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chytrid species are ubiquitous and cosmopolitan. However, recent taxonomic work has demonstrated that this ubiquitous and cosmopolitan morphospecies hide cryptic diversity at the genetic and ultrastructural levels. It was first thought aquatic chytrids (and other zoosporic fungi) were primarily active in fall, winter, and spring. However, recent molecular inventories of lakes during the summer indicate that chytrids are an active, diverse part of the eukaryotic microbial community.
883:. There are also chytrids that live and grow on pollen by attaching threadlike structures, called rhizoids, onto the pollen grains. This mostly occurs during asexual reproduction because the zoospores that become attached to the pollen continuously reproduce and form new chytrids that will attach to other pollen grains for nutrients. This colonization of pollen happens during the spring time when bodies of water accumulate pollen falling from trees and plants.
530:: The male is motile and the female is stationary. This is the first occurrence of oogamy in kingdom Fungi. Briefly, the monoblephs form oogonia, which give rise to eggs, and antheridia, which give rise to male gametes. Once fertilized, the zygote either becomes an encysted or motile oospore, which ultimately becomes a resting spore that will later germinate and give rise to new zoosporangia.
688:
627:, in addition to the zoosporangium and zoospores. Some chytrids are monocentric, meaning a single zoospore gives rise to a single zoosporangium. Others are polycentric, meaning one zoospore gives rise to many zoosporangium connected by a rhizomycelium. Rhizoids do not have nuclei while a rhizomycelium can.
715:
Growth continues until a new batch of zoospores are ready for release. Chytrids have a diverse set of release mechanisms that can be grouped into the broad categories of operculate or inoperculate. Operculate discharge involves the complete or incomplete detachment of a lid-like structure, called an
333:
Species of
Chytridiomycota have traditionally been delineated and classified based on development, morphology, substrate, and method of zoospore discharge. However, single spore isolates (or isogenic lines) display a great amount of variation in many of these features; thus, these features cannot be
754:
sp. The white arrow indicates the operculate discharge pore. (B) Rhizoids (white arrow) extending into diatom host. (C) Chlorophyll aggregates localized to infection sites (white arrows). (D) & (E) Single hosts bearing multiple zoosporangia at different stages of development. The white arrow in
503:
Where it has been described, sexual reproduction of chytrids occurs via a variety of methods. It is generally accepted that the resulting zygote forms a resting spore, which functions as a means of surviving adverse conditions. In some members, sexual reproduction is achieved through the fusion of
735:
One of the least expected terrestrial environments the chytrid thrive in are periglacial soils. The population of the
Chytridiomycota species are able to be supported even though there is a lack of plant life in these frozen regions due to the large amounts of water in periglacial soil and pollen
828:
in 1989. Chytridiomycosis has also been implicated in the presumed extinction of the
Southern Gastric Brooding Frog, last seen in the wild in 1981, and the Northern Gastric Brooding Frog, last recorded in the wild in March 1985. The process leading to frog mortality is thought to be the loss of
731:
Chytrids have been isolated from a variety of aquatic habitats, including peats, bogs, rivers, ponds, springs, and ditches, and terrestrial habitats, such as acidic soils, alkaline soils, temperate forest soils, rainforest soils, Arctic and
Antarctic soils. This has led to the belief that many
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produce tubes that fuse and allow the gametes to meet and fuse. In the last group, rhizoids of compatible strains meet and fuse. Both nuclei migrate out of the zoosporangium and into the conjoined rhizoids where they fuse. The resulting zygote germinates into a resting spore.
696:
728:, though those that thrive in the capillary network around soil particles are typically considered terrestrial. The zoospore is primarily a means of thoroughly exploring a small volume of water for a suitable substrate rather than a means of long-range dispersal.
693:
495:
Chytridiomycota are unusual among the Fungi in that they reproduce with zoospores. For most members of
Chytridiomycota, sexual reproduction is not known. Asexual reproduction occurs through the release of zoospores (presumably) derived through
848:
microbes. The infection can be so severe as to control primary production within the lake. It has been suggested that parasitic chytrids have a large effect on lake and pond food webs. Chytrids may also infect plant species; in particular,
661:
596:. Some species encyst and germinate directly upon the substrate; others encyst and germinate a short distance away. Once germinated, enzymes released from the zoospore begin to break down the substrate and utilize it produce a new
1414:
Dee, J.M.; Mollicone, M.; Longcore, J.E.; Roberson, R.W.; Berbee, M.L. (2015). "Cytology and molecular phylogenetics of
Monoblepharidomycetes provide evidence for multiple independent origins of the hyphal habit in the Fungi".
889:
2198:
Krings, Michael; Jean
Galtier; Thomas N. Taylor; Nora Dotzler (2009). "Chytrid-like microfungi in Biscalitheca cf. musata (Zygopteridales) from the Upper Pennsylvanian Grand-Croix cherts (Saint-Etienne Basin, France)".
2170:
Krings, Michael; Dotzler, Nora; Taylor, Thomas; Galtier, Jean (2009). "Microfungi from the upper Visean (Mississippian) of central France: Chytridiomycota and chytrid-like remains of uncertain affinity".
