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this is altogether impossible, in the present juncture at least we ought to be unanimous and on our guard, when we see the bloated armaments and the vast proportions assumed by the war in the west. For even now it is evident to any one who pays even a moderate attention to public affairs, that whether the
Carthaginians conquer the Romans, or the Romans the Carthaginians, it is in every way improbable that the victors will remain contented with the empire of Sicily and Italy. They will move forward: and will extend their forces and their designs farther than we could wish. Wherefore, I beseech you all to be on your guard against the danger of the crisis, and above all you, O King. You will do this, if you abandon the policy of weakening the Greeks, and thus rendering them an easy prey to the invader; and consult on the contrary for their good as you would for your own person, and have a care for all parts of Greece alike, as part and parcel of your own domains. If you act in this spirit, the Greeks will be your warm friends and faithful coadjutors in all your undertakings; while foreigners will be less ready to form designs against you, seeing with dismay the firm loyalty of the Greeks. If you are eager for action, turn your eyes to the west, and let your thoughts dwell upon the wars in Italy. Wait with coolness the turn of events there, and seize the opportunity to strike for universal dominion. Nor is the present crisis unfavourable for such a hope. But I intreat of you to postpone your controversies and wars with the Greeks to a time of greater tranquillity; and make it your supreme aim to retain the power of making peace or war with them at your own will. For if once you allow the clouds now gathering in the west to settle upon Greece, I fear exceedingly that the power of making peace or war, and in a word all these games which we are now playing against each other, will be so completely knocked out of the hands of us all, that we shall be praying heaven to grant us only this power of making war or peace with each other at our own will and pleasure, and of settling our own disputes.
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1542:. Livy says that 20 ships were outfitted and, along with the five ships that transported the agents to Rome, were sent to join Flaccus' fleet of 25 ships. In the same passage he says that 30 ships left Ostia for Tarentum and talks about a combined fleet of 55. Walbank, p. 75, note 2, says that the 55 number given by Livy is a mistake, citing "Holleaux, 187, n. 1."
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surprise, he attacked and routed their camp. Escaping to his ships in the river, Philip made his way over the mountains and back to
Macedonia, having burned his fleet and leaving behind many thousands of his men that had died or been taken prisoner, along with all of his armies' possessions. Meanwhile, Laevinus and his fleet wintered at Oricum.
720:. In it they pledge, in general terms, mutual support and defense and to be enemies to each other's enemies (excepting current allies). Specifically, they promised support against Rome and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include Philip and that Rome would be forced to relinquish control of
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in the war against
Carthage as evidence of Rome's rising fortunes and offered to ally with them against the Macedonians. A treaty was signed whereby the Aetolians would conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea and Rome would keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia would receive control
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of the
Council of the Aetolians, which included representatives from Egypt and Rhodes, who were continuing to try to arrange a peace. Learning of the conference and the presence of Attalus, Philip marched rapidly south in an attempt to break up the conference and catch the enemy leaders, but arrived
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Laevinus had begun exploring the possibility of an alliance with the
Aetolian League as early as 212 BC. The war weary Aetolians had made peace with Philip at Naupactus in 217 BC. However, five years later the war faction was on the ascend and the Aetolians were once again considering taking up arms
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had been seen headed for
Apollonia. Convinced that the entire Roman fleet was sailing to apprehend him, Philip ordered an immediate return to Cephalenia. Polybius speaks of "panic" and "disorder" to describe the fleet's hasty retreat and says that, in fact, the Romans had sent only a squadron of ten
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who were trying to end the war. As trading states, the war was likely hurting trade; Livy says that they were concerned "not so much for the
Aetolians, who were more warlike than the rest of the Greeks, as for the liberty of Greece, which would be seriously endangered if Philip and his kingdom took
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and the rest marched to the frontier, having sworn an oath to fight to the death, "invoking a terrible curse" upon any who were forsworn. Hearing of the
Acarnanians' grim determination, the Aetolians hesitated then, learning of Philip's approach, finally abandoned their invasion, after which Philip
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For Greece is already entirely obedient to you, and will remain so: the
