911:(truth or certainty) and philosophical anthropology (the subject, influence, tradition, class consciousness), in a manner not unlike Nietzsche's earlier dismissal of the categories of reason, morality, spirit, ego, motivation as philosophical substitutes for God. Foucault argued that modern values either produced counter-emancipatory results directly, or matched increased "freedom" with increased and disciplinary normatization. His anti-humanist skepticism extended to attempts to ground theory in human feeling, as much as in human reason, maintaining that both were historically contingent constructs, rather than the universals humanism maintained. In
754:, as well as the distinction between synchronic analysis (abstracting a system as if it were timeless) and diachronic analysis (where temporal duration is factored in). He paid little attention to the individual and instead concentrated on systems of signs as they operated in primitive societies. For Levi-Strauss, cultural choice was always pre-constrained by a signifying convention. Everything in experience was matter for communication codes. The structure of this system was not devised by anyone and was not present in the minds of its users, but nonetheless could be discerned by a scientific observer.
897:
relations of difference with all other signs in the same system, then meaning is based purely on the play of differences, and is never truly present. He claimed that the fundamentally ambiguous nature of language makes human intention unknowable, attacked
Enlightenment perfectionism, and condemned as futile the existentialist quest for authenticity in the face of the all-embracing network of signs. The world itself is text; a reference to a pure meaning prior to language cannot be expressed in it. As he stressed, "the subject is not some meta-linguistic substance or identity, some pure
731:). The concrete piece of behaviour and the system that enables it to mean something mutually entail each other. The very act of identifying what they say already implies structures. Signs are thus not at the service of a subject; they do not pre-exist the relations of difference between them. We cannot seek an exit from this purely relational system. The individual is always subordinate to the code. Linguistic study must abstract from the subjective physical, physiological and psychological aspects of language to concentrate on
47:
626:. This view holds that society operates according to general laws that dictate the existence and interaction of ontologically real objects in the physical world. Introspective and intuitional attempts to gain knowledge are rejected. Though the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of Western thought, the concept was developed in the modern sense in the early 19th century by the philosopher and founding sociologist,
792:, which exists prior to this Symbolic Order, must submit to the Symbolic Law. Since the unconscious is only accessible to the psychoanalyst in language, the most he or she can do is decode the conscious statements of the patient. This decoding can only take place within a signifying chain; the signified of unconscious discourse remains unattainable. It resides in a pre-signified dimension inaccessible to language that Lacan calls "
932:
subject is he who is not aware of the discursive formations that determine him". However, with greater life-experience, she comes closer to accepting that post-structuralism is an intriguing philosophical game, but probably meaningless to those who have not yet even gained awareness of humanism itself.
682:"the positivist thesis of unified science, which assimilates all the sciences to a natural-scientific model, fails because of the intimate relationship between the social sciences and history, and the fact that they are based on a situation-specific understanding of meaning that can be explicated only
896:
continued structuralism's focus on language as key to understanding all aspects of individual and social being, as well as its problematization of the human subject, but rejected its commitment to scientific objectivity. Derrida argued that if signs of language are only significant by virtue of their
745:
proclaimed that the goal of the human sciences was "not to constitute, but to dissolve man". He systematised a structuralist analysis of culture that incorporated ideas and methods from
Saussure's model of language as a system of signifiers and signifieds. His work employed Saussurean technical terms
649:
does not eliminate the will but decides that since the results of science are valid for everyone, this will must be something shared, not individual. In practice, the individual must submit to the collectivity, which 'knows' better than he does. The autonomy of the will is maintained, but it is the
718:
Saussure held that individual units of linguistic signification - signs - only enjoy their individuality and their power to signify by virtue of their contrasts or oppositions with other units in the same symbolic system. For
Saussure, the sign is a mysterious unification of a sound and a thought.
854:
phenomenon. Since its argument rests on a moral and ethical basis, it reflects the reality of exploitation and discrimination that gives rise to it but never truly grasps this reality in thought. Marxist theory must go beyond this to a scientific analysis that directs to underlying forces such as
775:
based on linguistics inevitably led to a similar diminishment of the concept of the autonomous individual: "man with a discourse on freedom which must certainly be called delusional...produced as it is by an animal at the mercy of language". According to Lacan, an individual is not born human but
931:
begins by defining herself as a semiotic materialist, "a subject position in an infinite web of discourses – the discourses of power, sex, family, science, religion, poetry, etc." Charged with taking a bleak deterministic view, she retorts, "antihumanist, yes; inhuman, no...the truly determined
917:, Foucault dismissed history as "humanist anthropology". The methodology of his work focused not on the reality that lies behind the categories of "insanity", "criminality", "delinquency" and "sexuality", but on how these ideas were constructed by discourses.
