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or just being the "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United
Kingdom, old cultivars such as '
1910:
1672:. Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear). Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor.
1815:, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia, especially the
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1178:. There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then. Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented.
1678:: Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.
1403:
1728:
3240:, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.
2069:, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.
1533:
mature trees typically bear 40â200 kg (90â440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10â80 kg (20â180 lb) of fruit per year.
2061:. This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumedâthe allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.
3437:, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.
1760:, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.
1763:
The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated
999:
The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most
539:
selection and trimming method. Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves. The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture. When young twigs are covered in very fine downy hairs and become
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Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviableâlow yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport,
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describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately. Though methods like this will extend the availabity of reasonably
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Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form
1312:
cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and
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Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very largeâletting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area),
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facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at
Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.
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with 3â7 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit. Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures â2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to
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Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native
American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th
7176:
Ribeiro, FlĂĄvia A.P.; Gomes de Moura, Carolina F.; Aguiar, Odair; de
Oliveira, Flavia; Spadari, Regina C.; Oliveira, Nara R.C.; Oshima, Celina T.F.; Ribeiro, Daniel A. (September 2014). "The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis: antioxidant activity and cell cycle control".
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used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or
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which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to
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The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to
Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:
1158:
At the
Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild
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apples are commonly produced in the United States. Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts
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1239:
fresh apples, without refrigeration their lifespan is limited. Even sturdy winter apple varieties will only keep well until
December in cool climates. For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.
704:
are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds. The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.
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National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
728:
The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point. The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.
3087:, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of IĂ°unn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."
1640:
diseases, and to damage by insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed.
2064:
In other areas, such as the
Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and
1352:. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The
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tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft). When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by
1444:
Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:
749:
The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0â100%. The skin may be wholly or partly
1591:
For home storage, most culitvars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F). Some varieties of apples (e.g.
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program in 1991. Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars. In Europe there are also many breeding programs such as the
1708:
of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of the
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in 2014, but in April 2017 the
Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved. The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving
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in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.
2053:. Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail
426:. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting.
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1655:
is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to
6501:
Ecofruit - 13th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing: Proceedings to the Conference from 18thFebruary to 20th February 2008 at Weinsberg/Germany
1356:
conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of
4857:
Rottoli, Mauro; Pessina, Andrea (2007). "Chapter 9: Neolithic agriculture in Italy: an update of archaeobotanical data with particular emphasis on northern settlements". In Colledge, Sue; Conolly, James (eds.).
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Atthowe, Helen; Gilkeson, Linda A.; Kite, L. Patricia; Michalak, Patricia S.; Pleasant, Barbara; Reich, Lee; Scheider, Alfred F. (2009). Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Bardara W.; Martin, Deborah L. (eds.).
413:
Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple
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climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The
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I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is
7151:
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Flath, Robert A.; Black, Dale Robert.; Guadagni, Dante G.; McFadden, William H.; Schultz, Thomas H. (January 1967). "Identification and organoleptic evaluation of compounds in Delicious apple essence".
5962:
The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables
5938:
The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables
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is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the
1376:
Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.
1246:
in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in
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1373:(mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.
4142:
Flath, R. A.; Black, D. R.; Forrey, R. R.; McDonald, G. M.; Mon, T. R.; Teranishi, R. (1 August 1969). "Volatiles in Gravenstein Apple Essence Identified by GC-Mass Spectrometry".
1304:
Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are "
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Thorbiorn BrĂșnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by BrĂșnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess
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Schlumbaum, Angela; van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldan-Ruiz, Isabel (January 2012). "Towards the onset of fruit tree growing north of the Alps: Ancient DNA from waterlogged apple (
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Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.
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trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.
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Richards, Christopher M.; Volk, Gayle M.; Reilley, Ann A.; Henk, Adam D.; Lockwood, Dale R.; et al. (2009). "Genetic diversity and population structure in
7220:
Nicolas, J. J.; Richard-Forget, F. C.; Goupy, P. M.; Amiot, M. J.; Aubert, S. Y. (1 January 1994). "Enzymatic browning reactions in apple and apple products".
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is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. For instance, in
6133:"Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility"
987:
size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '
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3405:. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The
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Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild
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Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of
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was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world,
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to share with her. The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the
4724:
Cornille, Amandine; Gladieux, Pierre; Smulders, Marinus J. M.; Roldån-Ruiz, Isabel; Laurens, François; et al. (2012). Mauricio, Rodney (ed.).
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The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5 millimeters, but are usually less than 4 mm. The
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Yu, Xiuzhu; Van De Voort, Frederick R.; Li, Zhixi; Yue, Tianli (2007). "Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil".
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3387:. The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for "good and evil" is
1273:
during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.
7281:
4387:
Di Pierro, Erica A.; Gianfranceschi, Luca; Di Guardo, Mario; Koehorst-Van Putten, Herma J.J.; Kruisselbrink, Johannes W.; et al. (2016).
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4726:"New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties"
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in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of
2793:
in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be
892:
7259:
2046:
One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to
5710:
Powell, L.E. (1986). "The Chilling Requirement in Apple and Its Role in Regulating Time of Flowering in Spring in Cold-Winter Climate".
5498:"The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji'"
1648:
A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab.
758:. The skin may also be marked with scattered dots. The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green.
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10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.
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6798:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
6407:. News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1â2. Archived from
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an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a
1499:
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).
10717:
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has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make
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is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there. The wild ancestor of
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3413:" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual
2057:(OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat, but in rare cases can also include life-threatening
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5132:[Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de MaullĂn river to the ChiloĂ© archipelago, southern Chile].
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Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include '
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567:) with a narrow pointed end. The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are
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Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
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are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.
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began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.
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The size of the fruit varies widely between cultivars, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and
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1839:' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.
1140:, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between
569:
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4794:
Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; RoldĂĄn-Ruiz, I. (2006). "Chloroplast diversity in the genus
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2022:. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause
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ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.
549:
386:, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Eurasia and were introduced to North America by
7867:
4389:"A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species"
2841:) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. A light coating of
1662:âeliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions.
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Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making
5429:
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Velasco, Riccardo; Zharkikh, Andrey; Affourtit, Jason; Dhingra, Amit; Cestaro, Alessandro; et al. (2010).
3038:. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the
2035:
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methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest.
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5130:"Efectos ambientales de la colonizaciĂłn española desde el rĂo MaullĂn al archipiĂ©lago de ChiloĂ©, sur de Chile"
1004:. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from
983:
per cell (though triploid cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated
10805:
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1353:
1308:". Rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents.
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3580:"Where the word 'apple' came from and why the forbidden fruit was unlucky to be linked with the fall of man"
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burial site in Norway, that fruit and nuts (IĂ°unn having been described as being transformed into a nut in
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991:'. However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors, in part owing to the high degree of
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6192:"Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis"
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4579:"Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement"
4513:"A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour"
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5940:. Vol. I. North Yakima, Washington: The Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation. pp. 475â476
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to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas
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are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.
746: in). The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, conical, or short and wide.
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are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-
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Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; AÄimoviÄ, SrÄan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021).
5965:. Vol. I. North Yakima, Washington: The Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation. pp. 45â51
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4451:"High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development"
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3228:, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but
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of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality. The US
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1090:, the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more
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of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.
3141:
2708:. Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the
2701:, or baked. They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing.
2632:(table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 g (3.5 oz) provides 52
1713:
burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.
767:
10146:
9703:
8841:
8196:
6930:
6137:
5839:
5040:
5003:
4945:
4020:
3584:
1710:
1362:
930:
575:, almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs. The leaves are attached
504:. As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit, including
10797:
6533:
6495:
Peil, A.; Dunemann, F.; Richter, K.; Hoefer, M.; KirĂĄly, I.; Flachowsky, H.; Hanke, M.-V. (2008).
5430:
11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23â24, 2000
3020:
in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful
1787:. Among their recent well known apples is the 'SnapDragon' cultivar released in 2013. In the west
95:
10704:
10284:
9739:
8691:
8321:
8273:
8235:
8111:
8056:
7594:
7518:
7029:
6979:
6866:
5960:
5933:
5225:
4202:
Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Tang, Geng-Guo (April 2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name
1800:
1722:
1560:
430:
10957:
10898:
6619:
5265:
2493:
1805:
945:
published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of
779:
653:
10691:
10577:
10318:
10173:
9867:
9673:
9272:
8851:
8546:
7967:
7255:
6614:
6037:
3508:
3334:
1832:
1616:
1536:
Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.
