418:
child appropriate behaviour through positive reinforcement; (3) Home intervention (HomeBase): teaches the parent key skills for supporting their child and the use of positive reinforcement. The classroom intervention phase (CLASS) takes about 30 days to complete and has 3 phases: (1) Coach-led; (2) Teacher-led; (3) Maintaining. The Red Card/Green Card game (red = inappropriate behaviour; green = appropriate behaviour) is played at school each day. The coach/teacher shows a red/green card as a visual cue to the target student based on their current behaviour. Points are earned if the card is on green at the end of a timed interval. If enough points are earned at the end of the game, the target child gets to choose a reward that the entire class can enjoy together (i.e., extra time at recess, playing a special game, etc.). Coaches/teachers communicate daily with parent(s) throughout the intervention. The home intervention (HomeBase) begins a few days after the classroom intervention. HomeBase builds parent's confidence in 6 specific skill areas and in parent-child activities. Coaches meet with parent(s) once weekly for 6 weeks. Parent(s) engage with the target child for 10β15 minutes daily in one-on-one time during the intervention. Overall, First Steps takes about 3 months to implement, requires minimal time from parent(s) and teachers and has shown empirically positive results in increasing prosocial behaviour in at-risk children.
398:(BPT) or parent management training (PMT), focuses on changing how parents interact with their children and equips them with ways to recognize and change their child's maladaptive behaviour in a variety of situations. BPT assumes that individuals are exposed to reinforcements and punishments daily and that anti-social behaviour, which can be learned, is a result of these reinforcements and punishments. Since certain types of interactions between parents and children may reinforce a child's anti-social behaviour, the aim of BPT is to teach the parent effective skills to better manage and communicate with their child. This could be done by reinforcing pro-social behaviours while punishing or ignoring anti-social behaviours. It is important to note that the effects of this therapy can be seen only if the newly acquired communication methods are maintained. BPT has been found to be most effective for younger children under the age of 12. Researchers credit the effectiveness of this treatment at younger ages due to the fact that younger children are more reliant on their parents. BPT is used to treat children with conduct problems, but also for children with
433:, although not always effective, can also be used to treat individuals with anti-social behaviour. Individuals can learn skills such as anger and violence management. This type of therapy can help individuals with anti-social behaviour bridge the gap between their feelings and behaviours, which they lack the connection previously. It is most effective when specific issues are being discussed with individuals with anti-social behaviours, rather than a broad general concept. This type of therapy works well with individuals who are at a mild to moderate stage of anti-social behaviour since they still have some sense of responsibility regarding their own problems. Mentalization-based treatment is another form of group psychotherapy shifting its focus on the relational and mental factors related to anti-social personality disorder rather than anger management and violent acts. This particular group therapy targets the mentalizing vulnerabilities and attachment patterns of patients by using a semi-structured group process focused on personal formulation and by establishing group values to promote learning from other members and generating "we-ness."
667:. Often called the lost generation, with pervasive and severe social withdrawal and anti-social tendencies. Individuals with hikikomori, are commonly in their 20's or 30's, avoiding as much social interaction as possible. Japanese psychologist and leading expert on the topic, Tamaki Saito, was one of the first to present that approximately 1% of the country's population was considered hikikomori at the time. Today, it is still existent in Japan taking on new forms of seclusion by using digital tools, such as video games and internet chatting, to replace social interaction. The term Hikikomori has since been used throughout the world, in Asia, Europe, North and South America, Africa and Australia.
356:(CBT) has higher effectiveness for adolescents. Moreover, early intervention of anti-social behaviour is relatively more promising. For preschool children, family is the main consideration for the context of intervention and treatment. The interaction between children and parents or caregivers, parenting skills, social support, and socioeconomic status would be the factors. For school-aged children, the school context also needs to be considered. The collaboration amongst parents, teachers, and school psychologists is usually recommended to help children develop the ability of resolving conflicts, managing their anger, developing positive interactions with other students, and learning
636:, Australia, of 441, 234 secondary school students in years 7 to 12 about their involvement in anti-social activities. 38.6% reported intentionally damaging or destroying someone else's property, 22.8% admitted to having received or selling stolen goods and close to 40% confessed to attacking someone with the idea of hurting them. The Australian community are encouraged to report any behaviour of concern and play a vital role assisting police in reducing anti-social behaviour. One study conducted in 2016 established how perpetrators of anti-social behaviour may not actually intend to cause offense. The study examined anti-social behaviours (or microaggressions) within the
452:, which is a type of psychotherapy, helps promote communication between family members, thus resolving conflicts related to anti-social behaviour. Since family exerts enormous influence over children's development, it is important to identify the behaviours that could potentially lead to anti-social behaviours in children. It is a relatively short-term therapy which involves the family members who are willing to participate. Family therapy can be used to address specific topics such as aggression. The therapy may end when the family can resolve conflicts without needing the therapists to intervene.
375:(CBT), is a highly effective, evidence-based therapy, in relation to anti-social behaviour. This type of treatment focuses on enabling the patients to create an accurate image of the self, allowing the individuals to find the trigger of their harmful actions and changing how individuals think and act in social situations. Due to their impulsivity, their inability to form trusting relationships and their nature of blaming others when a situation arises, individuals with particularly aggressive anti-social behaviours tend to have maladaptive social cognitions, including
168:, sexual promiscuity, excessive smoking, heavy drinking, confrontations with parents, and gambling. In children, conduct disorders could result from ineffective parenting. Anti-social behaviour is typically associated with other behavioural and developmental issues such as hyperactivity, depression, learning disabilities, and impulsivity. Alongside these issues one can be predisposed or more inclined to develop such behaviour due to one's genetics, neurobiological and environmental stressors in the prenatal stage of one's life, through the early childhood years.
485:(if the individual is diagnosed with another mental disorder). The diagnosis for ASPD cannot be done before the age of 18. For example, someone who exhibits anti-social behaviour with their family but pro-social behaviour with friends and coworkers would not qualify for ASPD because the behaviour is not consistent across context. Someone who was consistently behaving in a pro-social way and then begins exhibiting anti-social behaviour in response to a specific life event would not qualify for ASPD either because the behaviour is not stable across time.
230:"simply ignorant" in infants would have antisocial causes in persons older than four or five years at the same time as the latter are supposed to have more complex brains (and with it a more advanced consciousness) is that it presumes that what appears to be the same behaviour would have fewer possible causes in a more complex brain than in a less complex brain, which is criticized because a more complex brain increases the number of possible causes of what looks like the same behaviour as opposed to decreasing it.
559:
48:
300:
anti-social behaviours if present within their peer group. Especially within youth, patterns of lying, cheating and disruptive behaviours found in young children are early signs of anti-social behaviour. Adults must intervene if they notice their children providing these behaviours. Early detection is best in the preschool years and middle school years in best hopes of interrupting the trajectory of these negative patterns. These patterns in children can lead to
570:
383:(PSST) is a type of CBT that aims to recognize and correct how an individual thinks and consequently behaves in social environments. This training provides steps to assist people in obtaining the skill to be able to evaluate potential solutions to problems occurring outside of therapy and learn how to create positive solutions to avoid physical aggression and resolve conflict.
