954:
Plutarch to do so. Florus alleged that the blazing heat of
Armenia and the snowfall of Cappadocia inflicted lethal attrition on the retreating Romans, while Plutarch and Dio wrote that the snow and ice of Armenia were killing Antony's soldiers. Dio and especially Orosius asserted that many Romans deserted the army during the withdrawal, while Plutarch emphasised that the troops remained loyal to Antony. Plutarch indicates explicitly and implicitly that he based his account on multiple, sometimes conflicting sources, leading to duplications of the same events (such as the Romans twice fraternising with Parthians, being misled along a "safe" passage but attacked by Parthians anyway), and contradicting himself on whether the Armenian king's withdrawal of the cavalry, or Antony's decision to campaign during the winter season, was to blame for the expedition's failure.
47:
177:
819:, the Roman baggage train and siege engines, which had taken a different route, were destroyed by a Parthian cavalry force. Antony moved on and besieged the Atropatene capital but was unsuccessful. The arduous journey of retreat to Armenia and then Syria further inflicted losses on his force, making the war a tactical Roman disaster and a strategic draw. Peace was later negotiated by
1185:
In
Armenia, Antony hid his resentment of the Armenian king and his intentions to punish him in the future, as he needed support to continue his journey through Armenia back to the Roman soil in Syria. Although safe from Parthian attacks after arriving in Armenia, additional Roman soldiers died on the
1200:
Some Roman sources blame the
Armenian king for the heavy defeat, but others do not; Strabo and Plutach disagree sharply on the issue. Plutach even contradicts himself on whether the Armenian king's withdrawal of the cavalry, or Antony's decision to campaign during the winter season, was to blame for
1159:
The retreat of the
Armenian king was later interpreted as treason in Antony's camp. However, a pro-Antony bias is present in the narrations of the campaign by Strabo and Plutarch, whose primary source was a written report by Antony's friend, Quintus Dellius, who had masked Antony's poor management
953:
tactic once or multiple times to ward off the
Parthians; and whether the Armenian king was held responsible for the campaign's failure or not. Florus claims that at some point Antony walked into a Parthian trap and lost two legions, which no other source mentions, although one would expect Dio or
944:
Benjamin Kelly (2008) noted that apart from agreeing on a few basic facts, the primary sources on Antony's 36 Atropatene campaign contradict each other on virtually everything. Discrepancies range from troop strength and losses; to which city was targeted by Antony's siege; to whether almost all
1204:
Again with
Egyptian money, citing abandonment of the Romans in 36 after initially supporting them, Antony invaded Armenia in 34, capturing king Artavasdes and taking control of Armenia for a time. On his return to Egypt, the equivalent of a
1042:, whom the Romans deposed and installed the weaker Hyrcanus II as high priest (but not king) in 63 BC. Upon capturing Hyrcanus II, Antigonus bit off his uncle's ears to disqualify him from ever serving as high priest again.
1186:
march to the
Mediterranean due to inclement weather. The arduous journey through the mountains of Armenia in winter greatly reduced the strength of Antony's army. Around 32,000 men of his army were lost in total.
1152:(according to Kelly (2008), King Phraates himself commanded the attack on the Roman baggage train). Statianus and 10,000 legionaries were killed and the Antony's supplies and siege engines were destroyed. King
701:
815:, Antony began a campaign against Parthia with a massive force in 36 BC. Since the Euphrates front was found to be strong, Antony chose the route via Armenia. Upon entering
291:
388:
1209:
was celebrated in the streets of
Alexandria. At the end of the celebration, the whole city was summoned to hear a very important political statement, later known as the
801:
422:
320:
1178:
Antony then began an exhausting retreat to
Armenia along a mountainous road and was ceaselessly harassed by the Parthian cavalry. His forces reached the border of
963:
2094:
694:
1622:
1356:
284:
381:
1278:
1138:. From there, Antony and the bulk of the force took the convenient caravan route. The baggage train, which was protected by two legions under
2029:
687:
1485:
277:
2064:
374:
2039:
1664:
668:
663:
17:
2003:
1877:
967:
805:
721:
427:
325:
901:
498:
1175:). Ceaselessly harassed by the Parthian and Atropatenian cavalry, Antony finally abandoned the siege and realised his defeat.
