1022:
912:
440:
656:
44:
432:
854:
1804:
9238:
788:
896:(anisogamy). The microgametes are motile and must reach the macrogamete to fertilize it. The fertilized macrogamete forms a zygote that in its turn forms an oocyst that is normally released from the body. Syzygy, when it occurs, involves markedly anisogamous gametes. The lifecycle is typically haploid, with the only diploid stage occurring in the zygote, which is normally short-lived.
31:
752:, surrounded by either three or four membranes. Its functions are thought to include tasks such as lipid and heme biosynthesis, and it appears to be necessary for survival. In general, plastids are considered to have a common origin with the chloroplasts of dinoflagellates, and evidence points to an origin from
903:. In the gregarines, these are large, extracellular, and possess epimerites or mucrons. A second difference between the coccidia and the gregarines also lies in the gamonts. In the coccidians, a single gamont becomes a macrogametocyte, whereas in the gregarines, the gamonts give rise to multiple gametocytes.
935:
or other tissues in the vertebrate host. Microgametes and macrogametes are always found in the blood. The gametes are taken up by the insect vector during a blood meal. The microgametes migrate within the gut of the insect vector and fuse with the macrogametes. The fertilized macrogamete now becomes
2029:
These phylogenetic relations have rarely been studied at the subclass level. The
Haemosporidia are related to the gregarines, and the piroplasms and coccidians are sister groups. The Haemosporidia and the Piroplasma appear to be sister clades, and are more closely related to the coccidians than to
1309:. The Eimeriorinaâthe largest suborder in this phylumâthe lifecycle involves both sexual and asexual stages. The asexual stages reproduce by schizogony. The male gametocyte produces a large number of gametes and the zygote gives rise to an oocyst, which is the infective stage. The majority are
1048:
are available for most diseases caused by these parasites. Biomedical research on these parasites is challenging because it is often difficult, if not impossible, to maintain live parasite cultures in the laboratory and to genetically manipulate these organisms. In recent years, several of the
1850:
Macrogamete and microgamete develop separately. Syzygy does not occur. Ookinete has a conoid. Sporozoites have three walls. Heteroxenous: alternates between vertebrate host (in which merogony occurs) and invertebrate host (in which sporogony occurs). Usually blood parasites, transmitted by
477:
Besides the conserved apical complex, Apicomplexa are morphologically diverse. Different organisms within
Apicomplexa, as well as different life stages for a given apicomplexan, can vary substantially in size, shape, and subcellular structure. Like other eukaryotes, Apicomplexa have a
1783:
The eimeriorins are a diverse group that includes one host species of invertebrates, two-host species of invertebrates, one-host species of vertebrates and two-host species of vertebrates. The eimeriorins are frequently called the coccidia. This term is often used to include the
718:, called the polar ring, and among the Conoidasida is also a funnel of tubulin proteins called the conoid. Over the rest of the cell, except for a diminished mouth called the micropore, the membrane is supported by vesicles called alveoli, forming a semirigid pellicle.
1096:, as well as a primary host, and the evolution of hosts proceeded in different ways and at different times in these groups. For some coccidiomorphs, the original host has become the intermediate host, whereas in others it has become the definitive host. In the genera
3505:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; LukeĆĄ, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; CĂĄrdenas, Paco; ÄepiÄka, Ivan; Chistyakova, Lyudmila; Campo, Javier; Dunthorn, Micah (2019).
3703:
Bahl, A.; Brunk, B.; Crabtree, J.; Fraunholz, M. J.; Gajria, B.; Grant, G. R.; Ginsburg, H.; Gupta, D.; Kissinger, J. C.; Labo, P.; Li, L.; Mailman, M. D.; Milgram, A. J.; Pearson, D. S.; Roos, D. S.; Schug, J.; Stoeckert Jr, C. J.; Whetzel, P. (2003).
2018:
chromerids, are parasitic and evolved from a free-living ancestor. This lifestyle is presumed to have evolved at the time of the divergence of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. Further evolution of this phylum has been estimated to have occurred about
1012:
genomes and the canonical apicomplexan plastid metabolism. However, marosporidians have the most reduced apicoplast genomes sequenced to date, lack canonical plastidial RNA polymerase and so provide new insights into reductive organelle evolution.
4563:
Kuvardina ON, Leander BS, Aleshin VV, Myl'nikov AP, Keeling PJ, Simdyanov TG (November 2002). "The phylogeny of colpodellids (Alveolata) using small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggests they are the free-living sister group to apicomplexans".
699:, which infect new cells. This may occur several times, until gamonts are produced, forming gametes that fuse to create new cysts. Many variations occur on this basic pattern, however, and many Apicomplexa have more than one host.
1043:
and share many metabolic pathways with their animal hosts. This makes therapeutic target development extremely difficult â a drug that harms an apicomplexan parasite is also likely to harm its human host. At present, no effective
768:
Within this phylum are four groups â coccidians, gregarines, haemosporidians (or haematozoans, including in addition piroplasms), and marosporidians. The coccidians and haematozoans appear to be relatively closely related.
619:
Apicomplexans have a unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small static myosin motors.
3410:
NorĂ©n, Fredrik; Moestrup, Ăjvind; Rehnstam-Holm, Ann-Sofi (October 1999). "Parvilucifera infectans norĂ©n et moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae".
1512:
Sporozoa is no longer regarded as biologically valid and its use is discouraged, although some authors still use it as a synonym for the
Apicomplexa. More recently, other groups were excluded from Apicomplexa, e.g.,
531:) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present. This structure gives the phylum its name. A further group of spherical organelles is distributed throughout the cell rather than being localized at the
1448:
was also thought to be sporozoan. Not all of these groups had spores, but all were parasitic. However, other parasitic or symbiotic unicellular organisms were included too in protozoan groups outside
Sporozoa
3125:
Templeton, Thomas J.; Iyer, Lakshminarayan M.; Anantharaman, Vivek; Enomoto, Shinichiro; Abrahante, Juan E.; Subramanian, G.M.; Hoffman, Stephen L.; Abrahamsen, Mitchell S.; Aravind, L. (September 2004).
1987:
Another group of organisms that belong in this taxon are the corallicolids. These are found in coral reef gastric cavities. Their relationship to the others in this phylum has yet to be established.
944:. The sporozoites escape from the oocyst and migrate within the body of the vector to the salivary glands where they are injected into the new vertebrate host when the insect vector feeds again.
4509:
Moore RB; ObornĂk M; Janouskovec J; ChrudimskĂœ T; VancovĂĄ M; Green DH; Wright SW; Davies NW; et al. (February 2008). "A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites".
535:
and are known as the dense granules. These typically have a mean diameter around 0.7 ÎŒm. Secretion of the dense-granule content takes place after parasite invasion and localization within the
4309:
Martinsen ES, Perkins SL, Schall JJ (April 2008). "A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (Plasmodium and closely related genera): evolution of life-history traits and host switches".
1780:
The adeleorins are one-host parasites of invertebrates or vertebrates, or two-host parasites that alternately infect haematophagous (blood-feeding) invertebrates and the blood of vertebrates.
515:
All members of this phylum have an infectious stageâthe sporozoiteâwhich possesses three distinct structures in an apical complex. The apical complex consists of a set of spirally arranged
1383:. Since then, many more have been identified and named. During 1826â1850, 41 species and six genera of Apicomplexa were named. In 1951â1975, 1873 new species and 83 new genera were added.
1320:
The number of families in this later suborder is debated, with the number of families being between one and 20 depending on the authority and the number of genera being between 19 and 25.
623:
Other features common to this phylum are a lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use of micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form.
940:, which penetrates the body of the vector. The ookinete then transforms into an oocyst and divides initially by meiosis and then by mitosis (haplontic lifecycle) to give rise to the
447:
The phylum
Apicomplexa contains all eukaryotes with a group of structures and organelles collectively termed the apical complex. This complex consists of structural components and
1636:
Although considerable revision of this phylum has been done (the order
Haemosporidia now has 17 genera rather than 9), these numbers are probably still approximately correct.
4209:
Karadjian, Gregory; Hassanin, Alexandre; Saintpierre, Benjamin; Gembu
Tungaluna, Guy-Crispin; Ariey, Frederic; Ayala, Francisco J.; Landau, Irene; Duval, Linda (2016-08-15).
687:
Most members have a complex lifecycle, involving both asexual and sexual reproduction. Typically, a host is infected via an active invasion by the parasites (similar to
3862:
Heiges, M.; Wang, H.; Robinson, E.; Aurrecoechea, C.; Gao, X.; Kaluskar, N.; Rhodes, P.; Wang, S.; He, C. Z.; Su, Y.; Miller, J.; Kraemer, E.; Kissinger, J. C. (2006).
8153:
7291:
3349:
Mathur, Varsha; Kwong, Waldan K.; Husnik, Filip; Irwin, Nicholas A. T.; Kristmundsson, Ărni; Gestal, Camino; Freeman, Mark; Keeling, Patrick J (18 November 2020).
899:
The main difference between the coccidians and the gregarines is in the gamonts. In the coccidia, these are small, intracellular, and without epimerites or
7584:
1398:
in 1880. Through history, it grouped with the current
Apicomplexa many unrelated groups. For example, Kudo (1954) included in the Sporozoa species of the
7108:
7098:
7620:
7261:
7103:
7052:
7042:
4445:
Kwong, WK; Del Campo, J; Mathur, V; Vermeij, MJA; Keeling, PJ (2019). "A widespread coral-infecting apicomplexan with chlorophyll biosynthesis genes".