529:
behaviour is relatively more effective since the anti-social pattern lasts for a shorter period of time. Moreover, since younger children would have smaller social networks and less social activities, fewer contexts need to be considered for the intervention and treatment. For adolescents, studies have shown that the influence of treatments becomes less effective.
304:, a disorder that allows children to rebel against atypical age-appropriate norms. Moreover, these offences can lead to oppositional defiant disorder, which allows children to be defiant against adults and create vindictive behaviours and patterns. Furthermore, children who exhibit anti-social behaviour also are more prone to
528:
The prognosis of having anti-social behaviour is not very favourable due to its high stability throughout children development. Studies have shown that children who are aggressive and have conduct problems are more likely to have anti-social behaviour in adolescence. Early intervention of anti-social
229:
may act in seemingly anti-social ways and yet be generally accepted as too young to know the difference before the age of four or five. Berger states that parents should teach their children that "emotions need to be regulated, not depressed". One problem with the assumption that a behaviour that is
504:
With some limitations, research has established a correlation between frustration and aggression when it comes to anti-social behaviour. The presence of anti-social behaviour may be detected when an individual is experiencing an abnormally high amount of frustrations in their daily life routine and
480:
can only be diagnosed when a pattern of anti-social behaviour began being noticeable during childhood and/or early teens and remained stable and consistent across time and context. In the official DSM IV-TR for ASPD, it is specified that the anti-social behaviour has to occur outside of time frames
386:
Therapists, when providing CBT intervention to individuals with anti-social behaviour, should first assess the level of the risk of the behaviour in order to establish a plan on the duration and intensity of the intervention. Moreover, therapists should support and motivate individuals to practice
299:
as a child. The risk of early adulthood criminal conviction increased by nearly 30 percent with each hour children spent watching TV on an average weekend. Peers can also impact one's predisposition to anti-social behaviours, in particular, children in peer groups are more likely to associate with
511:
is commonly used to describe this behavioural pattern. Anti-social behaviour can also be detected if the aggressiveness and impulsiveness of the individual's behaviour in response to frustrations is so that it causes obstruction to social interactions and achievement of personal goals. In both of
440:
since these individuals might have never experienced rewarding relationships. Therapists also need to be reminded that changes might take place slowly, thus an ability for noticing small changes and constant encouragement for individuals with anti-social behaviour to continue the intervention are
282:
activity specifically centered around facial expressions that are based in anger. This research focuses on the fact that the symptom of over reactivity to perceived threats that comes with antisocial behaviour may be from this increase in amygdala activity. This focus on perceived threat does not
241:
Many of the studies regarding the media's influence on anti-social behaviour have been deemed inconclusive. Some reviews have found strong correlations between aggression and the viewing of violent media, while others find little evidence to support their case. The only unanimously accepted truth
417:
First Step to
Success is an early intervention for Kindergarten to 3rd grade children who are demonstrating antisocial behaviours. First Step is a collaborative intervention between home and school. There are three important components: (1) Screening; (2) School intervention (CLASS): teaches the
640:
community on a university campus. The study established how many members felt that other people would often commit anti-social behaviours, however there was no explicit suggestion of any maliciousness behind these acts. Rather, it was just that the offenders were naive to the impact of their
627:
communities and their perception of safety. The
Western Australia Police force define anti-social behaviour as any behaviour that annoys, irritates, disturbs or interferes with a person's ability to go about their lawful business. In Australia, many different acts are classed as anti-social
599:
However, among legal professionals in the UK there are behaviours commonly considered to fall under the definitions of anti-social behaviour. These include, but are not limited to, threatening or intimidating actions, racial or religious harassment, verbal abuse, and physical abuse.
2187:
233:
Studies have shown that in children between ages 13β14 who bully or show aggressive behaviour towards others exhibit anti-social behaviours in their early adulthood. There are strong statistical relationships that show this significant association between childhood
347:
An individual's age at intervention is a strong predictor of the effectiveness of a given treatment. The specific kinds of anti-social behaviours exhibited, as well as the magnitude of those behaviours also impact how effective a treatment is for an individual.
488:
Law breaking behaviour in which the individuals are putting themselves or others at risk is considered anti-social even if it is not consistent or stable (examples: speeding, use of drugs, getting in physical conflict). In relation to the previous statement,
1892:
WALKER, H. M., KAVANAGH, K., STILLER, B., GOLLY, A., SEVERSON, H. H., & FEIL, E. G. (1998). First Step to
Success: An Early Intervention Approach for Preventing School Antisocial Behavior. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 6(2), 66β80.
327:
Several factors are considered as direct or indirect causes of developing anti-social behaviour in children. Addressing these factors is necessary to develop a reliable and effective intervention or treatment. Children's perinatal risk, temperament,
363:
Moreover, the training for parents or caregivers are also important. Their children would be more likely to learn positive social behaviours and reduce inappropriate behaviours if they become good role models and have effective parenting skills.
213:. It has been suggested that individuals with intellectual disabilities have higher tendencies to display anti-social behaviours, but this may be related to social deprivation and mental health problems. More research is required on this topic.
495:
is a core element to the diagnosis of ASPD. Individuals who begin getting in trouble with the law (in more than one area) at an abnormally early age (around 15) and keep recurrently doing so in adulthood may be suspected of having ASPD.
242:
regarding anti-social behaviour is that parental guidance carries an undoubtedly strong influence; providing children with brief negative evaluations of violent characters helps to reduce violent effects in the individual.
261:
Families greatly impact the causation of anti-social behaviour. Some other familial causes are parent history of anti-social behaviours, parental alcohol and drug abuse, unstable home life, absence of good parenting,
2178:
614:
which received Royal Assent in March 2014 and came into enforcement in
October 2014. This replaces tools such as the ASBO with 6 streamlined tools designed to make it easier to act on anti-social behaviour.
632:; protests; liquor offences; and drunk driving. It has been found that it is very common for Australian adolescents to engage in different levels of anti-social behaviour. A survey was conducted in 1996 in
140:, cognitive ability and their involvement with negative peers, dramatically affecting children's cooperative problem-solving skills. Many people also label behaviour which is deemed contrary to prevailing
144:
as anti-social behaviour. However, researchers have stated that it is a difficult term to define, particularly in the United
Kingdom where many acts fall into its category. The term is especially used in
409:, the effectiveness of BPT is supported by short-term changes on the children's anti-social behaviour. However, whether these changes are maintained over a longer period of time is still unclear.
189:
of the brain while neurobiological risk include maternal drug use during pregnancy, birth complications, low birth weight, prenatal brain damage, traumatic head injury, and chronic illness. The
592:
The Crime and
Disorder Act 1998 defines anti-social behaviour as acting in a manner that has "caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same
1529:
238:
and anti-social behaviours. Analyses saw that 20% of these children who exhibit anti-social behaviours at later ages had court appearances and police contact as a result of their behaviour.