1863:
1577:
1535:
1195:
1148:, took a different longer route. After entering Atropatene, the latter convoy was attacked by a Parthian cavalry force under
638:
464:
345:
1723:
949:
in
Statianus' supply forces were killed, or that many more were captured; to whether Antony's retreating infantry used the
753:
493:
1856:
454:
335:
1437:
1000:
550:
2089:
1505:
1296:
643:
1552:
2024:
190:
2049:
2034:
1604:
K. Schippmann, “ARSACIDS ii. The Arsacid dynasty,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, II/5, pp. 525-536, available online at
570:
1109:
812:
592:
113:
1657:
459:
340:
831:
Primary sources for the 36 Atropatene campaign of Antony include sections, fragments or passing mentions in
2044:
1905:
1224:
was unable to follow up the victory because of a civil war from 32 BC to 25 BC. It began by a rebellion of
1163:
Antony still proceeded to besiege the fortified Atropatenian capital Phraata/Praaspa (identified as either
1112:(7,000 infantry and 6,000 heavy cavalry). The invasion force reached a total of 90,000 to 100,000 men with
726:
432:
228:
804:
but died before he could implement it. In 40 BC, the Parthians were joined by Pompeian forces and briefly
2099:
1998:
1982:
631:
540:
1003:
and Gaius Octavianus (later known as Augustus). Soon, with the triumvirs preoccupied with the revolt of
2079:
1836:
1749:
1713:
896:
743:
2059:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1891:
1884:
1718:
1697:
1332:
607:
555:
474:
469:
355:
350:
129:
1912:
1650:
1145:
1062:
736:
442:
158:
1926:
1850:
1225:
1210:
1035:
984:
617:
575:
560:
486:
479:
411:
301:
38:
1134:
As the Parthians were concentrated on the Euphrates, Antony chose the route via Armenia towards
1156:
was captured, but King Artavasdes II and his cavalry had hastily retreated and did not engage.
585:
565:
535:
525:
503:
398:
92:
1919:
1733:
1337:
1286:
1101:
976:
924:
731:
602:
530:
437:
121:
2084:
1754:
937:
580:
8:
2074:
1769:
1282:
1266:
1153:
1149:
1113:
946:
852:
597:
216:
194:
171:
2054:
1842:
1121:
996:
916:
911:
1972:
1898:
1815:
1573:
1531:
1501:
1433:
1292:
1270:
1201:
the expedition's failure. Modern sources note Antony's poor management and planning.
1105:
1069:
1038:
was installed in his place. Antigonus was the only remaining son of the former King
988:
950:
624:
612:
518:
513:
417:
315:
142:
125:
1605:
1357:"Antony's Parthian War: Politics and Bloodshed between Empires of the Ancient World"
1116:
in 300 wagons (a train ~5 miles (8.0 km) long) and an 80 foot (24 m) long
1805:
1728:
1493:
1258:
1172:
1128:
1050:
545:
163:
1497:
176:
1764:
1673:
1449:
1262:
1237:
1077:
980:
787:
679:
181:
134:
2069:
1820:
1810:
1774:
1759:
1097:
1054:
1039:
881:
861:
783:
648:
117:
109:
2018:
1977:
1967:
1528:
The War That Made the Roman Empire: Antony, Cleopatra, and Octavian at Actium
1206:
1179:
1117:
1073:
1058:
1004:
972:
797:
508:
46:
1800:
1782:
1093:
1016:
871:
247:
212:
1274:
1221:
1027:
1012:
995:, to continue east into Parthian territory. After his assassination, the
906:
837:
791:
779:
775:
653:
186:
154:
891:
1135:
816:
241:
138:
70:
1182:
after 27 days. A survey of the troops suggested 24,000 men were lost.
1096:(about 80,000 men), he joined with forces from the client kingdoms of
269:
1081:
866:
847:
808:, but a force sent by Antony defeated them and reversed their gains.
658:
366:
1228:
that was probably supported by aristocratic circles and the Romans.
1057:, and penetrated deep into the west and defeated a Roman army under
1214:
1164:
1046:
1031:
876:
856:
820:
1642:
1962:
1140:
932:
1168:
1092:
36 BC, Antony went on to attack the Parthian Empire. Having 16
1008:
886:
832:
1692:
1687:
1020:
992:
983:
in 44 BC to avenge the earlier defeat of a Roman army led by
1624:
Dellius, the Parthian Campaign, and the Image of Mark Antony
842:
1412:
1410:
1380:
1378:
1061:. They were, however, defeated by a veteran army, led by
1127:
Late into the campaigning season of 36, Antony attacked
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1407:
1375:
224:
6,000 Armenian armored cavalry, 7,000 Armenian infantry
1397:
1395:
1393:
1053:, son of Caesar's former general and later antagonist
1630:. Toronto: York University, Toronto. pp. 213–234
1568:
Ussher, James; Pierce, Larry; Pierce, Marion (2003).