1268:
van der Auwera, G.; de Baere, R.; van de Peer, Y.; de Rijk, P.; van den Broeck, I.; de
Wachter, R. (July 1995). "The phylogeny of the Hyphochytriomycota as deduced from ribosomal RNA sequences of
867:
Arguably, the most important ecological function chytrids perform is decomposition. These ubiquitous and cosmopolitan organisms are responsible for decomposition of refractory materials, such as
554:
536:
692:
950:. These remains were found along with eucarpic remains and are ambiguous in nature although they are thought to be of chytrids. Other chytrid-like fossils were found in cherts from the upper
1234:
Blackwell, W.H.; Letcher, P.M.; Powell, M.J. (2006). "Thallus development and the systematics of
Chytridiomycota: an additional developmental pattern represented by Podochytrium".
832:
Recent research has revealed that elevating salt levels slightly may be able to cure chytridiomycosis in some
Australian frog species, although further experimentation is needed.
2002:
Ibelings, B.W.; de Bruin, A.; Kagami, M.; Rijkeboer, M.; van Donk, E. (2004). "Host parasite interactions between freshwater phytolankton and chytrid fungi (chytridiomycota)".
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Tedersoo, Leho; Sanchez-Ramırez, Santiago; Koljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Doring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; et al. (22 February 2018).
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operculum, allowing the zoospores out of the sporangium. Inoperculate chytrids release their zoospores through pores, slits, or papillae.
633:
526:
Sexual reproduction is common and well known among members of the Monoblepharidomycetes. Typically, these chytrids practice a version of
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1984:
980:(2007) features a species of chytrid that feeds on petroleum and oil-based products. In the story the species is modified using
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1988:
269:. Chytrids are one of the earliest diverging fungal lineages, and their membership in kingdom Fungi is demonstrated with
2091:
2371:
2303:
2280:
458:
of the class Chytridiomycetes, found in the digestive tracts of herbivores, was later raised to a separate phylum, the
2037:
Gleason, Frank H.; et al. (2008). "The ecology of chytrids in aquatic ecosystems: roles in food web dynamics".
1926:
1909:
518:: A motile male gamete attaches itself to a nonmotile structure containing the female gamete. In another group, two
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analysis, has greatly increased the understanding of chytrid phylogeny, and led to the formation of several new
792:
345:
In an older and more restricted sense (not used here), the term "chytrids" referred just to those fungi in the
317:
1829:
Kilias, Estelle S.; Junges, Leandro; Šupraha, Luka; Leonard, Guy; Metfies, Katja; Richards, Thomas A. (2020).
2498:
2488:
2471:
2364:
1257:. Vol. IVB A – Taxonomic review with keys: Basidiomycetes and lower fungi. New York, NY: Academic Press.
946:. Holocarpic chytrid remains were found in cherts from Combres in central France that date back to the late
65:
1831:"Chytrid fungi distribution and co-occurrence with diatoms correlate with sea ice melt in the Arctic Ocean"
1702:"Temporal variation of the small eukaryotic community in two freshwater lakes: Emphasis on zoosporic fungi"
679:
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in an attempt to destroy the world's oil supplies, thereby taking away the technological advantage of the
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813:
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Upon release from the germinated resting spore, zoospores seek out a suitable substrate for growth using
2356:
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panel (E) highlights branching rhizoids. (F) Endobiotic chytrid-like sporangia within diatom frustule;
2336:
615:
Chytrids have several different growth patterns. Some are holocarpic, which means they only produce a
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951:
418:
17:
1603:
Carlile, M.J. (1986). "The zoospore and its problems". In Ayres, Peter G.; Boddy, Lynne (eds.).
1216:
Barr, D.J.S. (1990). "Phylum Chytridiomycota". In Margulis; Corliss; Melkonian; Chapman (eds.).
829:
essential ions through pores made in the epidermal cells by the chytrid during its replication.
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under the subphylum Myxomycophyta of the kingdom Fungi. Previously, they were placed in the
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3258:
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2680:
2346:
2134:
1794:
Hassett, B.T.; Gradinger, R. (2016). "Chytrids dominate arctic marine fungal communities".
1748:
412:
315:. There has been a significant increase in the research of chytrids since the discovery of
201:
1285:
8:
3288:
3263:
3003:
2804:
2743:
2738:
2284:
1618:
Letcher, P.M.; et al. (2008). "Rhizophlyctidales – a new order in Chytridiomycota".
382:
3403:
2138:
1752:
1560:
Hibbett; et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi".
1267:
1011:"High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"
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2019:
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1682:
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1389:
817:
452:
448:
441:
335:
60:
744:
508:(gametes of the same size and shape). This group includes the notable plant pathogens
440:, originally within the Chytridiomycota, are now classified as a separate phylum, the
4360:
3662:
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3321:
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3124:
2974:
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2015:
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370:
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53:
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2023:
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1393:
1335:. Vol. VII A: Systematics and evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 461.
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2011:
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1184:
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1022:
797:
785:
773:, infected with two chytrid-like sporangium fungal pathogens (in false-colour red).