1920:
1150:
McCart MR, Priester PE, Davies WH, Azen R (August 2006). "Differential effectiveness of behavioral parent-training and cognitive-behavioral therapy for antisocial youth: a meta-analysis".
648:
Prevention β This action uses community engagement, intelligence, training and development and the targeting of hotspots, attempting to prevent unacceptable behaviour from occurring.
516:
Examples in childhood: unable to make friends, unable to follow rules, getting kicked out of school, unable to fulfill minimal levels of education (elementary school, middle school).
2637:
581:
order made against a person who has been shown, on the balance of evidence, to have engaged in anti-social behaviour. The orders, introduced in the United
Kingdom by Prime Minister
532:
The prognosis seems to not be influenced by the duration of intervention, however; a long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm that the intervention or treatment is effective.
1193:
Dickson K, Emerson E, Hatton C (November 2005). "Self-reported anti-social behaviour: prevalence and risk factors amongst adolescents with and without intellectual disability".
654:
Resolution β Identifying the underlying issues that cause anti-social behaviour and resolve these issues with the help of the community. Offenders are successfully prosecuted.
1684:
164:, a British criminologist and forensic psychologist, stated that teenagers can exhibit anti-social behaviour by engaging in various amounts of wrongdoings such as stealing,
1274:
Renda J, Vassallo S, Edwards B (April 2011). "Bullying in early adolescence and its association with anti-social behaviour, criminality and violence 6 and 10 years later".
939:
607:
during May 2006, the UK was thought by respondents to be Europe's worst country for anti-social behaviour, with 76% believing
Britain had a "big or moderate problem".
1572:
Braet C, Meerschaert T, Merlevede E, Bosmans G, Leeuwen KV, De Mey W (2009). "Prevention of antisocial behaviour: Evaluation of an early intervention programme".
2026:
1004:
177:
472:
When looking at non-ASPD patients (who show anti-social behaviour) and ASPD patients, it all comes down to the same types of behaviours. However, ASPD is a
2060:
1949:
651:
Response β A timely and effective response to anti-social behaviour is vital. Police provide ownership, leadership and coordination to apprehend offenders.
1770:
160:
has been used for many years in the psychosocial world where it was defined as "unwanted behaviour as the result of personality disorder." For example,
611:
2702:
128:. It is considered to be disruptive to others in society. This can be carried out in various ways, which includes, but is not limited to, intentional
1832:
1125:
2559:
2607:
2160:
1537:
379:, which lead to negative behavioural outcomes. CBT has been found to be more effective for older children and less effective for younger children.
1910:
2111:
1607:
Reyno SM, McGrath PJ (January 2006). "Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems--a meta-analytic review".
2876:
2439:
58:
3741:
1863:
Serketich WJ, Dumas JE (1996). "The effectiveness of behavioral parent training to modify antisocial behavior in children: A meta-analysis".
201:. A pattern of persistent anti-social behaviours can also be present in children and adolescents diagnosed with conduct problems, including
2629:
954:
539:. This could make the prognosis worse since he or she would less likely be involved in social activities and would become more isolated.
628:
behaviour, such as: misuse of public space; disregard for community safety; disregard for personal well-being; acts directed at people;
2766:"The relevance of educational contexts in the emergence of Social Withdrawal (hikikomori). A review and directions for future research"
2094:
1018:
491:
1971:
Bateman, Anthony W. (1 January 2022). "Mentalizing and Group
Psychotherapy: A Novel Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder".
1095:
387:
the new skills and behaviours in environments and contexts where the conflicts would naturally occur to observe the effects of CBT.
136:. Anti-social behaviour also develops through social interaction within the family and community. It continuously affects a child's
1676:
399:
194:
332:, nutrition level, and interaction with parents or caregivers can influence their behaviours. As for parents or caregivers, their
2180:
Antisocial personality disorder: an exploration and discussion of the experience, impact and opinions of the diagnosed individual
931:
1792:
Bennett DS, Gibbons TA (2000). "Efficacy of Child
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis".
1315:
Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Public Policy: Theory, Research, and Public Policy
3147:
1427:
4005:
2246:
1660:
1350:
1323:
1244:
320:
problem in children, many interventions and treatments are developed to prevent anti-social behaviours and to help reinforce
2491:
2461:
1259:
The DSM-5 in Perspective: Philosophical Reflections on the Psychiatric Babel, Steeves DemazeuxPatrick Singy, August 12, 2015
3729:
3280:
4028:
3494:
4165:
1366:
Nathanson AI (June 2004). "Factual and Evaluative Approaches to Modifying Children's Responses to Violent Television".
198:
2018:
2741:
2536:
1421:
998:
92:
2871:
460:
There is no official diagnosis for anti-social behaviour. However, we can have a look at the official diagnosis for
172:
476:
which is defined by the consistency and stability of the observed behaviour, in this case, anti-social behaviour.
4125:
3624:
2903:
689:
477:
464:(ASPD) and use it as guideline while keeping in mind that anti-social behaviour and ASPD are not to be confused.
461:
182:
20:
2052:
1945:
1469:
Dotterer, Hailey L.; Hyde, Luke W.; Swartz, Johnna R.; Hariri, Ahmad R.; Williamson, Douglas E. (1 April 2017).
512:
these cases, we can consider the different types of treatment and therapy previously mentioned in this article.
4232:
4059:
3724:
2274:. Vol. 3 Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 779β863.
2212:
701:
4084:
1762:
4242:
4237:
4175:
4150:
3629:
3177:
2928:
2825:
Yang Y, Glenn AL, Raine A (2008). "Brain abnormalities in antisocial individuals: implications for the law".
752:
519:
Examples in early adulthood: unable to keep a job or an apartment, difficulty with maintaining relationships.
267:
206:
2659:
Roffee JA, Waling AM (2016). "Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ Youth".
2514:
2343:
Kazdin AE (February 1997). "Practitioner review: psychosocial treatments for conduct disorder in children".
4033:
3227:
2695:
436:
When working with individuals with anti-social behaviour, therapist must be mindful of building a trusting
372:
353:
2125:
Tolan, PH, Mitchell, ME (January 2009). "Families and the Therapy of Antisocial and Delinquent Behavior".
1828:
1121:
3852:
3827:
3786:
3544:
830: β Set or system of linked social structures, institutions, relations, customs, values and practices
553:
2599:
3842:
3796:
3584:
3192:
2388:
Robins LN (August 1998). "The intimate connection between antisocial personality and substance abuse".
395:
349:
125:
70:
4089:
3998:
3791:
3719:
3579:
3197:
3137:
604:
190:
2431:
2357:
1455:
3801:
3273:
3212:
2958:
2839:
2582:
776:
437:
376:
112:, are actions which are considered to violate the rights of or otherwise harm others by committing
74:
644:
The Western Australia Police force uses a three-step strategy to deal with anti-social behaviour.
3922:
3761:
3463:
36:
2270:
Coie JD, Dodge KA (1998). "Aggression and antisocial behavior". In Damon W, Eisenberg N (eds.).