1554:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1120:. Cleopatra accompanied Antony as far as the city of
1586:
1454:
1390:
1363:
991:. Caesar's plan was, after a brief pacification of
1567:
709:
1213:, which effectively ended Antony's alliance with
1068:With the aid of Mark Antony, a lover of Egyptian
1065:, which drove the invaders from Roman territory.
2016:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
964:Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
81:Parthian victory, ended by formal peace in 20 BC
1484:Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) (1 October 2006).
1026:The Judean high priest and puppet Roman ruler,
1521:
1519:
1517:
1658:
1305:
695:
382:
285:
1350:
1348:
1572:. New Leaf Publishing Group. p. 717b.
1514:
1257:Bivar, H.D.H (1968). William Bayne Fisher;
1665:
1651:
1291:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
999:was formed with Marcus Antonius (Antony),
702:
688:
389:
375:
292:
278:
2095:Military campaigns involving ancient Rome
1345:
1160:and put the blames on the Armenian king.
1144:Oppius Statianus and accompanied by King
1030:, was overthrown and sent as prisoner to
811:Allying with several kingdoms, including
1557:. C.C. Little and J. Brown. p. 39a.
1483:
1330:
215:(80,000 legionaries) with 300 wagons of
1525:
299:
14:
2017:
1530:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 72–74.
396:
1646:
1620:
1592:
1550:
1471:
1416:
1401:
1384:
1369:
1256:
683:
370:
326:Pompeian–Parthian invasion (40–38 BC)
273:
2030:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
1273:; Peter Jackson; Laurence Lockhart;
1011:, Parthia attacked Roman-controlled
341:Trajan's Parthian campaign (115–117)
1878:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
1672:
1354:
1124:, where he drew together the army.
1080:, returned to Judea and recaptured
968:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
722:Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC
351:Campaign of Septimius Severus (198)
24:
2065:Wars involving the Parthian Empire
1488:. In Salazar, Christine F. (ed.).
826:
356:Caracalla's Parthian War (216–217)
25:
2111:
2040:Wars involving the Roman Republic
1331:Chaumont, M. L. (5 August 2011).
1196:Antony’s campaign against Armenia
321:Caesar's planned invasion (44 BC)
221:10,000 Iberian and Celtic cavalry
1526:Strauss, Barry (22 March 2022).
331:Antony's Parthian War (40–33 BC)
175:
45:
2004:Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
1614:
1607:(accessed on 30 December 2012).
1598:
1561:
1544:
1477:
806:captured much of the Roman East
1443:
1422:
1355:Rea, Cam (February 21, 2017).
1250:
1076:, the son-in-law of Hyrcanus,
979:, planned a campaign into the
802:planned an invasion of Parthia
13:
1:
1864:Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
1498:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e808670
1288:The Cambridge History of Iran
1243:
957:
774:, was a military campaign by
499:Campaign of Severus Alexander
1906:Battle of the Cilician Gates
1871:Antony's Atropatene campaign
1432:. Simon and Schuster (2008)
1189:
1049:, the Parthians allied with
975:, after ensuring victory in
929:Breviarium Historiae Romanae
768:Antony's Atropatene campaign
32:Antony's Atropatene campaign
7:
1857:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
1551:Smith, Sir William (1849).
1231:
1087:
593:Julian's Persian expedition
571:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
10:
2116:
1193:
961:
772:Antony's Parthian campaign
460:Trajan's Parthian campaign
428:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
191:Artavasdes I of Atropatene
18:Antony's Parthian War
1991:
1955:
1934:Parthian war of Caracalla
1892:Battle of Ctesiphon (198)
1885:Battle of Ctesiphon (165)
1829:
1793:
1742:
1706:
1698:Parni conquest of Parthia
1680:
717:
475:Parthian war of Caracalla
423:Caesar's planned invasion
408:
311:
255:
207:90,000-100,000+ in total
200:
148:
130:Herodian Kingdom of Judea
103:
53:
44:
36:
31:
1913:Battle of Mount Gindarus
1621:Kelly, Benjamin (2008).