8317:
8170:
7612:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7144:
6042:
8752:
8305:
8293:
8244:
7866:
7560:
7544:
7540:
7286:
7232:
7057:
6047:
2387:
2096:
1713:
The division into
Achromatorida and Chromatorida, although proposed on morphological grounds, may have a biological basis, as the ability to store
714:, which open at the anterior of the cell. These secrete enzymes that allow the parasite to enter other cells. The tip is surrounded by a band of
8311:
8288:
8271:
7878:
7616:
7552:
7303:
7298:
7126:
6638:
6303:
8371:
8175:
8141:
8112:
7858:
7787:
7604:
7548:
7047:
7000:
6632:
6297:
6288:
5905:
2169:
2100:
1962:
9379:
8363:
8346:
8329:
8280:
8237:
8232:
8182:
7600:
7556:
7273:
7249:
6512:
6398:
8400:
8392:
8338:
7608:
7268:
7207:
6609:
6598:
6308:
2447:
392:, a group of parasitic protozoans, in general without flagella, cilia, or pseudopods. Most of the Apicomplexa are motile, however, with a
8376:
6500:
1528:
The field of classifying
Apicomplexa is in flux and classification has changed throughout the years since it was formally named in 1970.
8351:
8187:
7580:
2130:
2063:
931:
The Haemosporidia have more complex lifecycles that alternate between an arthropod and a vertebrate host. The trophozoite parasitises
7279:
1531:
By 1987, a comprehensive survey of the phylum was completed: in all, 4516 species and 339 genera had been named. They consisted of:
1021:
911:
9366:
8458:
4163:
3184:
4385:
Perkins FO, Barta JR, Clopton RE, Peirce MA, Upton SJ (2000). "Phylum Apicomplexa". In Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradbury P (eds.).
3230:
2718:
956:
is a newly recognized lineage of apicomplexans that is sister to the Coccidia and Hematozoa. It is defined as a phylogenetic
9371:
3070:"A genome-sequence survey for Ascogregarina taiwanensis supports evolutionary affiliation but metabolic diversity between a
884:
The coccidian lifecycle involves merogony, gametogony, and sporogony. While similar to that of the gregarines it differs in
737:, have structures similar to the polar ring and were formerly included here, but most appear to be closer relatives of the
4086:
2615:
JanouĆĄkovec et al. 2015 presents a somewhat different phylogeny, supporting the work of others showing multiple events of
6143:
4853:
1725:
Roberts and Janovy in 1996 divided the phylum into the following subclasses and suborders (omitting classes and orders):
3440:"Modeling the genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum parasites following meiotic recombination and cotransmission"
4394:
4387:
An Illustrated guide to the Protozoa : organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups
4361:
4285:
4193:
833:
are released by lysing the host cell, which in turn invade other cells. At some point in the apicomplexan lifecycle,
474:
for some portion of their life cycle, with some parasitizing two separate hosts for their asexual and sexual stages.
9392:
6184:
4887:
3187:. Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, and Division of Biology, Kansas State University. Archived from
9384:
6179:
4882:
4798:
1996:- which appears to be a sister taxon to the Hematozoa. This genus is found in the renal sac of molgulid ascidian
1984:
The name Protospiromonadida has been proposed for the common ancestor of the Gregarinomorpha and Coccidiomorpha.
837:
are formed. These are released by lysis of the host cells, which group together. Each gametocyte forms multiple
4278:
Apicomplexa, 2: Hémosporidioses, Fascicule 1: Plasmodiidés, Haemoproteidés "Piroplasmes" (caractÚres généraux)
1251:(Set8), from an animal host to the ancestor of apicomplexans. A second geneâH3K36 methyltransferase (Ashr3 in
546:
are found only in the motile gamete. These are posteriorly directed and vary in number (usually one to three).
6263:
6253:
6236:
4966:
4956:
4939:
4744:
1787:
Haemospororins, often known as the malaria parasites, are two-host Apicomplexa that parasitize blood-feeding
1008:(closely related to Rhytidocystidae). Marosporida infect marine invertebrates. Members of this clade retain
396:
that uses adhesions and small static myosin motors. The other main lines of this obsolete grouping were the
6422:
2663:(4, Sect. 2, Part 1: Supplement: Proceedings Of the Second International Congress of Parasitology): 208â9.
1193:
Similar strategies to increase the likelihood of transmission have evolved in multiple genera. Polyenergid
645:
1035:
Many of the apicomplexan parasites are important pathogens of humans and domestic animals. In contrast to
9301:
8451:
4499:
represents a diverse and novel lineage of the Apicomplexa that has retained apicoplasts. Genome Biol Evol
2794:
1053:. The availability of genome sequences provides a new opportunity for scientists to learn more about the
423:). Sometimes, the name Sporozoa is taken as a synonym for the Apicomplexa, or occasionally as a subset.
43:
9228:
4753:
1057:
and biochemical capacity of these parasites. The predominant source of this genomic information is the
3982:"Horizontal gene transfer of epigenetic machinery and evolution of parasitism in the malaria parasite
3706:"PlasmoDB: The Plasmodium genome resource. A database integrating experimental and computational data"
8595:
3297:"DNA organization by the apicoplast-targeted bacterial histone-like protein of Plasmodium falciparum"
1085:
species (CryptoDB). One possible target for drugs is the plastid, and in fact existing drugs such as
214:
9397:
9345:
4621:
2811:
9425:
8015:
1375:
intestines, was named by Dufour in 1828. He thought that they were a peculiar group related to the
1236:
1086:
1814:
have since been recognised as a sister group to the dinoflagellates rather that the Apicomplexia:
8680:
8255:
7821:
6268:
6136:
4971:
4846:
2124:
1794:
Piroplasms where all the species included are two-host parasites infecting ticks and vertebrates.
1340:
536:
459:
336:
3933:"Tetracyclines specifically target the apicoplast of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum"
9430:
9254:
8444:
7309:
4616:
2806:
1310:
462:. Apicomplexa have complex life cycles, involving several stages and typically undergoing both
324:
4740:"Protists and the Wild, Wild West of Gene Expression: New Frontiers, Lawlessness, and Misfits"
9292:
8908:
8558:
8064:
6603:
6542:
6464:
6231:
4934:
3565:"Sexual Development in Non-Human Parasitic Apicomplexa: Just Biology or Targets for Control?"
1329:
483:
9420:
9314:
8573:
7244:
6356:
4657:
4518:
4454:
4318:
4222:
3997:
3451:
3015:
2747:
463:
202:
595:
is usually closed, with an intranuclear spindle; in some species, it is open at the poles.
8:
7489:
7446:
5749:
5533:
4159:
1211:
467:
448:
348:
8436:
4762:
4739:
4661:
4522:
4458:
4322:
4226:
4211:"Highly rearranged mitochondrial genome in Nycteria parasites (Haemosporidia) from bats"
4001:
3563:
Cruz-Bustos, Teresa; Feix, Anna Sophia; Ruttkowski, BĂ€rbel; Joachim, Anja (2021-10-04).
3455:
3019:
2932:
2895:
2751:
817:
of their hosts, but may invade the other tissues. In the typical gregarine lifecycle, a
721:
The presence of alveoli and other traits place the Apicomplexa among a group called the
8903:
8585:
7536:
7336:
6555:
6331:
6248:
6226:
6214:
6189:
6129:
5759:
4951:
4929:
4917:
4892:
4839:
4589:
4577:
4542:
4478:
4253:
4210:
4106:
4063:
4020:
3981:
3957:
3932:
3888:
3863:
3660:
3623:
3599:
3564:
3540:
3507:
3482:
3439:
3387:
3350:
3321:
3296:
3102:
3069:
3047:
2891:
2868:
2843:
2770:
2735:
2695:
2664:
1882:
581:
520:
38:
4630:
3799:
3774:
3730:
3705:
3424:
3160:
3127:
3003:
1244:
775:, while once considered a member of the Apicomplexa, has been moved to a new phylum â
8695:
8225:
7662:
7224:
7062:
6923:
6846:
6417:
6258:
6221:
6209:
6199:
6093:
6019:
6000:
5710:
5293:
4961:
4924:
4912:
4902:
4824:
4775:
4767:
4720:
4685:
4680:
4645:
4581:
4534:
4470:
4427:
4400:
4390:
4367:
4357:
4334:
4291:
4281:
4258:
4240:
4189:
4067:
4025:
3962:
3931:
Dahl, El; Shock, Jl; Shenai, Br; Gut, J; Derisi, Jl; Rosenthal, Pj (September 2006).
3893:
3804:
3735:
3665:
3647:
3604:
3586:
3545:
3527:
3487:
3469:
3392:
3374:
3326:
3277:
3236:
3226:
3165:
3147:
3107:
3039:
3031:
2937:
2919:
2873:
2824:
2775:
2714:
2682:
Levine ND (May 1971). "Uniform Terminology for the Protozoan Subphylum Apicomplexa".
2623:
evidence that there have also been multiple events of plastids becoming genome-free.
1940:
1922:
1693:
1648:
1198:
1093:
1050:
1027:
998:
969:
859:
727:
703:
626:
Transposons appear to be rare in this phylum, but have been identified in the genera
471:
360:
343:
319:
228:
4546:
4482:
3188:
3051:
2896:"Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity"
1644:
1239:
appears to have occurred early on in this phylum's evolution with the transfer of a
9306:
8971:
8850:
8742:
8685:
8625:
8620:
8548:
8533:
8100:
7654:
7630:
7626:
7464:
7408:
6905:
6709:
6447:
6173:
6065:
6011:
5765:
5211:
4876:
4757:
4712:
4675:
4665:
4626:
4593:
4573:
4526:
4462:
4326:
4248:
4230:
4139:
4059:
4015:
4005:
3952:
3944:
3883:
3875:
3794:
3786:
3725:
3717:
3655:
3639:
3594:
3576:
3535:
3519:
3477:
3459:
3420:
3382:
3366:
3316:
3308:
3267:
3155:
3139:
3097:
3089:
3023:
2945:
2927:
2909:
2863:
2855:
2816:
2795:"Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor model"
2765:
2755:
2691:
1908:
917:
527:) and one or more polar rings. Additional slender electron-dense secretory bodies (
393:
5697:
4495:
Muñoz-Gómez SA, Durnin K, Eme L, Paight C, Lane CE, Saffo MB, Slamovits CH (2019)
1395:
1089:, which are effective against apicomplexans, seem to operate against the plastid.