1471:"Amygdala reactivity predicts adolescent antisocial behavior but not callous-unemotional traits"
1122:"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision"
4180:
4140:
3766:
3649:
3519:
2834:
2352:
677:
578:
380:
66:
958:
704: β A persistent pattern of behavior reflecting disregard & lack of empathy for others
4170:
3865:
3604:
3451:
3446:
3182:
2997:
2154:
1099:
4145:
3991:
3900:
3832:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3619:
3564:
3514:
3217:
740:
728:
473:
337:
295:
There is a small link between antisocial personality characteristics in adulthood and more
256:
2083:
1711:"Cognitive-behavioral treatment for antisocial behavior in youth in residential treatment"
1026:
344:, and living environment can also affect children's development of anti-social behaviour.
8:
4206:
3905:
3666:
3589:
3524:
3489:
3403:
3266:
3127:
3110:
3054:
3029:
2920:
2896:
746:
695:
596:" as the perpetrator. There has been debate concerning the vagueness of this definition.
284:
161:
2877:
MIT Technology Review - How a Troll-Spotting Algorithm Learned Its Anti-antisocial Trade
1984:
4201:
4094:
3880:
3837:
3776:
3678:
3554:
3408:
3207:
3099:
3049:
3002:
2970:
2953:
2803:
2747:
2676:
2413:
2366:
2142:
1996:
1809:
1735:
1710:
1589:
1505:
1470:
1443:
1379:
1175:
891:
858:
794:
770:
357:
321:
222:
1876:
4109:
3915:
3860:
3688:
3559:
3499:
3392:
3313:
3232:
2987:
2852:
2807:
2795:
2751:
2737:
2680:
2574:
2405:
2370:
2302:
2252:
2242:
2146:
2105:
2000:
1988:
1813:
1740:
1656:
1624:
1620:
1593:
1510:
1492:
1417:
1346:
1319:
1309:
1291:
1240:
1210:
1206:
1167:
1077:
1069:
994:
896:
878:
186:
4185:
2765:
1403:
1233:
4130:
3875:
3771:
3698:
3673:
3634:
3479:
3436:
3367:
3094:
3069:
2980:
2975:
2844:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2727:
2668:
2417:
2397:
2362:
2294:
2285:
Loeber R, Dishion T (July 1983). "Early predictors of male delinquency: a review".
2134:
1980:
1872:
1801:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1616:
1581:
1500:
1482:
1409:
1375:
1283:
1202:
1179:
1159:
1061:
886:
870:
833:
818:
716:
301:
278:
Studies have found that there is a link between antisocial behaviour and increased
202:
4155:
3947:
3895:
3885:
3659:
3458:
3162:
3079:
2483:
1340:
1313:
988:
809:
788:
633:
586:
150:
146:
2329:
1049:
4211:
4104:
3890:
3811:
3703:
3569:
3549:
3539:
3350:
3237:
3167:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3059:
2963:
2889:
1065:
803:
535:
Individuals who exhibit anti-social behaviour are more likely to use drugs and
449:
341:
296:
263:
32:
2298:
1585:
1487:
1163:
874:
558:
4226:
4099:
4069:
4064:
3942:
3781:
3736:
3683:
3599:
3504:
3360:
3242:
2948:
2799:
2578:
2532:
1894:
1496:
1073:
882:
536:
426:
406:
352:(BPT) is more effective to preschool or elementary school-aged children, and
317:
2732:
2672:
2256:
1339:
Sherry JL (2007). Preiss RW, Gayle BM, Burrell N, Allen M, Bryant J (eds.).
3952:
3937:
3806:
3614:
3484:
3415:
3398:
3345:
3304:
3172:
3104:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3034:
2856:
1992:
1744:
1628:
1514:
1295:
1214:
1171:
900:
827:
663:
The 1970's, brought attention to a social and historical phenomenon called
430:
333:
329:
28:
2409:
2401:
2374:
2306:
2138:
1805:
1413:
1081:
181:, diagnoses persistent anti-social behaviour starting from a young age as
4079:
4074:
4014:
3972:
3927:
3441:
3377:
3247:
3222:
3044:
3019:
3009:
2992:
2943:
1915:
782:
707:
507:
141:
137:
120:, such as stealing and physical attack or noncriminal behaviours such as
4160:
4135:
3609:
3594:
3529:
3355:
3334:
3289:
3202:
3024:
3014:
2790:
734:
683:
664:
582:
305:
235:
129:
24:
467:
3957:
3383:
3340:
3323:
3319:
2081:
779: β Field which studies the causes of mental disorders in society
764:
624:
610:
Current legislation governing anti-social behaviour in the UK is the
593:
165:
133:
2848:
2722:
Tajan, Nicolas (4 January 2021), "Hikikomori subjects' narratives",
1287:
821: β Behavior among two or more organisms within the same species
4054:
3962:
3420:
3089:
2938:
2204:
1048:
Patterson, G. R.; DeBaryshe, Barbara D.; Ramsey, Elizabeth (1989).
758:
629:
569:
279:
117:
2764:
Coeli, Gianluca; Planas-LladΓ³, Anna; Soler-MasΓ³, Pere (May 2023).
2345:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
1609:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
589:
minor incidents that would not have warranted prosecution before.
3910:
3693:
3574:
3039:
2325:
722:
1571:
505:
when those frustrations always result into aggression. The term
156:
Although the term is fairly new to the common lexicon, the word
3967:
3932:
3534:
3372:
3157:
2205:"Diagnostic criteria for 301.7 Antisocial Personality Disorder"
1530:"Can Too Much TV in Childhood Cause Adult Antisocial Behavior?"
749: β Hong Kong slang referring to mutual assured destruction
637:
623:
Anti-social behaviour can have a negative effect and impact on
563:
226:
3983:
1677:"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Personality Disorders (CBT)"
57:
deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a
3509:
3328:
3258:
2912:
1831:. California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare.
737: β Violation of moral laws adapted by societal standards
210:
121:
113:
2630:"Patterns and precursors of adolescent antisocial behaviour"
16:
Actions that lack consideration for the well-being of others
2763:
1911:"Antisocial personality disorder - Diagnosis and treatment"
1342:
Mass Media Effects Research: Advances Through Meta-analysis
1655:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. p. 269.
952:
686: β Lack of motivation to engage in social interaction
3187:
2724:
Mental Health and Social Withdrawal in Contemporary Japan
710: β Illegal behavior defined by existing criminal law
2881:
2693:
2432:"Antisocial Behavior and Drug Addiction: Dual Diagnosis"
1468:
1149:
1047:
755: β Mental disorder involving hostility and defiance
1235:
The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence
838:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
823:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
814:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
799:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
797: β Type of crime; running contrary to social order
712:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
499:
1308:
2091:
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
731: β Action or behavior that violates social norms
178:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1273:
1192:
1050:"A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior"
859:"Developmental origins of early antisocial behavior"
2284:
468:
Distinguishing from antisocial personality disorder
1708:
1232:
612:Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014
1345:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 245β262.