542:, mature Marx sees the idea of "humanity" as an unreal abstraction that masks conflicts between antagonistic classes; since human rights are abstract, the justice and equality they protect is also abstract, permitting extreme inequalities in reality.
719:
Nothing links the two: each sound and thought is in principle exchangeable for other sounds or concepts. A sign is only significant as a result of the total system in which it functions. To communicate by particular forms of speech and action (
533:
forces individuals to behave in an egoistic manner, they are in constant conflict with one another, and are thus in need of rights to protect themselves. True emancipation, he asserted, could only come through the establishment of
618:, and logical and mathematical treatments of such data, are together the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge. Positivism assumes that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in scientific knowledge. Obtaining and
862:, opposing the philosophy of the subject. For Althusser, individuals are not constitutive of the social process, but are instead its supports or effects. Society constructs the individual in its own image through its
845:
and common human purpose. This essence does not exist: it is a formal structure of thought whose content is determined by the dominant interests of each historical epoch. Socialist humanism is similarly an
714:
the individual subject's entry into them. In the study of linguistics the structuralists saw an objectivity and scientificity that contrasted with the humanist emphasis on creativity, freedom and purpose.
591:. He argues that existentialism does not overcome metaphysics, as it merely reverses the basic metaphysical tenet that essence precedes existence. These metaphysical categories must instead be dismantled.
1332:
one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge, a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved.
555:
viewed humanism as a metaphysical philosophy that ascribes to humanity a universal essence and privileges it above all other forms of existence. For
Heidegger, humanism takes
630:. Comte argued that society operates according to its own quasi-absolute laws, much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other absolute laws of nature.
943:"the 'human' is now able to become a site of amoral disturbance, rather than – or at least, in addition to – being a model of exemplary behaviour for junior audiences".
650:
will of the group, not the person scientism has flourished in two very different political contexts The first variant of scientism was put into practice by
3648:
575:, pointing out that humans were social and historical beings, as well as rejecting Kant's notion of a constituting consciousness. In Heidegger's philosophy, Being (
2713:
583:) are a primary unity. Dualisms of subject and object, consciousness and being, humanity and nature are inauthentic derivations from this. In the
1319:
866:: the beliefs, desires, preferences and judgements of the human individual are the effects of social practices. Where Marxist humanists such as
3513:
518:
exist as a means for the weak to constrain the strong; as such, they do not facilitate the emancipation of life, but instead deny it.
2616:
471:
features. From the belief in a universal moral core of humanity, it followed that all persons were inherently free and equal. For
2937:
88:
641:
view of the world. He clearly identifies positivist theorist
Auguste Comte as an important proponent of this view. For Todorov,
784:", where a child models itself upon its own reflection in a mirror. Language allows us to impose order on our desires at this "
260:
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Chang, Hsu-tung; Jameson, Fredric (1998). "Marxism and the
Historicity of Theory: An Interview with Fredric Jameson".
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In his critique of humanist approaches to popular film, Timothy Laurie suggests that in new animated films from
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447:. Human history was seen as a product of human thought and action, to be understood through the categories of "
255:
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has identified within modernity a trend of thought which emphasizes science and within it tends towards a
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is sometimes considered a humanist, as he rejected the idea of human rights as a symptom of the very
250:
139:
2053:
Laurie, Timothy (2015). "Becoming-Animal is a Trap for Humans: Deleuze and
Guattari in Madagascar".
3638:
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challenged the foundational aspects of
Enlightenment humanism. He rejected absolute categories of
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199:
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is a fiction that covers over a series of effects arrived at independently of the mind itself.
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was developed in post-war Paris as a response to the perceived contradiction between the free
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800:. Conscious discourse is the effect of a meaning beyond the reach of a speaking subject. The
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2018:
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460:
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329:
309:
169:
134:
83:
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of philosophy and the determined subject of the human sciences. It drew on the systematic
686:... access to a symbolically prestructured reality cannot be gained by observation alone."