1472:
1385:
1317:
1287:
35:
5301:
4997:
2454:
10450:
10437:
8981:
8971:
8856:
8811:
8706:
8686:
8606:
8581:
7604:
7506:
5165:
5034:
4393:
3673:
2467:
2054:
2026:. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be
1989:, with China producing 50% of the total (table). Secondary producers were the United States,
1757:
1568:
1274:
832:
212:
10859:
8005:
8004:
7682:
6922:
6036:
5674:
An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia
5167:
A Gardener's Book of Plant Names : A Handbook of the Meaning and Origins of Plant Names
5080:
4859:
3964:
3750:
3171:, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple:
3140:, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the
3056:. Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by
1243:
10652:
9973:
9660:
9415:
9327:
9287:
8761:
8551:
8345:
8294:
7443:
7403:
5809:
5672:
4815:
4675:"Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus Ă domestica, Rosaceae) tree"
4590:
4524:
4402:
4061:
2980:
2884:, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been
2810:
2657:
2519:
2480:
2019:
1693:
1604:
1525:
1091:
10872:
5386:
2900:
in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.
2845:, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.
1779:
In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities.
1214:
941:
he meant the domesticated apple. Nonetheless, it was used as such by many botanists. When
795:
Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include
559:), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base (
8:
10867:
10445:
9450:
9337:
8816:
8616:
8526:
8431:
7308:"Okanagan Specialty Fruits: Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF 000132"
6630:
5900:
3967:
Apples of North America : 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks
3831:
3433:", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century
2997:
2794:
2608:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1816:
1697:
1341:
495:
6466:"How a few good apples spawned today's top varieties â and why breeders must branch out"
4819:
4594:
4528:
4406:
10965:
10530:
9853:
9799:
9732:
9601:
9249:
9229:
9101:
9061:
8921:
8831:
8826:
8641:
8631:
8436:
8189:
8104:
7380:
7202:
6923:
6216:
6191:
6172:
6111:
6011:
5905:
5622:
5394:
5081:
5007:
4860:
4839:
4752:
4725:
4655:
4611:
4578:
4545:
4512:
4490:
4423:
4388:
4369:
3965:
2861:
2666:
Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook
2506:
2434:
2196:
1780:
1512:
1263:
958:
864:
844:
407:
241:
229:
90:
8566:
6335:
3749:
Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013).
3095:
1543:' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', '
1332:
Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of
1084:
of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with
613:
simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long
10885:
10854:
10432:
10266:
10092:
10085:
10071:
10064:
10040:
10033:
9963:
9908:
9541:
9505:
9244:
9199:
9164:
9016:
8596:
8586:
8511:
8476:
8249:
8239:
8218:
8210:
8200:
8175:
8167:
8157:
8125:
8115:
8090:
8082:
8072:
8068:
8034:
8026:
8016:
7973:
7927:
7873:
7841:
7831:
7821:
7766:
7758:
7748:
7711:
7703:
7693:
7645:
7620:
7612:
7540:
7532:
7522:
7481:
7473:
7463:
7425:
7415:
7237:
7194:
7051:
7043:
7033:
6952:
6944:
6934:
6888:
6880:
6870:
6809:
6799:
6652:
6644:
6634:
6268:
6260:
6250:
6246:
6221:
6176:
6164:
6156:
6089:
6066:
6058:
6048:
5989:
5727:
5588:
5578:
5326:
5318:
5308:
5271:
5239:
5229:
5184:
5176:
5110:
5102:
5092:
5054:
5044:
4975:
4967:
4957:
4927:
4881:
4871:
4870:; University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications. pp. 142â143.
4831:
4827:
4757:
4694:
4616:
4550:
4482:
4428:
4361:
4083:
4075:
4065:
4050:
3994:
3986:
3976:
3909:
3901:
3891:
3853:
3843:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3760:
3184:
3057:
2984:
2928:
2912:
2782:
2532:
2319:
1795:' cultivar in 2017. The third most grown apple cultivar in the United States is the '
1669:
1407:
10473:
7384:
7206:
6584:"Apple production in 2022; from pick lists: Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity"
6313:
5723:
5657:
5148:
5129:
4843:
4659:
4494:
4373:
3344:
3314:(ćčłćźæ, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for
1607:
blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.
1296:
10970:
10535:
10271:
10054:
9995:
9980:
9956:
9949:
9929:
9922:
9881:
9874:
9785:
9613:
9395:
9387:
9372:
9342:
9322:
9239:
9139:
8906:
8866:
8786:
8731:
8701:
8666:
8541:
8531:
8521:
8501:
8471:
8466:
8406:
8401:
8381:
8146:
8102:
Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003).
7963:
7455:
7372:
7229:
7186:
6556:
6211:
6203:
6146:
5719:
5653:
5509:
5143:
4919:
4867:
4823:
4747:
4737:
4686:
4647:
4606:
4598:
4540:
4532:
4511:
Zhang, Liyi; Hu, Jiang; Han, Xiaolei; Li, Jingjing; Gao, Yuan; et al. (2019).
4472:
4462:
4418:
4410:
4386:
4351:
4307:
4269:
4233:
4181:
4151:
3880:
3835:
3457:
3265:
3249:
3160:
3148:
3002:
2968:
2736:
2336:
2023:
1784:
1479:
1461:
1411:
1174:
There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the
1136:
1098:. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.
1086:
988:
915:
in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named
836:
816:
755:
461:
as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
10611:
10598:
10235:
10222:
5626:
5426:
Proceedings of the 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference
4633:
3363:
is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that
3040:
1076:. Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the
891:: the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the
10993:
10841:
10784:
10509:
10419:
10196:
10078:
10047:
10023:
10016:
10009:
9843:
9829:
9693:
9500:
9405:
9377:
9357:
9297:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9144:
9096:
9086:
9026:
9011:
8876:
8836:
8801:
8796:
8671:
8661:
8611:
8451:
8396:
8352:
8287:
8141:
7959:
7608:
7502:
7190:
7059:
6960:
6896:
6309:
5577:. New York: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. pp. 33â35.
5172:
5088:
4993:
4742:
4260:
4224:
3875:
3839:
3410:
3360:
3352:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3034:
2954:
2889:
2829:
2709:
1836:
1688:
1642:
1251:
1235:
1109:
to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (
1052:
1035:
848:
812:
610:
556:
450:
403:
399:
382:
133:
10934:
10810:
5496:
Fallahi, Esmaeil; Colt, W. Michael; Fallahi, Bahar; Chun, Ik-Jo (January 2002).
4923:
4577:
Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; et al. (2017).
1571:
chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of
1422:
to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize
11003:
10998:
10880:
10588:
10468:
10128:
9915:
9901:
9836:
9809:
9618:
9475:
9332:
9219:
9184:
9051:
9046:
9031:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8976:
8936:
8891:
8886:
8736:
8656:
8626:
8591:
8571:
8516:
8481:
8461:
8456:
8426:
8421:
8371:
8137:
8000:
7827:
7736:
7510:
6793:
6151:
6132:
4602:
4536:
4155:
4120:
3871:
3499:
3356:
3269:
3137:
3068:
2988:
2908:
2073:
1585:
1544:
1521:
1431:
1291:
1130:
992:
953:, but this was not directly referenced by Borkhausen. The earliest use of var.
888:
820:
762:
Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.
614:
576:
570:
509:
484:
458:
120:
7233:
6434:
5513:
5243:
4651:
4087:
3540:
2938:
563:), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved (
59:
10987:
10683:
10562:
10310:
9988:
9939:
9860:
9819:
9596:
9581:
9495:
9485:
9480:
9312:
9277:
9214:
9149:
9126:
9111:
9081:
9076:
9021:
8966:
8961:
8941:
8881:
8871:
8821:
8806:
8791:
8726:
8496:
8386:
8253:
7650:
7563:
7411:
7055:
6956:
6892:
6272:
6160:
6070:
5592:
5551:
5011:
3998:
3857:
3790:
3774:
3589:
3315:
3192:
2976:
2881:
2865:
2744:
2724:
2674:
2641:
2637:
2254:
2152:
2085:
1897:
1765:
1508:
1101:
The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000â10,000 years ago in the
1081:
926:
804:
800:
640:
636:
564:
550:
434:
8222:
8179:
8129:
8094:
8038:
7845:
7770:
7715:
7544:
7485:
7429:
7063:
6964:
6900:
6656:
5330:
5275:
5114:
4979:
4885:
4414:
3913:
2766:, which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often
2685:, the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible". Apples are consumed as
1791:
started a program to support their apple industry in 1994 and released the '
555:, meaning that their edges overlap each other. Leaves can be simple ovals (
10924:
10499:
10002:
9655:
9440:
9430:
9317:
9302:
9224:
9209:
9194:
9189:
9116:
9106:
8956:
8896:
8861:
8846:
8771:
8766:
8756:
8716:
8681:
8676:
8636:
8536:
8446:
8441:
8411:
8153:
8061:
8012:
7600:
7376:
7340:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada. 8 September 2017.
7198:
6813:
6225:
6168:
6044:
5058:
4931:
4835:
4761:
4698:
4620:
4554:
4486:
4449:
Daccord, Nicolas; Celton, Jean-Marc; Linsmith, Gareth; et al. (2017).