439:
9144:
9049:
9011:
8966:
8898:
8655:
8615:
8600:
8493:
8088:
7666:
7634:
7454:
7450:
7413:
7391:
7356:
7067:
6866:
6798:
6728:
6459:
6452:
5938:
5113:
3464:
3438:
Wong, Wesley; Wenger, Edward A.; Hartl, Daniel L.; Wirth, Dyann F. (2018-01-09).
2914:
2859:
2588:
2228:
1888:
1553:
1466:
1424:
1391:
1367:
1349:
1081:
991:
504:
4330:
3643:
1501:). If they had cell walls, they also could be included in plant kingdom between
821:
develops within a host cell into a schizont. This then divides into a number of
9340:
9242:
9204:
9149:
9139:
8981:
8795:
8747:
8660:
8635:
8630:
8610:
8605:
8508:
8498:
7983:
7899:
7809:
7730:
7670:
7640:
7423:
7367:
7344:
7167:
6928:
6883:
6716:
6696:
6585:
6351:
6204:
6156:
6034:
6024:
5988:
5963:
5652:
5443:
5344:
5266:
5075:
4907:
2118:
2015:
2009:
1928:
1858:
1842:
1766:
1757:
1656:
1652:
1624:
1617:
1571:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1444:
1144:
738:
666:
532:
455:
452:
331:
284:
253:
221:
94:
68:
4703:
Morrison DA (August 2009). "Evolution of the Apicomplexa: where are we now?".
4466:
3240:
2733:
552:
are present. Although hemosporidians and piroplasmids have normal triplets of
30:
9414:
9277:
8928:
8913:
8875:
8800:
8736:
8722:
8670:
8665:
8579:
8568:
8563:
8543:
8538:
8513:
8249:
8158:
7998:
7947:
7934:
7917:
7841:
7688:
7576:
7497:
7418:
7373:
7361:
7326:
7118:
7029:
6959:
6871:
6854:
6733:
6574:
6561:
6393:
6070:
5869:
5861:
5691:
5612:
5552:
5463:
5437:
5166:
4771:
4716:
4646:"Evolutionary origin of Plasmodium and other Apicomplexa based on rRNA genes"
4607:
Leander BS, Keeling PJ (August 2003). "Morphostasis in alveolate evolution".
4404:
4295:
4244:
3651:
3590:
3531:
3473:
3378:
3351:"Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans, Marosporida
3151:
3035:
2923:
2820:
2517:
2334:
2316:
2212:
1876:
1730:
1699:
1664:
1589:
1542:
1470:
1439:
1407:
1287:
1168:
1110:
978:
814:
796:
491:
487:
416:
355:
231:
224:) is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetrating a host cell.
165:
6121:
4670:
4389:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists. pp. 190â369.
4371:
4235:
4144:
4119:
4010:
3508:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3093:
3027:
2949:
2760:
655:
9124:
9119:
9094:
9069:
9059:
8986:
8855:
8729:
8690:
8675:
8650:
8645:
8590:
8523:
8411:
8117:
8105:
8059:
8039:
7988:
7965:
7833:
7816:
7804:
7747:
7735:
7699:
7676:
7570:
7566:
7532:
7474:
7469:
7458:
7442:
7438:
7400:
7255:
7237:
7161:
6971:
6947:
6935:
6777:
6757:
6740:
6721:
6687:
6623:
6507:
6477:
6375:
6103:
5930:
5910:
5850:
5754:
5727:
5674:
5632:
5599:
5374:
5152:
5091:
4831:
4779:
4724:
4585:
4538:
4474:
4338:
4262:
4208:
4029:
3966:
3897:
3808:
3739:
3669:
3608:
3549:
3491:
3396:
3330:
3281:
3272:
3255:
3169:
3111:
3043:
2941:
2900:
2877:
2828:
2779:
2620:
2147:
2075:
1950:
1916:
1819:
1737:
1705:
1671:
1611:
1562:
1493:
1434:
1399:
1354:
1314:
1302:
1150:
926:
584:
of three membrane layers (the alveolar structure) penetrated by micropores.
560:
479:
397:
288:
154:
138:
4805:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Archived from
4689:
4508:
4431:
4280:. Protozoologie Médicale Comparée. Vol. 3. Fondation Marcel Merieux.
4071:
4050:
Levine N. D. (1988). "Progress in taxonomy of the Apicomplexan protozoa".
3773:
Kissinger, J. C.; Gajria, B.; Li, L.; Paulsen, I. T.; Roos, D. S. (2003).
3370:
9353:
9286:
9179:
9154:
9099:
9074:
8996:
8991:
8956:
8946:
8640:
8553:
8299:
8220:
8203:
8093:
8084:
8021:
8009:
8003:
7908:
7754:
7741:
7514:
7479:
7433:
7428:
7199:
7137:
6988:
6916:
6910:
6859:
6825:
6805:
6567:
6550:
6530:
6489:
6434:
6405:
6380:
5994:
5920:
5772:
5736:
5716:
5664:
5638:
5528:
5476:
5449:
5404:
5171:
5040:
5029:
3948:
3879:
3790:
3721:
3312:
3128:"Comparative Analysis of Apicomplexa and Genomic Diversity in Eukaryotes"
2592:
2441:
1992:
1972:
1934:
1900:
1870:
1811:
1750:
1684:
1598:
1536:
1483:
1429:
1293:
1282:
1275:
1180:
1132:
1116:
1104:
932:
893:
889:
818:
776:
715:
574:
553:
516:
236:
144:
4530:
3581:
490:. Apicomplexa generally have a single mitochondrion, as well as another
271:
The Apicomplexa are a diverse group that includes organisms such as the
9212:
9174:
9104:
9084:
9079:
9064:
9034:
9006:
8961:
8951:
8923:
8918:
8860:
8835:
8528:
8503:
8405:
8146:
8051:
8028:
7976:
7970:
7928:
7922:
7871:
7846:
7796:
7723:
7711:
7705:
7681:
7526:
7522:
7502:
7379:
7349:
7179:
7079:
7074:
7017:
7011:
6964:
6952:
6940:
6892:
6765:
6745:
6519:
6482:
6440:
6428:
6339:
6075:
5899:
5890:
5875:
5743:
5680:
5539:
5500:
5495:
5381:
5298:
5193:
5105:
3143:
2668:
2632:
2511:
2435:
2416:
2291:
2174:
2152:
2113:
2069:
1894:
1743:
1677:
1580:
1521:
1454:
1450:
1306:
1268:
1240:
1223:
1217:
1206:
1174:
1162:
1156:
1122:
1076:
1063:
941:
878:
874:
834:
826:
757:
749:
741:. They are probably similar to the common ancestor of the two groups.
733:
696:
692:
678:
670:
599:
549:
495:
385:
312:
295:
249:
210:
160:
9358:
4806:
3523:
3220:
1061:
family of websites, which currently provides specialised services for
9327:
9129:
9109:
9001:
8880:
8815:
8805:
8790:
8785:
8766:
8518:
8212:
8123:
8033:
7958:
7940:
7883:
7759:
7693:
7155:
7149:
7131:
7005:
6976:
6900:
6782:
6704:
6643:
6470:
6160:
6152:
5974:
5915:
5623:
5588:
5546:
5523:
5505:
5392:
5328:
5203:
5080:
5023:
5010:
4862:
2977:
2619:
losing photosynthesis. More importantly this work provides the first
2489:
2285:
2180:
2021:
1714:
1546:
1515:
1497:
1489:
1458:
1376:
1202:
1186:
1098:
1054:
1040:
830:
822:
806:
753:
722:
711:
707:
674:
570:
543:
528:
409:
381:
280:
276:
261:
257:
241:
198:
195:
107:
55:
9248:
4562:
1810:
Perkins et al. proposed the following scheme. It is outdated as the
1803:
1777:
The gregarines are, in general, one-host parasites of invertebrates.
853:
787:
744:
Another similarity is that many apicomplexan cells contain a single
556:
in their basal bodies, coccidians and gregarines have nine singlets.
431:
9332:
9271:
9237:
9184:
9164:
9159:
9134:
9114:
9089:
9054:
9044:
9039:
8870:
8845:
8825:
8485:
8163:
8076:
7952:
7717:
7212:
7173:
7091:
7035:
6836:
6524:
6386:
6363:
6243:
5981:
5943:
5844:
5821:
5368:
5363:
5355:
5285:
5160:
5035:
5018:
4996:
4946:
2736:"Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals"
2410:
1997:
1826:
1788:
1502:
1419:
1403:
1387:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1036:
937:
868:
810:
499:
401:
272:
149:
2030:
the gregarines. Marosporida is a sister group to Coccidiomorphea.
388:. The Apicomplexa comprise the bulk of what used to be called the
9189:
9169:
8865:
8840:
8830:
8820:
8776:
8713:
7085:
7023:
6770:
6662:
6579:
6410:
6368:
6344:
6322:
6097:
5832:
5669:
5515:
5422:
5411:
5275:
5181:
5137:
5045:
3930:
2616:
2483:
2404:
2037:
1415:
1229:
1221:; transovarial transmission of parasites occurs in lifecycles of
1138:
1045:
1009:
802:
745:
688:
632:
605:
592:
564:
524:
405:
307:
300:
245:
206:
3562:
3294:
3256:"Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts"
3183:
Duszynski, Donald W.; Upton, Steve J.; Couch, Lee (2004-02-21).
3124:
2026:. The oldest extant clade is thought to be the archigregarines.
1632:
Other minor groups omitted above, with 105 species and 32 genera
9029:
9021:
8890:
6494:
5690:
5487:
5217:
5119:
5061:
3068:
Templeton TJ, Enomoto S, Chen WJ, et al. (February 2010).
1380:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1344:
1194:
900:
885:
842:
838:
662:
609:
420:
412:
265:
191:
3861:
695:
that enter its cells. Eventually, the cells burst, releasing
9319:
8938:
8810:
6057:
2734:
Saffo M. B.; McCoy A. M.; Rieken C.; Slamovits C. H. (2010).
1506:
1411:
1252:
1248:
957:
369:
3864:"CryptoDB: A Cryptosporidium bioinformatics resource update"
2890:
1197:
and tissue cysts are found in representatives of the orders
227:
The Apicomplexa are unicellular and spore-forming. Most are
8976:
8468:
5314:
4444:
845:. The oocysts leave the host to be taken up by a new host.