4224:
2770:International Journal of Educational Development
1940:
1938:
573:A car that has taken up two spaces in a car park
367:
2557:
1763:"Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder"
761: β Differentiation between right and wrong
185:. Genetic factors include abnormalities in the
2824:
2390:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
2322:Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence
2232:
2230:
2082:Development Services Group, Inc. 2014 (2014).
1946:"How to Treat Antisocial Personality Disorder"
1862:
1791:
1359:
1226:
1224:
390:
3999:
3274:
2897:
2223:– via American Psychiatric Association.
1935:
1756:
1754:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1302:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
767: β Violent resistance against government
311:
266:, parental instability (mental health issues/
221:Intent and discrimination may determine both
55:The examples and perspective in this article
2658:
2159:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1606:
1574:European Journal of Developmental Psychology
856:
773: β Police presence for crime deterrence
412:
2515:"UK 'has worst behaviour problem in Europe"
2462:"ASBOs can't beat a neighborhood policeman"
2336:
2227:
2176:
2110:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2019:"Antisocial Personality Disorder Treatment"
1908:
1715:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1709:Armelius BA, Andreassen TH (October 2007).
1332:
1221:
1195:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
857:CALKINS, SUSAN D.; KEANE, SUSAN P. (2009).
577:An anti-social behaviour order (ASBO) is a
270:) and economic distress within the family.
4006:
3992:
3281:
3267:
2904:
2890:
2696:"Anti-social behaviour Strategy 2009-2011"
2484:"BBC Q&A Anti-social behaviour orders"
2186:. Montreal: McGill University. p. 8.
1895:https://doi.org/10.1177/106342669800600201
1751:
1552:
1132:
3742:Obsessiveβcompulsive personality disorder
2838:
2789:
2731:
2356:
2269:
2127:Journal of Psychotherapy & the Family
2124:
1734:
1650:
1635:
1504:
1486:
1365:
890:
93:Learn how and when to remove this message
2324:(1st ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2016:
725: β Pleasure in inflicting suffering
568:
557:
195:International Classification of Diseases
2726:, London: Routledge, pp. 151β185,
2050:
1970:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
791: β Offence in English criminal law
290:
4225:
3148:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
2634:Australian Institute of Family Studies
2512:
2464:. Timesonline.co.uk. 30 September 2009
2387:
2342:
2319:
2236:
2215:from the original on 12 September 2016
2199:
2197:
2172:
2170:
2046:
2044:
1904:
1902:
1888:
1886:
1826:
1527:
1401:
1338:
1230:
986:
836: β Person who sows discord online
360:within both home and school settings.
3987:
3262:
2885:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2539:from the original on 29 November 2014
2063:from the original on 21 December 2017
2012:
2010:
1923:from the original on 11 December 2017
1760:
1704:
1702:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1269:
1267:
1265:
481:surrounding traumatic life events or
3730:Right-wing authoritarian personality
2560:"Key Issues in Antisocial Behaviour"
2494:from the original on 26 October 2014
2239:Pro-Social and Anti-Social Behaviour
1847:
1475:Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
1276:Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
1152:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
982:
980:
978:
976:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
500:Evidence: frustration and aggression
245:
41:
2194:
2190:from the original on 25 March 2018.
2167:
2100:from the original on 28 March 2018.
2041:
1985:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210023
1899:
1883:
1794:Child & Family Behavior Therapy
1007:from the original on 30 March 2018.
953:Anti Social Behaviour Team (2014).
942:from the original on 25 March 2018.
13:
4166:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
2817:
2712:
2442:from the original on 25 March 2018
2367:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01851.x
2029:from the original on 17 March 2018
2007:
1952:from the original on 27 March 2018
1773:from the original on 21 March 2018
1699:
1687:from the original on 18 March 2016
1430:from the original on 28 March 2018
1386:
1380:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02631.x
1262:
1239:(6th ed.). Worth Publishers.
1128:from the original on 17 July 2009.
987:Millie, Andrew (1 December 2008).
957:. Breckland.gov.uk. Archived from
812: β Atypical sexual attraction
743: β Illegal behavior by minors
14:
4254:
2865:
2827:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
2708:from the original on 14 May 2016.
2701:. Frontline First. pp. 3β4.
2694:Western Australia Police (2009).
2640:from the original on 17 June 2016
2241:. London: Routledge. p. 79.
1973:American Journal of Psychotherapy
1829:"Problem Solving Skills Training"
1312:, Gentile DA, Buckley KE (2006).
1096:"Antisocial Personality Disorder"
973:
907:
680: β Behavioral characteristic
547:
444:
283:include emotions centered around
2610:from the original on 13 May 2016
2604:Crime Stoppers Western Australia
1621:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01544.x
1207:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00727.x
421:
173:American Psychiatric Association
46:
4126:Antisocial personality disorder
4013:
2757:
2687:
2652:
2622:
2592:
2551:
2525:
2506:
2476:
2454:
2424:
2381:
2313:
2278:
2263:
2118:
2075:
1964:
1835:from the original on 1 May 2016
1820:
1785:
1669:
1600:
1521:
1462:
1253:
1186:
863:Development and Psychopathology
692: β Mental health condition
690:Antisocial personality disorder
478:Antisocial personality disorder
462:antisocial personality disorder
381:Problem-solving skills training
273:
183:antisocial personality disorder
21:Antisocial personality disorder
3725:Authoritarian leadership style
3288:
2782:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102756
2558:Morgan A, McAtamney A (2009).
1727:10.1002/14651858.CD005650.pub2
1528:Nauert, Rick (8 August 2018).
1114:
1088:
1041:
1011:
993:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
946:
850:
785: β Mental health disorder
719: β Developmental disorder
702:Callous and unemotional traits
542:
216:
199:dissocial personality disorder
132:, as well as covert and overt
1:
4176:Sadistic personality disorder
3630:Social construction of gender
2929:Adverse childhood experiences
1877:10.1016/s0005-7894(96)80013-x
844:
753:Oppositional defiant disorder
373:Cognitive behavioural therapy
368:Cognitive behavioural therapy
354:cognitive behavioural therapy
207:oppositional defiant disorder
3625:Rally 'round the flag effect
2872:Anti-Social Behaviour.org.uk
2272:Handbook of child psychology
618:
523:
455:
7:
3828:Asch conformity experiments
3545:Identification (psychology)
1318:. Oxford University Press.
1098:. BehaveNet. Archived from
670:
554:Anti-social behaviour order
396:Behavioural parent training
391:Behavioural parent training
350:Behavioural parent training
225:and anti-social behaviour.
69:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4259:
3843:Stanford prison experiment
3585:Normative social influence
2177:Bergen S, Krane J (2009).
1651:Mash EJ, Wolfe DA (2016).