4432:
4365:
3972:
3887:
3398:
3339:
3298:, since the sounds of the first element ("pĂng") in the words "apple" (èčæ,
3080:
2992:
2947:
2806:
2740:
2720:
2705:
2698:
2621:
2545:
2128:
1812:
1792:
1705:
1701:
1625:
1597:
1593:
1468:
1358:
1043:
970:
905:
840:
796:
560:
395:
377:
10846:
10621:
10424:
7624:
7515:
The apples of Apollo : pagan and Christian mysteries of the Eucharist
7459:
7241:
6756:
5188:
2880:, a browning factor. Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value.
1495:
Group H â 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' â also called Court-Pendu plat)
863:
The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or
754:, making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of
10792:
10743:
10571:
10357:
10245:
10205:
9891:
9536:
9531:
9490:
9470:
9460:
9455:
9267:
9259:
9001:
8951:
8946:
8931:
8721:
8696:
8646:
8561:
8506:
8363:
7558:
6583:
6207:
5307:(First ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. pp. 150â151.
5270:. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Company. pp. 33â34.
4690:
4049:
Janick, Jules; Cummins, James N.; Brown, Susan K.; Hemmat, Minou (1996).
3960:
3394:
2790:
2786:
2763:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2645:
2112:
2089:
2058:
1773:
1752:
1657:
1540:
1450:
1419:
1270:
1255:
1175:
1080:
mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary
505:
474:
442:
360:
68:
7145:"European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides"
4185:
3615:
10722:
10336:
9586:
9445:
9435:
9234:
9204:
9066:
9041:
9036:
9006:
8741:
8556:
8391:
4477:
4237:
3446:
3310:
in Mandarin and Cantonese. When these two words are combined, the word
3253:
3229:
3200:
3130:
3103:
3076:
2963:
2854:
2778:
2759:
2353:
2302:
2262:
2027:
1796:
1740:
1683:
1675:
1423:
1337:
1226:
1069:
1065:
1061:
980:
449:, bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of
356:
31:
10362:
7688:. Translated by Edmonds, J.M.; Cooper, John M. Indianapolis, Indiana:
7282:"United States: GM non-browning Arctic apple expands into foodservice"
7175:
4862:
The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe
4798:: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (
4673:
Lauri, Pierre-Ă©ric; Maguylo, Karen; Trottier, Catherine (March 2006).
3677:
3061:
3025:
1682:
Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called
1621:
1517:
433:. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including
10748:
10665:
10292:
10123:
9591:
9556:
9526:
9465:
9352:
9159:
9134:
9071:
9056:
8916:
8911:
8746:
8651:
8576:
7972:(Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23.
7451:
7019:
6856:
5296:
4953:
3451:
3414:
3307:
3180:
3118:
3084:
3017:
3006:
2916:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2834:
2818:
2751:
2690:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2250:
2066:
2011:
1748:
1744:
1637:
1438:
1435:
1427:
1390:
1370:
1345:
1325:
1309:
1106:
1102:
1077:
828:
751:
544:
536:
531:
423:
391:
77:
10167:
7118:. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. February 2016. Archived from
6084:
Coli, William M.; Berkett, Lorraine P.; Spitko, Robin, eds. (2003).
4467:
4450:
4312:
4295:
4273:
3417:
has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.
2038:
records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.
1555:
1155:
origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.
1021:
10919:
10556:
10494:
10190:
9790:
9650:
9630:
9546:
9400:
9367:
9347:
9307:
9292:
9282:
8781:
8711:
8486:
7904:
6039:
The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control
4723:
4356:
4331:
3830:. Vol. 4, Fruit (First ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands:
3233:
3225:
3164:
3133:
3122:
3099:
2991:
developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the
2814:
2802:
2713:
2285:
1736:
1576:
1486:
1395:
1321:
1305:
1073:
912:
606:
547:
have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are
419:
415:
179:
146:
10761:
10670:
10375:
10297:
8171:
7762:
7047:
6948:
6884:
6648:
6264:
6062:
5106:
3990:
3905:
3782:
3021:
2958:
2943:
1822:
1434:
are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards.
10279:
9781:
9561:
9091:
8776:
8416:
8376:
7680:(1997). "Epigrams". In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. (eds.).
5648:
Barahona, M. (1992). "Adaptation of Apple Varieties in Ecuador".
3748:
3426:
3199:. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the
3053:
2762:. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as
2755:
2732:
2633:
2629:
2230:
2015:
1975:
1580:
976:
852:
824:
808:
169:
30:
This article is about the fruit. For the technology company, see
8214:
8086:
8030:
7707:
7616:
7559:"Eris - Greek Goddess of Strife & Discord (Roman Discordia)"
7536:
7477:
6098:. pp. 19â27. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008
5998:. pp. 28â29. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008
5322:
5180:
4971:
4905:
4079:
3151:, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of
513:
478:
10657:
9510:
8926:
8901:
8751:
8621:
8268:
7590:
7219:
6130:
5128:
TorrejĂłn, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004).
4329:
3975:. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246.
3406:
3261:
3196:
3176:
3156:
3152:
2858:
2842:
2771:
2728:
2369:
2259:
2050:
1994:
1990:
1933:
1915:
1743:
and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same
1652:
1633:
1572:
1457:
1349:
1333:
1247:
1184:
984:
701:
697:
693:
519:
454:
446:
233:
159:
6496:
4793:
4253:"Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 69"
3616:"Origin and meaning of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary"
9771:
9766:
9756:
9624:
9551:
9362:
8491:
7677:
5901:"Puff the Magic Preservative: Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent"
5873:
3434:
3372:
3295:
3217:
3072:
3067:
Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of
3049:
3045:
3029:
3013:
2798:
2767:
2750:
Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as
2142:
2076:
fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.
2047:
1986:
1951:
1879:
1861:
1769:
1665:
917:
685:
635:-inch) in diameter. The five-petaled flowers are group in an
618:
438:
368:
364:
336:
328:
189:
107:
6980:"81 Best Apple Recipes: Dinners, Desserts, Salads, and More"
4119:. Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu. 29 October 2010. Archived from
3290:("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017)
1808:, the German federal research center for cultivated plants.
1402:
1242:
Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to
9640:
7028:. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford:
6865:. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford:
6033:
5422:"Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement"
4777:"ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple"
4448:
3397:
painters may also have been influenced by the story of the
3368:
3323:
3188:
3172:
2972:
2838:
1029:
689:
373:
8191:
The Apple Grower : A Guide for the Organic Orchardist
7741:
Interrupted Music : The Making of Tolkien's Mythology
6784:
6762:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
4168:
1739:(cultivated varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their
1600:') have more than three times the storage life of others.
900:. Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use
8279:
6494:
5749:"20 Best Places to Go Apple Picking in the United States"
5360:
3364:
2625:
2172:
1727:
498:
6929:. Photographs by Squire Fox (First ed.). New York:
5127:
4141:
4048:
5959:
Lowther, Granville; Worthington, William, eds. (1914).
5599:
4197:
4195:
2809:, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as
363:
worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the
7150:. CropLife Foundation, Washington, DC. December 2011.
6741:
Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions
5936:. In Lowther, Granville; Worthington, William (eds.).
5778:
Graziano, Jack; Farcuh, Macarena (10 September 2021).
5495:
3117:. One of the problems identifying apples in religion,
3028:, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god
8007:
The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World
7958:
5848:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
5818:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
5461:"Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden"
2727:(US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot
1262:
century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in
1254:
in 1640. The only apples native to North America are
7782:
7780:
7086:"Why All the Symbolic Rosh Hashanah Foods? "ŚŚŚŚŚŚ""
4950:
Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster
4672:
4638:, a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple".
4192:
1826:
Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy
1478:
Group D â Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('
1320:
when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves
488:
7501:
7362:
5682:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
5353:"Thanks To Science, You Can Eat An Apple Every Day"
4060:. Vol. I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. New York:
3260:, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is
3012:Davidson notes a connection between apples and the
2597:
Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry
1603:Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance
1449:
Group A â Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('
8188:
8145:
8103:
8060:
7788:"Why Do the Chinese Give Apples Around Christmas?"
7681:
7013:
6933:. pp. 16, 32, 35, 45, 92, 137, 262â263, 275.
6850:
6795:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
6618:
6497:"Resistance Breeding in Apple at Dresden-Pillnitz"
5958:
5459:Lord, William G.; Ouellette, Amy (February 2010).
5300:
5215:
5164:
4627:
3879:
1985:World production of apples in 2022 was 96 million
8195:(First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont:
7777:
6091:2003-2004 New England Apple Pest Management Guide
6083:
5991:2003-2004 New England Apple Pest Management Guide
5984:Coli, William M.; Los, Lorraine M., eds. (2003).