81:
3842:
3702:
3409:
8466:
4825:"David Roos's Seminar: Biology of Apicomplexan Parasites"
4384:
4105:. Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa,
3622:
Frischknecht, Friedrich; Matuschewski, Kai (2017-01-20).
1263:
Within the Apicomplexa are three suborders of parasites:
3772:
3621:
954:
Mathur, Kristmundsson, Gestal, Freeman, and Keeling 2020
4103:
Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs
4308:
3911:
3753:
3683:
3348:
877:. Like gregarines, they are commonly parasites of the
205:
structure that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic
9226:
3979:
2844:"How apicomplexan parasites move in and out of cells"
4738:
Smith, David Roy; Keeling, Patrick J. (2016-09-08).
3822:
3437:
3295:
Ram, Ev; Naik, R; Ganguli, M; Habib, S (July 2008).
3067:
2975:
1791:
flies and the blood of various tetrapod vertebrates.
921:(Haemosporidia) parasite among human red blood cells
3182:
1278:(formerly Haemosporina)âall genera in this suborder
4731:
3253:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
577:, ejectile organelles, and inclusions are absent.
9412:
8753:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4558:
4556:
3775:"ToxoDB: Accessing the Toxoplasma gondii genome"
3504:
3063:
3061:
2793:Kappe, Stefan H.I.; et al. (January 2004).
1773:These form the following five taxonomic groups:
888:formation. Some trophozoites enlarge and become
881:cells of the gut, but may infect other tissues.
443:Some cell types: ookinete, sporozoite, merozoite
6010:
4489:
4215:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2740:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1255:)âmay have also been horizontally transferred.
4643:
4606:
4177:
4091:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: Winter.
4036:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
2708:
2655:Levine ND (1970). "Taxonomy of the Sporozoa".
1556:, with 1624 named species and 231 named genera
256:partners of corals. Motile structures such as
244:in marine animals, originally classified as a
8452:
6151:
6137:
4847:
4637:
4553:
4351:
4302:
3176:
3058:
1301:Within the Adelorina are species that infect
1126:, the original is now definitive, whereas in
4861:
4737:
4696:
4502:
4117:
4049:
3355:., with Extreme Apicoplast Genome Reduction"
3004:"Intracellular Parasite Invasion Strategies"
2650:
2648:
1720:
1339:The first Apicomplexa protozoan was seen by
1049:apicomplexan species have been selected for
1039:pathogens, these apicomplexan parasites are
976:(both Aggregatidae, originally coccidians),
6686:
6631:
6296:
5726:
4702:
4600:
4378:
3980:Kishore SP, Stiller JW, Deitsch KW (2013).
3973:
3632:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3337:
3205:
1190:, the original hosts are now intermediate.
1016:
892:, whereas others divide repeatedly to form
8459:
8445:
6671:
6144:
6130:
4854:
4840:
4411:
4356:(5th ed.). Dubuque IA: Wm. C. Brown.
4269:
1432:), while Zierdt (1978) included the genus
801:The gregarines are generally parasites of
291:. Diseases caused by Apicomplexa include:
29:
5104:
4761:
4679:
4669:
4620:
4438:
4417:
4252:
4234:
4143:
4019:
4009:
3956:
3887:
3798:
3729:
3659:
3598:
3580:
3539:
3481:
3463:
3386:
3320:
3271:
3159:
3101:
2931:
2913:
2867:
2810:
2769:
2759:
2681:
2654:
2645:
8211:
5009:
4084:
1802:
1639:
1317:(lifecycle involves two or more hosts).
1020:
910:
873:In general, coccidians are parasites of
852:
841:. The gametes fuse with another to form
786:
661:Generic lifecycle of an Apicomplexan: 1-
438:
430:
8484:
4994:
4799:"The Taxonomicon & Systema Naturae"
3365:(2: evaa244). Oxford University Press.
2014:Members of this phylum, except for the
725:. Several related flagellates, such as
502:circular genome (with the exception of
9413:
8712:
6112:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
4796:
4275:
4183:
4118:Perez-Cordon, G.; et al. (2007).
3218:
3001:
2841:
1386:The older taxon Sporozoa, included in
1313:(infect one host only), but a few are
368:The name Apicomplexa derives from two
9253:
9252:
8440:
6125:
4835:
3937:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2792:
1258:
4644:Escalante AA, Ayala FJ (June 1995).
2711:Marine fish parasitology: an outline
1990:Another genus has been identified -
1461:), if they had flagella (e.g., many
4763:10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095448
2976:Slapeta J, Morin-Adeline V (2011).
1717:appears to have evolved only once.
458:during the parasitic stages of the
13:
4578:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x
4166:from the original on 20 April 2009
4064:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04141.x
3512:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2956:
2696:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03330.x
1620:, with 444 species and nine genera
1592:, with 399 species and four genera
1031:, transmission electron microscopy
539:and persists for several minutes.
14:
9442:
4790:
4160:"Introduction to the Apicomplexa"
2894:; Yana Eglit (21 November 2023).
1798:
1601:, with 1771 species and 43 genera
9236:
4352:Roberts, L.; Janovy, J. (1996).
4186:The protozoan phylum Apicomplexa
3413:European Journal of Protistology
1627:, with 173 species and 20 genera
906:
654:
217:. The organelle's apical shape (
201:. Most possess a unique form of
42:
4345:
4202:
4152:
4111:
4095:
4078:
3924:
3904:
3855:
3835:
3815:
3766:
3746:
3696:
3676:
3615:
3556:
3498:
3431:
3403:
3288:
3247:
3118:
5591:
5587:
5347:
5343:
2995:
2884:
2835:
2786:
2727:
2702:
2675:
947:
813:. They are often found in the
498:which maintains a separate 35
426:
16:Phylum of parasitic alveolates
1:
4745:Annual Review of Microbiology
4631:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00152-6
4124:sp. in bivalves of the genus
3425:10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80001-7
2638:
2402:Coccidia with a single host (
848:
782:
639:
4803:Taxon: Genus Cryptosporidium
4650:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3465:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005923
3359:Genome Biology and Evolution
3002:Sibley, L. D. (2004-04-09).
2915:10.1371/JOURNAL.PBIO.3002395
2860:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.009
2003:
1647:in 1988 created a new class
1092:Many Coccidiomorpha have an
763:
702:The apical complex includes
646:Apicomplexa lifecycle stages
598:Cell division is usually by
580:The cell is surrounded by a
264:are present only in certain
7:
4354:Foundations of Parasitology
4331:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012
4052:The Journal of Protozoology
3644:10.1101/cshperspect.a025478
3254:Patrick J. Keeling (2004).
3185:"The Coccidia of the World"
2842:Sibley, L.D.I. (Oct 2010).
2626:
1825:Conoid present only in the
1379:, at that time included in
1361:. The first species of the
1343:, who in 1674 saw probably
1323:
691:), which divide to produce
512:which lack an apicoplast).
190:) are organisms of a large
10:
9447:
4088:Die menschlichen Parasiten
3444:PLOS Computational Biology
3260:American Journal of Botany
2978:"Apicomplexa, Levine 1970"
2010:Alveolate § Phylogeny
2007:
1334:
1327:
924:
866:
794:
791:Trophozoite of a gregarine
643:
9261:
9202:
9020:
8937:
8889:
8774:
8765:
8708:
8480:
8476:
8471:phyla/divisions by domain
8391:
8362:
8337:
8328:
8279:
8270:
8202:
8134:
8075:
8050:
7907:
7898:
7857:
7832:
7795:
7786:
7782:
7653:
7513:
7488:
7399:
7390:
7335:
7324:
7223:
7198:
7117:
6996:
6987:
6891:
6882:
6845:
6834:
6823:
6793:
6756:
6695:
6682:
6660:
6622:
6596:
6541:
6330:
6321:
6287:
6283:
6167:
6088:
6056:
6033:
5960:
5929:
5889:
5860:
5840:
5831:
5819:
5815:
5660:
5651:
5622:
5607:
5598:
5585:
5581:
5514:
5486:
5471:
5462:
5421:
5400:
5391:
5354:
5341:
5337:
5324:
5311:
5307:
5284:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5202:
5189:
5180:
5147:
5134:
5100:
5089:
5071:
5058:
5005:
4990:
4986:
4870:
4467:10.1038/s41586-019-1072-z
2586:
2504:
2479:
2472:
2431:
2400:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2330:
2313:
2306:
2281:
2274:
2264:
2242:
2225:
2218:
2205:
2167:
2145:
2111:
2104:
2090:
2059:
2052:
2041:
1721:Roberts and Janovy (1996)
1006:Kristmundsson et al. 2011
997:, originally coccidians,
523:), a secretory body (the
451:required for invasion of
380:(infolds)âfor the set of
135:
128:Classes & Subclasses
127:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
5317:
5313:
4717:10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010
4101:BĂŒtschli, O. (1880-82).
3986:and other apicomplexans"
3219:Angel., Sherman (2018).
2982:Tree of Life Web Project
2821:10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.011
1525:(now in Protalveolata).
1237:Horizontal gene transfer
1017:Ecology and distribution
8681:Thermodesulfobacteriota
7822:Vitrella brassicaformis
4671:10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793
4236:10.1073/pnas.1610643113
4145:10.15381/rpb.v14i2.1824
4011:10.1186/1471-2148-13-37
3028:10.1126/science.1094717
2761:10.1073/pnas.1002335107
2709:Jadwiga Grabda (1991).
2433:Cyst-forming coccidia (
2024: million years ago
1487:) or pseudopods (e.g.,
1394:in 1879 and adopted by
1341:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1330:wikispecies:Apicomplexa
1305:and others that infect
1003:Margolisiella islandica
988:JanouĆĄkovec et al. 2019
537:parasitophorous vacuole
460:Apicomplexan life cycle
337:Cyclospora cayetanensis
215:apical complex membrane
4566:J. Eukaryot. Microbiol
4418:Krylov MV (1992). "".
