768:
proportion of cavalry to infantry and the reasoning for the higher amounts of mounted forces in
Alexander's campaigns was due to the vast distance of territory needed to be travelled, especially in Persia. In Alexander's campaigns, swift advances and the ability to cover vast distances were the key to success. In comparison, for the Antigonid commanders, the lack of any real enemy cavalry and short distances meant cavalry were not needed as much and they reverted to pitched heavy infantry battle. Antigonus III Doson had only 300 Macedonian horse with him at Sellasia in 222 BC, though by the reign of Philip V the amount of cavalry had increased, with Philip fielding about 2,000 Macedonian and Thessalian horse in 197 BC. A sizeable part of the Macedonian cavalry was actually supplied by Thessaly, whose city-states continued to supply horse for the Antigonid kings as they had for Alexander and his father. However, the use of Thessalian cavalry decreased in 196 BC, when the Romans, triumphant after Cynoscephalae, gave parts of Macedonian Thessaly to their allies, the Aetolians. Perseus, due to his father's extensive recruitment drive and a period of 30 years of peace, was able to field 3,000 purely Macedonian cavalry to serve with him in the Third Macedonian War. The core guard cavalry unit was the small royal or 'sacred' squadron. This unit seems to have been between 300 and 400 strong, as Doson had that amount with him at Sellasia and Philip V had 400 'household' cavalry with him on his campaigns. Due to the general lack of native horse, the Macedonians usually supplemented their cavalry with that of allies and mercenaries. At Sellasia, alongside Doson's 300, there were 600 allied and 300 mercenary cavalry. Meanwhile, at Pydna, Perseus had a 1,000 picked allied Thracian horse under
445:
272 BC. Pyrrhus was soon killed by a combined effort of the
Spartans, the Argives and Antigonus Gonatas. Having now recovered Macedon after the death of Pyrrhus, Gonatas ruled until 239 BC. At this point, the Antigonid kingdom probably had no standing army; the only permanent corps, besides the mercenaries, being the 'horse guards... and the foot guards, the agema'. The army was probably formed by a levy of farmers called out when a serious campaign was expected. Almost all overseas and garrison work was performed by mercenaries. Due to the financial strains that plagued the kingdom, Gonatas primarily hired Galatian and Celtic mercenaries, as they were much cheaper than Greeks. Antigonus Gonatas ruled directly over the original Macedonian kingdom, however he put the newly acquired territory under the control of a strategoi with military powers. By the time of his death, Gonatas had cemented Antigonid dominance in Macedon; however, in Greece itself, Macedon was weaker than it had been under Alexander the Great. This would change with his successors though.
567:, Perseus, thanks to his father, had enough grain to last the army 10 years without drawing on harvests in or outside Macedon, enough money to hire 10,000 mercenaries for 10 years, a fully reconstituted army and "arms for three such armies as Perseus possessed in his armouries". In fact, when Aemilius Paullus, the Roman commander who defeated Perseus at Pydna in 168 BC, took the Antigonid royal treasury, he found 6,000 talents left. The army fielded by Perseus in the Third Macedonian war was 43,000 strong, 29,000 of them Macedonians. Compare this to the army of Doson at Sellasia, which had 13,300 Macedonians, or the army of Philip at Cynoscephalae (18,000 Macedonian foot, 2,000 cavalry and 5,500 mercenaries). The years of peace and consolidation had increased the national levy by 9,000 men. However, at the
454:
785:
4737:
4747:
4757:
48:
942:
Peltast skirmisher infantry and light cavalry. Andriscus, having established himself as the new king of
Macedon, under the name Philip VI, decisively defeated a Roman army under Publius Juventius. Having defeated the Romans, Andriscus invaded Thessaly in 148 BC, where he suffered a setback in battle against the Achaean League, commanded by
587:
440:, he inherited little more than a few mercenary garrisons spread across Greece. But using his mercenary forces, he was able to defeat an invading Celtic army at Lysimachea in 277 BC. This gave Gonatas the Macedonian throne, which had been in turmoil since the Galatian invasions of 279 BC. However, when
444:
invaded
Macedon in 274 BC, Antigonus' army suffered some minor defeats and desertions before eventually defecting en masse to Pyrrhus. Once again Gonatas was left with but a mere handful of followers and mercenaries. These forces were of considerable aid to Sparta when Pyrrhus assaulted the city in
767:
The importance and proportion of cavalry in the
Antigonid army was far less than in Alexander's army. Whereas the proportion of cavalry to infantry in Alexander's army was about 1:6, in the later Antigonid armies the proportion was about 1:20. However, we must remember that Philip II had a similar
722:
Like
Alexander's phalanx, the phalanx of the Antigonids was mainly based on men "enrolled territorially from the Macedonian peasantry". "Barbarians" settled in Macedon, like the Thracians and so forth, were given land in return for serving in the phalanx. The phalanx under the Antigonids made up a
550:
The defeat left Philip with a weakened kingdom. Consequently, the king set about a system of reforms and reorganized his kingdom, especially in increasing his manpower base for future campaigns. He encouraged large families and imported
Thracians from districts he had recently annexed into Macedon
555:
frontier and then moved
Thracians and so forth into the evacuated districts of the towns. This 'Macedonised' the frontier and also made it easier to defend. The Thracians moved to the cities and towns were people directly responsible to Philip as king and also a useful force to watch over suspect
941:
and was given a troop of 100 men, with another 100 sent by other
Thracian chieftains. Andriscus quickly defeated the forces of the several autonomous Macedonian republics in battle beyond the Strymon in the lands of the Odomanti tribe. The Thracian troops of Andriscus would have primarily been
534:, which allowed Philip to campaign in Asia Minor, led to an alliance of Pergamon, Athens and Rhodes who appealed to Rome for help. By 199 BC, the Romans had inflicted some minor defeats on the Macedonians and had also recruited the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues to their side. An army under
407:
in 168 BC, it is known that the
Macedonian cavalry were also divided into groups with similarly named officers as had existed in Alexander's day. The regular Macedonian cavalry numbered 3,000 at Callinicus, which was separate from the 'sacred squadron' and 'royal cavalry'. Thanks to
667:, with other peltasts numbering roughly 3,000. The amount of peltasts varied over time, perhaps never more than 5,000 men (the largest figure mentioned by ancient historians, an amount that existed in the Social War of 219 BC). They fought alongside the phalanx pikemen, notably the
954:. The defeat was probably helped by the defection of Telestes, the general appointed by Andriscus to command his cavalry. The Macedonian aristocratic cavalry joined Telestes, as the richer classes supported the Romans more than they did Andriscus, and any hope of success was dead.