5573:Ferree, David Curtis; Warrington, Ian J. (2003).
4444:
4442:
4325:
4323:
2444:
2240:
1567:Commercially, apples can be stored for months in
1269:Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in
925:. This was widely accepted, however the botanist
41:"Apple tree" redirects here. For other uses, see
10985:
7398:
7396:
7394:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6612:
6548:
6116:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6016:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5572:
5121:
3870:
3322:(ćčłćźć€, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the
1105:mountains, and then to have travelled along the
6435:"How breeders bring out the best in new apples"
5716:International Society for Horticultural Science
4506:
4504:
3713:North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
3347:(1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin
617:. When the flower buds first begin to open the
7222:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
6750:
5777:
5209:
5207:
5205:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4856:
4576:
4439:
4320:
3699:
3697:
3695:
2107:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1467:Group C â Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ('
720:How apple fruit derives from flower structures
9740:
8295:
7391:
6832:
6557:"Crops & Gardening â Apples of Antiquity"
6238:
5680:(Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology thesis).
5458:
4717:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3383:(an evil), each of which is normally written
3001:) have been found in the early graves of the
2030:before the cyanide ion is released. The U.S.
1528:, with his family picking apples in the 1930s
937:in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by
9646:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
7497:
7495:
5612:
5548:North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
4866:(First ed.). Walnut Creek, California:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4510:
4501:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
2735:candy respectively and allowing it to cool.
2640:(table). Otherwise, there is low content of
835:, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate,
453:and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's
7872:. Vol. 1. College Press. p. 193.
7815:
7813:
7169:
7139:
7137:
6399:
5202:
4892:
4201:
3692:
1711:apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing)
508:. This can be compared to the 14th-century
9747:
9733:
8302:
8288:
6758:United States Food and Drug Administration
6621:Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants
6578:
6576:
6574:
6463:
6395:
6393:
6296:
6294:
6029:
6027:
5870:"Refrigerated storage of perishable foods"
4250:
4173:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3735:
3573:
3571:
1783:has had a program operating since 1880 in
76:
58:
7492:
7365:International Journal of Food Engineering
6368:"ECPGR Malus/Pyrus Working Group Members"
6215:
6150:
5780:"Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Apples"
5263:
5147:
5087:(First ed.). Westport, Connecticut:
5039:(First ed.). Boston, Massachusetts:
4912:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
4751:
4741:
4610:
4561:
4544:
4476:
4466:
4422:
4355:
4311:
4044:
4042:
3828:Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants
3640:
3409:in the human throat has been called the "
1502:
1485:Group E â Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ('
929:published an alternate classification in
445:production. Trees and fruit are prone to
398:significance in many cultures, including
7865:
7810:
7442:
7402:
7134:
7008:
6920:
6845:
6524:
6522:
6239:Elzebroek, A. T. G.; Wind, Koop (2008).
5647:
4802:(L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (
3333:
3282:
3094:
2937:
2789:, which may be drunk unfiltered (called
2661:
1821:
1747:. Different cultivars are available for
1726:
1620:
1554:
1516:
1418:Apples are self-incompatible; they must
1401:
1389:
1295:
1028:
1020:
7819:
7735:
7300:
7108:
6977:
6571:
6390:
6291:
6024:
5983:
5931:
5670:
5078:
4992:
4952:(First ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
4461:(7). Nature Communications: 1099â1106.
4332:"The genome of the domesticated apple (
3959:
3804:
3568:
3497:
2983:links apples to religious practices in
2072:Breeding efforts have yet to produce a
14:
10986:
8110:(First ed.). Brooklyn, New York:
7999:
7915:
7646:"Judgement of Paris - Greek Mythology"
7589:
7571:from the original on 25 September 2024
7344:from the original on 19 September 2018
7284:. Fresh Fruit Portal. 13 August 2019.
6567:from the original on 19 February 2017.
6554:
5746:
5709:
5541:
5032:
4293:
4039:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3493:
3071:" used in an 11th-century poem by the
2848:
2801:(called hard cider in North America),
2774:, and are cooked in some meat dishes.
933:with the apple species separated from
579:by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm (
10172:
10171:
9728:
8283:
7676:
7338:"Questions and answers: Arctic Apple"
7179:European Journal of Cancer Prevention
7157:from the original on 24 February 2017
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6594:from the original on 12 November 2016
6519:
6189:
5691:from the original on 20 November 2015
5523:from the original on 11 February 2014
5351:Cohen, Rachel D. (26 November 2018).
5350:
5213:
5162:
4944:
4296:"Report of the General Committee: 18"
3628:from the original on 21 December 2019
3498:Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021).
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
2824:
2010:Apple seeds contain small amounts of
1849:List of countries by apple production
1610:
1344:sent samples of dwarf apple trees to
10948:5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8
10834:e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6
10523:e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b
10412:14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0
10152:
9608:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
8152:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon:
7940:from the original on 29 January 2022
7886:from the original on 26 January 2021
7330:
7318:from the original on 31 October 2017
6990:from the original on 18 October 2020
6613:Nelson, Lewis S.; Shih, Richard D.;
6507:from the original on 28 January 2021
6432:
6279:from the original on 20 October 2020
5898:
5747:Romano, Andrea (10 September 2023).
5619:Home & Garden Information Center
5575:Apples: Botany, Production, and Uses
5295:
5267:History of Bergen County, New Jersey
4774:
4017:Western Agricultural Research Center
3971:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon:
3886:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon:
3454:, appleâcrabapple hybrids for eating
3431:An apple a day keeps the doctor away
2933:
2743:eaten during the Jewish New Year of
7798:from the original on 1 October 2020
7658:from the original on 24 August 2024
7258:. Okanagan Specialty Fruits. 2019.
7213:
7083:
6978:Kellogg, Kristi (15 January 2015).
6096:University of Massachusetts Amherst
5996:University of Massachusetts Amherst
5544:"Apple Rootstocks and Tree Spacing"
5135:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
3817:
3577:
3528:
3243:
2673:Apples varieties can be grouped as
431:more than 7,500 cultivars of apples
24:
8049:
7262:from the original on 27 April 2021
7096:from the original on 21 March 2023
6772:from the original on 27 March 2024
6696:
6684:from the original on 21 April 2017
6680:. Toxnet, US Library of Medicine.
6464:Migicovsky, Zoë (22 August 2021).
5913:from the original on 3 August 2011
5876:. 26 February 2015. Archived from
5790:from the original on 24 March 2023
5759:from the original on 21 April 2024
5419:
4783:from the original on 11 June 2016.
4705:from the original on 20 April 2019
4144:Journal of Chromatographic Science
4027:from the original on 23 April 2024
3941:from the original on 7 August 2024
3659:
3470:
3090:
3016:, a tribe of gods associated with
2648:of all falling below 10% (table).
25:
11025:
8261:
7969:A Dictionary of American Proverbs
7408:Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
7312:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
7288:from the original on 27 June 2021
6588:Food and Agriculture Organization
6476:from the original on 31 July 2024
6445:from the original on 31 July 2024
6348:from the original on 15 June 2012
5401:from the original on 30 July 2024
5367:from the original on 18 June 2024
5163:Smith, Archibald William (1963).
4097:from the original on 19 July 2013
3596:from the original on 28 June 2023
3516:from the original on 28 July 2024
2903:
2620:A raw apple is 86% water and 14%
1588:, which also must be controlled.
1492:Group F â 19 to 23 May ('Suntan')
10912:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726372-1
10487:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1
10151:
10142:
10141:
10102:
9709:
9708:
9699:
9698:
9689:
9688:
8267:
7993:
7952:
7919:The Book of Genesis: A Biography
7909:
7898:
7859:
7729:
7670:
7638:
7583:
6433:Beck, Kellen (17 October 2020).
5784:University of Maryland Extension
5714:(179). Wageningen, Netherlands:
5303:Five Thousand Days Like This One
5222:The Harrowsmith Reader Volume II
4828:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x
4283:from the original on 7 May 2024.
3723:from the original on 31 May 2024
3329:
2967:(written in the 13th century by
2868:in sliced or bruised apples, by
2102:Apples, with skin (edible parts)
1944:
1926:
1908:
1890:
1872:
1735:There are more than 7,500 known
1731:An assortment of apple cultivars
1628:larva tunnelling inside an apple
1225:Problems playing this file? See
1203:
1183:
778:
766:
713:
664:
652:
94:
8106:The Best Apples to Buy and Grow
7596:The Works of Lucian of Samosata
7551:
7436:
7356:
7274:
7248:
7077:
7002:
6971:
6914:
6820:from the original on 9 May 2024
6733:
6670:
6606:
6488:
6457:
6426:
6360:
6328:
6245:. Wallingford, United Kingdom:
6232:
6190:Erler, Fedai (1 January 2010).