8:
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343:
124:
1310:
John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber, "Sociology", Seventh
Canadian Edition, Pearson Canada
858:
Althusser considered "structure" and "social relations" to have primacy over individual
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In the 20th century, the view of humans as rationally autonomous was challenged by
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265:
179:
149:
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494:, humanism was nothing more than an empty figure of speech – a secular version of
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of social research. Antipositivism would be further facilitated by rejections of
634:
611:
539:
412:
971:, position in Christianity whose opponents claim entails humans losing their sin
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772:
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philosophy that posits a "human essence" through which there is potential for
549:, who believed humans to be largely driven by unconscious irrational desires.
538:, which abolishes private property. According to many anti-humanists, such as
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only becomes so through incorporation into a cultural order that Lacan terms
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683:
651:
560:
515:
464:
420:
304:
296:
240:
1743:
1344:
Cohen, Louis; Maldonado, Antonio (2007). "Research
Methods In Education".
508:, published several decades before Nietzsche's work. Nietzsche argues in
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3404:
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3043:
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3013:
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875:
851:
703:
499:
428:
159:
154:
20:
490:
Criticism of humanism as over-idealistic began in the 19th century. For
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3227:
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1991:
1932:
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1689:
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1633:
1565:
1537:
1509:
1280:
1252:
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1109:
765:(1977) decried the cult of the author and indeed proclaimed his death.
599:
530:
522:
396:
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3409:
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for a view of language and culture as a conventional system of signs
663:
646:
535:
164:
423:", "man" or "humanity" should be rejected as historically relative,
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863:
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440:
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408:
38:
3431:
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3232:
3185:
1094:
The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism
847:
658:
A similar criticism can be found in the work associated with the
487:
was a guide towards total emancipation from any kind of tyranny.
468:
16:
Philosophical and social theory, critical of traditional humanism
3470:
3342:
3200:
2549:
808:
495:
484:
456:
2178:
James Heartfield, Postmodernism and the 'Death of the Subject'
1970:"Foucault and critique: Kant, humanism and the human sciences"
3222:
3125:
3088:
2187:
940:
870:
believed revolution was contingent on the development of the
568:
2151:
Martin Heidegger, "Letter on Humanism" (1947) reprinted in
587:(1947), Heidegger distances himself from both humanism and
796:". From this, it follows that it is impossible to express
3649:
List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field
3212:
2146:
An Atheism That Is Not Humanist Emerges in French Thought
2157:
Karl Marx, "On the Jewish Question" (1843) reprinted in
901:
of self-presence; it is always inscribed in language".
3275:
439:
In the late 18th and 19th centuries, the philosophy of
2183:
Stefanos Geroulanos, Secularism, atheism, antihumanism
622:
data that can be received from the senses is known as
571:
before him, Heidegger rejected the Kantian notion of
1337:
1306:
1304:
725:) is itself to presuppose a general body of rules (
825:used the term "antihumanism" in an attack against
1301:
467:". Human beings were viewed as possessing common
3678:
1600:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 247.
1313:
1044:, instead affirming that only individuals exist
878:- Althusser's antihumanism removed the role of
559:as the paradigm of philosophy, leading it to a
2714:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
1343:
3514:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
3141:
2666:
2203:
780:. Access to this order proceeds by way of a "
372:
3093:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2399:
1729:
1592:
1586:
855:economic relations and social institutions.
407:is a theory that is critical of traditional
1383:
882:; history was a process without a subject.
594:
415:. Central to antihumanism is the view that
411:, traditional ideas about humanity and the
3148:
3134:
2210:
2196:
1972:. University of Surrey. September 13, 2017
1771:
1769:
1452:. Princeton University Press. 2001. Pg. 23
1439:. Princeton University Press. 2001. Pg. 20
379:
365:
2617:Relationship between religion and science
1873:
1871:
1869:
529:they were intended to oppose. Given that
502:expressed a similar position in his book
1998:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 134–135.
1907:The Tears and Prayers of Jacques Derrida
1783:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 112–113.
1668:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 125–126.
1572:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 123–124.
1402:
1104:
1102:
2938:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1984:
1838:
1797:
1766:
1682:
1654:
3679:
2293:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2099:(2018) includes essay against humanism
2052:
1925:
1866:
1626:
1558:
1530:
1516:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 16–17.
1502:
1465:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
1346:British Journal of Educational Studies
1273:
1245:
1153:. London: Hutchinson. pp. 11–12.
1139:
261:Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association
3601:National Endowment for the Humanities
3586:Humanities, arts, and social sciences
3129:
2665:
2191:
1990:
1931:
1877:
1844:
1803:
1775:
1688:
1660:
1632:
1564:
1536:
1508:
1279:
1251:
1145:
1108:
1099:
885:
3596:Moscow University for the Humanities
3567:Arts and Humanities Research Council
3524:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
920:
1939:. London: Hutchinson. p. 133.