Achaeans from genuine affection; the Aetolians from the terror which their disasters in the present war have inspired them. Italy, and your crossing into it, is the first step in the acquirement of universal empire, to which no
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Philip spent the winter of 217–216 BC building a fleet of 100 warships and training men to row them and, according to
Polybius, it was a practice that "hardly any Macedonian king had ever done before". Macedon probably lacked the resources to build and maintain the kind of fleet necessary to match
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The best thing of all is that the Greeks should not go to war with each other at all, but give the gods hearty thanks if by all speaking with one voice, and joining hands like people crossing a stream, they may be able to repel the attacks of barbarians and save themselves and their cities. But if
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and its seemingly impregnable citadel, after which the surrounding territories surrendered. Perhaps the capture of Lissus rekindled in Philip hopes of an Italian invasion. However, the loss of his fleet meant that Philip would now be dependent on Carthage for passage to and from Italy, making the
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in Illyria, where he incited the Parthini to revolt and laid siege to Dimale. However, when Philip arrived, Sempronius broke off the siege and withdrew inside the walls of Apollonia. Sempronius tried unsuccessfully to entice the Aetolians to break their peace with Philip. With no more allies in
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also met again with the Aetolians that spring. The war was going Philip's way, but the Aetolians, although now abandoned by both Pergamon and Rome, were not yet ready to make peace on Philip's terms. However, after another season of fighting, they finally relented. In 206 BC, and without Rome's
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Although there was some fear of Rome and concern with her methods, the coalition arrayed against Philip continued to grow. As allowed for by the treaty, Pergamon, Elis and Messenia, followed by Sparta, all agreed to join the alliance against Macedon. The Roman fleet, together with the Pergamene
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In the account given by Livy, Laevinus, hearing that Apollonia was under siege, sent 2000 men under the command of Quintus Naevius Crista, to the mouth of the river. Avoiding Philip's army, Crista was able to enter the city by night unobserved. The following night, catching Philip's forces by
1203:. The spoils from Oreus had been reserved for Sulpicius, who returned there, while Attalus stayed to collect the spoils from Opus. However, with their forces divided, Philip, alerted by signal fire, attacked and took Opus. Attalus, caught by surprise, was barely able to escape to his ships.
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for the conference. The conference was interrupted by a report that Attalus had arrived at Aegina and the Roman fleet was at Naupactus. The Aetolian representatives, emboldened by these events, at once demanded that Philip return Pylos to the Messenians, Atintania to Rome and the Ardiaei to
641:. These were the small fast galleys used by the Illyrians. They had a single bank of oars and were able to carry 50 soldiers in addition to the rowers. With these, Philip could hope to avoid or evade the Roman fleet, preoccupied as he hoped it would be with Hannibal, and based as it was at
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in June 217 BC. Philip at first showed the letter only to Demetrius. Perhaps seeing a chance to recover his kingdom, Demetrius immediately advised the young king to make peace with the Aetolians and turn his attentions toward Illyria and Italy. Polybius quotes Demetrius as saying:
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river valleys, right up to the borders of Illyria. Philip's plan was, it seems, to first take the Illyrian coasts, conquer the area between the coasts and Macedon, and use the new land link to provide a rapid route for reinforcements across the narrow straits to Italy.
1216:, king of Bithynia and related to Philip by marriage, was moving against Pergamon. Sulpicius returned to Aegina, so free from the pressure of the combined Roman and Pergamene fleets, Philip was able to resume the offensive against the Aetolians. He captured
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fleet, controlled the sea, and Macedon and her allies were threatened on land by the rest of the coalition. The Roman strategy of encumbering Philip with a war among Greeks in Greece was succeeding, so much so that when Laevinus went to Rome to take up his
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and reinforced Elis with a force of 4,000 Roman troops. Leading a charge, Philip was thrown from his horse. Fighting on foot, Philip became the object of a fierce battle, finally escaping on another horse. The next day, Philip captured the stronghold of
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However, the Eleans, Messenians and Spartans remained passive throughout 210 BC and Philip continued to make advances. He invested and took Echinus, using extensive siegeworks, having beaten back an attempt to relieve the town by the Aetolian
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Scerdilaidas and Pleuratus. "Indignant", Philip quit the negotiations telling the assembly that they "might bear him witness that whilst he was seeking a basis for peace, the other side were determined to find a pretext for war".