6183:
6124:
6077:
5977:
5952:
5925:
5899:Karp, David (25 October 2006).
5892:
5862:
5832:
5802:
5771:
5740:
5724:10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.10
5703:
5664:
5658:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.310.17
5641:
5613:Polomski, Bob; Reighard, Greg.
5566:
5542:Parker, M.L. (September 1993).
5535:
5489:
5452:
5413:
5379:
5344:
5289:
5257:
5156:
5149:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009
5079:Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004).
5072:
5026:
5002:. Vol. III. Translated by
4986:
4938:
4850:
4787:
4768:
4666:
4380:
4287:
4244:
4162:
4135:
4109:
4005:
3953:
3937:. Royal Horticultural Society.
3927:
3717:North Carolina State University
3236:, a name possibly derived from
3159:. In retaliation, she tossed a
2898:Canadian Food Inspection Agency
2668:Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts
1632:Apple trees are susceptible to
908:, under an alternate taxonomy.
875:are the two main names in use.
540:hairless as they become older.
7404:Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis
6555:Weaver, Sue (JuneâJuly 2003).
6374:. 22 July 2002. Archived from
4294:Wilson, Karen L. (June 2017).
3864:
3608:
3147:The Greek goddess of discord,
2915:apple seeds for manufacturing
2853:Apple skins and seeds contain
2036:Hazardous Substances Data Bank
1379:
1011:
525:
13:
1:
9669:Countries by apple production
7599:. Vol. I. Translated by
7448:Roles of the Northern Goddess
6715:"General Information â Apple"
6625:(Second ed.). New York:
6590:, Statistics Division. 2024.
4251:Applequist, Wendy L. (2017).
3463:
2971:) as providing apples to the
2922:
2624:, with negligible content of
1842:
1686:, and three fungal diseases:
1354:East Malling Research Station
1128:Chinese soft apples, such as
8067:(First ed.). New York:
8011:(First ed.). New York:
7191:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000005
7025:The Oxford Companion to Food
6862:The Oxford Companion to Food
5387:"The Heirloom Apple Orchard"
5264:Van Valen, James M. (1900).
5220:. In Lawrence, James (ed.).
5171:(First ed.). New York:
4999:The Natural History of Pliny
4743:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703
4523:(1). Nature Genetics: 1494.
3840:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_49
3670:HORT 3020: Intro Fruit Crops
3083:and came to Europe from the
2894:Food and Drug Administration
2857:. These are oxidised by the
2604:Percentages estimated using
2094:
2032:National Library of Medicine
2005:
1716:
1482:', 'Calville blanc d'hiver')
1198:Read by Kevin S for LibriVox
1056:, found growing wild in the
819:, ethyl 2-methylpropionate,
790:
479:
464:
7:
8234:(Second ed.). London:
7830:. pp. 15â16, 340â341.
7745:Kent State University Press
6717:. Informall. Archived from
5671:Adamson, Nancy Lee (2011).
5468:University of New Hampshire
4924:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.004
4640:Tree Genetics & Genomes
3621:Online Etymology Dictionary
3440:
3294:In China, apples symbolise
2651:
2000:
1789:Washington State University
1281:
943:Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen
858:
823:, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate,
644:â40 °C (â40 °F).
380:, where its wild ancestor,
43:Apple tree (disambiguation)
10:
11030:
11009:Fruits originating in Asia
8309:
8187:Phillips, Michael (1998).
7924:Princeton University Press
7607:(First ed.). Oxford:
7517:. Durham, North Carolina:
6925:The Apple Lover's Cookbook
6747:, accessed 17 October 2011
6242:Guide to Cultivated Plants
6152:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R
4679:American Journal of Botany
4603:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7
4537:10.1038/s41467-019-09518-x
3555:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
3550:Plants of the World Online
3420:
3256:has many names, including
2926:
2689:, raw in salads, baked in
2655:
2636:and a moderate content of
2117:218 kJ (52 kcal)
2083:
2041:
1846:
1764:specifically for cooking (
1720:
1614:
1563:in a wholesale food market
1550:
1506:
1394:Apple blossom from an old
1383:
1313:seedlings rarely survive.
1285:
1016:
968:
921:and he named the apple as
40:
29:
27:Fruit that grows on a tree
10546:
10180:
10137:
10111:
10100:
9780:
9684:
9574:
9519:
9423:
9414:
9386:
9258:
9125:
8362:
8330:
8317:
7962:; Kingsbury, Stewart A.;
7866:Kissling, Paul J (2004).
7820:Macrone, Michael (1998).
7234:10.1080/10408399409527653
6931:W.W. Norton & Company
6627:New York Botanical Garden
6400:Tarjan, Sue (Fall 2006).
6341:National Fruit Collection
6196:Journal of Insect Science
5514:10.21273/HORTTECH.12.1.38
5033:Martin, Alice A. (1976).
4775:Kean, Sam (17 May 2012).
4652:10.1007/s11295-008-0190-9
4117:"Natural Waxes on Fruits"
3757:Missouri Botanical Garden
3578:Lim, Lisa (6 July 2021).
3113:, often as a mystical or
3044:: when the major goddess
2876:of phenolic compounds to
2603:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2368:
2352:
2335:
2318:
2301:
2284:
2249:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2106:
1972:
1855:
1058:mountains of Central Asia
1008:following domestication.
964:
911:When first classified by
494:, descended in turn from
418:are propagated by clonal
247:
240:
218:
211:
91:Scientific classification
89:
84:
75:
66:
57:
52:
11014:Plants described in 1768
8197:Chelsea Green Publishing
6633:. pp. 27, 211â212.
5840:"4 Steps to Food Safety"
5436:. METRIA. Archived from
5224:. Camden East, Ontario:
5041:Houghton Mifflin Company
4156:10.1093/CHROMSCI/7.8.508
4021:Montana State University
3818:Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "
3585:South China Morning Post
3278:
3060:) of their sonâthe hero
3032:in stanzas 19 and 20 of
1489:', 'Reinette d'Orléans')
1430:are most commonly used.
1300:An apple tree in Germany
931:The Gardeners Dictionary
679:
483:, is descended from the
8692:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
8562:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
8322:List of apple cultivars
8236:Frances Lincoln Limited
8230:Sanders, Rosie (2010).
8112:Brooklyn Botanic Garden
7916:Hendel, Ronald (2012).
7519:Carolina Academic Press
7030:Oxford University Press
6867:Oxford University Press
6530:"World apple situation"
5226:Camden House Publishing
4994:Plinius, Gaius Secundus
4415:10.1038/hortres.2016.57
3755:. St. Louis, Missouri:
3144:growing at its center.
2805:, and vinegar. Through
2606:US recommendations
2079:
1801:University of Minnesota
1723:List of apple cultivars
1668:are small insects with
1579:is used by plants as a
1547:', and 'Tolman Sweet'.
1456:Group B â 4 to 7 May ('
1316:Because apples are not
879:is the older name, but
514:
500:
490:
9155:Calville Blanc d'hiver
8148:The Story of the Apple
8015:. pp. 9, 22, 50.
7792:Teach English In China
7377:10.2202/1556-3758.1283
6921:Traverso, Amy (2011).
6503:(in German): 220â225.
6402:"Autumn Apple Musings"
6086:"Other Apple Diseases"
5932:Jackson, H.S. (1914).
5083:Food in Medieval Times
4910:sp.) seed fragments".
3882:The Story of the Apple
3509:Flora of North America
3348:
3291:
3275:, "Island of Apples".
3223:
3109:Apples appear in many
3106:
3009:in southwest England.
2979:. The English scholar
2950:
2670:
2610:the National Academies
1827:
1732:
1629:
1617:List of apple diseases
1564:
1529:
1503:Maturation and harvest
1415:
1399:
1386:Fruit tree pollination
1301:
1288:Fruit tree propagation
1195:by Henry David Thoreau
1040:
1026:
671:Botanical illustration
36:Apple (disambiguation)
8982:Rhode Island Greening
8902:Sciros (Pacific Rose)
8812:Karmijn de Sonnaville
8582:Devonshire Quarrenden
7460:10.4324/9780203025550
7444:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
4583:Nature Communications
4517:Nature Communications
4394:Horticulture Research
4062:John Wiley & Sons
3674:University of Georgia
3337:
3286:
3209:
3098:
2941:
2665:
2656:Further information:
2215:Vitamins and minerals
2055:oral allergy syndrome
1978:of the United Nations
1825:
1758:University of Reading
1730:
1624:
1615:Further information:
1569:controlled atmosphere
1558:
1520:
1410:on an apple bloom in
1405:
1393:
1306:extreme heterozygotes
1299:
1275:Controlled atmosphere
1032:
1024:
969:Further information:
957:for the apple was by
833:3-methylbutyl acetate
700:. The true fruits or
692:that matures in late
9974:Malus niedzwetskyana
9661:US Apple Association
8602:Duchess of Oldenburg
8346:Malus niedzwetzkyana
8276:at Wikimedia Commons
7823:Brush up your Bible!