597:
400:
349:
322:
206:
115:
1653:
Simmons, D.R. (2011). "Phylogeny of Powellomycetacea fam. nov. and description of
1496:
James, T.Y.; et al. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (
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2827:
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2001:
1945:"Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis"
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1573:
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125:
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in large numbers, and has been suggested as a principal cause for the worldwide
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1517:
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422:
339:
130:
2050:
1932:. Environment (Report). Profile and threats database. Government of Australia.
1915:. Environment (Report). Profile and threats database. Government of Australia.
1847:
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989:
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483:
381:
as the class Chytridiomycetes. The other classes of the Mastigomycotina, the
249:
155:
4388:
2288:
1807:
1761:
1735:"Evidence that chytrids dominate fungal communities in high-elevation soils"
4091:
4086:
4061:
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3822:
3696:
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3642:
3617:
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3557:
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1970:
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120:
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3923:
3913:
3607:
3520:
2586:
2387:
2386:
2316:. Australia: Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife. Archived from
937:
825:
816:. Outbreaks of the fungus were found responsible for killing much of the
750:
510:
466:
393:
356:
293:
1145:
1046:
265:), meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased
4179:
4141:
4071:
4051:
4046:
4031:
4001:
3973:
3928:
3918:
3890:
3885:
3827:
3802:
3495:
3470:
2984:
2757:
963:
845:
703:
667:
616:
601:
593:
589:
470:
390:
49:
4303:
623:. Others are eucarpic, meaning they produce other structures, such as
4259:
4096:
4076:
3968:
3847:
3782:
3772:
3757:
3752:
3733:
3485:
2147:
2118:
1961:
1944:
1718:
1701:
1468:
872:
841:
809:
801:
426:
352:. Here, the term "chytrid" refers to all members of Chytridiomycota.
312:
277:
273:
259:
234:
77:
4329:
4193:
1699:
1008:
984:, to increase the rate at which it feeds on oil. It is then used by
4383:
4324:
4264:
4216:
4151:
4131:
4126:
4101:
4081:
4056:
4021:
4011:
4006:
3837:
3812:
3792:
3452:
3008:
2642:
2633:
2619:
2478:
2329:
1670:
1428:
1377:
933:
921:
914:
821:
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474:
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266:
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880:
624:
609:
505:
497:
308:
41:
1121:(2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
3996:
3988:
3857:
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959:
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868:
856:
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527:
519:
515:
455:
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304:
285:
270:
87:
748:
Chytrid parasites of marine diatoms. (A) Chytrid sporangia on
4251:
3905:
3777:
2262:
1469:
Misra, J.K.; Tewari, J.P.; Deshmukh, S.K. (10 January 2012).
1307:
1132:
Blackwell, M. (2011). "The Fungi: 1,2,3 … million species?".
929:
252:
241:
2116:
1413:
932:
and fungi. Among the microfossils are chytrids preserved as
334:
used to reliably classify or identify a species. Currently,
3943:
3435:
2339:
and how it impacts amphibians kept as domestic pets in the
1942:
1828:
1740:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
3433:
1002:
2293:— Includes links on how to isolate and culture chytrids.
403:
has over 750 chytrid species distributed among ten
342:
and some aspects of thallus morphology and development.
338:
in Chytridiomycota is based on molecular data, zoospore
1358:"A new genus and family for the misclassified chytrid,
1349:
1252:
1171:
gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians".
2263:"Chytrid fungi online – an NSF / PEET project website"
1308:"Chytrid fungi online – an NSF / PEET project website"
1233:
1167:
Longcore, J.E.; Pessier, A.P.; Nichols, D.K. (1999). "
1166:
1943:
Voyles, J.; L. Berger; S. Young; et al. (2007).
1047:
Alexopoulos, C.J.; Mims, C.W.; Blackwell, M. (1996).
1220:. Boston, MA: Jones & Barlett. pp. 454–466.
2230:
1464:
1462:
1076:(3rd ed.). Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing.
940:. These fossils closely resemble the modern genus
389:, were removed from the fungi to be classified as
2036:
1700:Lefèvre, E.; Letcher, P.M.; Powell, M.J. (2012).
800:, a disease of amphibians. Discovered in 1998 in
777:
4403:
3720:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
2326:"'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus"
1793:
1407:
1322:
284:as an energy storage compound, and synthesis of
1459:
1229:
1227:
1071:
355:The chytrids have also been included among the
2610:
2070:. International Potato Center. pp. 36–7.
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
3419:
2372:
2302:. U.C. Museum of Paleontology. Berkeley, CA:
1602:
1532:
1355:
1116:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1042:
1040:
1038:
2063:
1224:
1215:
366:, chytrids, except the recently established
2057:
1611:
1607:. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press.
1553:
1495:
1261:
1160:
490:
3426:
3412:
2379:
2365:
1253:Ainsworth; Sparrow; Sussman, eds. (1973).
1246:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1080:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1035:
359:, but are now regularly classed as fungi.
40:
2349:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2146:
2117:Taylor, T.N.; Remy, W.; Hass, H. (1994).