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Philip's alliance with Carthage caused immediate dismay in Rome, hard-pressed as they already were. An additional twenty-five warships were at once outfitted and sent to join Flaccus' fleet of twenty-five warships already at
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The treaty as set down by Polybius makes no mention of an invasion of Italy by Philip, the debacle at Sazan perhaps having soured Philip on such a venture, something which in any case Hannibal may not have desired.
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Surrounded by foes, Philip was forced to adopt a defensive policy. He distributed his commanders and forces and set up a system of beacon fires at various high places to communicate instantly any enemy movements.
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Although Philip considered Attalus' escape a bitter defeat, it proved to be the turning point of the war. Attalus was forced to return to Pergamon, when he learned at Opus that, perhaps at the urging of Philip,
1068:. Philip won two battles at Lamia, inflicting heavy casualties on Pyrrhias' troops. The Aetolians and their allies were forced to retreat inside the city walls, where they remained, unwilling to give battle.
969:(general) had mobilized the Aetolian army and was preparing to invade Acarnania. Desperate and overmatched, but determined to resist, the Acarnanians sent their women, children and old men to seek refuge in
1243:, Philip met with the same would-be peacemakers from Egypt and Rhodes who had been at the previous meeting in Heraclea, and again in the spring of 207 BC, but to no avail. Representatives of Egypt, Rhodes,
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Upon hearing of the Roman alliance with Aetolia, Philip's first action was to secure his northern borders. He conducted raids in Illyria at Oricum and Apollonia and seized the frontier town of Sintia in
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Meanwhile, Sulpicius sailed round into the Aegean and joined Attalus on Aegina for the winter. In 208 BC, the combined fleet of thirty-five Pergamene and twenty-five Roman ships failed to take
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ships and that because of "inconsiderate alarm", Philip had missed his best chance to achieve his aims in Illyria, returning to Macedon, "without loss indeed, but with considerable dishonour".
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and the Aetolians. He also heard that Attalus had been elected one of the two supreme commanders of the Aetolian League, as well as rumors that he intended to crossover the Aegean from
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On their way back to Macedon, Philip's emissaries, along with emissaries from Hannibal, were captured by Publius Valerius Flaccus, commander of the Roman fleet patrolling the southern
809:. Upon receiving word from Oricum of events in Illyria, Laevinus crossed over with his fleet and army. Landing at Oricum, Laevinus was able to retake the town with little fighting.
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Rome's preoccupation with its war against Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of Macedon to attempt to extend his power westward. According to the ancient Greek historian
1994:"is spoilt by annalistic contamination, which, in the interests of Roman policy, tries to run the Aetolian peace and the return of the Romans as closely together as possible".
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in 216 BC, Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy to negotiate an alliance. There they concluded in the summer of 215 BC a treaty, the text of which is given by
598:, Philip met the Aetolian leaders and a peace treaty was concluded. Polybius quotes the Aetolian Agelaus of Naupactus as having given the following speech in favor of peace:
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1060:. Philip marched south into Greece. At Lamia he was met by an Aetolian force, supported by Roman and Pergamene auxiliaries, under the command of Attalus' colleague as
1129:, conducting raids there. Philip, with his cavalry, caught the Romans ashore and was able to drive them back to their ships, with the Romans returning to Naupactus.
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1394:. According to Walbank, p. 66, note 5, this speech, "nonwithstanding rhetorical elements … bears the mark of a true version based on contemporary record."
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Greece, but having achieved their objective of preventing Philip from aiding Hannibal, the Romans were ready to make peace. A treaty was drawn up at
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the Romans. Polybius says that Philip had no "hope of fighting the Romans at sea", perhaps referring to a lack of experience and training.