1920:The Cambridge Companion to Foucault
1852:. London: Hutchinson. p. 104.
1811:. London: Hutchinson. p. 112.
1696:. London: Hutchinson. p. 126.
1640:. London: Hutchinson. p. 125.
1544:. London: Hutchinson. p. 123.
1463:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
1227:The Cambridge Companion to Foucault
1214:The Cambridge Companion to Foucault
676:On the Logic of the Social Sciences
246:Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands
13:
2570:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
2082:
1885:. London: Hutchinson. p. 17.
1362:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x
1287:. London: Hutchinson. p. 59.
1259:. London: Hutchinson. p. 57.
1116:. London: Hutchinson. p. 12.
14:
3708:
2898:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
2882:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
2738:The Course in Positive Philosophy
2171:
829:, whose position he considered a
1065:, which rejects anthropocentrism
690:
45:
3644:Humanities in the United States
3492:American Journal of Archaeology
2890:History and Class Consciousness
2046:
2037:
2028:
2012:
1962:
1953:
1912:
1899:
1833:Marx through Post-Structuralism
1825:
1723:
1710:
1613:
1604:
1489:
1476:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1396:
1377:
1232:
874:of an historical subject - the
3519:Journal of Controversial Ideas
3155:
2754:Critical History of Philosophy
2217:
1219:
1206:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1130:
1086:
606:based on the view that in the
256:Norwegian Humanist Association
1:
2962:Knowledge and Human Interests
2298:Rankean historical positivism
1080:
1009:Marx's theory of human nature
236:American Humanist Association
61:
3539:Revue des Études Arméniennes
3080:
2746:A General View of Positivism
2125:The Archaeology of Knowledge
1199:On the Genealogy of Morality
1092:J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds.,
914:The Archaeology of Knowledge
788:" stage of development. The
735:as a self-contained whole.
7:
2946:Conjectures and Refutations
2778:The Logic of Modern Physics
2595:Deductive-nomological model
2097:Beyond Sartre and Sterility
1497:Postmodernism for Beginners
1495:R. Appignanesi/C. Garratt,
1411:. Boston: Pearson. p.
946:
614:, information derived from
567:that must be avoided. Like
10:
3713:
2906:The Poverty of Historicism
2802:The Universe in a Nutshell
2786:Language, Truth, and Logic
2770:The Analysis of Sensations
2165:On the Genealogy of Morals
1996:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1937:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1905:Quoted in John D. Caputo,
1883:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1850:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1809:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1781:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1694:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1666:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1638:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1570:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1542:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1514:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1403:Macionis, John J. (2012).
1285:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1257:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1151:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
1114:Humanism and Anti-Humanism
434:
417:philosophical anthropology
18:
3654:Outline of the humanities
3634:Criticism of mass culture
3614:
3606:National Humanities Medal
3559:
3484:
3315:
3163:
3114:
3062:
2996:
2986:The Rhetoric of Economics
2873:
2812:
2729:
2676:
2672:
2667:Positivist-related debate
2661:
2488:
2457:
2372:
2316:
2260:
2229:
2225:
2055:Deleuze and the Non/Human
1461:Outhwaite, William, 1988
925:The heroine of the novel
251:Humanist Society Scotland
3639:Educational essentialism
3276:Interdisciplinary fields
2922:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
2639:Structural functionalism
2565:Naturalism in literature
2139:The History of Sexuality
2104:Madness and Civilisation
2043:Lodge, p. 153 and p. 225
1716:M. Hardt/K. Weeks eds.,
1623:(1997) p. 216 and p. 264
1063:Object-oriented ontology
595:Positivism and scientism
19:Not to be confused with
3049:Willard Van Orman Quine
2762:Idealism and Positivism
2354:Critique of metaphysics
2288:Sociological positivism
2063:10.1057/9781137453693_9
1324:The Concept of Ideology
1053:Philosophical pessimism
231:Humanists International
3427:Liberal arts education
3094:
3063:Concepts in contention
2704:
2694:
2684:
2575:Objectivity in science
2473:Non-Euclidean geometry
2439:Methodological dualism
2400:
1482:Elisabeth Roudinesco,
1407:Sociology 14th Edition
1334:
833:movement. He believed
688:
656:
226:Humanist International
3503:History of Humanities
2970:The Poverty of Theory
2590:Philosophy of science
2479:Uncertainty principle
2163:Friedrich Nietzsche,
2144:Stefanos Geroulanos,
2132:Discipline and Punish
1744:10.1353/nlh.1998.0029
1330:
708:Ferdinand de Saussure
680:
643:
604:philosophy of science
443:was a cornerstone of
419:and its concepts of "
325:Humanistic capitalism
320:Humanistic psychology
3659:Renaissance humanism
3591:Master of Humanities
2978:The Scientific Image
2649:Structuration theory
2612:Qualitative research
2513:Criticism of science
2508:Critical rationalism
2444:Problem of induction
2057:. pp. 142–162.