1960:
1856:
1846:
1770:
1760:
1717:
1489:
1328:
1131:
1125:
1026:
303:, degrading refractory materials such as
2225:
1995:
1985:"A salty cure for a deadly frog disease"
761:
743:
482:, were raised to a separate phylum, the
3451:
2265:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama
2030:
1732:
1693:
1652:
1646:
1617:
1596:
1559:
1310:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama
1191:
1055:
840:Chytrids mainly infect algae and other
739:
14:
4404:
3679:
1051:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
736:blowing up from below the timberline.
4198:
4197:
3407:
2360:
2300:"Introduction to the Chytridiomycota"
2201:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2173:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1286:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040245
969:
4353:11cbc8b0-7d39-4d19-95aa-44510b1d8353
1887:
1356:Powell; Letcher (20 January 2017) .
1300:
820:population in its native habitat of
2314:"Impact of chytrid fungus on frogs"
2233:Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Fallout
1989:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1500:) and description of a new phylum (
977:Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Fallout
824:, as well as the extinction of the
478:, formerly classified in the order
24:
2304:University of California, Berkeley
1890:"Saving tiny toads without a home"
1888:Dean, Cornelia (1 February 2010).
1472:Systematics and Evolution of Fungi
835:
25:
4438:
2255:
895:Dead frog with chytridiomycosis (
407:. Additional classes include the
328:
2016:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03117.x
928:with anatomical preservation of
904:
888:
686:
660:
644:
632:
571:
553:
535:
514:. Some algal parasites practice
64:
2219:
2191:
2163:
2110:
2084:
1977:
1936:
1919:
1902:
1881:
1822:
1787:
1726:
1255:The Fungi: An advanced treatise
421:, and other techniques such as
280:, absorptive nutrition, use of
248:. The name is derived from the
2213:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.06.001
2185:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.03.011
1185:10.1080/00275514.1999.12061011
1169:Batrachochytirum dendrobatidis
962:, dating between 300~350
808:this disease is known to kill
793:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
779:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
547:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
318:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
13:
1:
2067:Compendium of Potato Diseases
1949:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
995:
1632:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.03.007
1574:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
680:scanning electron microscope
7:
2341:Aquarium Wiki Encyclopaedia
862:
719:
411:, with two orders, and the
373:, were placed in the class
10:
4443:
2098:. Natural History of Fungi
1928:Rheobatrachus eungellensis
1518:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.860
1134:American Journal of Botany
783:
253:
4206:
4169:
3987:
3904:
3856:
3741:
3732:
3675:
3447:
3443:
3438:phyla/divisions by domain
3390:
3340:
3302:
3239:
3224:
3173:
3115:
3094:
3085:
3037:
2994:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2918:
2895:
2877:
2859:
2826:
2803:
2785:
2767:
2756:
2729:
2694:
2671:
2653:
2641:
2632:
2603:
2569:
2552:
2543:
2525:
2518:
2402:
2051:10.1016/j.fbr.2008.02.001
1848:10.1038/s42003-020-0891-7
1706:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
1475:. CRC Press. p. 47.
1028:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
913:of chytrids are from the
604:and usually form no true
451:, originally an order of
112:
107:
61:Scientific classification
59:
48:
39:
34:
2351:Medical Subject Headings
1605:Water, Fungi, and Plants
1270:Hyphochytrium catenoides
1072:Kendrick, Bryce (2000).
852:Synchytrium endobioticum
651:Zoospore discharge from
580:Synchytrium endobioticum
563:Synchytrium endobioticum
491:Life cycle and body plan
4427:Fungi by classification
3648:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3279:Cryptomycocolacomycetes
3072:Sporopachydermiomycetes
2887:Calcarisporiellomycetes
1808:10.1111/1462-2920.13216
1762:10.1073/pnas.0907303106
1218:Handbook of Protoctista
639:Types of chytrid thalli
419:Molecular phylogenetics
311:, and sometimes act as
276:, a posterior whiplash
2929:Palaeovesiarbusmycetes
2879:Calcarisporiellomycota
2846:Ramicandelaberomycetes
2663:Neocallimastigomycetes
2039:Fungal Biology Reviews
1835:Communications Biology
1733:Freeman, K.R. (2009).
1655:Geranomyces variabilis
1117:Sparrow, F.K. (1960).
774:
759:
674:of the chytrid fungus
321:, the causal agent of
244:, informally known as
3876:Neocallimastigomycota
3396:(polyphyletic group).
3024:Schizosaccharomycetes
2686:Monoblepharidomycetes
2655:Neocallimastigomycota
2092:"The Chytridiomycota"
2064:Hooker, W.J. (1981).
1360:Rhizophlyctis harderi
1049:Introductory Mycology
765:
747:
460:Neocallimastigomycota
415:with a single order.
409:Monoblepharidomycetes
185:Monoblepharidomycetes
102:Hibbett et al. (2007)
3541:Coprothermobacterota
3312:Peribolosporomycetes
3259:Agaricostilbomycetes
3145:Collemopsidiomycetes
3019:Pneumocystidomycetes
2818:Entomophthoromycetes
2681:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
2562:Paramicrosporidiales
2291:on 13 December 2013.
1657:gen. et comb. nov".