3868:Nucleic Acids Research
3779:Nucleic Acids Research
3710:Nucleic Acids Research
3301:Nucleic Acids Research
3273:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481
2799:Trends in Parasitology
2203:Apicomplexa s.s.
1851:blood-sucking insects.
1807:
1032:
952:The class Marosporida
922:
864:
792:
510:Gregarina niphandrodes
470:. All Apicomplexa are
444:
436:
435:Apicomplexan structure
325:Cryptosporidium parvum
8909:Neocallimastigomycota
6543:Postciliodesmatophora
4797:Brands, S.J. (2000).
4311:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
4184:Levine, N.D. (1988).
4085:Leuckart, R. (1879).
3984:Plasmodium falciparum
3094:10.1093/molbev/msp226
2008:Further information:
1806:
1640:Jacques Euzéby (1988)
1328:Further information:
1024:
914:
856:
790:
644:Further information:
494:organelle called the
484:endoplasmic reticulum
442:
434:
8574:Coprothermobacterota
7245:Eleutheroschizonidae
6357:Cariacothrix caudata
3949:10.1128/AAC.00394-06
3874:(90001): D419âD422.
3222:Medical Parasitology
2848:Curr Opin Biotechnol
2684:J Eukaryot Microbiol
1760:(the haemospororins)
1651:by merging subclass
1215:and most species of
1079:(PiroplasmaDB), and
915:Trophozoites of the
863:(Coccidia) parasites
492:endosymbiont-derived
449:secretory organelles
252:, some of which are
7490:Blastogregarinorina
7447:Oligochaetocystinae
5989:Gunflint microbiota
5750:Klebsormidiophyceae
5534:Hyphochytriomycetes
4662:1995PNAS...92.5793E
4531:10.1038/nature06635
4523:2008Natur.451..959M
4459:2019Natur.568..103K
4323:2008MolPE..47..261M
4276:Euzéby, J. (1988).
4227:2016PNAS..113.9834K
4002:2013BMCEE..13...37K
3628:Sporozoite Biology"
3582:10.3390/ani11102891
3456:2018PLSCB..14E5923W
3371:10.1093/gbe/evaa244
3020:2004Sci...304..248S
2752:2010PNAS..10716190S
1212:Karyolysus lacerate
1025:Two tachyzoites of
962:Aggregata octopiana
349:Cystoisospora belli
234:of animals, except
8904:Blastocladiomycota
7585:Amphiplatysporidae
7537:Cephaloidophoridae
7337:Archigregarinorida
6332:Intramacronucleata
5760:Coleochaetophyceae
5140:
5136:
5064:
5060:
4810:(Website database)
3880:10.1093/nar/gkj078
3791:10.1093/nar/gkg072
3722:10.1093/nar/gkg081
3313:10.1093/nar/gkn483
3144:10.1101/gr.2615304
2892:Patrick J. Keeling
2713:. VCH. p. 8.
1883:Archigregarinorida
1808:
1259:Blood-borne genera
1243:lysine 20 (H4K20)
1033:
923:
865:
793:
472:obligate parasites
468:sexual replication
445:
437:
9408:
9407:
9255:Taxon identifiers
9224:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9198:
9197:
8761:
8760:
8704:
8703:
8696:Verrucomicrobiota
8434:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8387:
8386:
8266:
8265:
8198:
8197:
7894:
7893:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7663:Schizogregarinina
7649:
7648:
7320:
7319:
7225:Protococcidiorida
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7109:Selenococcidiidae
7099:Elleipsisomatidae
7063:Cryptosporidiidae
6924:Haemogregarinidae
6847:Agamococcidiorida
6819:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6618:
6617:
6418:Oligohymenophorea
6317:
6316:
6119:
6118:
6084:
6083:
6020:Spironematellidae
6001:Meteora sporadica
5956:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5885:
5884:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5711:Prasinodermophyta
5647:
5646:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5458:
5457:
5294:Centroplasthelida
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5130:
5129:
5054:
5053:
4517:(7181): 959â963.
4453:(7750): 103â107.
4221:(35): 9834â9839.
3524:10.1111/jeu.12691
3266:(10): 1481â1493.
3232:978-1-83947-353-1
3192:(Online database)
3014:(5668): 248â253.
2720:978-0-89573-823-3
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2460:
2459:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2332:Rhytidocystidae (
2253:
2252:
2193:
2192:
1941:Protococcidiorida
1923:Agamococcidiorida
1753:(the eimeriorins)
1694:Haemosporidiasina
1687:(the eimeriorins)
1649:Haemosporidiasina
1390:, was created by
1365:to be described,
1199:Protococcidiorida
1094:intermediate host
1051:genome sequencing
1028:Toxoplasma gondii
1007:
999:Agamococcidiorida
996:
989:
975:
970:Merocystis kathae
966:
955:
860:Toxoplasma gondii
394:gliding mechanism
361:Toxoplasma gondii
344:Cystoisosporiasis
320:Cryptosporidiosis
176:
175:
131:
123:
9438:
9401:
9400:
9388:
9387:
9375:
9374:
9362:
9361:
9349:
9348:
9336:
9335:
9323:
9322:
9310:
9309:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9250:
9249:
9241:
9240:
9232:
8972:Anthocerotophyta
8851:Hemimastigophora
8772:
8771:
8743:Nitrososphaerota
8710:
8709:
8686:Thermomicrobiota
8626:Kiritimatiellota
8621:Ignavibacteriota
8586:Deferribacterota
8549:Campylobacterota
8534:Bdellovibrionota
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8438:
8437:
8335:
8334:
8277:
8276:
8209:
8208:
8101:Duboscquellaceae
7905:
7904:
7793:
7792:
7784:
7783:
7655:Neogregarinorida
7631:Actinocephalidae
7627:Stylocephaloidea
7621:Trichorhynchidae
7465:Schaudinnellidae
7409:Aikinetocystidae
7397:
7396:
7333:
7332:
7262:Eleutheroschizon
7104:Lankesterellidae
7053:Calyptosporiidae
7043:Atoxoplasmatidae
6994:
6993:
6906:Dactylosomatidae
6889:
6888:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6831:
6693:
6692:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6668:
6629:
6628:
6448:Parablepharismea
6423:Ichthyophthirius
6328:
6327:
6294:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6196:
6176:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6123:
6122:
6066:Collodictyonidae
6012:Hemimastigophora
6008:
6007:
5967:
5838:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5766:Zygnematophyceae
5724:
5723:
5704:
5688:
5687:
5658:
5657:
5605:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5469:
5468:
5398:
5397:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5282:
5281:
5269:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5212:Choanoflagellata
5187:
5186:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4899:
4879:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4784:
4783:
4765:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4705:Trends Parasitol
4700:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4673:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4609:Trends Ecol Evol
4604:
4598:
4597:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4506:
4500:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4238:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4115:
4109:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4047:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4013:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3584:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3346:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3216:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3138:(9): 1686â1695.
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3065:
3056:
3055:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2917:
2908:(11): e3002395.
2888:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2475:
2474:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2366:Coccidiomorphea
2309:
2308:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2244:Gregarines s.s.
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2025:
1909:Neogregarinorida
1769:(the piroplasms)
1746:(the adeleorins)
1733:(the gregarines)
1680:(the adeleorins)
1667:(the gregarines)
1481:), cilia (e.g.,
1005:
994:
987:
973:
964:
953:
918:Plasmodium vivax
658:
408:(highly derived
248:fungus, and the
129:
121:
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
9446:
9445:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9426:Alveolata phyla
9411:
9410:
9409:
9404:
9396:
9391:
9383:
9378:
9370:
9365:
9357:
9352:
9344:
9339:
9331:
9326:
9318:
9313:
9305:
9300:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9257:
9247:
9235:
9227:
9225:
9216:
9194:
9145:Gnathostomulida
9050:Xenacoelomorpha
9016:
9012:Flowering plant
8967:Marchantiophyta
8933:
8899:Chytridiomycota
8885:
8757:
8700:
8656:Planctomycetota
8616:Gemmatimonadota
8601:Elusimicrobiota
8494:Acidobacteriota
8472:
8465:
8435:
8418:
8383:
8358:
8324:
8318:Rhizellobiopsis
8262:
8194:
8171:Pronoctilucidae
8130:
8089:Amoebophryaceae
8071:
8046:
7997:Without theca:
7890:
7853:
7828:
7766:
7667:Caulleryellidae
7645:
7635:Stylocephalidae
7613:Sphaerocystidae
7597:Dactylophoridae
7593:Cnemidosporidae
7589:Brustiophoridae
7509:
7484:
7455:Stomatophorinae
7451:Rhynchocystinae
7414:Allantocystidae
7392:Eugregarinorida
7386:
7357:Selenidioididae
7329:
7316:
7219:
7186:
7145:Toxoplasmatinae
7113:
7068:Cryptosporidium
6983:
6878:
6867:Rhytidocystidae
6839:
6828:
6811:
6799:Cardiosporidium
6789:
6752:
6729:Leucocytozoidae
6676:
6665:
6648:
6614:
6592:
6537:
6460:Phyllopharyngea
6453:Parablepharisma
6313:
6279:
6278:
6194:
6172:
6163:
6150:
6120:
6115:
6080:
6052:
6043:Ancyromonadidae
6029:
6006:
5961:
5948:
5939:Malawimonadidae
5925:
5881:
5856:
5820:
5779:
5722:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5643:
5618:
5586:
5557:
5510:
5482:
5454:
5417:
5387:
5342:
5333:
5312:
5303:
5280:
5265:
5224:
5198:
5176:
5135:
5126:
5090:
5085:
5059:
5050:
4995:
4982:
4981:
4897:
4875:
4866:
4860:
4823:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4736:
4732:
4701:
4697:
4642:
4638:
4622:10.1.1.410.9134
4605:
4601:
4561:
4554:
4507:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4443:
4439:
4416:
4412:
4397:
4383:
4379:
4364:
4350:
4346:
4307:
4303:
4288:
4274:
4270:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4132:Rev. Peru. Biol
4116:
4112:
4100:
4096:
4083:
4079:
4048:
4037:
3978:
3974:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3771:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3620:
3616:
3561:
3557:
3503:
3499:
3450:(1): e1005923.