1732:New Literary History
1594:Levi-Strauss, Claude
1450:The Imperfect Garden
1437:The Imperfect Garden
969:Christian perfection
954:Anti-foundationalism
818:socialist humanism,
771:'s reformulation of
330:Humanistic economics
310:Religion of Humanity
84:Renaissance humanism
3578:Geisteswissenschaft
3544:Teaching Philosophy
3323:Abductive reasoning
2954:One-Dimensional Man
2402:Geisteswissenschaft
2385:Confirmation holism
2118:The Order of Things
2111:Birth of the Clinic
1621:Écrits: A Selection
1610:Appiganesi, p. 66-7
1196:"Chapter III §14".
872:class consciousness
807:Taking a lead from
743:Claude Levi-Strauss
579:) and human Being (
511:Genealogy of Morals
505:The Ego and Its Own
492:Friedrich Nietzsche
3665:Studia Humanitatis
3029:Hans-Georg Gadamer
2830:Alexander Bogdanov
2706:Positivismusstreit
2501:Post-behavioralism
2465:history of science
2317:Principal concepts
2273:Logical positivism
2090:Image: Music: Text
1718:The Jameson Reader
1074:Structural Marxism
891:Post-structuralist
886:Post-structuralism
837:to be a bourgeois
820:structural Marxist
811:'s twin attack on
738:The structuralist
624:empirical evidence
616:sensory experience
585:Letter on Humanism
271:Center for Inquiry
102:Humanist Manifesto
89:in Northern Europe
3674:
3673:
3394:General knowledge
3377:Cultural literacy
3311:
3310:
3245:Religious studies
3181:Classical studies
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3004:Theodor W. Adorno
2820:Richard Avenarius
2696:Werturteilsstreit
2657:
2656:
2605:Sense-data theory
2303:Polish positivism
2278:Positivist school
2137:Michel Foucault,
2130:Michel Foucault,
2123:Michel Foucault,
2116:Michel Foucault,
2109:Michel Foucault,
2102:Michel Foucault,
2072:978-1-349-49775-1
1756:Project MUSE
1471:978-0-7456-4328-1
1448:Tzvetan Todorov.
1435:Tzvetan Todorov.
1422:978-0-205-11671-3
1384:Sociology Guide.
1173:Childers, p. 95-6
1069:Social alienation
921:Cultural examples
827:Marxist humanists
633:Humanist thinker
473:liberal humanists
445:the Enlightenment
389:
388:
355:Philosophy portal
52:Leonardo da Vinci
3704:
3461:Self-realization
3273:
3272:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3099:
3085:
3009:Gaston Bachelard
2930:Truth and Method
2914:World Hypotheses
2794:The Two Cultures
2709:
2699:
2689:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2405:
2359:Unity of science
2268:Legal positivism
2227:
2226:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2095:L.S. Cattarini,
2088:Roland Barthes,
2077:
2076:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1929:
1923:
1918:G. Gutting ed.,
1916:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1225:G. Gutting ed.,
1223:
1217:
1212:G. Gutting ed.,
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1143:
1137:
1136:Childers, p. 100
1134:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1014:Marxist humanism
999:Hard determinism
984:Non-essentialism
959:Anti-materialism
660:Frankfurt School
612:natural sciences
553:Martin Heidegger
381:
374:
367:
315:Ethical movement
266:Humanists Sweden
66:
63:
49:
26:
25:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3610:
3555:
3480:
3466:Self-reflection
3456:Moral character
3415:Human condition
3367:Critical theory
3307:
3271:
3218:Performing arts
3159:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3102:
3058:
3024:Paul Feyerabend
3019:Wilhelm Dilthey
2992:
2869:
2808:
2725:
2668:
2653:
2600:Ramsey sentence
2555:Instrumentalism
2484:
2462:
2460:paradigm shifts
2453:
2390:Critical theory
2368:
2364:Verificationism
2312:
2308:Russian Machism
2256:
2221:
2216:
2174:
2085:
2083:Further reading
2080:
2073:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1959:Gutting, p. 277
1958:
1954:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1774:
1767:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1631:
1627:
1619:Jacques Lacan,
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1598:The Savage Mind
1591:
1587:
1580:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1499:(1995) p. 56–60
1494:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1401:
1397:
1390:Sociology Guide
1386:"Auguste Comte"
1382:
1378:
1342:
1338:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1107:
1100:
1096:(1995) p. 140-1
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1040:, which denies
1028:New Historicism
949:
923:
905:Michel Foucault
894:Jacques Derrida
888:
823:Louis Althusser
693:
684:hermeneutically
674:argues, in his
672:JĂĽrgen Habermas
635:Tzvetan Todorov
597:
540:Louis Althusser
523:young Karl Marx
437:
413:human condition
385:
353:
335:
334:
301:
286:
285:
276:
275:
221:
220:
211:
210:
209:
119:
118:
109:
108:
107:
78:
77:
68:
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3672:
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3669:
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3641:
3636:
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3598:
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3407:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3349:Belles-lettres
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Antipositivism
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3086:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Émile Durkheim
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2686:Methodenstreit
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:Social science
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2580:Operationalism