1146:Artavasdes II of Armenia
1063:Publius Ventidius Bassus
902:Epitome of Roman History
336:War over Armenia (58–63)
316:Carrhae Campaign (53 BC)
159:Artavasdes II of Armenia
1983:Roman–Iranian relations
1927:Battle of Nisibis (217)
1570:The Annals of the World
1211:Donations of Alexandria
1034:, and the pro-Parthian
985:Marcus Licinius Crassus
632:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
465:Lucius Verus' campaigns
2050:Wars involving Armenia
2035:1st century BC in Iran
1837:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
945:Roman soldiers except
450:Mark Antony's campaign
162:Oppius Statianus
149:Commanders and leaders
93:Status quo ante bellum
2090:Antony's Parthian War
1947:Bactrian–Parthian War
1942:Armenian–Parthian War
1920:Battle of Amanus Pass
1338:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1194:Further information:
711:Antony's Parthian War
455:Armenian War of 58–63
256:Casualties and losses
938:De viris illustribus
935:, and the anonymous
749:Parthia (Atropatene)
264:Unknown, but minimal
2045:Wars involving Iran
2025:Roman–Parthian Wars
1851:Roman–Parthian Wars
1154:Polemon I of Pontus
1036:Hasmonean Antigonus
947:Polemon I of Pontus
853:Velleius Paterculus
487:Roman–Sasanian wars
412:Roman–Parthian Wars
303:Roman–Parthian Wars
172:Polemon I of Pontus
39:Roman–Parthian Wars
2100:Second Triumvirate
1843:Battle of Ecbatana
1750:Seven Great Houses
1450:Jewish Wars I 13:9
1419:, p. 216–217.
1387:, p. 214–216.
997:Second Triumvirate
744:Siege of Jerusalem
400:Roman–Persian Wars
2080:Kingdom of Pontus
2012:
2011:
1999:Parthian monarchs
1973:Parthian Dark Age
1899:Battle of Carrhae
1724:Caucasian Albania
1579:978-0-89051-360-6
1537:978-1-9821-1667-5
1490:Brill's New Pauly
1428:Freeman, Philip.
1167:or less probably
989:Battle of Carrhae
951:testudo formation
762:
761:
677:
676:
364:
363:
268:
267:
143:Hasmonean Kingdom
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
2107:
2060:40s BC conflicts
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1845:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1303:
1302:
1283:Charles Melville
1259:Ilya Gershevitch
1254:
1173:Takht-e Soleyman
1129:Media Atropatene
1051:Quintus Labienus
770:, also known as
712:
704:
697:
690:
681:
680:
403:
401:
391:
384:
377:
368:
367:
306:
304:
294:
287:
280:
271:
270:
261:~32,000 men lost
236:24,000 in total
179:
168:
55:
54:
49:
29:
28:
21:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1987:
1951:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1841:
1825:
1789:
1738:
1702:
1676:
1674:Parthian Empire
1671:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1346:
1329:
1306:
1299:
1263:Ehsan Yarshater
1255:
1251:
1246:
1238:Fabian strategy
1234:
1198:
1192:
1090:
981:Parthian Empire
970:
960:
829:
827:Source analysis
788:Parthian Empire
765:
764:
763:
758:
713:
710:
708:
678:
673:
404:
399:
397:
395:
365:
360:
307:
302:
300:
298:
193:
189:
182:Herod the Great
180:
170:
164:
161:
157:
141:
137:
135:Parthian Empire
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
87:
73:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 215.
1585:
1578:
1560:
1543:
1536:
1513:
1506:
1476:
1474:, p. 214.
1453:
1442:
1438:978-0743289542
1421:
1406:
1404:, p. 216.
1389:
1374:
1372:, p. 213.
1362:
1344:
1333:"ANTONY, MARK"
1304:
1297:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1220:Parthian King
1191:
1188:
1089:
1086:
1055:Titus Labienus
1040:Aristobulus II
1001:Marcus Lepidus
959:
956:
889:(fragments of
882:Life of Antony
862:The Jewish War
828:
825:
786:, against the
784:Roman Republic
778:, the eastern
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
740:
739:
737:Mount Gindarus
734:
729:
727:Cilician Gates
718:
715:
714:
707:
706:
699:
692:
684:
675:
674:
672:
671:
669:War of 602–628
666:
664:War of 572–591
661:
656:
651:
649:Anastasian War
646:
641:
639:War of 421–422
628:
627:
622:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
568:
563:
558:
553:
551:Caesarea (260)
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
433:Cilician Gates
425:
420:
409:
406:
405:
394:
393:
386:
379:
371:
362:
361:
359:
358:
353:
348:
346:War of 161–166
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
308:
297:
296:
289:
282:
274:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
244:
233:
232:
231:
227:23,000–24,000
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110:Roman Republic
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1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Parthian shot
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Parthian army
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1958:
1954:
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1180:Armenia Major
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1131:via Armenia.