723:
much higher proportion of the army than under Alexander. At Sellasia, it was 34% of the army (with 10,000 men reported in the phalanx), at Cynoscephalae it was 62% and at Pydna it was 49%. The Antigonid phalanx itself may have been divided into two separate corps, the
776:. The infantry phalanx depended heavily on the cavalry, which of course the Antigonids lacked in numbers. The weakness and neglect of forces on the flanks, most importantly cavalry forces, led to the exploitation of gaps in the phalanx at Cynoscephalae and Pydna.
571:
in 168 BC, Perseus was severely defeated, with the loss of 20-25,000 killed and 11,000 captured. After this defeat, the Antigonid kingdom was quickly disbanded, with Perseus becoming a Roman prisoner and Macedonia being split up into several autonomous republics.
523:, which allowed Philip to keep his newly acquired land from his campaigns against the Aetolians, Rome's ally. Between 205 and 201/200 BC Philip used the peace to reorganize his army recruitment system and introduce new strict disciplinary codes for the army.
713:
As for term Hypaspist, it still lived on in the army. However, instead of a combat unit, it was a staff corps and bodyguard force for the king. For instance, a Hypaspist was sent by Philip V to Larissa to burn state papers after the defeat at Cynoscephalae.
653:
pikemen. They sometimes served as a more mobile phalanx, using smaller sarissas rather than swords. The premier guard infantry unit of the regular army, they are not to be confused with the skirmisher troops of the same name, denoted by their shield, the
622:
and not a full metal cuirass, as the fines for missing cuirasses are limited to officers only. They also dealt with the organization of encampments. Hypaspists were to set up their tents "immediately after those of the king and his immediate entourage".
542:
Valley, which Philip defended by using carefully placed artillery and missile troops, leading to many Roman casualties. Using a flanking maneuver, Flaminius managed to dislodge Philip and chase him into Thessaly, where in 197 BC the two sides met at the
690:." According to Walbank the peltast corps was "an infantry force... which fought beside the phalanx in battle, but at other times employed for ambushes, forced marches and special expeditions". Examples of their special actions would be their ambush in
597:
Sometime around the beginning of the second century BC, Philip V introduced a set of new codes for discipline in his army - the Amphipolis codes. As an example, these new measures included fines for missing equipment and weaponry: two
314:. The majority of Macedonian troops serving in the army would have made up the numbers of the phalanx, which took up to one-third to two-thirds of the entire army on campaign. Alongside the phalanx, the Antigonid army had its
514:
invasion kept Philip busy in the years 220-217 BC and gave him a great deal of military experience. Yet Philip's rule would be marked by war with Rome, which culminated with a treaty with Carthage which led to the
937:
for aid, but was sent as a prisoner to Rome. He quickly made his escape and sought refuge amongst the Thracian tribes to the north of Macedon. There, Andriscus gained the support of the Thracian king
491:, only ruled for 10 years, but in his reign he fought many campaigns against the northern Thracian, Celtic and Illyrian tribes as well as an Achaean-Aetolian alliance. However his swift death left
698:. At Pydna, the corps fought as part of the phalanx, in which they were butchered to the last man. The Peltast corps was probably 5,000 strong, with an elite battalion of 2,000 called the
416:
and Greia dated 218 and 181 respectively, historians have been able to partially piece together the organization of the Antigonid army under Philip V, such as its command by
453:
520:
616:
for missing the shield. We also know from this code that the ordinary phalangite would have been equipped with a leather or linen jerkin known as a
510:
After the death of Doson, Philip took the throne and almost immediately began to campaign. Wars against the Aetolia, Sparta and Elis, as well as a
1884:
507:
in 222 BC, in which Cleomenes was defeated by an allied army, mainly anchored by a Macedonian army of 13,300 Macedonians and 5,300 mercenaries.
556:
citizens. New mines were created, old ones were deepened and agricultural and harbour duties were increased to increase the kingdom's revenue.
3484:
1746:
Hammond, N.G.L (1965), "The Opening Campaigns and the Battle of the Aoi Stena in the Second Macedonian War", JRS, Vol.56, p. 39-54
551:
proper. Thus, in the autumn of 187 BC, Philip transported segments of the populations of the coastal towns and cities to the northern
371:. Alexander the Great's 'royal squadron' of companion cavalry were similarly numbered to the 800 cavalrymen of the 'sacred squadron' (
335:
943:
322:, numerous Macedonian and allied cavalry and always a considerable amount of allied and mercenary infantry and auxiliary troops.
947:
331:
933:
In 149 BC, nearly 20 years after the defeat of Perseus at Pydna, Andriscus, a mercenary and supposed heir to Perseus, went to
1823:
1785:
895:, while Philip V allegedly sent two-hundred ships, some of them captured from the Ptolemies, to fight in the (unsuccessful)
547:. Here, Philip was decisively beaten, with 8,000 of his men killed and 5,000 taken prisoner, about half of his entire army.
2872:
747:
are referred to rarely in sources, suggesting that they may have been a supplemental force only raised in times of need.
1877:
3494:
3184:
2877:
2811:
2882:
2857:
1811:
1734:
4786:
4691:
3440:
2867:
2862:
759:, reported as using white shields in other sources, but not always fighting in the style of a Macedonian phalanx.
3334:
3194:
3189:
2466:
559:
Overall, these social and economic moves strengthened the kingdom by Philip's death and the accession of his son
755:
were not a phalanx force, but rather a term used to describe non-Macedonian auxiliaries and mercenaries such as
4718:
3359:
2773:
1870:
503:
turned to Antigonus Doson for help. Doson campaigned against Cleomenes in 224-22 BC. This culminated with the
4713:
4270:
3763:
3279:
3199:
2897:
2607:
1850:
Taylor, Michael J. (2011)."Disciplinary Measures: The Amphipolis Regulations." Ancient Warfare Magazine, IV.6
581:
409:
4686:
3215:
2669:
1752:
Hammond, N.G.L (1988), "The Campaign and the Battle of Cynoscephale in 197 BC", JHS, Vol.108, p. 60-82
1774:
Saddington, D. B. (2011) . "Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.).