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2489:Related topics
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2397:
2395:Falsifiability
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Antipositivism
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:Postpositivism
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2172:External links
2170:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2159:Early Writings
2155:
2153:Basic Writings
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2025:(1988) p. 21-2
2011:
2005:0-09-162-931-4
2004:
1983:
1961:
1952:
1946:0-09-162-931-4
1945:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1892:0-09-162-931-4
1891:
1865:
1859:0-09-162-931-4
1858:
1837:
1824:
1818:0-09-162-931-4
1817:
1796:
1790:0-09-162-931-4
1789:
1765:
1738:(3): 353–383.
1722:
1709:
1703:0-09-162-931-4
1702:
1681:
1675:0-09-162-931-4
1674:
1653:
1647:0-09-162-931-4
1646:
1625:
1612:
1603:
1585:
1579:0-09-162-931-4
1578:
1557:
1551:0-09-162-931-4
1550:
1529:
1523:0-09-162-931-4
1522:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1421:
1395:
1376:
1336:
1312:
1300:
1294:0-09-162-931-4
1293:
1272:
1266:0-09-162-931-4
1265:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1188:
1175:
1166:
1160:0-09-162-931-4
1159:
1138:
1129:
1123:0-09-162-931-4
1122:
1098:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
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1025:
1016:
1011:
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1001:
996:
991:
986:
977:
972:
966:
961:
956:
950:
948:
945:
922:
919:
887:
884:
773:psychoanalysis
763:Roland Barthes
740:anthropologist
692:
689:
596:
593:
589:existentialism
527:dehumanization
461:responsibility
436:
433:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
361:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
340:
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208:
207:
202:
200:Transcendental
197:
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177:
172:
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162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
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127:
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91:
80:
79:
75:
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73:
70:
69:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3709:
3698:
3697:Structuralism
3695:
3693:
3692:Postmodernism
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:Human science
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Environmental
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:Language arts
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:György Lukács
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:Vienna Circle
2863:
2861:
2860:Berlin Circle
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Eugen DĂĽhring
2838:
2836:
2835:Auguste Comte
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:Contributions
2728:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Structuralism
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Phenomenalism
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
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2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:Behavioralism
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
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2427:
2425:
2424:Human science
2422:
2420:
2417:
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2410:
2407:
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2398:
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2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Pseudoscience
2347:
2345:
2344:Justification
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
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2309:
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2259:
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2250:
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2208:
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2201:
2199:
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2190:
2184:
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2179:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1922:(2003) p. 277
1921:
1915:
1909:(1997) p. 349
1908:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1831:Simon Choat,
1828:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1720:(2005) p. 150
1719:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1649:
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1629:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1599:
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1589:
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1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1486:(2005) p. 332
1485:
1484:Jacques Lacan
1479:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1409:
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1399:
1391:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1329:, quotation:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:Jorge Larrain
1316:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1242:(1989) p. 449
1241:
1235:
1229:(2003) p. 244
1228:
1222:
1216:(2003) p. 243
1215:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1182:Tony Davies,
1179:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