7794:. 22 December 2019.
7747:. pp. 122â123.
7454:. pp. 146â147.
7450:. London; New York:
7414:. pp. 165â166.
6561:Hobby Farms Magazine
6208:10.1673/031.010.6301
5554:on 11 September 2013
5477:on 30 September 2013
5214:Poole, Mike (1980).
4956:. pp. 109â113.
4691:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357
3834:. pp. 414â415.
3588:. Hong Kong, China:
3582:. Language Matters.
3403:Garden of Hesperides
3111:religious traditions
2981:H. R. Ellis Davidson
2977:eternal youthfulness
2961:is portrayed in the
2886:genetically modified
2658:List of apple dishes
2020:cyanogenic glycoside
2018:compound known as a
1806:Julius KĂŒhn-Institut
1605:1-methylcyclopropene
1526:President of Finland
568:
548:
34:For other uses, see
10028:(Asian wild/Almaty)
9451:Apple cider vinegar
8817:King of the Pippins
8547:Cox's Orange Pippin
8527:Cornish Gilliflower
8142:Mabberley, David J.
7122:on 24 February 2017
6739:Landau, Elizabeth,
6536:on 11 February 2008
5629:on 28 February 2008
4820:2006MolEc..15.2171C
4595:2017NatCo...8..249D
4529:2019NatCo..10.1494Z
4407:2016HorR....316057D
4186:10.1021/jf60149a032
4051:"Chapter 1: Apples"
3876:Mabberley, David J.
3302:) and "peace" (ćčłćź,
3136:, as a part of his
2849:Non-browning apples
2337:Pantothenic acid (B
2103:
1833:Cox's Orange Pippin
1817:Indian subcontinent
1799:', released by the
1473:Cox's Orange Pippin
1453:', 'Red Astrachan')
1342:Alexander the Great
1094:similar progenitor
1039:apple in Kazakhstan
979:, with two sets of
867:. In modern times,
847:, trans-2-hexenal,
811:, 2-methylbutanal,
496:Proto-Indo-European
327:is a round, edible
275:M. paradisiaca
9854:Malus crescimannoi
9814:(Chinese pearleaf)
9800:Malus angustifolia
9602:Fruit tree pruning
9230:Reinette du Canada
9102:Worcester Pearmain
8857:Lucombe's Seedling
8842:Liveland Raspberry
8687:Gascoyne's Scarlet
8642:Esopus Spitzenburg
8607:Dumelow's Seedling
8437:Aurora Golden Gala
8138:Juniper, Barrie E.
7690:Hackett Publishing
7654:. Aaron J. Atsma.
7611:. pp. 78â85.
7567:. Aaron J. Atsma.
7521:. pp. 64â70.
7507:Staples, Blaise D.
6869:. pp. 27â31.
6615:Balick, Michael J.
5906:The New York Times
5712:Acta Horticulturae
5650:Acta Horticulturae
5623:Clemson University
5420:Ranney, Thomas G.
5395:Cornell University
5091:. pp. 19â20.
5043:. pp. 64â65.
4946:Sauer, Jonathan D.
4238:10.1002/tax.592038
4216:M. frutescens
4064:. pp. 9, 48.
3872:Juniper, Barrie E.
3680:on 21 January 2008
3349:
3292:
3107:
3102:with the apple of
2951:
2862:polyphenol oxidase
2825:Organic production
2671:
2571:Other constituents
2101:
1860:2022, millions of
1828:
1781:Cornell University
1733:
1670:sucking mouthparts
1630:
1611:Pests and diseases
1565:
1530:
1513:Fruit tree pruning
1432:Orchard mason bees
1416:
1400:
1302:
1271:frostproof cellars
1264:Eastern Washington
1244:Chiloé Archipelago
1137:M. prunifolia
1119:M. sylvestris
1115:M. orientalis
1074:northwestern China
1041:
1027:
959:Georg Adolf Suckow
845:2-methyl-1-butanol
437:, eating raw, and
408:European Christian
388:European colonists
283:M. sylvestris
267:M. frutescens
10981:
10980:
10855:Open Tree of Life
10433:Open Tree of Life
10174:Taxon identifiers
10165:
10164:
10093:Malus yunnanensis
10086:Malus tschonoskii
10072:Malus transitoria
10065:Malus toringoides
10060:
10041:Malus spectabilis
10034:Malus sikkimensis
10029:
9969:
9964:Malus mandshurica
9945:
9935:
9909:Malus glaucescens
9897:
9887:
9849:
9825:
9815:
9805:
9769:
9762:
9722:
9721:
9570:
9569:
9506:Jewish apple cake
9245:White Transparent
9165:Chelmsford Wonder
8512:Claygate Pearmain
8272:Media related to
8206:978-1-890132-04-0
8163:978-0-88192-784-9
8121:978-1-889538-66-2
8078:978-0-86547-537-3
8069:North Point Press
8022:978-0-375-50129-6
7979:978-0-19-511133-0
7964:Harder, Kelsie B.
7837:978-0-517-20189-3
7754:978-0-87338-824-5
7528:978-0-89089-924-3
7314:. 20 March 2015.
7084:Shurpin, Yehuda.
7039:978-0-19-967733-7
6940:978-0-393-06599-2
6876:978-0-19-967733-7
6805:978-0-309-48834-1
6414:on 11 August 2007
6378:on 26 August 2014
6256:978-1-84593-356-2
6054:978-1-60529-677-7
5733:978-90-6605-182-9
5615:"Apple HGIC 1350"
5434:METRIA (NCSU.edu)
5314:978-0-8070-2106-4
5235:978-0-920656-11-2
5217:"Heirloom Apples"
5098:978-0-313-32147-4
5050:978-0-395-20724-6
4963:978-0-8493-8901-6
4877:978-1-59874-988-5
4071:978-0-471-31014-3
3982:978-1-60469-249-5
3897:978-0-88192-784-9
3849:978-94-007-4053-2
3766:978-1-930723-84-9
3058:Caesarean section
2985:Germanic paganism
2934:Germanic paganism
2929:Apple (symbolism)
2616:
2615:
2561:
2560:
2024:adverse reactions
1983:
1982:
1979:
1864:
1426:to carry pollen.
1408:orchard mason bee
1324:of cuttings. The
1234:The Roman writer
1208:
1199:
1153:M. sieversii
1146:M. sieversii
1123:M. sieversii
1113:), the Caucasus (
898:M. domestica
885:M. domestica
881:M. domestica
341:, among them the
321:
320:
315:
307:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
204:M. domestica
16:(Redirected from
11021:
10974:
10973:
10961:
10960:
10951:
10950:
10938:
10937:
10928:
10927:
10915:
10914:
10902:
10901:
10889:
10888:
10876:
10875:
10863:
10862:
10850:
10849:
10837:
10836:
10827:
10826:
10814:
10813:
10811:NHMSYS0000460571
10801:
10800:
10788:
10787:
10778:
10777:
10765:
10764:
10752:
10751:
10739:
10738:
10726:
10725:
10713:
10712:
10700:
10699:
10687:
10686:
10674:
10673:
10661:
10660:
10648:
10647:
10638:
10637:
10625:
10624:
10615:
10614:
10602:
10601:
10592:
10591:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10539:
10538:
10526:
10525:
10513:
10512:
10503:
10502:
10490:
10489:
10477:
10476:
10464:
10463:
10454:
10453:
10441:
10440:
10428:
10427:
10415:
10414:
10405:
10404:
10392:
10391:
10379:
10378:
10366:
10365:
10353:
10352:
10340:
10339:
10327:
10326:
10314:
10313:
10301:
10300:
10288:
10287:
10275:
10274:
10262:
10261:
10249:
10248:
10239:
10238:
10226:
10225:
10216:
10215:
10214:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10169:
10168:
10155:
10154:
10145:
10144:
10106:
10058:
10055:Malus sylvestris
10027:
9996:Malus prunifolia
9981:Malus orientalis
9967:
9957:Malus lancifolia
9950:Malus kansuensis
9943:
9933:
9930:Malus hupehensis
9923:Malus honanensis
9896:(Oregon/Pacific)
9895:
9885:
9882:Malus floribunda
9875:Malus florentina
9868:Malus 'Evereste'
9847:
9823:
9813:
9803:
9764:
9760:
9749:
9742:
9735:
9726:
9725:
9712:
9711:
9702:
9701:
9692:
9691:
9614:Johnny Appleseed
9421:
9420:
9388:Ornamental apple
8702:Golden Delicious
8617:Ellison's Orange
8542:Court Pendu Plat
8522:Cornish Aromatic
8467:Belle de Boskoop
8432:Ashmead's Kernel
8402:Allington Pippin
8382:Airlie Red Flesh
8304:
8297:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8271:
8257:
8226:
8194:
8183:
8151:
8133:
8109:
8098:
8066:
8043:
8042:
8010:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7960:Mieder, Wolfgang
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7933:978-0-69114012-4
7913:
7907:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7879:978-0-89900875-2
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7817:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7784:
7775:
7774:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7692:. p. 1744.