1729:. Translated by Catherine Errington. Berkeley, Los Angeles, & Oxford: University of California Press.
4781:
3741:
3349:
3225:
2887:
2841:
2796:
2572:
2261:
855:, while serving as a general for Demetrius in Greece, used the navy to secure the Macedonian holdings in
465:
392:
211:
138:
130:
89:
4280:
4402:
4275:
3408:
3403:
3379:
3289:
2806:
1904:
828:
535:
4760:
4703:
3659:
3462:
3447:
3369:
3304:
2519:
1993:
1927:
884:
3271:
3251:
2449:
2107:
3457:
3420:
3354:
3020:
2907:
951:
896:
836:
824:
4740:
3864:
3664:
3649:
3452:
3435:
3415:
3384:
3284:
3220:
2836:
2821:
2791:
2752:
2629:
2481:
1983:
1833:
876:
748:
544:
484:
361:
293:
32:
4698:
3701:
3472:
3430:
3364:
3329:
2781:
2765:
2461:
2402:
2251:
2246:
844:
437:
262:
24:
4750:
3979:
3969:
3959:
3944:
3634:
3374:
3344:
3299:
3294:
2925:
2892:
2694:
2599:
2585:
2241:
2112:
2076:
904:
158:
142:
4222:
4216:
4202:
3686:
3644:
3616:
3501:
3314:
2544:
2340:
1755:
Hammond, N.G.L & Walbank, F.W. (1988), "A History of Macedonia: Volume III, 336-167 BC"
1044:; the only thing the two functions had in common was the particular closeness to the king."
922:
852:
812:
564:
516:
400:
297:
154:
134:
1676:: "Life of Pyrrhus"; "Life of Flamininus"; "Life of Cleomenes"; "Life of Aemilius Paullus"
350:
bodyguards, which numbered eight men at the end of Alexander the Great's reign, while the
8:
4353:
4323:
3711:
3606:
3601:
3038:
2353:
2266:
2236:
2190:
1953:
1041:
1023:
899:
in 201 BC. The Macedonian navy was reduced to a mere six vessels as agreed in the 197 BC
800:
635:
591:
488:
388:
301:
183:
53:
28:
4570:
4467:
4373:
4017:
3934:
3822:
3324:
3148:
2664:
2644:
2501:
2372:
2256:
2051:
1978:
968:
912:
650:
634:
The most elite, veteran Antigonid-period Macedonian infantry from at least the time of
560:
504:
305:
258:
243:
227:
187:
4746:
4645:
4232:
3781:
3629:
3581:
3425:
3394:
3339:
3256:
3133:
3005:
2826:
2659:
2612:
2552:
2426:
2408:
2384:
2366:
2321:
2276:
2271:
1922:
1819:
1781:
1730:
1022:, p. 245: "Other developments in Macedonian army organization are evident after
934:
784:
552:
477:
457:
441:
433:
341:
250:
215:
175:
150:
100:
20:
1770:
Penrose, Jane (2005), "Rome and her Enemies: An Empire created and destroyed by War"
308:, which was a solid formation of men armed with small shields and long pikes called
4575:
4107:
4072:
3889:
3746:
3624:
3511:
3506:
2831:
2786:
2617:
2524:
2140:
1973:
1958:
1948:
1807:
1795:
1651:
872:
773:
756:
500:
469:
274:
122:
1724:
4590:
4348:
4136:
3949:
3691:
3557:
3489:
2816:
2414:
2396:
2390:
2304:
2281:
2155:
2066:
2026:
1963:
1775:
1033:
816:
743:
as they are sometimes found on distant expeditions without the other corps. The
613:
568:
531:
492:
404:
238:
in 168 BC. However, there was a brief resurgence in 150-148 during the revolt of
235:
179:
4615:
4328:
4472:
4412:
4407:
4363:
4144:
4092:
4082:
4062:
4052:
3796:
3791:
3786:
2639:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2220:
2195:
1968:
1893:
1800:
Seleucid and Ptolemaic Reformed Armies 168-145 BC, Volume 2: The Ptolemaic Army
1761:
Head, Duncan (1982), "Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC"
1711:
908:
604:
380:
372:
346:
266:
231:
207:
126:
1085:, pp. 460–461; for the evolution of Macedonian military titles, see also
680:
formed a separate unit from the Macedonian phalanx and "operated as a form of
4775:
4708:
4625:
4600:
4290:
4212:
3894:
3837:
3736:
3726:
3696:
3678:
3552:
2704:
2486:
2378:
2334:
2296:
2135:
2056:
1767:
Morgan, J.D. (1981), "Sellasia Revisited", AJA, Vol.85, No.3, p. 328-330
880:
527:
496:
1743:
Errington, R. Malcolm (2008), "A History of the Hellenistic World 323-30 BC"
660:. Among the peltasts, roughly 2,000 men were selected to serve in the elite
4525:
4477:
4343:
4197:
4067:
3706:
3542:
3048:
3010:
2709:
900:
725:
669:
146:
16:
Army of the Kingdom of Macedonia during the Antigonid dynasty (276-168 BC)
4545:
4437:
4417:
4245:
3753:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3639:
3596:
3143:
3053:
3043:
2930:
2920:
2684:
2061:
2036:
1749:
Hammond, N.G.L (1984), "The Battle of Pydna", JHS, Vol.104, p. 31-47
1028:
731:
695:
686:
681:
461:
352:
315:
4250:
4482:
4452:
4447:
4432:
4318:
4285:
3954:
3924:
3591:
3319:
3153:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2965:
2950:
2940:
2915:
2291:
2046:
2001:
1856:
Walbank, F.W. (1967), "A Historical Commentary on Polybius", Volume III
1818:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 446–471.
1780:. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 201–217.