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1118:battering ram
1115:
1114:siege engines
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1074:Cleopatra VII
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561:Carrhae (296)
559:
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556:3rd Ctesiphon
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526:Nisibis (252)
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507:
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504:Nisibis (235)
502:
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470:2nd Ctesiphon
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248:horse archers
245:
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217:siege engines
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210:
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65:
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60:
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43:
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30:
19:
1870:
1734:Indo-Parthia
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1615:Bibliography
1600:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1546:
1527:
1489:
1479:
1445:
1429:
1424:
1365:
1336:
1287:
1279:Gavin Hambly
1252:
1219:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1091:
1067:
1044:
1025:
971:
943:
936:
928:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
872:Strategemata
870:
860:
846:
836:
830:
810:
796:
771:
767:
766:
748:
630:
629:
603:Maiozamalcha
541:Dura-Europos
485:
484:
449:
410:
330:
235:
206:
165:
104:Belligerents
91:
37:Part of the
2085:Mark Antony
1755:Ispahbudhan
1743:Noble clans
1440:, p.347-349
1275:Peter Avery
1271:J. A. Boyle
1222:Phraates IV
1028:Hyrcanus II
1019:kingdom of
907:Cassius Dio
838:Geographica
792:Phraates IV
776:Mark Antony
732:Amanus Pass
654:Iberian War
586:2nd Singara
576:1st Singara
531:Barbalissos
494:Mesopotamia
443:Mt Gindarus
438:Amanus Pass
242:cataphracts
229:auxiliaries
187:Phraates IV
155:Mark Antony
86:Territorial
2075:Atropatene
2019:Categories
1770:Spandiyadh
1593:Kelly 2008
1486:"Monaeses"
1472:Kelly 2008
1417:Kelly 2008
1402:Kelly 2008
1385:Kelly 2008
1370:Kelly 2008
1267:R. N. Frye
1244:References
1136:Atropatene
1102:Cappadocia
1084:in 37 BC.
962:See also:
958:Background
921:Breviarium
817:Atropatene
644:War of 440
598:Pirisabora
139:Atropatene
122:Cappadocia
71:Atropatene
2055:Cleopatra
1226:Tiridates
1190:Aftermath
1082:Jerusalem
1070:Ptolemaic
925:Eutropius
867:Frontinus
848:Periochae
659:Lazic War
625:Bagrevand
608:Ctesiphon
1816:Language
1729:Chosroid
1285:(eds.).
1232:See also
1215:Octavian
1165:Maragheh
1150:Monaeses
1088:Campaign
1047:Anatolia
1032:Seleucia
1015:and the
892:Parthica
877:Plutarch
857:Josephus
821:Augustus
780:triumvir
201:Strength
195:Monaeses
66:Location
1963:Parthia
1956:Related
1806:Coinage
1794:Culture
1714:Armenia
1707:Dynasty
1681:Origins
1634:3 April
1141:legatus
1110:Armenia
1098:Galatia
1094:legions
987:at the
933:Orosius
813:Armenia
782:of the
754:Armenia
618:Samarra
613:Maranga
536:Antioch
519:Misiche
514:Resaena
480:Nisibis
418:Carrhae
246:22,000
213:legions
166:†
118:Galatia
114:Armenia
88:changes
1765:Mihran
1719:Iberia
1576:
1534:
1504:
1436:
1295:
1169:Ganzak
1122:Zeugma
1106:Pontus
1072:Queen
1017:client
1009:Sicily
917:Festus
887:Arrian
833:Strabo
790:under
566:Satala
546:Edessa
240:2,000
174:
126:Pontus
78:Result
2070:36 BC
1992:Lists
1821:Music
1811:Dress
1779:Varaz
1775:Suren
1760:Karen
1693:Dahae
1688:Parni
1628:(PDF)
1078:Herod
1021:Judea
1013:Syria
993:Dacia
581:Amida
509:Hatra
61:36 BC
1830:Wars
1636:2023
1574:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1108:and
966:and
843:Livy
800:had
58:Date
1801:Art
1783:Zik
1494:doi
1045:In
1007:in
931:),
923:),
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885:),
875:),
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851:),
841:),
211:16
2021::
1516:^
1500:.
1492:.
1456:^
1409:^
1392:^
1377:^
1347:^
1335:.
1307:^
1281:;
1277:;
1269:;
1265:;
1261:;
1217:.
1104:,
1100:,
1023:.
941:.
855:,
823:.
794:.
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1638:.
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1301:.
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