1405:Taylor & Francis Group
1066:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.329
585:in 1998, were designed to
551:
312:Intervention and treatment
254:
18:
4194:
4118:
4042:
4021:
3851:
3820:
3792:Normalization of deviance
3754:
3720:Authoritarian personality
3712:
3472:
3429:
3303:
3296:
3138:Abusive power and control
3120:
2919:
2911:
2299:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.68
1653:Abnormal Child Psychology
1586:10.1080/17405620601033194
1488:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.008
1164:10.1007/s10802-006-9031-1
875:10.1017/S095457940999006X
806: β Military strategy
605:University College London
603:In a survey conducted by
413:School-based Intervention
250:
191:World Health Organization
3802:Preference falsification
3213:Psychological projection
3075:Referee and umpire abuse
2017:Bressert, Steve (2017).
1368:Journal of Communication
777:Psychiatric epidemiology
658:
438:therapeutic relationship
377:hostile attribution bias
142:norms for social conduct
19:Not to be confused with
3464:Tyranny of the majority
2733:10.4324/9781351260800-6
2673:10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004
2600:"Anti-social behaviour"
2513:Weaver M (9 May 2006).
955:"Anti Social Behaviour"
698: β Public disorder
37:Social anxiety disorder
4181:Sexual sadism disorder
4141:History of psychopathy
4110:Superficially charming
3767:Communal reinforcement
3520:False consensus effect
2287:Psychological Bulletin
2237:Clarke D (July 2003).
1402:Clarke, David (2003).
678:Abnormality (behavior)
574:
566:
4233:Anti-social behaviour
4171:Psychopathy Checklist
4050:Anti-social behaviour
3871:Anti-social behaviour
3866:Anti-authoritarianism
3605:Pluralistic ignorance
3452:National conservatism
3447:Left-wing nationalism
3430:Governmental pressure
3183:Just-world hypothesis
2934:Anti-social behaviour
2402:10.1007/s001270050071
2139:10.1300/J287v06n03_03
1806:10.1300/J019v22n01_01
1414:10.4324/9780203414118
1054:American Psychologist
990:Anti-Social Behaviour
932:"Antisocial behavior"
572:
561:
358:pro-social behaviours
322:pro-social behaviours
316:As a high prevalence
158:anti-social behaviour
106:Antisocial behaviours
4243:Criminal subcultures
4238:Behavioral addiction
4146:Juvenile delinquency
3833:Breaching experiment
3620:Operant conditioning
3565:Mere exposure effect
3218:Psychological trauma
2567:Research in Practice
1909:Mayo Clinic (2018).
1029:on 25 September 2016
741:Juvenile delinquency
729:Deviance (sociology)
492:juvenile delinquency
474:personality disorder
338:socioeconomic status
291:Consumption patterns
257:Dysfunctional family
110:dissocial behaviours
75:create a new article
67:improve this article
4207:George E. Partridge
3713:Individual pressure
3590:Passing (sociology)
3525:Fear of missing out
3490:Closure (sociology)
3404:Enemy of the people
3128:Abusive supervision
3055:Psychological abuse
3030:Institutional abuse
2588:on 3 November 2010.
2533:"What the Law Says"
1948:. The Ranch. 2017.
1023:Oxford Dictionaries
747:Lam chau (doctrine)
696:Breach of the peace
193:includes it in the
108:, sometimes called
4202:Hervey M. Cleckley
4095:Pathological lying
4065:Diminished empathy
3881:Civil disobedience
3838:Milgram experiment
3777:Creeping normality
3679:Social integration
3615:Psychosocial issue
3555:Invented tradition
3409:Enemy of the state
3208:Playing the victim
3100:Surveillance abuse
3050:Professional abuse
2971:Cruelty to animals
2320:Kazdin AE (1987).
2057:www.mayoclinic.org
1827:Kazdin AE (2009).
1681:www.mentalhelp.net
1540:on 10 January 2019
1231:Berger KS (2003).
961:on 18 October 2014
795:Public order crime
771:Proactive policing
575:
567:
334:personality traits
4220:
4219:
4195:Notable theorists
3981:
3980:
3861:Alternative media
3750:
3749:
3689:Spiral of silence
3560:Memory conformity
3500:Consensus reality
3393:Persona non grata
3314:Damnatio memoriae
3256:
3255:
3233:Traumatic bonding
2661:Safer Communities
2490:. 20 March 2002.
2248:978-1-134-58755-1
1662:978-1-305-10542-3
1352:978-0-8058-4998-1
1325:978-0-19-534556-8
1246:978-0-7167-5257-8
246:Cause and effects
187:prefrontal cortex
103:
102:
95:
77:, as appropriate.
4250:
4151:Machiavellianism
4131:Conduct disorder
4034:In the workplace
4008:
4001:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3906:Devil's advocate
3876:Auto-segregation
3772:Countersignaling
3699:Toxic positivity
3674:Social influence
3635:Social contagion
3480:Bandwagon effect
3437:Authoritarianism
3301:
3300:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3095:Structural abuse
3070:Police brutality
2976:Disability abuse
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2860:
2842:
2812:
2811:
2793:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2735:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2581:. Archived from
2564:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2084:"Family Therapy"
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:"Family therapy"
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1865:Behavior Therapy
1860:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1761:Black D (2016).
1758:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1633:
1632:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1569:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:. Archived from
1534:psychcentral.com
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1490:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1399:
1384:
1383:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1201:(Pt 11): 820β6.
1190:
1184:
1183:
1147:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1025:. Archived from
1015:
1009:
1008:
984:
971:
970:
968:
966:
950:
944:
943:
936:Encyclopedia.com
928:
905:
904:
894:
869:(4): 1095β1109.
854:
839:
834:Troll (Internet)
824:
819:Social behaviour
815:
800:
717:Conduct disorder
713:
562:ASBO warning in
302:conduct disorder
203:conduct disorder
162:David Farrington
98:
91:
87:
84:
78:
50:
49:
42:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4190:
4156:Macdonald triad
4114:
4043:Characteristics
4038:
4017:
4012:
3982:
3977:
3948:Insubordination
3896:Culture jamming
3886:Cosmopolitanism
3847:
3816:
3787:Internalization
3746:
3708:
3468:
3459:Totalitarianism
3425:
3292:
3287:
3257:
3252:
3228:Rationalization
3163:Destabilisation
3116:
3080:Religious abuse
2915:
2910:
2868:
2863:
2849:10.1002/bsl.788
2820:
2818:Further reading
2815:
2762:
2758:
2744:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2386:
2382:
2358:10.1.1.471.1997
2341:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2249:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2151:
2123:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2008:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1861:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1721:(4): CD005650.
1707:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1649:
1636:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1400:
1387:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1307:
1303:
1288:10.1002/cbm.805
1272:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1229:
1222:
1191:
1187:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1102:on 19 July 2012
1094:
1093:
1089:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1001:
985:
974:
964:
962:
951:
947:
930:
929:
908:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
822:
813:
810:Sexual deviance
798:
789:Public nuisance
711:
673:
661:
634:New South Wales
621:
556:
550:
545:
526:
502:
470:
458:
447:
424:
415:
405:According to a
393:
370:
314:
293:
276:
259:
253:
248:
219:
151:British English
99:
88:
82:
79:
64:
51:
47:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4212:Robert D. Hare
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4119:Related topics
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4105:Shallow affect
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Counterculture
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3853:Anticonformity
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3812:Social reality
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3704:Untouchability
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Milieu control
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Indoctrination
3547:
3542:
3540:Herd mentality
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3473:Group pressure
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:Cancel culture
3348:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Victim blaming
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Discrimination
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Dehumanization
3150:
3145:
3143:Child grooming
3140:
3135:
3133:Abuse of power
3130:
3124:
3122:
3121:Related topics
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Physical abuse
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2988:Domestic abuse
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:military draft
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2866:External links
2864:
2862:
2861:
2840:10.1.1.210.622
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2756:
2742:
2711:
2686:
2667:(4): 190β201.