808:
789:
618:
413:
58:
586:
4457:
4383:
4368:
4338:
4333:
4265:
4189:
4174:
4159:
4102:
4002:
3654:
3586:
3158:
3138:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3063:
3058:
3028:
2975:
2935:
2714:
2580:
2534:
2514:
2145:
2016:
1037:
938:
856:
832:
804:
706:
691:
239:
191:
63:
19:
This article is about the army of the Kingdom of Macedonia under the
673:('bronze shields'), up until the very end of the kingdom in 168 BC.
538:
was sent to Greece and campaigned against Philip V in 198 BC in the
4507:
4497:
4487:
4462:
4240:
4207:
4169:
4112:
4027:
4012:
3869:
3859:
3776:
3771:
3168:
3163:
3123:
3118:
3093:
3073:
3000:
2955:
2945:
2801:
2699:
2634:
2562:
2170:
1679:
1669:
963:
888:
769:
664:
319:
282:
47:
4260:
739:
were probably more prepared for prolonged combat service than the
4650:
4640:
4585:
4580:
4565:
4555:
4540:
4535:
4422:
4310:
4300:
4179:
4154:
4149:
4122:
4117:
4097:
4087:
4077:
4042:
4032:
4022:
3974:
3964:
3939:
3904:
3899:
3874:
3527:
3309:
2970:
2960:
2719:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2654:
2649:
2529:
2476:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2150:
1862:
868:
864:
860:
646:
639:
511:
473:
368:
365:
310:
254:
68:
4595:
3909:
1847:
Tarn, W.W. (1930), "Hellenistic Military and Naval Developments"
676:
Malcolm Errington writes that by the time of Antigonus III, the
4620:
4550:
4530:
4492:
4358:
4164:
4057:
3994:
3984:
3929:
3547:
3532:
3128:
3113:
3088:
3083:
3068:
2729:
2724:
2491:
2471:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2071:
2031:
2021:
2006:
1764:
Heckel, Waldemar & Jones, Ryan (2006), "Macedonian Warrior"
917:
796:
792:
599:
286:
278:
270:
223:
219:
4630:
4605:
4502:
4442:
4427:
4295:
4255:
4007:
3919:
3914:
3884:
3879:
3854:
3537:
3078:
3033:
2985:
2557:
2509:
2210:
2180:
2127:
2102:
2041:
2011:
1698:
Cary, M. (1978), "A History of the Greek World 323 to 146 BC"
892:
848:
840:
700:
656:
257:, the Antigonid army eventually became the dominant force in
4635:
4610:
4560:
4047:
4037:
1660:
539:
499:
led to war in the Peloponnese and the Achaean League under
396:
289:
and Celtic tribes that threatened Macedon from the north.
249:
Starting as just a mere handful of mercenary troops under
1695:
Chaniotis, Angelos (2006), "War in the Hellenistic World"
891:. Antigonus III Doson used the Macedonian navy to invade
875:(267–261 BC), allowing the Macedonian navy to defeat the
495:
as regent for the young Philip. A resurgent Sparta under
427:
72:
shield, 3rd century BC; Archeological Museum in Istanbul.
1859:
Webber, Christopher (2001), "The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46"
1298:
1296:
1232:
1230:
887:, and enabling Macedonian influence to spread over the
360:
rather than a separate unit in their own right. At the
304:
that came before it, was based principally around the
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1520:
1518:
1293:
1227:
950:then invaded Macedon and defeated Andriscus at the
694:and their use, as shock troops, in the storming of
1572:
1515:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
642:, lighter and more maneuverable soldiers wielding
340:The Macedonian army continued to evolve under the
364:in 197 BC, the Macedonians commanded some 16,000
344:. It is uncertain how many men were appointed as
23:. For the army of the Kingdom of Macedonia under
4773:
1840:. Akanthina No. 8. Gdańsk: University of Gdańsk.
1341:
1329:
871:. The navy was considerably expanded during the
2098:
1814:. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.).
1059:
1047:
981:
717:
1878:
1758:Hammond, N.G.L (1989), "The Macedonian State"
519:. The first war ended in a stalemate and the
464:-era military armor, arms, and gear from the
448:
575:
356:seem to have morphed into assistants of the
1853:Walbank, F.W. (1940), "Philip V of Macedon"
649:, swords, and a smaller bronze shield than
2764:
1885:
1871:
1773:
1542:
710:and subdivided like those of the phalanx.
46:
1722:
1585:
1566:
1371:
1086:
1019:
626:
336:Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
325:
1710:
1704:I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana
1701:
1554:
1281:Plutarch, Life of Aemilius Paullus 18-23
928:
783:
704:. The corps was probably organized into
585:
526:Peace did not last and an alliance with
452:
1832:
1806:
1794:
1482:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1089:, pp. 242–243 for further details.
1082:
1070:
1053:
1015:
823:Following the initiative of Philip II,
214:in the period when it was ruled by the
4774:
3818:
1844:Tarn, W.W. (1913), "Antigonos Gonatas"
428:Antigonid army under Antigonus Gonatas
395:of 219 BC. Due to the Roman historian
332:History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
226:. It was seen as one of the principal
4675:
3817:
3246:
2750:
2097:
1917:
1866:
751:suggests an alternate view, that the
4286:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1918:
684:similar in function to the earlier
206:was the army that evolved from the
13:
3247:
1892:
1723:Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990).
1645:
14:
4798:
1689:
4755:
4745:
4736:
4735:
1816:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
1032:from an elite unit to a form of
608:(helmet), 3 obols for missing a
292:The Antigonid army, as with the
4756:
1640:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1527:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1317:
1305:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
480:, Greece, dated 2nd century BC.
1290:Heckel & Jones, 2006, p.24
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1076:
1026:. One is the evolution of the
1009:
827:continued to expand and equip
811:), which was built c. 120 BC;
424:(i.e. secretaries or clerks).
399:'s accounts of the battles of
285:, not to mention the numerous
1:
2357:
2344:
2325:
2308:
1777:A Companion to the Roman Army
1107:Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus, 29
974:
582:Military Decree of Amphipolis
261:, fighting campaigns against
230:until its ultimate defeat at
3485:Funeral and burial practices
2670:Military of Mycenaean Greece
718:Chalkaspides and Leukaspides
99:Army of Macedonia under the
7:
957:
466:Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles
436:took over from his father,
228:Hellenistic fighting forces
10:
4803:
3409:Greek Revival architecture
2751:
1706:(1st ed.). Rome: NIS.