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1133:
1125:
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1105:
1103:
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1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Postmodernism
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
970:
967:
965:
964:Anti-natalism
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
944:
942:
938:
933:
930:
929:
918:
916:
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910:
906:
902:
900:
895:
892:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:consciousness
856:
853:
849:
844:
840:
839:individualist
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
769:Jacques Lacan
766:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
744:
741:
736:
734:
730:
729:
724:
723:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:Structuralism
691:Structuralism
687:
685:
679:
678:(1967), that
677:
673:
669:
666:; or science
665:
661:
655:
653:
648:
642:
640:
639:deterministic
636:
631:
629:
628:Auguste Comte
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:consciousness
554:
550:
548:
547:Sigmund Freud
543:
541:
537:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
481:universal law
478:
477:Immanuel Kant
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:consciousness
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:anti-humanism
402:
398:
394:
393:social theory
382:
377:
375:
370:
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350:
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331:
328:
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242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:Organizations
215:
214:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
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178:
176:
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138:
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133:
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128:
126:
123:
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113:
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104:
103:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
72:
71:
59:
58:
57:Vitruvian Man
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
3687:Posthumanism
3663:
3627:Philistinism
3622:Antihumanism
3621:
3576:
3548:
3534:Nova Religio
3501:
3419:
3399:Hermeneutics
3354:
3347:
3171:Anthropology
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2720:Science wars
2518:Epistemology
2449:Reflectivism
2409:Hermeneutics
2261:Declinations
2237:Antihumanism
2236:
2230:Perspectives
2164:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2034:Lodge, p. 22
2030:
2022:
2014:
1995:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1882:
1849:
1840:
1835:(2010) p. 17
1832:
1827:
1808:
1799:
1780:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1693:
1684:
1665:
1656:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1569:
1560:
1541:
1532:
1513:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1284:
1275:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1186:(1997) p. 37
1183:
1178:
1169:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1113:
1093:
1088:
1058:Posthumanism
1048:Original sin
994:Nancy Fraser
989:Stanley Fish
980:Essentialism
934:
926:
924:
912:
909:epistemology
903:
898:
889:
880:human agency
868:Georg Lukács
857:
843:authenticity
815:
806:
798:subjectivity
782:mirror stage
778:The Symbolic
767:
759:semiological
756:
751:
747:
737:
732:
726:
720:
717:
711:
694:
681:
675:
667:
657:
652:totalitarian
644:
632:
619:
598:
580:
576:
561:subjectivism
551:
544:
520:
516:human rights
510:
503:
489:
465:moral values
438:
429:metaphysical
421:human nature
404:
401:antihumanism
400:
390:
305:Confucianism
297:Posthumanism
292:Antihumanism
291:
241:Humanists UK
100:
55:
3476:Work of art
3444:Metaphysics
3405:Historicism
3250:Visual arts
3176:Archaeology
3164:Disciplines
3075:Objectivity
3044:Karl Popper
3034:Thomas Kuhn
3014:Mario Bunge
2765:(1879–1884)
2700:(1909–1959)
2434:Metaphysics
2414:Historicism
2329:Demarcation
2324:Consilience
2247:Rationalism
2019:David Lodge
1992:Soper, Kate
1976:January 16,
1933:Soper, Kate
1879:Soper, Kate
1846:Soper, Kate
1805:Soper, Kate
1777:Soper, Kate
1690:Soper, Kate
1662:Soper, Kate
1634:Soper, Kate
1566:Soper, Kate
1538:Soper, Kate
1510:Soper, Kate
1281:Soper, Kate
1253:Soper, Kate
1238:Peter Gay,
1147:Soper, Kate
1110:Soper, Kate
876:proletariat
852:ideological
831:revisionist
790:unconscious
704:linguistics
668:as ideology
610:as well as
500:Max Stirner
425:ideological
170:Rationalist
135:Existential
65: 1490
21:Misanthropy
3681:Categories
3437:Quadrivium
3362:Creativity
3328:Aesthetics
3255:Filmmaking
3240:Philosophy
3196:Literature
3157:Humanities
2855:Ernst Mach
2850:Ernst Laas
2825:A. J. Ayer
2813:Proponents
2632:Philosophy
2429:Humanities
2373:Antitheses
2242:Empiricism
2219:Positivism
1081:References
1042:universals
937:DreamWorks
864:ideologies
600:Positivism
531:capitalism
397:philosophy
3509:Humanitas
3421:Humanitas
3410:Historism
3372:Criticism
3265:Sculpture
3096:Verstehen
3082:Phronesis
3070:Knowledge
3054:Max Weber
2874:Criticism
2622:Sociology
2560:Modernism
2538:pluralism
2523:anarchism
2419:Historism
2339:Induction
2252:Scientism
2023:Nice Work
1752:143976198
1370:143761151
1354:Routledge
1019:Modernism
975:Cosmicism
928:Nice Work
850:and thus
813:bourgeois
786:Imaginary
712:preceding
664:scientism
654:regimes."