2651:
2621:
2591:
2550:
2524:
2505:
2475:
2453:
2436:Dual Diagnosis
2423:
2380:
2335:
2330:1987-97144-000
2312:
2277:
2262:
2247:
2226:
2193:
2166:
2133:(3β4): 29β48.
2117:
2074:
2040:
2006:
1963:
1934:
1898:
1882:
1871:(2): 171β186.
1846:
1819:
1784:
1750:
1698:
1668:
1661:
1634:
1599:
1580:(2): 223β240.
1551:
1520:
1461:
1452:|website=
1422:
1385:
1374:(2): 321β336.
1358:
1351:
1331:
1324:
1301:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1220:
1185:
1131:
1113:
1087:
1060:(2): 329β335.
1040:
1010:
999:
972:
945:
906:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
831:
825:
816:
807:
804:Scorched earth
801:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
674:
672:
669:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
649:
620:
617:
552:Main article:
549:
548:United Kingdom
546:
544:
541:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
501:
498:
483:manic episodes
469:
466:
457:
454:
450:Family therapy
446:
445:Family therapy
443:
423:
420:
414:
411:
392:
389:
369:
366:
342:social network
336:, behaviours,
313:
310:
308:in adulthood.
292:
289:
275:
272:
264:physical abuse
252:
249:
247:
244:
236:aggressiveness
218:
215:
101:
100:
61:of the subject
59:worldwide view
54:
52:
45:
33:Counterculture
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4255:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Lack of guilt
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Individualism
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Herd behavior
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Control freak
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:Socialization
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Peer pressure
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Normalization
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Culture shock
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:Deplatforming
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Victimisation
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:9781351260800
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2351:(2): 161β78.
2350:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:Mayo Clinic.
2047:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2023:Psych Central
2020:
2013:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1767:Psych Central
1764:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:(1): 99β111.
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1423:9781134587551
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:(2): 117β27.
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:(4): 527β43.
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1002:
1000:9780335237623
996:
992:
991:
983:
981:
979:
977:
960:
956:
949:
941:
937:
933:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
902:
898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
849:
835:
832:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
808:
805:
802:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
668:
666:
653:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
639:
635:
631:
626:
616:
613:
608:
606:
601:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
571:
565:
560:
555:
540:
538:
537:abuse alcohol
533:
530:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
509:
497:
494:
493:
486:
484:
479:
475:
465:
463:
453:
451:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
427:Psychotherapy
422:Psychotherapy
419:
410:
408:
407:meta-analysis
403:
401:
397:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
318:mental health
309:
307:
303:
298:
288:
286:
281:
271:
269:
265:
258:
243:
239:
237:
231:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
147:Irish English
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
97:
94:
86:
76:
72:
68:
62:
60:
53:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4090:Manipulative
4070:Disinhibited
4049:
3953:Pueblo clown
3938:Idiosyncrasy
3923:Eccentricity
3870:
3807:Social proof
3515:Echo chamber
3495:Collectivism
3485:Brainwashing
3416:Scapegoating
3399:Public enemy
3391:
3382:
3346:Blacklisting
3333:
3312:
3305:Proscription
3198:Minimisation
3193:Manipulation
3173:Exaggeration
3109:
3105:Verbal abuse
3085:Sexual abuse
3065:Social abuse
3035:Intimidation
2933:
2833:(1): 65β83.
2830:
2826:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2723:
2689:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2583:the original
2570:
2566:
2553:
2543:26 September
2541:. Retrieved
2535:. ASB Help.
2527:
2519:The Guardian
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2487:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2396:(8): 393β9.
2393:
2389:
2383:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2321:
2315:
2293:(1): 68β99.
2290:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2238:
2217:. Retrieved
2208:
2179:
2155:cite journal
2130:
2126:
2120:
2090:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2056:
2031:. Retrieved
2022:
1979:(1): 32β37.
1976:
1972:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1925:. Retrieved
1914:
1868:
1864:
1837:. Retrieved
1822:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1766:
1718:
1714:
1689:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1652:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1533:
1523:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1432:. Retrieved
1404:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1275:
1255:
1234:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1155:
1151:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1090:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:the original
1022:
1019:"Antisocial"
1013:
989:
963:. Retrieved
959:the original
948:
935:
866:
862:
852:
828:Social order
662:
643:
622:
609:
602:
598:
591:
576:
534:
531:
527:
506:
503:
490:
487:
482:
471:
459:
448:
435:
431:talk therapy
425:
416:
404:
394:
385:
371:
362:
346:
330:intelligence
326:
315:
294:
277:
274:Neurobiology
260:
240:
232:
220:
176:
170:
157:
155:
126:manipulation
109:
105:
104:
89:
80:
56:
29:Introversion
4100:Remorseless
4015:Psychopathy
3973:Shock value
3928:Eclecticism
3821:Experiments
3442:Nationalism
3378:Civil death
3297:Enforcement
3248:Victimology
3223:Psychopathy
3045:Persecution
3020:Humiliation
3010:Gaslighting
2993:Elder abuse
2944:Child abuse
2791:10256/22861
1927:24 February
1916:Mayo Clinic
1800:(1): 1β15.
1777:28 February
1310:Anderson CA
783:Psychopathy
708:Criminality
641:behaviour.
587:criminalize
543:By location
508:impulsivity
297:TV watching
217:Development
138:temperament
4227:Categories
4186:Sociopathy
4161:Narcissism
4136:Dark triad
4029:In fiction
3762:Compliance
3755:Conformity
3655:Hysterical
3645:Behavioral
3610:Propaganda
3595:Patriotism
3530:Groupthink
3356:Censorship
3335:Homo sacer
3290:Conformity
3203:Narcissism
3025:Incivility
3015:Harassment
2776:: 102756.
2209:Behave.net
845:References
735:Immorality
684:Asociality
665:hikikomori
625:Australian
583:Tony Blair
441:required.
306:alcoholism
255:See also:
223:pro-social
209:under the
130:aggression
83:April 2013
25:Asociality
4080:Impulsive
4075:Grandiose
3958:Rebellion
3916:Political
3797:Obedience
3667:Emotional
3640:Addiction
3384:Vogelfrei
3341:Ostracism
3324:Dissenter
3320:Dissident
3178:Isolation
2998:Financial
2835:CiteSeerX
2808:257517940
2800:0738-0593
2752:229386988
2681:151493252
2579:1836-9111
2353:CiteSeerX
2147:143376707
2001:245262323
1814:144417587
1594:143771055
1544:9 January
1497:1878-9293
1481:: 84β92.