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In the late summer of 214 BC, Philip again attempted an Illyrian invasion by sea, with a fleet of 120 lembi. He captured
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In the spring of 210 BC, Laevinus again sailed from Corcyra with his fleet and, together with the Aetolians, captured
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of any territory acquired. Another provision of the treaty allowed for the inclusion of certain allies of the League:
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coast, to try to determine Philip's intent and, if necessary, cross over to Macedonia, keeping Philip confined there.
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In 211 BC, an Aetolian assembly was convened for discussions with Rome. Laevinus pointed out the recent capture of
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town of Oeniadae and the island of Nasos, which he handed over to the Aetolians. He then withdrew his fleet to
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Twice thwarted in his attempts at invasion of Illyria by sea, and now constrained by Laevinus' fleet in the
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No sooner had Philip arrived there when he received an urgent plea for help from his ally the Acarnanians.
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one has a better claim than yourself. And now is the moment to act when the Romans have suffered a reverse.
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Desiring to prevent Philip from aiding Carthage in Italy and elsewhere, Rome sought out allies in Greece.
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Kleu, Michael. Die Seepolitik Philipps V. von Makedonien. Bochum, Verlag Dr. Dieter Winkler, 2015.
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Rome Enters the Greek East From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC
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2081:, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
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1722:. Livy says that Anticyra was Locrian, but modern scholars disagree, see Walbank, p. 87, note 2.
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and "to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all those of his friends now in the dominion of Rome."
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From Lamia, Philip went to Phalara where he met representatives from the neutral states of
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coast. A letter from Hannibal to Philip and the terms of their agreement, were discovered.
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which mention an Italian invasion by Philip, "are worthless annalistic fabrications".
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According to Walbank, p. 71, note 1, the version of the treaty described in Livy,
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consent, the Aetolians sued for a separate peace on conditions imposed by Philip.
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At the beginning of summer, Philip and his fleet left Macedon, sailed through the
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2097:(translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
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In the spring of 209 BC, Philip received requests for help from his ally the
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The neutral trading powers were still trying to arrange a peace and, at
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After hearing of Rome's disastrous defeat at the hands of Hannibal at
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he was defeated by the Romans and fled to the court of king Philip.
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Philip had in the meantime expanded his territories west along the
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He was finally able to gain access to the Adriatic by capturing
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which he garrisoned with 4,000 men. He turned north again into
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an active part in Greek politics." With them was Amynandor of
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had been sent in support, all under the command of the Roman
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which was lightly defended, and sailing up the Aous (modern
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Meanwhile, the Romans had moved the fleet from Tarentum to
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After leaving Heraclea, Attalus and Sulpicius sacked both
1585:. Livy's account is suspect, see Walbank, p. 76, note 1.
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to continue the watch on the movements of Philip and a
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However, as the Macedonian fleet neared the island of
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and the Roman fleet, now commanded by the proconsul
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Later that summer, Laevinus seized the main town of
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According to Polybius, Philip was easily persuaded.
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1276:," which formally ended the First Macedonian War.
844:prospect of invasion considerably less appealing.
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1175:Attalus and Sulpicius then attended a meeting in
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1259:The following spring the Romans sent the censor
888:, as well as two Roman clients, the Illyrians
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2944:3rd century BC in Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
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2525:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1990:According to Walbank, p. 102, note 2, Livy,
856:against their traditional enemy, Macedonia.
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680:, before dropping anchor off the Islands of
2114:, Blackwell Publishers (December 1, 1995).
590:Philip at once began negotiations with the
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1121:From Naupactus, Sulpicius sailed east to
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1013:. Moving west, Philip probably also took
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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928:. He then marched rapidly south through
699:, Philip heard a report that some Roman
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534:History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
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2779:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
2404:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
1604:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 87.
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594:. At a conference on the coast near
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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767:, with orders to guard the Italian
635:At any rate, Philip chose to build
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2759:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
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1140:for a joint attack on the city of
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2964:Wars involving the Roman Republic
524:(205 BC) formally ended the war.