1620:Mycological Research
740:Ecological functions
710:under the microscope
413:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
202:Hyaloraphidiomycetes
3289:Spiculogloeomycetes
3264:Cystobasidiomycetes
3077:Trigonopsidomycetes
3047:Alloascoideomycetes
3004:Archaeorhizomycetes
2939:Archaeosporomycetes
2805:Entomophthoromycota
2744:Blastocladiomycetes
2739:Physodermatomycetes
2705:Caulochytriomycetes
2545:Microsporidiomycota
2320:on 10 January 2007.
2285:University of Maine
2139:1994Natur.367..601T
1911:Rheobatrachus silus
1753:2009PNAS..10618315F
1747:(43): 18315–18320.
1146:10.3732/ajb.1000298
796:is responsible for
383:Hyphochytriomycetes
3871:Blastocladiomycota
3365:Bartheletiomycetes
3317:Monilielliomycetes
3304:Ustilaginomycotina
3284:Atractiellomycetes
3269:Microbotryomycetes
3249:Tritirachiomycetes
3198:Laboulbeniomycetes
2934:Paraglomeromycetes
2869:Mortierellomycetes
2841:Dimargaritomycetes
2795:Basidiobolomycetes
2731:Blastocladiomycota
2673:Monoblepharomycota
1991:. 5 February 2018.
1895:The New York Times
1540:"Item no. 42"
1502:Blastocladiomycota
1329:Esser, K. (2014).
1119:Aquatic Phycomyete
986:Islamic extremists
970:In fictional media
818:Kihansi Spray Toad
775:
760:
449:Neocallimastigales
442:Blastocladiomycota
233:are a division of
168:Mesochytriomycetes
4399:
4398:
4361:Open Tree of Life
4200:Taxon identifiers
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4165:
4164:
3728:
3727:
3671:
3670:
3663:Verrucomicrobiota
3401:
3400:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3332:Exobasidiomycetes
3327:Ustilaginomycetes
3322:Malasseziomycetes
3274:Classiculomycetes
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3165:Xylobotryomycetes
3125:Candelariomycetes
2975:Entorrhizomycetes
2952:
2951:
2861:Mortierellomycota
2787:Basidiobolomycota
2752:
2751:
2716:Sanchytriomycetes
2628:
2627:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2244:978-0-425-21824-2
2237:. Penguin Group.
2077:978-0-89054-027-5
1796:Environ Microbiol
1482:978-1-57808-723-5
1342:978-3-642-55317-2
1074:The Fifth Kingdom
982:nuclear radiation
814:amphibian decline
697:
371:Spizellomycetales
237:organisms in the
228:
227:
214:Sanchytriomycetes
190:Monoblepharidales
146:Rhizophlyctidales
141:Spizellomycetales
103:
27:Division of fungi
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4195:
4194:
3939:Anthocerotophyta
3818:Hemimastigophora
3739:
3738:
3710:Nitrososphaerota
3677:
3676:
3653:Thermomicrobiota
3593:Kiritimatiellota
3588:Ignavibacteriota
3553:Deferribacterota
3516:Campylobacterota
3501:Bdellovibrionota
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3394:fungi imperfecti
3241:Pucciniomycotina
3237:
3236:
3188:Geoglossomycetes
3130:Coniocybomycetes
3092:
3091:
3052:Dipodascomycetes
3039:Saccharomycotina
2996:Taphrinomycotina
2992:
2991:
2967:Entorrhizomycota
2963:
2962:
2851:Kickxellomycetes
2813:Neozygitomycetes
2765:
2764:
2721:Chytridiomycetes
2651:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2608:
2607:
2550:
2549:
2523:
2522:
2431:
2411:
2394:classification,
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2333:
2321:
2307:
2292:
2287:. Archived from
2274:
2272:
2270:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2207:(3–4): 309–316.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2179:(3–4): 319–328.
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2148:10.1038/367601a0
2123:in the Devonian"
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1962:10.3354/dao01838
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1802:(6): 2001–2009.
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:10.3354/ame01592
1697:
1691:
1690:
1665:(6): 1411–1420.
1650:
1644:
1643:
1626:(9): 1031–1048.