7687:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7503:Ruck, Carl A. P.
7499:
7490:
7489:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7400:
7389:
7388:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7116:"Organic apples"
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7017:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6928:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6854:
6843:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6754:
6748:
6743:, 8 April 2009,
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6711:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6640:978-0387-31268-2
6624:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6580:
6569:
6568:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6532:. Archived from
6526:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6470:The Conversation
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6312:. Archived from
6298:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6219:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6154:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6115:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6047:pp. 32â34.
6042:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5934:"Powdery Mildew"
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5880:on 15 March 2015
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5810:"FoodKeeper App"
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5753:Travel + Leisure
5744:
5738:
5737:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5679:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5652:(310): 135â142.
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5625:. Archived from
5610:
5597:
5596:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5550:. Archived from
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5470:. Archived from
5465:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5306:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5219:
5211:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5173:Harper & Row
5170:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5086:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5036:All About Apples
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4903:
4890:
4889:
4868:Left Coast Press
4865:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4814:(8): 2171â2182.
4800:Malus sylvestris
4791:
4785:
4784:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4745:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4574:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4480:
4470:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4359:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4257:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4212:M. communis
4199:
4190:
4189:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3970:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3935:"Fruit glossary"
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3885:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3815:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3746:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3701:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3676:. Archived from
3657:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3537:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3495:
3458:Johnny Appleseed
3266:Arthurian legend
3250:Celtic mythology
3244:Celtic mythology
3221:
3003:Germanic peoples
2969:Snorri Sturluson
2737:Apples and honey
2448:
2373:
2357:
2340:
2323:
2306:
2289:
2251:Vitamin A equiv.
2244:
2211:
2210:
2104:
2100:
1973:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1859:
1856:Apple production
1853:
1852:
1785:Geneva, New York
1559:Different apple
1480:Golden Delicious
1412:British Columbia
1213:Audio 01:01:35 (
1210:
1209:
1197:
1187:
1165:Malus domesticus
1161:Malus sylvestris
1131:M. asiatica
1087:Malus sylvestris
1006:Malus sylvestris
989:Golden Delicious
837:ethyl pentanoate
817:ethyl propionate
782:
770:
756:epicuticular wax
745:
744:
740:
737:
717:
668:
656:
639:consisting of a
634:
633:
629:
626:
609:are produced in
603: in) long.
602:
601:
597:
594:
588:
587:
583:
572:
552:
517:
515:appel of paradis
503:
493:
482:
313:
305:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
251:M. communis
224:
99:
98:
80:
62:
50:
49:
21:
11029:
11028:
11024:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11018:
10984:
10983:
10982:
10977:
10969:
10964:
10956:
10954:
10946:
10941:
10933:
10931:
10923:
10918:
10910:
10905:
10897:
10892:
10884:
10879:
10871:
10866:
10858:
10853:
10845:
10842:Observation.org
10840:
10832:
10830:
10822:
10817:
10809:
10804:
10796:
10791:
10783:
10782:MichiganFlora:
10781:
10773:
10768:
10760:
10755:
10747:
10742:
10734:
10729:
10721:
10716:
10708:
10703:
10695:
10690:
10682:
10677:
10669:
10664:
10656:
10651:
10643:
10641:
10633:
10628:
10620:
10618:
10610:
10605:
10597:
10595:
10587:
10585:
10576:
10575:
10570:
10561:
10560:
10555:
10542:
10534:
10529:
10521:
10516:
10508:
10506:
10498:
10493:
10485:
10480:
10472:
10467:
10459:
10457:
10451:Malus domestica
10449:
10444:
10436:
10431:
10423:
10420:Observation.org
10418:
10410:
10408:
10400:
10395:
10387:
10382:
10374:
10369:
10361:
10356:
10348:
10343:
10335:
10330:
10322:
10317:
10309:
10304:
10296:
10291:
10283:
10278:
10270:
10265:
10257:
10252:
10244:
10242:
10234:
10229:
10221:
10219:
10212:Malus domestica
10210:
10209:
10204:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10182:Malus domestica
10176:
10166:
10161:
10133:
10107:
10098:
10079:Malus trilobata
10059:(European wild)
10048:Malus sublobata
10024:Malus sieversii
10017:Malus sieboldii
10010:Malus sargentii
9844:Malus coronaria
9830:Malus bracteata
9788:
9776:
9753:
9723:
9718:
9680:
9566:
9515:
9501:Himmel und Erde
9410:
9406:Wijcik McIntosh
9382:
9378:Yarlington Mill
9358:Slack-ma-Girdle
9254:
9180:Crimson Bramley
9145:Blenheim Orange
9121:
8832:Laxton's Superb
8612:Egremont Russet
8567:Delbard Jubilée
8358:
8353:Malus sieversii
8339:Malus domestica
8326:
8313:
8308:
8264:
8246:
8229:
8207:
8186:
8164:
8136:
8122:
8101:
8079:
8057:Browning, Frank
8055:
8052:
8050:Further reading
8047:
8046:
8023:
8001:Pollan, Michael
7998:
7994:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7934:
7926:. p. 114.
7914:
7910:
7903:
7899:
7889:
7887:
7880:
7864:
7860:
7850:
7848:
7838:
7818:
7811:
7801:
7799:
7786:
7785:
7778:
7755:
7737:Flieger, Verlyn
7734:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7700:
7675:
7671:
7661:
7659:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7629:
7627:
7609:Clarendon Press
7588:
7584:
7574:
7572:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7529:
7511:Heinrich, Clark
7500:
7493:
7470:
7441:
7437:
7422:
7401:
7392:
7361:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7319:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7289:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7265:
7263:
7256:"PPO silencing"
7254:
7253:
7249:
7218:
7214:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7066:
7040:
7032:. p. 824.
7007:
7003:
6993:
6991:
6976:
6972:
6941:
6919:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6877:
6844:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6806:
6789:
6785:
6775:
6773:
6755:
6751:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6721:on 23 July 2012
6713:
6712:
6697:
6687:
6685:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6641:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6582:
6581:
6572:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6537:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6477:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6398:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6372:Ecpgr.cgiar.org
6366:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6310:Natural England
6304:Malus domestica
6300:
6299:
6292:
6282:
6280:
6257:
6237:
6233:
6188:
6184:
6129:
6125:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6099:
6082:
6078:
6055:
6032:
6025:
6009:
6008:
6001:
5999:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5966:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5850:. 12 April 2019
5838:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5820:. 26 April 2019
5808:
5807:
5803:
5793:
5791:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5646:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5611:
5600:
5585:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5440:on 23 July 2010
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5391:The Jentsch Lab
5385:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5333:
5315:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5228:. p. 122.
5212:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5161:
5157:
5126:
5122:
5099:
5089:Greenwood Press
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5051:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5008:Riley, Henry T.
4991:
4987:
4964:
4943:
4939:
4904:
4893:
4878:
4855:
4851:
4804:Malus domestica
4792:
4788:
4773:
4769:
4736:(5): e1002703.
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4671:
4667:
4636:Malus sieversii
4632:
4628:
4575:
4562:
4509:
4502:
4468:10.1038/ng.3886
4455:Nature Genetics
4447:
4440:
4385:
4381:
4350:(10): 833â839.
4344:Nature Genetics
4328:
4321:
4313:10.12705/663.15
4292:
4288:
4280:
4274:10.12705/662.17
4255:
4249:
4245:
4222:( Rosaceae )".
4204:Malus domestica
4200:
4193:
4167:
4163:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3983:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3898:
3869:
3865:
3850:
3816:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3767:
3759:. p. 909.
3747:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3707:Malus domestica
3703:
3702:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3664:Malus domestica
3658:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3576:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3545:(Suckow) Borkh"
3543:Malus domestica
3539:
3538:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3502:Malus domestica
3496:
3471:
3466:
3443:
3423:
3379:(an apple) and
3361:Book of Genesis
3353:forbidden fruit
3332:
3318:in Mandarin is
3281:
3246:
3232:(also known as
3222:
3216:
3127:Greek mythology
3115:forbidden fruit
3093:
3091:Greek mythology
2975:that give them
2955:Norse mythology
2936:
2931:
2925:
2911:is obtained by
2906:
2888:to silence the
2864:, which causes
2851:
2827:
2710:West of England
2660:
2654:
2618:
2617:
2599:
2594:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2449:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2338:
2330:
2321:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2245:
2216:
2205:
2200:
2181:
2176:
2137:
2132:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2044:
2008:
2003:
1945:
1943:
1927:
1925:
1909:
1907:
1891:
1889:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1837:Egremont Russet
1768:) or producing
1725:
1719:
1689:Gymnosporangium
1619:
1613:
1553:
1515:
1505:
1420:cross-pollinate
1388:
1382:
1363:Merton, England
1294:
1284:
1252:William Blaxton
1236:Pliny the Elder
1232:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1169:Malus sieversii
1148:in Kazakhstan.
