:President 106:In office 14396:European 14132:Islamism 14115:Hindutva 14085:Religion 14056:Vajpayee 14046:Trujillo 14041:Thatcher 14031:Stolypin 13986:Pinochet 13901:Khomeini 13896:Khamenei 13866:Fujimori 13851:Dollfuss 13841:Disraeli 13806:Bismarck 13791:Adenauer 13719:Politics 13706:Voegelin 13676:Spengler 13646:Schlegel 13611:Peterson 13571:Menéndez 13546:Leontiev 13516:Karamzin 13491:Hitchens 13261:Royalism 13166:Pro-Life 13058:Trumpism 13023:Movement 12942:Trumpism 12937:Populism 12888:Uruguay 12881:Odriismo 12830:Colombia 12784:Populism 12720:Menemism 12646:Romania 12605:Populist 12600:Metaxism 12584:Georgia 12445:Mellismo 12371:Putinism 12344:Duginism 12252:Völkisch 12182:Hegelian 12177:Agrarian 12107:Gaullism 12038:Pakistan 12033:Malaysia 11969:Ilminism 11887:Kahanism 11747:Populist 11737:National 11732:Moderate 11712:Cultural 11622:Sócrates 11607:Guterres 11507:Oliveira 11343:Baptista 10958:(1997). 10865:(2020). 10833:41105184 10678:(1977). 10417:, 6 vol. 10386:19 March 10382:: 123–56 10346:(2009). 10328:20081821 10269:19 March 10186:(1945). 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6518:Kay 1970 6390:Kay 1970 6300:Kay 1970 5939:azulejos 5647:Writings 5641:dictator 5581:Vimieiro 5527:Downfall 5141:and the 4844:refugees 4838:and the 4790:colonies 4616:998,542 4594:973,997 4572:911,618 4550:845,281 4528:927,264 4506:489,133 4484:758,215 4462:694,290 4440:476,706 4390:Olivenza 4357:Cold War 4100:Refugees 4085:en route 4000:tungsten 3860:and the 3852:modesty. 3840:ordnance 3830:and the 3453:eclectic 3391:Leo XIII 3239:Catholic 3031:Nativism 2834:Pakistan 2809:Malaysia 2729:Colombia 2649:Trumpism 2617:Putinism 2602:Metaxism 2596:Mellismo 2576:Gaullism 2546:Bukelism 2484:Islamism 2479:Hindutva 2458:Religion 2406:Fujimori 2396:Thatcher 2391:Vajpayee 2356:Pinochet 2341:Khomeini 2331:Dollfuss 2306:Adenauer 2261:Bismarck 2256:Disraeli 2218:Peterson 2158:Lefebvre 2143:Voegelin 2113:Mannheim 2098:Savarkar 2088:Spengler 2023:Karamzin 1852:Natalism 1840:Royalism 1725:Pro-Life 1630:Populist 1620:National 1615:Moderate 1590:Cultural 1574:Variants 1549:a series 1547:Part of 1511:seminary 1457:Vimieiro 1298:populist 1232:dictator 830:Vimieiro 46:Oliveira 32:In this 14223:Related 14071:Zemmour 14036:Suharto 14016:Salazar 13946:Metaxas 13941:Menzies 13936:Maurras 13856:Erdoğan 13846:Dmowski 13821:Canning 13816:GW Bush 13686:Strauss 13656:Scruton 13651:Schmitt 13641:Savigny 13626:Rivarol 13596:Novalis 13566:Maurras 13556:Maistre 13541:Le Play 13506:Johnson 13426:Carlyle 13421:Burnham 13396:Barruel 13283:Customs 13251:Loyalty 13183:Elitism 13072:Oceania 12959:Toryism 12869:Peruvia 12842:Uribism 12836:Rojismo 12766:Janismo 12679:Ukraine 12617:Iceland 12612:Hungary 12580:Finland 12575:Denmark 12563:Belgium 12558:Austria 12525:Toryism 12475:Kingdom 12451:Maurism 12408:Carlism 12364:Tsarism 12315:Kaczyzm 12169:Germany 11928:Minzoku 11892:Zionism 11727:Liberal 11686:Schools 11517:Caetano 11497:Freitas 11492:Carmona 11376:Machado 11283:Almeida 11247:Machado 11103:of the 11099:in the 10948:2602248 10922:(2011). 10904:1188572 10784:(1970) 10728:3513163 10031:Sources 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14011:Reagan 13996:Powell 13956:Mobutu 13931:Marcos 13911:Le Pen 13881:Horthy 13876:Harper 13861:Franco 13826:Chiang 13701:Uvarov 13666:Sowell 13591:Nisbet 13586:Newman 13581:Müller 13536:Le Bon 13511:Jünger 13486:Haller 13476:Fardid 13456:Dávila 13451:Cortés 13406:Bonald 13401:Belloc 13241:Honour 13048:Social 12988:States 12986:United 12954:Social 12929:Canada 12878: 12864:Panama 12859:Mexico 12825:Belize 12742:Brazil 12669:Sweden 12657:Serbia 12632:Norway 12595:Greece 12568:Rexism 12540:Social 12473:United 12336:Russia 12301:Poland 12085:France 12076:Europe 12055:Taiwan 12043:Ziaism 11984:Turkey 11882:Jewish 11869:Israel 11772:Social 11717:Fiscal 11596:Soares 11560:Soares 11393:Coelho 11387:Granjo 11359:Granjo 11309:Relvas 11078: 11045: 11021: 10993:Online 10970: 10946: 10910: 10902: 10877:online 10867:online 10839: 10831: 10786:online 10755:online 10726: 10688: 10664: 10645: 10639:260478 10637: 10608: 10594:Rendel 10573: 10554: 10535: 10504: 10486: 10468: 10450: 10432: 10403: 10356: 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