1615:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1015:Fungal Diversity
1006:
897:B. dendrobatidis
892:
855:is an important
798:chytridiomycosis
786:Chytridiomycosis
758:
699:
698:
676:B. dendrobatidis
664:
648:
636:
575:
557:
539:
469:, including the
401:Chytridiomycetes
350:Chytridiomycetes
323:chytridiomycosis
291:
263:
256:
255:
207:Hyaloraphidiales
116:Chytridiomycetes
101:
69:
68:
44:
35:Chytridiomycota
32:
31:
21:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4412:Chytridiomycota
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4376:chytridiomycota
4374:
4372:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4250:
4245:
4238:Chytridiomycota
4236:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4208:Chytridiomycota
4202:
4192:
4183:
4161:
4112:Gnathostomulida
4017:Xenacoelomorpha
3983:
3979:Flowering plant
3934:Marchantiophyta
3900:
3866:Chytridiomycota
3852:
3724:
3667:
3623:Planctomycetota
3583:Gemmatimonadota
3568:Elusimicrobiota
3461:Acidobacteriota
3439:
3432:
3402:
3397:
3374:
3370:Tremellomycetes
3360:Wallemiomycetes
3342:Agaricomycotina
3336:
3298:
3294:Pucciniomycetes
3228:
3212:
3208:Sordariomycetes
3169:
3160:Lecanoromycetes
3150:Dothideomycetes
3140:Arthoniomycetes
3111:
3081:
3067:Saccharomycetes
3033:
3029:Taphrinomycetes
3009:Neolectomycetes
2987:
2979:
2948:
2914:
2905:Endogonomycetes
2891:
2873:
2855:
2828:Kickxellomycota
2822:
2799:
2781:
2760:
2748:
2725:
2696:Chytridiomycota
2690:
2667:
2646:
2624:
2612:Aphelidiomycota
2604:Aphelidiomyceta
2591:
2582:Metchnikovellea
2577:Chytridiopsidea
2565:
2556:Morellosporales
2539:
2514:
2513:
2429:
2407:
2398:
2385:
2347:Chytridiomycota
2324:
2312:
2298:
2279:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2227:Michaels, David
2224:
2220:
2196:
2192:
2168:
2164:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2035:
2031:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1886:
1882:
1827:
1823:
1792:
1788:
1731:
1727:
1698:
1694:
1651:
1647:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1597:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1498:Chytridiomycota
1494:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1460:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1274:Mol. Biol. Evol
1266:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1232:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1192:
1165:
1161:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1056:
1045:
1036:
1007:
1003:
998:
972:
907:
900:
893:
865:
838:
836:Other parasites
788:
782:
769:from an Arctic
757:bars = 10 μm .
756:
742:
722:
711:
700:
687:
682:
665:
656:
653:Phylctochytrium
649:
640:
637:
584:
576:
567:
558:
549:
540:
493:
438:Blastocladiales
379:Mastigomycotina
364:classifications
331:
296:(AAA) pathway.
289:
231:Chytridiomycota
195:Harpochytriales
173:Gromochytriales
151:Lobulomycetales
126:Cladochytriales
108:Classes/orders
100:
98:Chytridiomycota
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4380:
4370:
4357:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4308:
4295:
4282:
4269:
4256:
4243:
4228:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4172:Incertae sedis
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Micrognathozoa
4114:
4109:
4107:Acanthocephala
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:Lycopodiophyta
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Ancyromonadida
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:Thermoproteota
3712:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Pseudomonadota
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3603:Mycoplasmatota
3600:
3598:Lentisphaerota
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3578:Fusobacteriota
3575:
3573:Fibrobacterota
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Armatimonadota
3473:
3468:
3466:Actinomycetota
3463:
3457:
3455:
3441:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Agaricomycetes
3352:
3350:Dacrymycetales
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3175:Sordariomyceta
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Eurotiomycetes
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Lichinomycetes
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3117:Dothideomyceta
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3102:Orbiliomycetes
3098:
3096:
3089:
3087:Pezizomycotina
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2944:Glomeromycetes
2941:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Zoopagomycetes
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2777:Olpidiomycetes
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:(paraphyletic)
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2647:(paraphyletic)
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:Nucleophagales
2557:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2535:Rozellomycetes
2531:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:Mesomycetozoea
2501:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2440:Diaphoretickes
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2337:Chytrid fungus
2334:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2281:"Longcore Lab"
2276:
2275:
2257:
2256:External links
2254:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2218:
2190:
2162:
2109:
2083:
2076:
2056:
2029:
2010:(3): 457–455.
1994:
1976:
1955:(2): 113–118.
1935:
1918:
1901:
1880:
1821:
1786:
1725:
1692:
1671:10.3852/11-039
1645:
1610:
1595:
1568:(5): 509–547.
1552:
1547:Index Fungorum
1531:
1512:(6): 860–871.
1488:
1481:
1458:
1429:10.3852/14-275
1423:(4): 710–728.
1406:
1378:10.3852/14-223
1372:(2): 419–431.
1348:
1341:
1321:
1299:
1280:(4): 671–678.
1260:
1245:
1223:
1190:
1179:(2): 219–227.
1159:
1140:(3): 426–438.
1124:
1079:
1054:
1034:
1021:(1): 135–159.
1000:
999:
997:
994:
971:
968:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
887:
864:
861:
837:
834:
784:Main article:
781:
776:
767:Pennate diatom
741:
738:
721:
718:
713:
712:
701:
685:
683:
666:
659:
657:
650:
643:
641:
638:
631:
586:
585:
577:
570:
568:
560:Life cycle of
559:
552:
550:
541:
534:
492:
489:
488:
487:
463:
445:
423:ultrastructure
340:ultrastructure
330:
329:Classification
327:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
211:
210:
209:
199:
198:
197:
192:
182:
181:
180:
178:Mesochytriales
175:
165:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
136:Polychytriales
133:
131:Rhizophydiales
128:
123:
110:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
54:spizellomycete
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Aquatic fungi
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3896:Basidiomycota
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Glomeromycota
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Stramenopiles
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Apusomonadida
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:Nanoarchaeota
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:Euryarchaeota
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Spirochaetota
3636:
3634:
3633:Rhodothermota
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Dictyoglomota
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:Cyanobacteria
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Chrysiogenota
3534:
3532:
3531:Chloroflexota
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Calditrichota
3509:
3507:
3506:Caldisericota
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Atribacterota
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3226:Basidiomycota
3223:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Leotiomycetes
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Xylonomycetes
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3107:Pezizomycetes
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Pichiomycetes
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Novakomycetes
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2920:Glomeromycota
2917:
2911:
2910:Mucoromycetes
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:Olpidiomycota
2766:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:Microsporidia
2568:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2527:Rozellomycota
2524:
2521:
2519:Rozellomyceta
2517:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Stramenopiles
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:(major groups
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:fungal orders
2393:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2283:. Orono, ME:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:(6464): 601.