481:, allied (after 211 BC) with the
2537:Military history of ancient Rome
1263:with 35 ships and 11,000 men to
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528:Demetrius urges war against Rome
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497:, contemporaneously with the
2045:Resources in other libraries
1261:Publius Sempronius Tuditanus
1199:, the chief city of eastern
1136:, the Achaean general, near
7:
2728:Wars of Alexander the Great
1279:
1220:, followed by the towns of
1052:who were being attacked by
848:Rome seeks allies in Greece
708:Philip allies with Carthage
564:Involved in a war with the
477:(214–205 BC) was fought by
147:The Mediterranean in 218 BC
10:
2985:
1442:Wilkes, p. 157; Polybius,
1421:Walbank, p. 69; Polybius,
1286:Military history of Greece
1272:in 205 BC, the so-called "
531:
520:in the war with Rome. The
2900:
2736:
2647:Wars of the Delian League
2627:
2584:
2533:
2478:Roman conquest of Britain
2449:
2163:
2040:Resources in your library
1191:on the northern coast of
775:War breaks out in Illyria
339:
239:
190:
151:
140:
128:
123:
2939:3rd century BC in Greece
2672:Second Peloponnesian War
2056:The Attalids of Pergamon
1291:
807:Marcus Valerius Laevinus
668:, between the island of
246:Marcus Valerius Laevinus
2657:First Peloponnesian War
2175:Roman conquest of Italy
1516:Walbank, p. 69, note 3.
1011:Publius Sulpicius Galba
2864:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
2789:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2723:Expansion of Macedonia
1654:Walbank, p. 82; Livy,
1551:Walbank, p. 75; Livy,
1072:Attempt at peace fails
624:
617:
609:
580:
240:Commanders and leaders
58:"First Macedonian War"
2505:Domitian's Dacian War
2424:Liberators' civil war
1232:, controlling all of
952:and their chief city
627:Philip builds a fleet
619:
615:
604:
575:
532:Further information:
501:(218–201 BC) against
449:Fourth Macedonian War
374:Second Macedonian War
2924:First Macedonian War
2764:Seleucid–Mauryan war
2604:Second Messenian War
2510:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2195:Roman–Hernician wars
2095:Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
2026:First Macedonian War
787:) river he besieged
475:First Macedonian War
429:Third Macedonian War
344:First Macedonian War
124:First Macedonian War
43:improve this article
2652:Third Messenian War
2609:Lydian–Milesian War
2594:First Messenian War
2409:Roman–Parthian Wars
2200:Roman–Volscian wars
2180:Roman–Etruscan Wars
2105:Philip V of Macedon
2054:Hansen, Esther V.,
1596:Eckstein, Arthur M.
1234:Epicnemidian Locris
1132:Philip then joined
1029:, an island in the
559:Second Illyrian War
544:Demetrius of Pharos
495:Philip V of Macedon
283:Demetrius of Pharus
275:Philip V of Macedon
2839:Roman–Seleucid War
2698:Theban–Spartan War
2637:Greco-Persian Wars
2578:Ancient Greek wars
2515:Roman–Persian Wars
2414:Caesar's civil war
2286:Roman–Seleucid war
2185:Roman-Aequian wars
2157:Ancient Roman wars
1800:Walbank, p. 89–90.
1177:Heraclea Trachinia
1117:Hostilities resume
1100:Philip marched to
900:Campaign in Greece
832:, and the town of
618:
610:
551:First Illyrian War
394:Roman–Seleucid War
2934:200s BC conflicts
2929:210s BC conflicts
2911:
2910:
2849:War against Nabis
2662:Second Sacred War
2544:
2543:
2500:Jewish–Roman wars
2372:Sulla's civil war
2366:Bellum Octavianum
2254:Illyro-Roman Wars
2227:Roman–Gallic wars
2205:Roman–Sabine wars
2021:Library resources
1942:; Walbank, p. 96.
1611:978-1-4051-6072-8
1274:Peace of Phoenice
1017:the port city of
522:Peace of Phoenice
470:
469:
296:
295:
186:
185:
119:
118:
111:
93:
2976:
2969:Roman–Greek wars
2904:Military history
2874:Mithridatic Wars
2859:Maccabean Revolt
2807:
2784:Chremonidean War
2713:Third Sacred War
2708:
2614:First Sacred War
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2466:Marcomannic Wars
2377:Mithridatic Wars
2301:Celtiberian Wars
2190:Roman–Latin wars
2150:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1840:
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1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1798:
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1740:
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1723:
1712:
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1695:
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1556:
1549:
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1514:
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1501:
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1488:
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1469:
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1460:
1453:
1447:
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1413:
1406:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1157:and returned to
978:for the winter.