1702:Coarelli, Filippo (1987).
1545:, pp. 204, Plate 12.2
1170:Livy, History of Rome, 5-9
1098:Plutarch, Life Pyrrhus, 26
948:Quintus Caecilius Metellus
762:
579:
536:Titus Quinctius Flamininus
449:Antigonid army, 239–168 BC
329:
18:
4731:
4682:
4676:
4671:
4516:
4393:
4382:
4309:
4231:
4188:
4135:
3993:
3845:
3836:
3832:
3813:
3762:
3677:
3615:
3577:
3570:
3520:
3480:
3471:
3393:
3270:
3266:
3242:
3208:
3177:
3019:
2906:
2850:
2817:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2772:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2625:Antigonid Macedonian army
2598:
2571:
2543:
2500:
2457:
2448:
2290:
2229:
2126:
2122:
2093:
1992:
1941:
1937:
1913:
1900:
1152:Polybius, Histories, 9-11
576:Amphipolis military codes
410:contemporary inscriptions
204:Antigonid Macedonian army
169:
164:
118:
106:
95:
85:
77:
45:
41:Antigonid Macedonian army
40:
1834:Sekunda, Nicholas Victor
1808:Sekunda, Nicholas Viktor
1796:Sekunda, Nicholas Viktor
735:("white-shields"). The
4787:Ancient Macedonian army
921:at the outbreak of the
915:quickly assembled some
877:Ptolemaic Egyptian Navy
779:
749:Nicholas Victor Sekunda
729:("bronze-shields") and
545:Battle of Cynoscephalae
487:, father of the future
472:(modern-day Lefkadia),
362:Battle of Cynoscephalae
131:Social War (220–217 BC)
33:Ancient Macedonian army
2851:Artists & scholars
2766:List of ancient Greeks
2403:Second Athenian League
2252:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2077:Ancient Greek colonies
1726:A History of Macedonia
1716:Greece and Rome at War
1206:Hammond, 1988, p.60-82
1161:Errington, 2008, p.194
952:Second Battle of Pydna
845:Demetrius I of Macedon
820:
594:
481:
438:Demetrius I of Macedon
326:Background and sources
3970:Sybaris on the Traeis
2695:Sacred Band of Thebes
2435:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1949:Cycladic civilization
1812:"The Macedonian Army"
1656:Bibliotheca Historica
1606:Diodorus XXXII.15.6-7
1437:Polybius XVIII.33.1-7
946:. A Roman army under
929:The army of Andriscus
905:Second Macedonian War
787:
589:
580:Further information:
456:
420:officers assisted by
330:Further information:
242:, a supposed heir to
208:ancient Greek kingdom
159:Fourth Macedonian War
143:Second Macedonian War
3495:mythological figures
3216:Ancient Greek tribes
2341:Peloponnesian League
1464:Connolly, 2006, p.77
1446:Walbank, 1940, p.289
1383:Walbank, 1940, p.290
1302:Connolly, 2006, p.80
1236:Walbank, 1940, p.256
1215:Walbank, 1940, p.236
935:Demetrius I of Syria
923:Third Macedonian War
853:Antigonus II Gonatas
813:Museo Pio-Clementino
565:Third Macedonian War
563:. By the eve of the
517:First Macedonian War
155:Third Macedonian War
135:First Macedonian War
90:Kingdom of Macedonia
66:armor and bearing a
3607:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3602:Theatre of Dionysus
3226:Ancient Macedonians
2842:Tyrants of Syracuse
2354:Amphictyonic League
1954:Minoan civilization
1665:The History of Rome
1633:Sekunda, 1995, p.80
1615:Polybius XXXVI.10.4
1428:Polybius XVIII.24.8
1245:Polybius XVIII.35.4
1188:Hammond, 1965, p.52
1179:Penrose, 2005, p.74
903:that concluded the
799:from the Temple of
636:Antigonus III Doson
602:for not having the
592:Philip V of Macedon
489:Philip V of Macedon
389:Philip V of Macedon
302:Alexander the Great
184:Philip V of Macedon
81:276-168, 150-148 BC
29:Alexander the Great
4782:Hellenistic armies
4281:Menestheus's Limin
3935:Pandosia (Lucania)
3823:Greek colonisation
3185:Athenian statesmen
2946:Diogenes of Sinope
2807:Kings of Macedonia
2797:Kings of Commagene
2665:Macedonian phalanx
2645:Hellenistic armies
2393:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
2257:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1979:Hellenistic Greece
1838:The Antigonid Army
1569:, pp. 247–248
1524:Webber, 2001, p.14
1485:, pp. 108–127
1362:, pp. 463–464
1314:, pp. 461–462
969:Hellenistic period
913:Perseus of Macedon
821:
801:Fortuna Primigenia
772:, the king of the
651:Macedonian phalanx
595:
561:Perseus of Macedon
505:Battle of Sellasia
482:
458:Ancient Macedonian
306:Macedonian phalanx
259:Hellenistic Greece
188:Perseus of Macedon
114:43,000 (c. 172 BC)
112:25,500 (c. 197 BC)
110:18,600 (c. 222 BC)
54:Ancient Macedonian
4769:
4768:
4727:
4726:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4233:Iberian Peninsula
4165:Lipara/Meligounis
4131:
4130:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3782:Cypriot syllabary
3673:
3672:
3582:Athenian Treasury
3566:
3565:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
2827:Ptolemaic dynasty
2787:Archons of Athens
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2613:Athenian military
2594:
2593:
2427:League of Corinth
2409:Thessalian League
2385:Chalcidian League
2367:Acarnanian League
2277:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
1825:978-1-4051-7936-2
1787:978-1-4051-2153-8
1455:Polybius V.97.3-4
1143:Tarn, 1913, p.195
1134:Cary, 1978, p.235
1125:Tarn, 1913, p.194
1116:Tarn, 1913, p.193
627:Peltasts and the
521:Peace of Phoinike
478:Central Macedonia
442:Pyrrhus of Epirus
434:Antigonus Gonatas
342:Antigonid dynasty
251:Antigonus Gonatas
216:Antigonid dynasty
197:
196:
176:Antigonus Gonatas
151:War against Nabis
101:Antigonid dynasty
21:Antigonid dynasty
4794:
4759:
4758:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4673:
4672:
4391:
4390:
3890:Heraclea Lucania
3843:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3815:
3814:
3575:
3574:
3507:Twelve Olympians
3478:
3477:
3268:
3267:
3244:
3243:
2832:Seleucid dynasty
2812:Kings of Paionia
2761:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2618:Scythian archers
2525:Graphe paranomon
2455:
2454:
2362:
2359:
2349:
2346:
2330:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2124:
2123:
2095:
2094:
1974:Classical Greece
1959:Mycenaean Greece
1939:
1938:
1915:
1914:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1841:
1829:
1803:
1791:
1740:
1719:
1707:
1652:Diodorus Siculus
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1557:, pp. 35–84
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1533:Tarn, 1930, p.28
1531:
1525:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:Head, 1982, p.12
1501:
1495:
1494:Tarn, 1930, p.27
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1326:, pp. 94–95
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:Head, 1982, p.83
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:Head, 1982, p.81
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1013:
1007:
1006:Head, 1982, p.18
1004:
885:Battle of Andros
873:Chremonidean War
825:Macedonian kings
501:Aratus of Sicyon
123:Chremonidean War
50:
38:
37:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4723:
4678:
4655:
4518:
4512:
4395:
4386:
4378:
4349:Melaina Korkyra
4305:
4227:
4184:
4137:Aeolian Islands
4127:
3989:
3847:
3828:
3827:
3801:
3758:
3669:
3611:
3562:
3516:
3467:
3389:
3380:Wedding customs
3262:
3261:
3230:
3221:Thracian Greeks
3204:
3195:Olympic victors
3173:
3015:
2902:
2846:
2837:Kings of Sparta
2822:Kings of Pontus
2792:Kings of Athens
2768:
2755:
2734:
2630:Army of Macedon
2590:
2567:
2539:
2496:
2444:
2417:(370–c. 230 BC)
2415:Arcadian League
2399:(c. 400–188 BC)
2397:Aetolian League
2391:Boeotian League
2373:Hellenic League
2360:
2347:
2337:(c. 650–404 BC)
2328:
2322:Italiote League
2315:
2311:
2305:Doric Hexapolis
2295:
2286:
2282:Seleucid Empire
2225:
2118:
2117:
2081:
1988:
1964:Greek Dark Ages
1933:
1932:
1909:
1896:
1891:
1826:
1788:
1737:
1712:Connolly, Peter
1692:
1648:
1646:Ancient sources
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1543:Saddington 2011
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:Livy XLIV.40-43
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1224:Livy XXXIV.24.2
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1034:military police
1018:, p. 459;
1014:
1010:
1005:
982:
977:
960:
931:
897:Battle of Chios
817:Vatican Museums
782:
765:
720:
632:
584:
578:
569:Battle of Pydna
532:Seleucid Empire
493:Antigonus Doson
451:
430:
387:) commanded by
338:
328:
236:Battle of Pydna
200:
190:
186:
182:
180:Antigonus Doson
178:
171:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
113:
111:
73:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Megara Hyblaea
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:Hybla Gereatis
4060:
4055:
4053:Heraclea Minoa
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3797:Attic numerals
3794:
3792:Greek numerals
3789:
3787:Greek alphabet
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:Musical system
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Mathematicians
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Kings of Argos
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Cretan archers
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2439:Achaean League
2436:
2433:Euboean League
2430:
2424:
2421:Epirote League
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2369:(c. 500–31 BC)
2364:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2319:
2301:
2299:
2297:Confederations
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2221:Lissus (Crete)
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Archaic Greece
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:Ancient Greece
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1804:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1720:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1690:Modern sources
1688:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1674:Parallel Lives
1667:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1586:Errington 1990
1571:
1567:Errington 1990
1559:
1547:
1535:
1526:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1410:Polybius V.4.9
1403:
1401:Livy XXXI.36.1
1394:
1385:
1376:
1372:Errington 1990
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1087:Errington 1990
1075:
1058:
1046:
1020:Errington 1990
1008:
979:
978:
976:
973:
972:
971:
966:
959:
956:
930:
927:
909:Roman Republic
879:at the 255 BC
795:depicted in a
781:
778:
764:
761:
719:
716:
631:
625:
577:
574:
450:
447:
429:
426:
403:in 171 BC and
358:somatophylakes
347:somatophylakes
327:
324:
267:Achaean League
198:
195:
194:
173:
167:
166:
162:
161:
127:Cleomenean War
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
51:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4799:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4762:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Hemeroscopion
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Magna Graecia
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Arcadocypriot
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3665:Zeus, Olympia
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Hera, Olympia
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Mount Olympus
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:Sacred places
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Olympic Games
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Homosexuality
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Seleucid army
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:Delian League
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:Ionian League
2333:
2323:
2320:
2316: 560 BC
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Magna Graecia
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1736:0-520-06319-8
1732:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1588:, p. 248
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1555:Coarelli 1987
1551:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1512:Polybius 2.65
1509:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1374:, p. 245
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1350:, p. 463
1349:
1344:
1338:, p. 462
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1073:, p. 460
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1056:, p. 461
1055:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
980:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:Scipio Nasica
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Battle of Cos
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:a small fleet
834:
830:
826:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