1454:ignored (
1444:cite book
1074:1935-990X
1033:2 October
883:0954-5794
765:Rebellion
619:Australia
594:household
524:Prognosis
456:Diagnosis
175:, in its
166:vandalism
134:hostility
71:talk page
4022:Contexts
3963:Red team
3901:Deviance
3421:Shunning
3090:Stalking
3003:Marriage
2964:marriage
2959:military
2939:Bullying
2857:18327831
2703:Archived
2638:Archived
2636:. 2002.
2608:Archived
2537:Archived
2498:29 April
2492:Archived
2488:BBC News
2468:29 April
2446:22 March
2440:Archived
2257:56615122
2219:26 March
2213:Archived
2211:. 2018.
2188:Archived
2184:(Thesis)
2106:cite web
2095:Archived
2067:27 March
2061:Archived
2033:22 March
2027:Archived
1993:34915724
1956:22 March
1950:Archived
1921:Archived
1833:Archived
1771:Archived
1745:17943869
1685:Archived
1629:16405646
1515:28279916
1434:27 March
1428:Archived
1296:21370297
1215:16207279
1172:16838122
1126:Archived
1005:Archived
965:29 April
940:Archived
901:19825259
759:Morality
671:See also
630:graffiti
285:distress
280:amygdala
118:nuisance
65:You may
4060:Callous
3911:Dissent
3694:Teasing
3660:Suicide
3575:Mobbing
3368:Outcast
3111:more...
3040:Neglect
2949:neglect
2418:7023036
2410:9708027
2375:9232463
2326:PsycNET
2307:6353467
1736:6885060
1506:5429212
1180:9940360
1082:2653143
892:2782636
723:Cruelty
227:Infants
3968:Satire
3933:Hermit
3535:Hazing
3373:Outlaw
3158:Denial
2954:sexual
2855:
2837:
2806:
2798:
2750:
2740:
2679:
2644:13 May
2614:13 May
2577:
2416:
2408:
2373:
2355:
2305:
2255:
2245:
2145:
1999:
1991:
1839:13 May
1812:
1743:
1733:
1691:13 May
1659:
1627:
1592:
1513:
1503:
1495:
1420:
1349:
1322:
1294:
1243:
1213:
1178:
1170:
1080:
1072:
997:
899:
889:
881:
638:LGBTIQ
564:London
251:Family
3650:Crime
3510:Dogma
3329:Exile
3188:Lying
2921:Types
2913:Abuse
2804:S2CID
2748:S2CID
2706:(PDF)
2699:(PDF)
2677:S2CID
2586:(PDF)
2573:: 1.
2563:(PDF)
2414:S2CID
2143:S2CID
2098:(PDF)
2087:(PDF)
1997:S2CID
1810:S2CID
1590:S2CID
1176:S2CID
1106:1 May
659:Japan
579:civil
211:DSM-5
122:lying
114:crime
73:, or
35:, or
4055:Bold
2853:PMID
2796:ISSN
2738:ISBN
2646:2016
2616:2016
2575:ISSN
2545:2014
2500:2014
2470:2014
2448:2018
2406:PMID
2371:PMID
2303:PMID
2253:OCLC
2243:ISBN
2221:2018
2161:link
2112:link
2069:2018
2035:2018
1989:PMID
1958:2018
1929:2018
1841:2016
1779:2018
1741:PMID
1719:2007
1693:2016
1657:ISBN
1625:PMID
1546:2019
1511:PMID
1493:ISSN
1456:help
1436:2018
1418:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1292:PMID
1241:ISBN
1211:PMID
1168:PMID
1108:2013
1078:PMID
1070:ISSN
1035:2016
995:ISBN
967:2014
897:PMID
879:ISSN
400:ADHD
268:PTSD
171:The
149:and
124:and
2845:doi
2786:hdl
2778:doi
2728:doi
2669:doi
2398:doi
2363:doi
2295:doi
2135:doi
1981:doi
1873:doi
1802:doi
1731:PMC
1723:doi
1617:doi
1582:doi
1501:PMC
1483:doi
1410:doi
1376:doi
1284:doi
1203:doi
1160:doi
1062:doi
887:PMC
871:doi
429:or
205:or
197:as
116:or
4229::
3322:/
2851:.
2843:.
2831:26
2829:.
2802:.
2794:.
2784:.
2774:99
2772:.
2768:.
2746:,
2736:,
2714:^
2675:.
2665:15
2663:.
2632:.
2606:.
2602:.
2569:.
2565:.
2517:.
2486:.
2438:.
2434:.
2412:.
2404:.
2394:33
2392:.
2369:.
2361:.
2349:38
2347:.
2328::
2301:.
2291:94
2289:.
2251:.
2229:^
2207:.
2196:^
2169:^
2157:}}
2153:{{
2141:.
2129:.
2108:}}
2104:{{
2093:.
2089:.
2059:.
2055:.
2043:^
2025:.
2021:.
2009:^
1995:.
1987:.
1977:75
1975:.
1937:^
1919:.
1913:.
1901:^
1885:^
1869:27
1867:.
1849:^
1808:.
1798:22
1796:.
1769:.
1765:.
1753:^
1739:.
1729:.
1717:.
1713:.
1701:^
1683:.
1679:.
1637:^
1623:.
1613:47
1611:.
1588:.
1576:.
1554:^
1532:.
1509:.
1499:.
1491:.
1479:24
1477:.
1473:.
1448::
1446:}}
1442:{{
1426:.
1416:.
1408:.
1388:^
1372:54
1370:.
1290:.
1280:21
1278:.
1264:^
1223:^
1209:.
1199:49
1197:.
1174:.
1166:.
1156:34
1154:.
1134:^
1124:.
1076:.
1068:.
1058:44
1056:.
1052:.
1021:.
1003:.
975:^
938:.
934:.
909:^
895:.
885:.
877:.
867:21
865:.
861:.
402:.
340:,
324:.
287:.
153:.
31:,
27:,
23:,
4007:e
4000:t
3993:v
3282:e
3275:t
3268:v
2905:e
2898:t
2891:v
2859:.
2847::
2810:.
2788::
2780::
2730::
2683:.
2671::
2648:.
2618:.
2571:5
2547:.
2521:.
2502:.
2472:.
2450:.
2420:.
2400::
2377:.
2365::
2332:.
2309:.
2297::
2259:.
2163:)
2149:.
2137::
2131:6
2114:)
2071:.
2037:.
2003:.
1983::
1960:.
1931:.
1879:.
1875::
1843:.
1816:.
1804::
1781:.
1747:.
1725::
1695:.
1665:.
1631:.
1619::
1596:.
1584::
1578:6
1548:.
1517:.
1485::
1458:)
1438:.
1412::
1382:.
1378::
1355:.
1328:.
1298:.
1286::
1249:.
1217:.
1205::
1182:.
1162::
1110:.
1084:.
1064::
1037:.
969:.
903:.
873::
96:)
90:(
85:)
81:(
63:.
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.