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1715:
1712:(2): 91–105.
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
993:
991:
990:United States
987:
983:
979:
978:
967:
965:
961:
957:
956:Saint-Etienne
953:
952:Pennsylvanian
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:The earliest
905:Fossil record
898:
891:
886:
885:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
853:
847:
843:
833:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
787:
780:
772:
768:
764:
753:
752:
746:
737:
733:
729:
727:
726:aquatic fungi
724:Chytrids are
717:
709:
705:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
658:
654:
647:
642:
635:
630:
629:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:zoosporangium
613:
611:
607:
603:
600:. Thalli are
599:
595:
591:
582:
581:
574:
569:
565:
564:
556:
551:
548:
544:
538:
533:
532:
531:
529:
524:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
501:
499:
485:
484:Olpidiomycota
481:
477:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
434:
433:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
348:
343:
341:
337:
326:
324:
320:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:Chytrids are
297:
295:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
262:
251:
250:Ancient Greek
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
220:
219:Sanchytriales
217:
216:
215:
212:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
162:
159:
157:
156:Synchytriales
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
111:
106:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4422:Fungus phyla
4207:
4178:
4170:
4092:Orthonectida
4087:Gastrotricha
4062:Nematomorpha
4037:Chaetognatha
4027:Hemichordate
3954:Pteridophyta
3865:
3823:Malawimonada
3697:Korarchaeota
3658:Thermotogota
3643:Synergistota
3618:Nitrospirota
3613:Nitrospinota
3558:Deinococcota
3491:Bacteroidota
3254:Mixiomycetes
3203:Sareomycetes
2897:Mucoromycota
2711:Coenomycetes
2695:
2489:Opisthokonta
2318:the original
2289:the original
2267:. Retrieved
2232:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2095:
2094:. Mycology.
2086:
2066:
2059:
2045:(1): 17–25.
2042:
2038:
2032:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1979:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1893:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1471:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1369:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1331:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1302:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1217:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1073:
1048:
1018:
1014:
1004:
975:
973:
941:
938:rhyniophytes
918:Rhynie chert
908:
896:
866:
850:
839:
831:
791:
790:The chytrid
789:
778:
749:
734:
730:
725:
723:
714:
675:
652:
614:
587:
583:on potatoes.
578:
561:
546:
525:
509:
502:
494:
480:Chytridiales
473:
417:
398:
375:Phycomycetes
361:
354:
344:
332:
316:
298:
260:
258:
245:
230:
229:
161:Polyphagales
121:Chytridiales
97:
29:
4299:iNaturalist
4232:Wikispecies
4147:Brachiopoda
4122:Cycliophora
4067:Onychophora
4042:Kinorhyncha
3964:Ginkgophyta
3959:Cycadophyta
3924:Chlorophyta
3914:Glaucophyta
3608:Myxococcota
3526:Chlorobiota
3521:Chlamydiota
3057:Lipomycetes
2988:(sac fungi)
2587:Microsporea
2388:Opisthokont
926:lagerstätte
846:prokaryotic
826:golden toad
751:Pleurosigma
511:Synchytrium
467:Olpidiaceae
394:pseudofungi
357:Protoctista
294:adipic acid
4406:Categories
4180:Parakaryon
4142:Entoprocta
4077:Arthropoda
4072:Tardigrada
4052:Priapulida
4047:Loricifera
4032:Echinoderm
4002:Ctenophora
3974:Gnetophyta
3929:Charophyta
3919:Rhodophyta
3891:Ascomycota
3886:Zygomycota
3828:Metamonada
3803:Euglenozoa
3788:Ciliophora
3496:Balneolota
3471:Aquificota
3392:See also:
2985:Ascomycota
2758:Zygomycota
2392:True fungi
2102:28 October
2096:nbm-mnb.ca
1841:(1): 183.
1332:The Mycota
996:References
974:The novel
859:pathogen.
842:eukaryotic
810:amphibians
704:sporangium
678:, under a
668:Sporangium
612:instead).