786:
777:
775:
771:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:
728:
727:
715:
711:
709:
708:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
688:
683:
679:
674:
672:
671:
666:
663:
659:
658:
652:
648:
645:
641:
637:
630:
624:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
593:
588:
583:
573:
570:
566:
562:
557:
554:
548:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Antiochus III
524:
522:
518:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:Cleomenes III
494:
490:
486:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:paintings of
459:
455:
446:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
349:
348:
343:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:hands at the
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:Military unit
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
52:Fresco of an
49:
44:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4556:Dionysopolis
4526:Abonoteichos
4478:Pantikapaion
4068:Hybla Heraea
3404:Architecture
3360:Prostitution
3049:Aristophanes
2908:Philosophers
2878:Philosophers
2710:Spartan army
2624:
2441:(280–146 BC)
2429:(338–322 BC)
2423:(370–168 BC)
2411:(374–196 BC)
2405:(378–355 BC)
2387:(430–348 BC)
2381:(478–404 BC)
2375:(499–449 BC)
2062:Peloponnesus
1984:Roman Greece
1837:
1815:
1799:
1776:
1725:
1715:
1703:
1683:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1641:Bibliography
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1529:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1483:Sekunda 2013
1478:
1473:Livy XLIV.41
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1419:Livy XLII.51
1415:
1406:
1397:
1392:Arrian 1.8.4
1388:
1379:
1367:
1360:Sekunda 2010
1355:
1348:Sekunda 2010
1343:
1336:Sekunda 2010
1331:
1324:Sekunda 2013
1319:
1312:Sekunda 2010
1307:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1083:Sekunda 2010
1078:
1071:Sekunda 2010
1054:Sekunda 2010
1049:
1027:
1016:Sekunda 2010
1011:
932:
916:
901:peace treaty
822:
766:
752:
744:
740:
737:Chalkaspides
736:
730:
726:Chalkaspides
724:
721:
712:
707:chiliarchiai
705:
699:
685:
677:
675:
670:chalkaspides
668:
661:
655:
643:
633:
628:
617:
609:
603:
596:
558:
549:
525:
509:
485:Demetrius II
483:
431:
421:
417:
384:
376:
357:
351:
345:
339:
309:
291:
248:
203:
201:
147:Aetolian War
67:
57:
4704:Place names
4616:Salmydessus
4438:Kalos Limen
4418:Chersonesus
4408:Borysthenes
4113:Tauromenion
3925:Metapontion
3687:Proto-Greek
3640:Erechtheion
3635:Athena Nike
3597:Philippeion
3426:Mathematics
3397:and science
3280:Agriculture
3144:Stesichorus
3054:Bacchylides
3044:Archilochus
2931:Antisthenes
2921:Anaximander
2893:Seven Sages
2883:Playwrights
2863:Geographers
2858:Astronomers
2685:Pezhetairos
2312: 1100
2292:Federations
2191:Megalopolis
2128:City states
2103:City states
1254:Livy XLV.40
1029:hypaspistai
925:in 171 BC.
911:, although
883:and 245 BC
847:had one at
835:maintained
790:Roman naval
753:leukaspides
745:leukaspides
741:Leukaspides
732:Leukaspides
696:Cephallenia
687:hypaspistai
682:royal guard
468:in ancient
462:Hellenistic
391:during the
353:hypaspistai
316:elite corps
119:Engagements
4776:Categories
4606:Polemonion
4483:Phanagoria
4453:Kimmerikon
4448:Kerkinitis
4433:Hermonassa
4423:Dioscurias
4319:Aspalathos
4266:Kalathousa
4241:Akra Leuke
4170:Phoenicusa
3955:Scylletium
3940:Poseidonia
3860:Brentesion
3747:Pamphylian
3742:Macedonian
3660:Samothrace
3645:Hephaestus
3592:Long Walls
3571:Structures
3512:Underworld
3458:Technology
3421:Literature
3355:Philosophy
3320:Euergetism
3209:By culture
3154:Thucydides
2996:Pythagoras
2991:Protagoras
2981:Parmenides
2966:Heraclitus
2951:Empedocles
2941:Democritus
2926:Anaximenes
2916:Anaxagoras
2868:Historians
2361: 595
2348: 550
2329: 800
2314: – c.
2242:Cappadocia
2047:Ionian Sea
2037:Hellespont
2002:Aegean Sea
1624:Livy 50.14
1597:Livy 49.21
975:References
809:Palastrina
619:linothorax
422:grammateis
418:tetrarchai
414:Amphipolis
401:Callinicus
393:Social War
172:commanders
165:Commanders
139:Cretan War
62:) wearing
59:thorakitai
4692:in Epirus
4641:Trapezous
4586:Mesambria
4571:Eupatoria
4541:Apollonia
4536:Anchialos
4498:Theodosia
4468:Nymphaion
4458:Myrmekion
4428:Gorgippia
4384:Black Sea
4369:Tragurion
4354:Nymphaion
4339:Epidauros
4334:Epidamnos
4324:Apollonia
4301:Zacynthos
4223:Ptolemais
4217:Apollonia
4190:Cyrenaica
4180:Therassía
4175:Strongyle
4155:Ereikousa
4078:Leontinoi
4018:Apollonia
3895:Hipponion
3692:Mycenaean
3655:Parthenon
3587:Lion Gate
3490:Mythology
3453:Sculpture
3416:Astronomy
3350:Pederasty
3325:Festivals
3310:Education
3190:Lawgivers
3159:Timocreon
3139:Sophocles
3134:Simonides
3109:Philocles
3104:Panyassis
3099:Mimnermus
3064:Herodotus
3059:Euripides
3029:Aeschylus
2976:Leucippus
2936:Aristotle
2715:Strategos
2581:Synedrion
2535:Ostracism
2515:Areopagus
2467:Free city
2262:Macedonia
2146:Byzantion
2052:Macedonia
2017:Cyrenaica
1994:Geography
1928:Geography
1714:(2006) .
1684:Histories
1038:bodyguard
1024:Alexander
939:Teres III
907:with the
857:Demetrias
833:Cassander
805:Praeneste
757:Thracians
692:Lyncestis
678:peltastai
638:were the
512:Dardanian
385:hiera ile
377:sacra ala
298:Philip II
240:Andriscus
212:Macedonia
192:Andriscus
64:chainmail
56:soldier (
25:Philip II
4741:Category
4719:Theatres
4646:Tripolis
4581:Kerasous
4576:Heraclea
4508:Tyritake
4463:Nikonion
4374:Thronion
4296:Salauris
4251:Emporion
4208:Berenice
4198:Balagrae
4150:Euonymos
4123:Tyndaris
4108:Syracuse
4103:Selinous
4073:Kamarina
4028:Casmenae
4013:Akrillai
3930:Neápolis
3865:Caulonia
3846:Mainland
3777:Linear B
3772:Linear A
3702:Dialects
3679:Language
3473:Religion
3431:Medicine
3365:Religion
3330:Folklore
3315:Emporium
3290:Clothing
3285:Calendar
3169:Xenophon
3164:Tyrtaeus
3149:Theognis
3124:Polybius
3119:Plutarch
3094:Menander
3074:Hipponax
3001:Socrates
2956:Epicurus
2802:Diadochi
2700:Sciritae
2660:Hetairoi
2635:Ballista
2600:Military
2563:Gerousia
2553:Ekklesia
2520:Ecclesia
2502:Athenian
2450:Politics
2363:–279 BC)
2350:–366 BC)
2331:–389 BC)
2267:Pergamon
2237:Bithynia
2230:Kingdoms
2171:Pergamon
2113:Military
2108:Politics
1905:Timeline
1836:(2013).