3436:
3432:
3408:
3404:
3347:
3338:
3307:(15): 5061â73.
3293:
3289:
3252:
3248:
3233:
3217:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3177:
3132:Genome Research
3123:
3119:
3082:Mol. Biol. Evol
3076:Cryptosporidium
3066:
3059:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2957:
2889:
2885:
2840:
2836:
2812:10.1.1.458.5746
2791:
2787:
2746:(37): 16190â5.
2732:
2728:
2721:
2707:
2703:
2680:
2676:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2629:
2613:
2604:
2589:Dinoflagellates
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2461:
2357:
2348:
2254:
2229:Cryptosporidium
2194:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1889:Eugregarinorida
1829:of some species
1801:
1723:
1642:
1554:Eugregarinorida
1467:Retortamonadida
1425:Helicosporidium
1368:Gregarina ovata
1350:Eimeria stiedae
1337:
1332:
1326:
1261:
1082:Cryptosporidium
1019:
992:Rhytidocystidae
950:
929:
909:
871:
851:
799:
785:
766:
739:dinoflagellates
685:
684:
683:
682:
681:
659:
648:
642:
505:Cryptosporidium
429:
285:haemogregarines
163:
152:
120:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9444:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9389:
9376:
9363:
9350:
9337:
9324:
9311:
9298:
9283:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9258:
9246:
9245:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9210:
9208:
9205:Incertae sedis
9200:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9150:Micrognathozoa
9147:
9142:
9140:Acanthocephala
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9026:
9024:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8982:Lycopodiophyta
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8943:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8895:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8796:Ancyromonadida
8793:
8788:
8782:
8780:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8748:Thermoproteota
8745:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8718:
8716:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8661:Pseudomonadota
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8636:Mycoplasmatota
8633:
8631:Lentisphaerota
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8611:Fusobacteriota
8608:
8606:Fibrobacterota
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8509:Armatimonadota
8506:
8501:
8499:Actinomycetota
8496:
8490:
8488:
8474:
8473:
8464:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8441:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8397:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8343:
8341:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8306:Parallobiopsis
8294:Elliobiocystis
8285:
8283:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8245:Rastromonadida
8242:
8230:
8217:
8215:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8180:
8168:
8156:
8151:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8110:
8098:
8081:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8056:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8026:
7994:
7993:
7984:Prorocentrales
7981:
7963:
7945:
7916:With a theca:
7913:
7911:
7902:
7900:Dinoflagellata
7896:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7876:
7867:Alphamonadidae
7863:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7838:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7814:
7810:Chromera velia
7801:
7799:
7790:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7752:
7731:Schizocystidae
7728:
7686:
7674:
7671:Ophryocystidae
7659:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7641:Blabericolidae
7638:
7624:
7574:
7564:
7561:Uradiophoridae
7545:Didymophoridae
7541:Cephalolobidae
7530:
7519:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7494:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7424:Enterocystidae
7421:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7368:Meroselenidium
7354:
7345:Exoschizonidae
7341:
7339:
7330:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7296:
7287:Mackinnoniidae
7284:
7266:
7242:
7233:Angeiocystidae
7229:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7204:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7168:Nephroisospora
7142:
7123:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7072:
7060:
7058:Caryotrophidae
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6969:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6929:Haemogregarina
6921:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6886:
6884:Eucoccidiorida
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6864:
6851:
6849:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6775:
6762:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6717:Haemoproteidae
6714:
6701:
6699:
6697:Haemospororida
6690:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6637:
6635:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6586:Tracheloraphis
6572:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6517:
6505:
6487:
6475:
6457:
6445:
6415:
6403:
6391:
6373:
6361:
6352:Cariacotrichea
6349:
6336:
6334:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6302:
6300:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:Mesomycetozoea
6266:
6261:
6251:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6205:Diaphoretickes
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6126:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6100:
6096:excluded from
6089:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6048:Planomonadidae
6045:
6039:
6037:
6035:Ancyromonadida
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6025:Paramastigidae
6022:
6016:
6014:
6005:
6004:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5964:Incertae sedis
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5826:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5653:Archaeplastida
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5593:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5444:Dinoflagellata
5440:
5438:Chrompodellida
5435:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5349:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5267:Diaphoretickes
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5095:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5000:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:Mesomycetozoea
4969:
4964:
4954:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4908:Diaphoretickes
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:classification
4859:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4792:
4791:External links
4789:
4786:
4785:
4754:Annual Reviews
4730:
4695:
4656:(13): 5793â7.
4636:
4615:(8): 395â402.
4599:
4572:(6): 498â504.
4552:
4501:
4488:
4437:
4426:(5): 361â368.
4422:(in Russian).
4410:
4396:978-1891276224
4395:
4377:
4363:978-0697260710
4362:
4344:
4301:
4287:978-2901773733
4286:
4268:
4201:
4195:978-0849346538
4194:
4176:
4151:
4110:
4094:
4077:
4058:(4): 518â520.
4035:
3990:BMC Evol. Biol
3972:
3943:(9): 3124â31.
3923:
3903:
3854:
3843:"PiroplasmaDB"
3834:
3814:
3785:(1): 234â236.
3765:
3745:
3716:(1): 212â215.
3695:
3675:
3638:(5): a025478.
3614:
3555:
3497:
3430:
3419:(3): 233â254.
3402:
3336:
3287:
3246:
3231:
3204:
3175:
3117:
3057:
2994:
2955:
2883:
2854:(5): 592â598.
2834:
2785:
2726:
2719:
2701:
2674:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:Hemogregarines
2384:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2283:Aggregatidae (
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2097:Chrompodellids
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2016:photosynthetic
2005:
2002:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1929:Eucoccidiorida
1925:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1885:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:Piroplasmorida
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1843:Haemospororida
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1800:
1799:Perkins (2000)
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1767:Piroplasmasina
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:Haemospororina
1754:
1747:
1734:
1722:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1668:
1657:Haemospororina
1653:Piroplasmasina
1645:Jacques Euzéby
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:Piroplasmorida
1621:
1618:Haemospororida
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:Hemogregarines
1572:Eucoccidiorida
1559:
1558:
1557:
1479:Hypermastigida
1475:Trichomonadida
1463:Kinetoplastida
1445:Dermocystidium
1336:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1299:
1298:
1279:
1272:
1260:
1257:
1145:Haemogregarina
1018:
1015:
949:
946:
925:Main article:
908:
905:
867:Main article:
850:
847:
795:Main article:
784:
781:
765:
762:
660:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
641:
638:
614:
613:
608:occurs in the
603:
596:
586:
585:
578:
568:
557:
547:
533:apical complex
428:
425:
419:(derived from
366:
365:
353:
341:
332:Cyclosporiasis
329:
317:
305:
254:photosynthetic
222:Ceratium furca
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
158:
142:
133:
132:
125:
124:
115:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
69:Diaphoretickes
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9443:
9432:
9431:Endoparasites
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9399:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9303:
9299:
9294:
9288:
9284:
9279:
9273:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9251:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9233:
9230:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8929:Basidiomycota
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8914:Glomeromycota
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8876:Stramenopiles
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8801:Apusomonadida
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8737:Nanoarchaeota
8734:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8723:Euryarchaeota
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8671:Spirochaetota
8669:
8667:
8666:Rhodothermota
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8596:Dictyoglomota
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8580:Cyanobacteria
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8569:Chrysiogenota
8567:
8565:
8564:Chloroflexota
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8544:Calditrichota
8542:
8540:
8539:Caldisericota
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8514:Atribacterota
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8462:
8457:
8455:
8450:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8414:
8413:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8390:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:Thalassomyces
8308:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8289:Ellobiopsidae
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8272:Protalveolata
8269:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8251:
8250:Parvilucifera
8246:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8159:Oxyrrhinaceae
8157:
8155:
8154:Ichthyodinium
8152:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7999:Gymnodiniales
7996:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7948:Gonyaulacales
7946:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7936:
7935:Ornithocercus
7931:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7918:Dinophysiales
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7879:Voromonadidae
7877:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7842:Colpodellidae
7840:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7689:Lipotrophidae
7687:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7617:Stenophoridae
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7577:Stenophoricae
7575:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7553:Hirmocystidae
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7498:Siedleckiidae
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7419:Diplocystidae
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7374:Selenidioides
7370:
7369:
7364:
7363:
7362:Merogregarina
7358:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7327:Gregarinasina
7323:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7305:
7304:Myriosporides
7300:
7299:Myriosporidae
7297:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7127:Sarcocystinae
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7119:Sarcocystidae
7116:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7030:Pseudoklossia
7026:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6960:Klossiellidae
6958:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6873:
6872:Rhytidocystis
6868:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6855:Gemmocystidae
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6822:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:Leucocytozoon
6730:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6659:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6639:Colponemadida
6636:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6575:Karyorelictea
6573:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6562:Climacostomum
6558:
6557:
6552:
6551:Heterotrichea
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6394:Muranotrichea
6392:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6304:Acavomonadida
6301:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Stramenopiles
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6195:(major groups
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6092:Âčtraditional
6091:
6090:
6087:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Mantamonadida
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5959:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5870:Heterolobosea
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5862:Discicristata
5859:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5692:Viridiplantae
5689:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5613:Microheliella
5610:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5580:
5554:
5553:Actinophryida
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Stramenopiles
5461:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:Ichthyosporea
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5114:Rotosphaerida
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Apusomonadida
5074:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Stramenopiles
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4898:(major groups
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4812:on 2007-09-26
4808:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4711:(8): 375â82.
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4420:Parazitologia
4414:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4317:(1): 261â73.
4316:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4191:
4188:. CRC Press.
4187:
4180:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3838:
3824:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3755:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:on 2010-12-30
3190:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:(2): 235â48.