647:Scientism
620:verifying
536:communism
469:essential
205:Universal
175:Religious
165:Personism
130:Christian
94:in France
3560:Academia
3529:Leonardo
3497:Daedalus
3485:Journals
3449:Ontology
3338:The arts
3260:Painting
3206:Rhetoric
3117:Category
2533:nihilism
2528:idealism
2458:Related
2334:Evidence
1994:(1986).
1935:(1986).
1881:(1986).
1848:(1986).
1807:(1986).
1779:(1986).
1692:(1986).
1664:(1986).
1636:(1986).
1596:(1966).
1568:(1986).
1540:(1986).
1512:(1986).
1283:(1986).
1255:(1986).
1184:Humanism
1149:(1986).
1112:(1986).
1038:Occamism
1033:Nihilism
1004:Humanism
947:See also
835:humanism
794:The Real
761:work of
746:such as
573:autonomy
565:idealism
475:such as
441:humanism
409:humanism
349:Category
284:See also
190:Theistic
140:Integral
125:Buddhist
39:Humanism
31:a series
29:Part of
3615:Related
3550:more...
3432:Trivium
3382:Culture
3356:Bildung
3298:Medical
3283:Digital
3233:Theatre
3186:History
2997:Critics
2722:(1990s)
2716:(1980s)
2710:(1960s)
2690:(1890s)
2543:realism
2475:(1830s)
2463:in the
1322:(1979)
848:ethical
700:subject
435:Origins
344:Outline
180:Secular
150:Marxist
76:History
3471:Wisdom
3403:
3343:Beauty
3316:Themes
3303:Public
3293:Health
3201:Poetry
2989:(1986)
2981:(1980)
2973:(1978)
2965:(1968)
2957:(1964)
2949:(1963)
2941:(1962)
2933:(1960)
2925:(1951)
2917:(1942)
2909:(1936)
2901:(1934)
2893:(1923)
2885:(1909)
2805:(2001)
2797:(1959)
2789:(1936)
2781:(1927)
2773:(1886)
2757:(1869)
2749:(1848)
2741:(1830)
2677:Method
2550:Holism
2481:(1927)
2167:(1887)
2148:(2010)
2141:(1976)
2134:(1975)
2127:(1969)
2120:(1966)
2113:(1963)
2106:(1961)
2092:(1977)
2069:
2002:
1943:
1889:
1856:
1815:
1787:
1758:
1750:
1700:
1672:
1644:
1576:
1548:
1520:
1469:
1419:
1368:
1291:
1263:
1157:
1120:
899:cogito
809:Brecht
752:parole
748:langue
733:langue
728:langue
722:parole
608:social
581:Dasein
496:theism
485:reason
479:, the
457:choice
453:agency
195:Trans-
185:Super-
145:Jewish
3228:Music
3223:Dance
3089:Truth
1760:24419
1748:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1356:: 9.
1352:(4).
1327:p.197
1240:Freud
941:Pixar
602:is a
569:Hegel
514:that
117:Forms
3387:High
2067:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1978:2018
1941:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1473:p.22
1467:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1021:and
982:and
939:and
757:The
750:and
577:Sein
563:and
521:The
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455:", "
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395:and
160:Pan-
155:Neo-
3213:Law
2059:doi
1740:doi
1358:doi
816:and
802:ego
706:of
483:of
427:or
403:or
391:In
54:'s
3683::
2065:.
2021:,
1868:^
1768:^
1754:.
1746:.
1736:29
1734:.
1415:.
1413:11
1388:.
1364:.
1350:55
1348:.
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1101:^
670:.
498:.
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399:,
62:c.
33:on
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2197:v
2075:.
2061::
2008:.
1980:.
1949:.
1895:.
1862:.
1821:.
1793:.
1762:.
1742::
1706:.
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1650:.
1582:.
1554:.
1526:.
1425:.
1392:.
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1372:.
1360::
1297:.
1269:.
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1126:.
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380:e
373:t
366:v
67:)
60:(
23:.
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