1810:(2010).
1798:(1995).
1680:Polybius
1670:Plutarch
1042:Philip V
964:Diadochi
958:See also
889:Cyclades
829:the navy
770:Cotys IV
665:vanguard
647:javelins
640:peltasts
590:Coin of
553:Paeonian
320:Peltasts
311:sarissae
287:Thracian
283:Pergamon
4761:Outline
4714:Temples
4651:Zaliche
4631:Thèrmae
4621:Sesamus
4591:Odessos
4566:Cytorus
4561:Cotyora
4311:Illyria
4276:Mainake
4271:Kypsela
4160:Hycesia
4118:Thermae
4098:Segesta
4088:Messana
4043:Helorus
4023:Calacte
4003:Akragas
3965:Sybaris
3950:Rhegion
3905:Krimisa
3855:Alision
3764:Writing
3737:Locrian
3727:Epirote
3697:Homeric
3630:Artemis
3617:Temples
3558:Olympia
3528:Eleusis
3463:Theatre
3448:Pottery
3375:Warfare
3370:Slavery
3305:Economy
3300:Cuisine
3295:Coinage
3272:Society
3257:Culture
3252:Society
3200:Tyrants
3039:Alcaeus
3021:Authors
2971:Hypatia
2961:Gorgias
2898:Writers
2720:Toxotai
2690:Sarissa
2680:Peltast
2675:Phalanx
2655:Hoplite
2650:Hippeis
2573:Macedon
2545:Spartan
2530:Heliaia
2477:Proxeny
2186:Larissa
2181:Kerkyra
2176:Eretria
2166:Miletus
2161:Ephesus
2156:Corinth
2151:Chalcis
2072:Taurica
1942:Periods
1923:History
869:Corinth
865:Piraeus
861:Chalkis
774:Odrysai
763:Cavalry
614:drachma
610:sarissa
530:of the
474:Imathia
369:pikemen
366:phalanx
255:270s BC
253:in the
244:Perseus
170:Notable
86:Country
69:thureos
4751:Portal
4699:People
4687:Cities
4626:Sinope
4611:Rhizos
4601:Phasis
4551:Bathus
4546:Athina
4531:Amisos
4493:Tanais
4488:Pityus
4413:Charax
4364:Pharos
4359:Orikon
4256:Helike
4246:Alonis
4213:Cyrene
4145:Didyme
4058:Himera
4033:Catana
3995:Sicily
3985:Thurii
3980:Terina
3945:Pixous
3900:Hydrus
3875:Croton
3707:Aeolic
3625:Aphaea
3548:Dodona
3533:Delphi
3502:Temple
3178:Others
3129:Sappho
3114:Pindar
3089:Lucian
3084:Ibycus
3069:Hesiod
3006:Thales
2774:Rulers
2753:People
2730:Xyston
2725:Xiphos
2586:Koinon
2492:Tyrant
2482:Stasis
2472:Koinon
2272:Pontus
2247:Epirus
2216:Sparta
2206:Rhodes
2201:Megara
2196:Thebes
2141:Athens
2067:Pontus
2032:Epirus
2022:Cyprus
2007:Aeolis
1822:
1784:
1733:
1040:under
918:lemboi
867:, and
851:, and
797:relief
793:bireme
644:peltai
612:and a
318:, the
279:Rhodes
275:Athens
271:Sparta
265:, the
263:Epirus
224:168 BC
220:276 BC
78:Active
31:, see
4709:Stoae
4677:Lists
4596:Oinòe
4519:coast
4517:South
4503:Tyras
4473:Olbia
4443:Kepoi
4396:coast
4394:North
4387:basin
4329:Aulon
4291:Rhode
4203:Barca
4093:Naxos
4048:Henna
4008:Akrai
3975:Taras
3960:Siris
3920:Medma
3915:Locri
3880:Cumae
3870:Chone
3848:Italy
3754:Koine
3732:Ionic
3722:Doric
3717:Attic
3538:Delos
3436:Music
3079:Homer
3034:Aesop
2986:Plato
2888:Poets
2558:Ephor
2510:Agora
2487:Tagus
2462:Boule
2211:Samos
2136:Argos
2042:Ionia
2027:Doris
2012:Crete
893:Caria
849:Pella
841:Pydna
701:agema
662:agema
657:pelte
629:agema
605:konos
600:obols
470:Mieza
432:When
412:from
405:Pydna
381:Greek
373:Latin
232:Roman
218:from
4636:Tium
4403:Akra
4344:Issa
4038:Gela
3910:Laüs
3885:Elea
3543:Dion
3395:Arts
3385:Wine
3011:Zeno
2608:Wars
1820:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1661:Livy
780:Navy
540:Aous
397:Livy
334:and
300:and
294:army
281:and
202:The
107:Size
96:Role
27:and
3340:Law
1036:or
839:at
803:in
296:of
222:to
210:of
4778::
2358:c.
2345:c.
2326:c.
2309:c.
1682:,
1672:,
1663:,
1654:,
1574:^
1517:^
1295:^
1229:^
1061:^
983:^
863:,
859:,
843:,
831:.
815:,
788:A
476:,
383::
379:;
375::
277:,
273:,
269:,
246:.
4219:)
4215:(
2356:(
2343:(
2324:(
2318:)
2307:(
2294:/
1886:e
1879:t
1872:v
1828:.
1802:.
1790:.
1739:.
1718:.
819:.
807:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