602:coenocytic
594:phototaxis
590:chemotaxis
543:Life cycle
506:isogametes
471:type genus
436:The order
399:The class
391:heterokont
274:cell walls
261:khutrídion
94:Division:
50:Sporangium
4389:100370527
4097:Dicyemida
3969:Pinophyta
3848:Telonemia
3783:Cryptista
3773:Breviatea
3758:Amoebozoa
3753:Alveolata
3734:Eukaryote
3486:Bacillota
2643:Zoosporic
2620:Aphelidea
2484:Amoebozoa
2462:Alveolata
2450:Cryptista
2425:Eukaryota
2121:Allomyces
2004:J. Phycol
1875:216033140
1659:Mycologia
1562:Mycologia
1506:Mycologia
1437:0027-5514
1417:Mycologia
1399:23 August
1366:Mycologia
1242:: 91–109.
1236:Mycotaxon
1173:Mycologia
958:Basin in
943:Allomyces
934:parasites
873:cellulose
802:Australia
708:zoospores
672:zoospores
621:zoospores
566:in potato
453:anaerobic
427:zoosporic
387:oomycetes
362:In older
313:parasites
278:flagellum
267:zoospores
254:χυτρίδιον
235:zoosporic
84:Kingdom:
78:Eukaryota
4384:Tropicos
4325:MycoBank
4273:Fungorum
4217:Wikidata
4157:Annelida
4152:Mollusca
4132:Phoronid
4127:Nemertea
4102:Rotifera
4082:Flatworm
4057:Nematoda
4022:Chordate
4012:Cnidaria
4007:Placozoa
3838:Rhizaria
3813:Haptista
3793:Cercozoa
3453:Bacteria
2634:Eumycota
2479:Amorphea
2457:Rhizaria
2445:Hacrobia
2435:Excavata
2420:Bacteria
2330:NBC News
2269:16 April
2229:(2007).
2157:35912161
2024:86483962
1971:17972752
1867:32317738
1816:26754171
1781:19826082
1687:42641493
1679:21558503
1640:18701267
1582:17572334
1526:17486963
1453:40241045
1445:25911696
1394:24144836
1386:25572098
1314:16 April
1154:21613136
922:Devonian
915:Scottish
863:Saprobes
822:Tanzania
771:meltpond
720:Habitats
702:Chytrid
625:rhizoids
610:rhizoids
608:(having
606:mycelium
475:Olpidium
336:taxonomy
301:saprobic
282:glycogen
246:chytrids
74:Domain:
4223:Q473747
4137:Bryozoa
3833:Provora
3808:Jakobea
3798:Discoba
3744:Protist
3681:Archaea
3434:Extant
3231:basidia
2958:Dikarya
2494:Animals
2415:Archaea
2135:Bibcode
1930:species
1913:species
1858:7174370
1772:2775327
1749:Bibcode
1590:4686378
1294:7659021
954:in the
911:fossils
899:) signs
881:keratin
598:thallus
498:mitosis
432:phyla:
309:keratin
292:-amino
288:by the
239:kingdom
18:Chytrid
4366:177160
4350:NZOR:
4317:936289
4304:125609
4265:1CHYTP
3997:Sponge
3989:Animal
3229:(with
2472:Plants
2409:Domain
2353:(MeSH)
2241:
2155:
2127:Nature
2074:
2022:
1969:
1873:
1865:
1855:
1814:
1779:
1769:
1685:
1677:
1638:
1588:
1580:
1524:
1479:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1392:
1384:
1339:
1292:
1152:
960:France
948:Visean
930:plants
879:, and
877:chitin
869:pollen
857:potato
806:Panama
528:oogamy
520:thalli
516:oogamy
430:fungal
405:orders
305:chitin
286:lysine
271:chitin
4373:PPE:
4330:90736
4278:90736
3906:Plant
3858:Fungi
3778:CRuMs
3095:Other
2645:fungi
2499:Fungi
2153:S2CID
2020:S2CID
1871:S2CID
1683:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1543:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1390:S2CID
924:-age
456:fungi
368:order
347:class
242:Fungi
88:Fungi
52:of a
4343:4761
4338:NCBI
4312:ITIS
4286:GBIF
4260:EPPO
4252:5767
3944:Moss
3436:life
2271:2022
2239:ISBN
2104:2013
2072:ISBN
1967:PMID
1863:PMID
1812:PMID
1777:PMID
1675:PMID
1636:PMID
1578:PMID
1522:PMID
1504:)".
1477:ISBN
1441:PMID
1433:ISSN
1401:2016
1382:PMID
1337:ISBN
1316:2022
1290:PMID
1150:PMID
920:, a
844:and
804:and
706:and
670:and
619:and
465:The
447:The
385:and
307:and
4247:EoL
2209:doi
2205:157
2181:doi
2177:156
2143:doi
2131:367
2047:doi
2012:doi
1957:doi
1853:PMC
1843:doi
1804:doi
1767:PMC
1757:doi
1745:106
1714:doi
1667:doi
1663:103
1628:doi
1624:112
1570:doi
1566:111
1514:doi
1425:doi
1421:107
1374:doi
1370:107
1282:doi
1272:".
1181:doi
1142:doi
1023:doi
936:on
655:sp.
592:or
545:of
4408::
4386::
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4327::
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4291:94
4288::
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2328:.
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2141:.
2129:.
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2041:.
2018:.
2008:40
2006:.
1987:.
1965:.
1953:77
1951:.
1947:.
1892:.
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1798:.
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1193:^
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