3087:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:Leucocytozoon
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:Rhytidocystis
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:Margolisiella
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:Gregarinasina
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:Gregarinasina
1728:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:Achromatorida
1697:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:Gregarinasina
1662:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1655:and suborder
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:Gregarinasina
1540:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Diplomonadida
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:Stramenopiles
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Microsporidia
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:invertebrates
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1288:Lankesterella
1285:âtwo genera (
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1271:âeight genera
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1209:are found in
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:Leucocytozoon
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:Cystoisospora
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:tetracyclines
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1000:
993:
985:
984:Rhytidocystis
981:
980:
979:Rhytidocystis
972:
971:
963:
959:
945:
943:
939:
934:
928:
920:
919:
913:
907:Haemosporidia
904:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
870:
862:
861:
855:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
798:
797:Gregarinasina
789:
780:
778:
774:
770:
761:
759:
755:
751:
748:, called the
747:
742:
740:
736:
735:
730:
729:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
647:
637:
635:
634:
629:
628:Ascogregarina
624:
621:
617:
611:
607:
604:
601:
597:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:Replication:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:have tubular
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Golgi complex
485:
481:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
441:
433:
424:
422:
418:
417:Microsporidia
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
362:
357:
356:Toxoplasmosis
354:
351:
350:
345:
342:
339:
338:
333:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
303:
302:
297:
294:
293:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
233:
232:endoparasites
230:
225:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:(also called
181:
167:
166:Gregarinasina
162:
159:
156:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
141:(= Hematozoa)
140:
137:
136:
134:
130:Perkins, 2000
126:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
9262:
9211:
9203:
9125:Orthonectida
9120:Gastrotricha
9095:Nematomorpha
9070:Chaetognatha
9060:Hemichordate
8987:Pteridophyta
8856:Malawimonada
8730:Korarchaeota
8691:Thermotogota
8676:Synergistota
8651:Nitrospirota
8646:Nitrospinota
8591:Deinococcota
8524:Bacteroidota
8412:Platyproteum
8410:
8404:
8375:
8372:Chilovoridae
8350:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8254:
8248:
8236:
8224:
8186:
8176:Pronoctiluca
8174:
8162:
8145:
8142:Acrocoelidae
8122:
8118:Hematodinium
8116:
8113:Syndiniaceae
8106:Duboscquella
8104:
8092:
8063:
8060:Noctilucales
8040:Symbiodinium
8038:
8032:
8020:
8014:
8008:
8002:
7989:Prorocentrum
7987:
7975:
7969:
7966:Peridiniales
7957:
7951:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7882:
7870:
7859:Voromonadida
7845:
7834:Colpodellida
7820:
7817:Vitrellaceae
7808:
7805:Chromeraceae
7788:Apicomonadea
7758:
7748:Schizocystis
7746:
7740:
7736:Lymphotropha
7734:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7700:Farinocystis
7698:
7692:
7680:
7677:Gigaductidae
7605:Monoductidae
7571:Porosporidae
7567:Porosporicae
7549:Gregarinidae
7533:Gregarinicae
7501:
7475:Thiriotiidae
7470:Selenidiidae
7459:Zygocystinae
7443:Monocystinae
7439:Monocystidae
7401:Aseptatorina
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7348:
7308:
7302:
7290:
7278:
7272:
7260:
7256:Defretinella
7254:
7248:
7238:Angeiocystis
7236:
7211:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7162:Hyaloklossia
7160:
7154:
7148:
7136:
7130:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7066:
7048:Barrouxiidae
7034:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
7001:Aggregatidae
6975:
6972:Legerellidae
6963:
6951:
6948:Karyolysidae
6939:
6936:Hepatozoidae
6927:
6915:
6909:
6870:
6858:
6804:
6797:
6781:
6778:Theileriidae
6769:
6758:Piroplasmida
6744:
6741:Plasmodiidae
6732:
6722:Haemoproteus
6720:
6708:
6688:Aconoidasida
6673:
6642:
6633:Colponemadea
6624:Colponemidia
6608:
6602:
6584:
6578:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6529:
6523:
6520:Spirotrichea
6511:
6508:Protocruziea
6499:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6465:Chilodonella
6463:
6451:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6379:
6376:Litostomatea
6367:
6355:
6343:
6307:
6298:Acavomonadea
6289:Acavomonidia
6254:Opisthokonta
6109:
6104:paraphyletic
5999:
5980:
5962:
5931:Malawimonada
5911:Anaeromonada
5906:Anaeramoebae
5898:
5874:
5851:Tsukubamonas
5849:
5771:
5764:
5755:Charophyceae
5742:
5735:
5728:Streptophyta
5715:
5699:
5679:
5675:Rhodelphidia
5633:Palpitomonas
5631:
5611:
5600:Pancryptista
5545:
5538:
5475:
5442:
5431:
5430:
5410:
5380:
5375:Foraminifera
5373:
5216:
5159:
5153:Tunicaraptor
5151:
5118:
5092:Opisthokonta
5028:
4957:Opisthokonta
4814:. Retrieved
4807:the original
4802:
4749:
4743:
4733:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4569:
4565:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4386:
4380:
4353:
4347:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4277:
4271:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4185:
4179:
4168:. Retrieved
4154:
4138:(2): 301â2.
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:Blastocystis
4121:
4120:"Finding of
4113:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4080:
4055:
4051:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3975:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3915:. Retrieved
3906:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3846:. Retrieved
3837:
3826:. Retrieved
3817:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3757:. Retrieved
3748:
3713:
3709:
3698:
3687:. Retrieved
3678:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3617:
3575:(10): 2891.
3572:
3568:
3558:
3518:(1): 4â119.
3515:
3511:
3500:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3221:
3196:. Retrieved
3189:the original
3178:
3135:
3131:
3120:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2981:
2905:
2901:PLOS Biology
2899:
2886:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2805:(1): 13â16.
2802:
2798:
2788:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2710:
2704:
2690:(2): 352â5.
2687:
2683:
2677:
2660:
2656:
2621:phylogenetic
2614:
2587:
2516:
2510:
2507:Hemosporidia
2506:
2505:
2488:
2482:
2481:Piroplasms (
2480:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2374:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2314:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2270:
2243:
2227:
2226:
2211:
2179:
2173:
2170:Voromonadida
2168:
2151:
2148:Colpodellida
2146:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2101:Apicomonadea
2076:Platyproteum
2074:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2047:
2028:
2013:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1963:Perkinsorida
1951:Perkinsasida
1917:Coccidiasina
1849:
1824:
1820:Aconoidasida
1809:
1772:
1738:Coccidiasina
1724:
1712:
1706:Chromatorida
1672:Coccidiasina
1643:
1635:
1612:Aconoidasida
1583:
1574:
1565:
1563:Coccidiasina
1545:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1494:Acanthamoeba
1488:
1482:
1443:
1435:Blastocystis
1433:
1423:
1400:Ascetosporea
1385:
1366:
1355:gall bladder
1348:
1338:
1319:
1315:heteroxenous
1300:
1292:
1286:
1262:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1151:Haemoproteus
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1080:
1062:
1034:
1026:
1002:
995:Levine, 1979
983:
977:
968:
965:Frenzel 1885
961:
951:
933:erythrocytes
930:
927:Haemosporida
916:
898:
894:microgametes
883:
872:
858:
800:
772:
771:
767:
756:rather than
743:
732:
726:
720:
716:microtubules
701:
686:
631:
627:
625:
622:
618:
615:
587:
575:chloroplasts
561:mitochondria
554:microtubules
550:Basal bodies
517:microtubules
514:
509:
508:species and
503:
476:
446:
400:(a group of
398:Ascetosporea
389:
377:
373:
367:
359:
347:
335:
323:
311:
299:
270:
235:
226:
218:
188:apicomplexan
187:
184:Apicomplexia
183:
179:
177:
155:Coccidiasina
139:Aconoidasida
122:Levine, 1970
117:
101:
88:
75:
62:
24:Apicomplexa
18:
9421:Apicomplexa
9354:iNaturalist
9307:Apicomplexa
9293:Apicomplexa
9287:Wikispecies
9263:Apicomplexa
9180:Brachiopoda
9155:Cycliophora
9100:Onychophora
9075:Kinorhyncha
8997:Ginkgophyta
8992:Cycadophyta
8957:Chlorophyta
8947:Glaucophyta
8641:Myxococcota
8559:Chlorobiota
8554:Chlamydiota
8364:Chilovorida
8347:Algovoridae
8330:Myzomonadea
8300:Ellobiopsis
8281:Ellobiopsea
8256:Rastrimonas
8238:Phagodinium
8233:Phagodinida
8221:Perkinsidae
8204:Perkinsozoa
8183:Psammosidae
8094:Amoebophyra
8085:Syndiniales
8022:Karlodinium
8010:Gymnodinium
8004:Amphidinium
7909:Dinokaryota
7755:Syncystidae
7742:Machadoella
7601:Leidyanidae
7557:Metameridae
7515:Septatorina
7480:Urosporidae
7434:Lecudinidae
7429:Ganymedidae
7292:Mackinnonia
7274:Coelotropha
7250:Coelotropha
7200:Ixorheorida
7138:Sarcocystis
6989:Eimeriorina
6917:Dactylosoma
6911:Babesiosoma
6860:Gemmocystis
6826:Conoidasida
6806:Nephromyces
6674:Apicomplexa
6568:Blepharisma
6531:Stylonychia
6513:Protocruzia
6490:Prostomatea
6478:Plagiopylea
6435:Tetrahymena
6406:Nassophorea
6399:Muranothrix
6381:Balantidium
5995:Chitinozoan
5921:Parabasalia
5773:Embryophyta
5737:Chlorokybus
5717:Chlorophyta
5665:Glaucophyta
5639:Cryptophyta
5529:Pirsoniales
5496:Bicosoecida
5477:Platysulcus
5450:Perkinsozoa
5432:Apicomplexa
5405:Colponemida
5172:Pluriformea
5041:Archamoebea
5030:Eumycetozoa
4756:: 161â178.
4497:Nephromyces
2657:J Parasitol
2593:Perkinsozoa
2442:Sarcocystis
2271:Marosporida
2216: s.l.
2061:Squirmida (
2050: s.l.