948:, attacking the
916:for the winter.
508:During the war,
499:Second Punic War
334:
332:
322:
315:
308:
299:
298:
291:
266:
153:
152:
145:
135:Second Punic War
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2896:
2812:Macedonian Wars
2805:
2732:
2706:
2693:Theban hegemony
2623:
2580:
2575:
2545:
2540:
2529:
2495:Civil war of 69
2483:Boudican revolt
2452:
2445:
2321:Cantabrian Wars
2259:Macedonian Wars
2166:
2159:
2154:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1468:Walbank, p. 69.
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
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1346:
1337:
1333:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1282:
1209:
1119:
1074:
1064:, the Aetolian
902:
850:
777:
710:
629:
588:
536:
530:
483:Aetolian League
471:
466:
457:Thalna's defeat
335:
331:Macedonian Wars
330:
328:
326:
287:
281:
277:
268:
262:
256:
252:
248:
232:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:Attalid kingdom
207:
205:Aetolian League
203:
199:
172:
146:
131:Macedonian Wars
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2794:Cleomenean War
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2684:
2682:Corinthian War
2679:
2677:Phyle Campaign
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2430:Bellum Siculum
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2333:Jugurthine War
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Lusitanian War
2303:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2171:
2169:
2167:Roman Republic
2161:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2110:Wilkes, John,
2108:
2101:Walbank, F. W.
2098:
2082:
2070:
2067:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1914:
1901:
1884:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1724:
1707:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1647:
1630:
1617:
1610:
1587:
1574:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1414:
1396:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1310:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1208:
1205:
1118:
1115:
1073:
1070:
1046:Achaean League
901:
898:
849:
846:
776:
773:
709:
706:
666:Euripus Strait
628:
625:
587:
584:
570:Lake Trasimene
529:
526:
468:
467:
465:
464:
462:Pydna (148 BC)
459:
453:
452:
445:
444:
439:
433:
432:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
397:
390:
389:
384:
378:
377:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
347:
340:
337:
336:
325:
324:
317:
310:
302:
294:
293:
272:
242:
241:
237:
236:
234:Achaean League
227:
197:Roman Republic
193:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:Macedonia and
167:
165:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
138:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2981:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2892:War of Actium
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Aeginetan War
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2619:Sicilian Wars
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Lelantine War
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:Germanic wars
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2441:War of Actium
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:War of Mutina
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Sertorian War
2314:
2312:
2311:Numantine War
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2120:0-631-19807-5
2117:
2113:
2112:The Illyrians
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:0-8014-0615-3
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:north of the
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
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1178:
1173:
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1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
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1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1091:
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1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
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1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
995:
989:
987:
984:
979:
977:
972:
968:
967:
963:the Aetolian
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
911:
907:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
845:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
808:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
760:
758:
753:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
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705:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
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662:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
639:
633:
623:
614:
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
583:
579:
574:
571:
567:
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387:Cynoscephalae
385:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2902:
2854:Galatian War
2844:Aetolian War
2815:
2806:(220–217 BC)
2752:
2751:Wars of the
2707:(357–355 BC)
2691:Wars of the
2687:Boeotian War
2535:
2490:Armenian War
2453:Roman Empire
2436:Perusine War
2428:
2364:
2343:Servile Wars
2338:Cimbrian War
2291:Galatian War
2263:
2210:Samnite Wars
2111:
2104:
2089:
2077:
2055:
2035:Online books
2025:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1917:
1904:
1887:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1796:
1783:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1727:
1718:; Polybius,
1710:
1701:; Polybius,
1693:
1680:
1667:
1650:
1633:
1620:
1600:
1590:
1577:
1560:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1417:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1313:
1300:
1258:
1251:and perhaps
1238:
1210:
1207:The war ends
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1131:
1120:
1099:
1075:
1061:
1050:Peloponnesus
1043:
1031:Saronic Gulf
1001:
998:
990:
980:
964:
958:
918:
903:
894:Scerdilaidas
858:
854:
851:
838:
815:
811:
793:
778:
761:
754:
750:
711:
701:quinqueremes
694:
692:in Illyria.