2048:Apicomplexa
1993:Nephromyces
1973:Perkinsidae
1935:Ixorheorida
1901:Eimeriorina
1871:Conoidasida
1812:Perkinsidae
1784:adeleorins.
1751:Eimeriorina
1685:Eimeriorina
1599:Eimeriorina
1537:Conoidasida
1484:Balantidium
1430:Chlorophyta
1307:vertebrates
1294:Schellackia
1283:Eimeriorina
1276:Laveraniina
1207:Hypnozoites
1181:Sarcocystis
1133:Babesiosoma
1117:Schellackia
1105:Atoxoplasma
974:Dakin, 1911
960:containing
948:Marosporida
942:sporozoites
890:macrogamete
875:vertebrates
835:gametocytes
819:trophozoite
777:Perkinsozoa
693:sporozoites
679:gametocytes
671:sporozoites
427:Description
415:), and the
237:Nephromyces
180:Apicomplexa
145:Conoidasida
118:Apicomplexa
9415:Categories
9213:Parakaryon
9175:Entoprocta
9110:Arthropoda
9105:Tardigrada
9085:Priapulida
9080:Loricifera
9065:Echinoderm
9035:Ctenophora
9007:Gnetophyta
8962:Charophyta
8952:Rhodophyta
8924:Ascomycota
8919:Zygomycota
8861:Metamonada
8836:Euglenozoa
8821:Ciliophora
8529:Balneolota
8504:Aquificota
8406:Filipodium
8401:Squirmidae
8393:Squirmidea
8339:Algovorida
8147:Acrocoelus
8052:Noctilucea
8029:Suessiales
7977:Peridinium
7971:Pfiesteria
7929:Histioneis
7923:Dinophysis
7872:Alphamonas
7847:Colpodella
7797:Chromerida
7724:Menzbieria
7712:Lipocystis
7706:Lipotropha
7682:Gigaductus
7609:Monoicidae
7527:Fusionidae
7523:Fusionicae
7503:Siedleckia
7380:Veloxidium
7350:Exoschizon
7310:Myriospora
7269:Grelliidae
7208:Ixorheidae
7180:Toxoplasma
7080:Cyclospora
7075:Eimeriidae
7018:Merocystis
7012:Grasseella
6965:Klossiella
6953:Karyolysus
6941:Hepatozoon
6893:Adeleorina
6766:Babesiidae
6746:Plasmodium
6610:Myrionecta
6604:Mesodinium
6599:Mesodiniea
6483:Plagiopyla
6441:Vorticella
6429:Paramecium
6340:Armophorea
6323:Ciliophora
6309:Acavomonas
6076:Rigifilida
5975:Acritarchs
5900:Barthelona
5891:Metamonada
5876:Euglenozoa
5744:Mesostigma
5700:sensu lato
5681:Rhodophyta
5540:Ochrophyta
5501:Placidozoa
5412:Ciliophora
5382:Radiolaria
5299:Haptophyta
5194:Filasterea
5106:Holomycota
4816:2006-10-13
4170:2009-05-31
3917:2012-01-02
3912:"CryptoDB"
3848:2012-01-02
3828:2012-01-02
3759:2012-01-02
3754:"PlasmoDB"
3689:2012-01-02
3684:"EuPathDB"
3626:Plasmodium
3241:1132400230
3225:. EDTECH.
3198:2006-10-04
2987:23 January
2950:Q123558544
2639:References
2633:Centrocone
2512:Plasmodium
2470:Hematozoa
2448:Frenkellia
2436:Toxoplasma
2417:Cyclospora
2292:Merocystis
2213:Gregarines
2175:Alphamonas
2153:Colpodella
2114:Chromerida
2070:Filipodium
1895:Adeleorina
1744:Adeleorina
1678:Adeleorina
1581:Adeleorina
1522:Colpodella
1455:Ciliophora
1451:Flagellata
1377:trematodes
1311:monoxenous
1269:Adeleorina
1241:histone H4
1224:Karyolysus
1218:Plasmodium
1175:Plasmodium
1163:Karyolysus
1157:Hepatozoon
1123:Toxoplasma
1077:piroplasms
1075:(ToxoDB),
1073:coccidians
1064:Plasmodium
1041:eukaryotic
982:sp. 1 and
879:epithelial
849:Coccidians
831:merozoites
827:schizogony
823:merozoites
807:arthropods
783:Gregarines
773:Perkinsus
750:apicoplast
734:Colpodella
723:alveolates
712:micronemes
697:merozoites
675:merozoites
640:Life cycle
616:Mobility:
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571:Centrioles
529:micronemes
496:apicoplast
386:sporozoite
382:organelles
376:(top) and
313:Plasmodium
296:Babesiosis
281:piroplasms
277:gregarines
262:pseudopods
250:Chromerida
211:apicoplast
209:called an
199:alveolates
194:of mainly
186:; single:
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9130:Dicyemida
9002:Pinophyta
8881:Telonemia
8816:Cryptista
8806:Breviatea
8791:Amoebozoa
8786:Alveolata
8767:Eukaryote
8519:Bacillota
8377:Chilovora
8226:Perkinsus
8213:Perkinsea
8124:Syndinium
8065:Noctiluca
8034:Polarella
7959:Gonyaulax
7941:Oxyphysis
7884:Voromonas
7760:Syncystis
7694:Apicystis
7156:Hammondia
7150:Besnoitia
7132:Frenkelia
7006:Aggregata
6977:Legerella
6901:Adeleidae
6783:Theileria
6705:Garniidae
6644:Colponema
6501:Holophrya
6471:Tokophrya
6249:Amoebozoa
6227:Alveolata
6215:Cryptista
6190:Eukaryota
6161:Alveolata
6153:Eukaryota
5916:Fornicata
5822:Excavates
5624:Cryptista
5547:Oomycetes
5524:Developea
5506:Sagenista
5393:Alveolata
5329:Telonemia
5204:Choanozoa
5081:Breviatea
5024:Tubulinea
5011:Amoebozoa
4952:Amoebozoa
4930:Alveolata
4918:Cryptista
4893:Eukaryota
4863:Eukaryote
4772:0066-4227
4617:CiteSeerX
4405:704052757
4296:463445910
4245:0027-8424
3996:(1): 37.
3652:2157-1422
3591:2076-2615
3532:1066-5234
3474:1553-7358
3379:1759-6653
3353:class nov
3152:1088-9051
3072:Gregarine
3036:0036-8075
2924:1544-9173
2807:CiteSeerX
2490:Theileria
2286:Aggregata
2181:Voromonas
2004:Evolution
1998:tunicates
1915:Subclass
1899:Suborder
1893:Suborder
1875:Subclass
1765:Subclass
1756:Suborder
1749:Suborder
1742:Suborder
1736:Subclass
1729:Subclass
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1692:Subclass
1683:Suborder
1676:Suborder
1670:Subclass
1663:Subclass
1597:Suborder
1579:Suborder
1561:Subclass
1541:Subclass
1516:Perkinsus
1498:Naegleria
1490:Entamoeba
1459:Sarcodina
1281:suborder
1274:suborder
1267:suborder
1203:Eimeriida
1187:Theileria
1099:Aggregata
1067:species (
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1037:bacterial
857:Dividing
764:Subgroups
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410:cnidarian
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219:e.g., see
213:âwith an
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9341:Fungorum
9272:Wikidata
9190:Annelida
9185:Mollusca
9165:Phoronid
9160:Nemertea
9135:Rotifera
9115:Flatworm
9090:Nematoda
9055:Chordate
9045:Cnidaria
9040:Placozoa
8871:Rhizaria
8846:Haptista
8826:Cercozoa
8486:Bacteria
8352:Algovora
8188:Psammosa
8164:Oxyrrhis
8077:Syndinea
7953:Ceratium
7718:Mattesia
7581:Acutidae
7213:Ixorheis
7174:Neospora
7092:Isospora
7036:Selysina
6837:Coccidia
6525:Euplotes
6387:Dileptus
6364:Colpodea
6244:Amorphea
6222:Rhizaria
6210:Hacrobia
6200:Excavata
6185:Bacteria
6098:protists
6094:kingdoms
5982:Grypania
5944:Imasidae
5845:Jakobida
5369:Endomyxa
5364:Cercozoa
5356:Rhizaria
5286:Haptista
5218:Animalia
5161:Bicellum
5036:Variosea
5019:Discosea
4997:Amorphea
4947:Amorphea
4925:Rhizaria
4913:Hacrobia
4903:Excavata
4888:Bacteria
4780:27359218
4725:19635681
4586:12503687
4547:28005870
4539:18288187
4483:92996418
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4339:18248741
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4030:23398820
3967:16940111
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3823:"ToxoDB"
3809:12519989
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3670:28108531
3609:34679913
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3331:18663012
3282:21652304
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3112:19778951
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2946:Wikidata
2942:37988341
2933:10662721
2878:20580218
2829:14700584
2780:20736348
2627:See also
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2131:Piridium
2125:Vitrella
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150:Coccidia
114:Phylum:
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9278:Q193030
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8841:Jakobea
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6771:Babesia
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5833:Discoba
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5516:Gyrista
5423:Myzozoa
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5182:Filozoa
5138:Holozoa
5046:Cutosea
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4883:Archaea
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4658:Bibcode
4594:4283969
4519:Bibcode
4455:Bibcode
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4319:Bibcode
4254:5024609
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4072:3143826
4021:3598677
3998:Bibcode
3958:1563505
3889:1347441
3661:5411682
3600:8532714
3569:Animals
3541:6492006
3483:5777656
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3322:2528193
3103:2877549
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3008:Science
2869:2947570
2771:2941302
2748:Bibcode
2669:3277701
2484:Babesia
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1416:Myxozoa
1373:earwigs
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606:Meiosis
593:Mitosis
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384:in the
308:Malaria
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246:chytrid
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9030:Sponge
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6106:groups
5488:Bigyra
5062:Obazoa
4940:Plants
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8891:Fungi
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6264:Fungi
6058:CRuMs
5120:Fungi
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519:(the
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9380:NCBI
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8469:life
6110:bold
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