663:
651:
637:
634:
630:
620:
589:
581:
576:
563:
548:
537:
507:
474:
472:
451:(150–148 BC)
431:(172–168 BC)
396:(192–188 BC)
376:(200–196 BC)
346:(214–205 BC)
343:
288:
263:
250:Scerdilaidas
191:Belligerents
181:Inconclusive
129:Part of the
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2869:Achaean War
2804:Social War
2799:Lyttian War
2774:Syrian Wars
2769:Pyrrhic War
2738:Hellenistic
2718:Foreign War
2705:Social War
2451:Wars of the
2399:Gallic Wars
2328:Achaean War
2215:Pyrrhic War
2165:Wars of the
1023:Maliac Gulf
974:retired to
954:Iamphorynna
924:or perhaps
645:in western
402:Thermopylae
279:Philopoemen
2918:Categories
2834:Cretan War
2746:Lamian War
2667:Samian War
2471:Gothic War
2232:Punic Wars
2220:Social War
2015:References
1977:Polybius,
1921:Polybius,
1891:Polybius,
1874:Polybius,
1774:Polybius,
1748:Polybius,
1731:Polybius,
1624:Polybius,
1505:23.33.9–12
1490:Polybius,
1477:Polybius,
1455:Polybius,
1408:Polybius,
1390:Polybius,
1377:Polybius,
1366:5.103–-105
1364:Polybius,
1351:Polybius,
1338:Polybius,
1317:Polybius,
1304:Polybius,
1265:Dyrrachium
1222:Tithronium
1180:too late.
1058:Asia Minor
1039:Aegean Sea
1007:Dorimachus
994:consulship
940:and on to
910:Acarnanian
822:Dassaretis
804:propraetor
796:Brundisium
682:Cephalenia
678:Cape Malea
549:After the
493:, against
437:Callinicus
258:Machanidas
159:214–205 BC
99:March 2020
69:newspapers
2629:Classical
2090:Histories
1247:, Chios,
1245:Byzantium
1214:Prusias I
1159:Demetrias
1134:Cycliadas
1095:Athamania
1062:strategos
1021:, in the
1003:strategos
966:strategos
934:Lyncestis
930:Pelagonia
906:Zacynthus
890:Pleuratus
882:Attalus I
789:Apollonia
746:Atintania
730:Epidamnus
726:Apollonia
690:Apollonia
643:Lilybaeum
596:Naupactus
592:Aetolians
566:Aetolians
487:Attalus I
417:Myonessus
412:Eurymedon
362:2nd Lamia
357:1st Lamia
352:Apollonia
254:Attalus I
230:Macedonia
201:Illyrians
2753:Diadochi
2103:(1940),
2085:Polybius
1925:; Livy,
1895:; Livy,
1878:; Livy,
1598:(2008).
1566:24.10–11
1280:See also
1270:Phoenice
1249:Mytilene
1230:Cephisus
1218:Thronium
1163:Thessaly
1151:Phyricus
1066:Pyrrhias
986:Anticyra
938:Bottiaea
922:Dardania
886:Pergamon
878:Messenia
861:Syracuse
830:Parthini
826:Atintani
818:Adriatic
769:Adriatic
765:Tarentum
742:Parthini
718:Polybius
540:Polybius
518:Hannibal
503:Carthage
491:Pergamon
422:Magnesia
367:Mantinea
270:Longarus
225:Dardania
221:Messenia
164:Location
133:and the
2876: (
2814: (
2586:Archaic
1776:9.41–42
1733:9.37–39
1626:8.15–16
1323:3.18–19
1241:Elateia
1226:Drymaea
1155:Aetolia
1146:Cyllene
1123:Corinth
1102:Chalcis
1048:in the
1035:talents
1015:Phalara
983:Phocian
926:Paionia
914:Corcyra
757:Apulian
722:Corcyra
674:Boeotia
658:Genusus
555:Illyria
514:Illyria
510:Macedon
407:Corycus
289:†
264:†
170:Illyria
83:scholar
2882:Second
2828:Fourth
2820:Second
2387:Second
2353:Second
2279:Fourth
2269:Second
2242:Second
2118:
2062:
2023:about
2003:Livy,
1964:Livy,
1951:Livy,
1938:Livy,
1908:Livy,
1861:Livy,
1848:Livy,
1835:Livy,
1822:Livy,
1809:Livy,
1787:Livy,
1761:Livy,
1714:Livy,
1697:Livy,
1684:Livy,
1671:Livy,
1637:Livy,
1608:
1581:Livy,
1564:Livy,
1538:Livy,
1525:Livy,
1253:Athens
1201:Locris
1195:, and
1193:Euboea
1170:Lemnos
1127:Sicyon
1110:Aegium
1106:Euboea
1086:Athens
1082:Rhodes
1054:Sparta
1027:Aegina
971:Epirus
961:Scopas
946:Thrace
874:Sparta
841:Lissus
834:Dimale
800:legion
781:Oricum
744:, and
738:Dimale
734:Pharos
714:Cannae
686:Leucas
670:Euboea
647:Sicily
607:Greece
285:
260:
213:Sparta
177:Result
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2886:Third
2878:First
2824:Third
2816:First
2392:Third
2382:First
2358:Third
2348:First
2274:Third
2264:First
2247:Third
2237:First
2005:29.12
1992:29.12
1893:10.41
1876:10.42
1850:27.33
1837:27.32
1824:27.31
1811:27.30
1789:27.29
1763:26.28
1737:10.15
1716:26.26
1699:26.25
1686:26.24
1673:26.24
1660:26.24
1656:25.30
1643:25.23
1639:24.13
1583:24.40
1553:24.40
1540:23.38
1527:23.34
1479:5.110
1457:5.108
1431:5.108
1410:5.109
1392:5.104
1379:5.103
1353:5.102
1340:5.101
1292:Notes
1189:Oreus
1090:Chios
1078:Egypt
1019:Lamia
976:Pella
950:Maedi
942:Tempe
865:Capua
785:Vjosë
697:Sazan
654:Apsus
638:lembi
442:Pydna
90:JSTOR
76:books
2116:ISBN
2073:Livy
2060:ISBN
1979:11.4
1966:28.7
1953:28.8
1940:28.7
1927:28.7
1923:11.7
1910:28.6
1897:28.5
1880:28.5
1863:28.5
1750:9,30
1720:9.39
1703:9.40
1606:ISBN
1427:5.95
1327:4.66
1319:3.16
1306:2.11
1224:and
1197:Opus
1142:Elis
1138:Dyme
1125:and
1088:and
936:and
892:and
880:and
870:Elis
863:and
828:and
684:and
672:and
656:and
485:and
479:Rome
473:The
382:Aous
217:Elis
156:Date
62:news
1492:7.9
1444:2.3
1423:5.1
1161:in
1104:in
884:of
489:of
45:by
2920::
2884:,
2880:,
2826:,
2822:,
2818:,
2093:,
2087:,
2075:,
1735:,
1658:,
1641:,
1570:20
1568:,
1429:,
1425:,
1399:^
1325:,
1321:,
1165:.
1084:,
1080:,
1041:.
932:,
896:.
876:,
872:,
836:.
824:,
791:.
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
649:.
546:.
2888:)
2830:)
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2149:e
2142:t
2135:v
2122:.
2107:.
2066:.
2007:.
1981:.
1968:.
1955:.
1929:.
1912:.
1899:.
1882:.
1865:.
1852:.
1839:.
1826:.
1813:.
1791:.
1778:.
1765:.
1752:.
1739:.
1705:.
1688:.
1662:.
1645:.
1628:.
1614:.
1572:.
1555:.
1529:.
1494:.
1481:.
1459:.
1446:.
1433:.
1412:.
1381:.
1368:.
1355:.
1342:.
1329:.
1308:.
321:e
314:t
307:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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