1142:M. baccata
1117:), and Europe (
1111:M. baccata
1096:Malus sieversii
1092:morphologically
1053:Malus sieversii
1048:Malus domestica
1036:Malus sieversii
1019:
1014:
1002:Malus sieversii
973:
967:
873:Malus domestica
861:
849:ethyl hexanoate
813:3-methylbutanal
793:
786:
783:
774:
771:
742:
738:
735:
733:
726:
725:
724:
721:
718:
682:
677:
676:
675:
672:
669:
660:
657:
631:
627:
624:
622:
599:
595:
592:
590:
585:
581:
580:
574:
554:
530:The apple is a
528:
467:
383:Malus sieversii
352:Malus domestica
331:produced by an
236:
226:
222:Malus domestica
220:
207:
93:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11027:
11017:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10971:wfo-0001013584
10962:
10952:
10939:
10929:
10916:
10903:
10890:
10877:
10864:
10851:
10838:
10828:
10815:
10802:
10789:
10779:
10766:
10753:
10740:
10727:
10714:
10701:
10688:
10675:
10662:
10649:
10639:
10626:
10616:
10603:
10593:
10583:
10568:
10552:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10540:
10536:wfo-0001008355
10527:
10514:
10504:
10491:
10478:
10465:
10455:
10442:
10429:
10416:
10406:
10393:
10380:
10367:
10354:
10341:
10328:
10315:
10302:
10289:
10276:
10263:
10250:
10240:
10227:
10217:
10202:
10186:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10159:
10149:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10129:Malling series
10126:
10121:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10051:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10020:
10013:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9985:
9977:
9970:
9960:
9953:
9946:
9936:
9926:
9919:
9916:Malus halliana
9912:
9905:
9902:Malus glabrata
9898:
9888:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9840:
9837:Malus brevipes
9833:
9826:
9816:
9810:Malus asiatica
9806:
9795:
9793:
9778:
9777:
9752:
9751:
9744:
9737:
9729:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9706:
9696:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9674:Apple diseases
9671:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9621:
9619:Malling series
9616:
9611:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9578:
9576:
9572:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9521:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9476:Apple seed oil
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9427:
9425:
9418:
9416:Apple products
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9392:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9333:Kingston Black
9330:
9328:Harrison Cider
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9273:Cap of Liberty
9270:
9264:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9220:Norfolk Biffin
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9185:Flower of Kent
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9127:Cooking apples
9123:
9122:
9120:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9032:Sturmer Pippin
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8992:Roxbury Russet
8989:
8987:Ribston Pippin
8984:
8979:
8977:Redlove apples
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8887:Newtown Pippin
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8852:Lord Lambourne
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8592:Dorsett Golden
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8572:Delbarestivale
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8507:Civni (Rubens)
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8482:Birgit Bonnier
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8462:Beauty of Bath
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8427:Arkansas Black
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8372:Adams Pearmain
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8307:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8263:
8262:External links
8260:
8259:
8258:
8244:
8232:The Apple Book
8227:
8205:
8184:
8162:
8134:
8120:
8099:
8077:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8021:
7992:
7978:
7951:
7932:
7908:
7897:
7878:
7858:
7836:
7828:Gramercy Books
7809:
7776:
7753:
7743:. Kent, Ohio:
7728:
7698:
7684:Complete Works
7669:
7637:
7582:
7550:
7527:
7491:
7468:
7435:
7420:
7390:
7355:
7329:
7299:
7273:
7247:
7228:(2): 109â157.
7212:
7185:(5): 477â480.
7168:
7133:
7107:
7076:
7038:
7015:"Toffee Apple"
7010:Davidson, Alan
7001:
6970:
6939:
6913:
6875:
6847:Davidson, Alan
6831:
6804:
6783:
6749:
6732:
6695:
6669:
6639:
6605:
6586:. FAOSTAT, UN
6570:
6547:
6518:
6487:
6456:
6425:
6389:
6359:
6327:
6316:on 12 May 2008
6290:
6255:
6249:. p. 27.
6231:
6182:
6145:(6): 966â981.
6138:Phytopathology
6123:
6076:
6053:
6023:
5986:"Insect Pests"
5976:
5951:
5924:
5891:
5861:
5844:FoodSafety.gov
5831:
5814:FoodSafety.gov
5801:
5770:
5739:
5732:
5702:
5663:
5640:
5598:
5584:978-0851995922
5583:
5565:
5534:
5502:HortTechnology
5488:
5451:
5412:
5378:
5343:
5313:
5288:
5256:
5234:
5201:
5175:. p. 40.
5155:
5142:(4): 661â677.
5138:(in Spanish).
5120:
5097:
5071:
5049:
5025:
4985:
4962:
4937:
4918:(1): 157â162.
4891:
4876:
4849:
4786:
4767:
4716:
4685:(3): 357â368.
4665:
4646:(2): 339â347.
4626:
4560:
4500:
4438:
4379:
4357:10.1038/ng.654
4319:
4286:
4268:(2): 500â513.
4243:
4232:(2): 650â652.
4208:M. pumila
4191:
4161:
4134:
4123:on 24 May 2013
4108:
4070:
4058:Fruit Breeding
4038:
4004:
3981:
3952:
3926:
3896:
3890:. p. 27.
3863:
3848:
3803:
3765:
3734:
3691:
3660:Rieger, Mark.
3639:
3607:
3567:
3527:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3422:
3419:
3389:bonum et malum
3345:Albrecht DĂŒrer
3331:
3328:
3280:
3277:
3245:
3242:
3214:
3138:Twelve Labours
3092:
3089:
2998:SkĂĄldskaparmĂĄl
2989:Norse paganism
2957:, the goddess
2935:
2932:
2927:Main article:
2924:
2921:
2909:Apple seed oil
2905:
2904:Other products
2902:
2850:
2847:
2826:
2823:
2693:, cooked into
2675:cooking apples
2653:
2650:
2642:micronutrients
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2078:
2074:hypoallergenic
2043:
2040:
2014:, a sugar and
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1847:Main article:
1844:
1841:
1766:cooking apples
1721:Main article:
1718:
1715:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1663:
1612:
1609:
1586:carbon dioxide
1552:
1549:
1522:L. K. Relander
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1465:
1454:
1381:
1378:
1292:Malling series
1283:
1280:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
993:heterozygosity
966:
963:
902:M. pumila
889:conserved name
877:M. pumila
860:
857:
821:ethyl butyrate
792:
789:
788:
787:
785:100% overcolor
784:
777:
775:
772:
765:
763:
723:
722:
719:
712:
709:
708:
707:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
663:
661:
659:Apple blossoms
658:
651:
648:
647:
646:
527:
524:
510:Middle English
485:Proto-Germanic
466:
463:
390:. Apples have
376:originated in
319:
318:
317:
316:
308:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
259:M. pumila
256:
245:
244:
238:
237:
227:
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
199:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
87:
86:
82:
81:
73:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11026:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10972:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10953:
10949:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10930:
10926:
10921:
10917:
10913:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10829:
10825:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10780:
10776:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10758:
10754:
10750:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10640:
10636:
10631:
10627:
10623:
10617:
10613:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10594:
10590:
10584:
10579:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10558:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10549:
10545:
10537:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10456:
10452:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10237:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10218:
10213:
10207:
10203:
10198:
10192:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10170:
10158:
10150:
10148:
10140:
10139:
10136:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10105:
10095:
10094:
10090:
10088:
10087:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10069:
10067:
10066:
10062:
10057:
10056:
10052:
10050:
10049:
10045:
10043:
10042:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10031:
10026:
10025:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10014:
10012:
10011:
10007:
10005:
10004:
10000:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9991:
9990:
9989:Malus prattii
9986:
9983:
9982:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9965:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9954:
9952:
9951:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9940:Malus ioensis
9937:
9932:
9931:
9927:
9925:
9924:
9920:
9918:
9917:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9899:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9884:
9883:
9879:
9877:
9876:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9861:Malus doumeri
9858:
9856:
9855:
9851:
9846:
9845:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9822:
9821:
9820:Malus baccata
9817:
9812:
9811:
9807:
9802:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9763:"Wild apple"
9758:
9750:
9745:
9743:
9738:
9736:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9715:
9707:
9705:
9697:
9695:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9597:Arctic Apples
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9582:Apple picking
9580:
9579:
9577:
9573:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9496:Caramel apple
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9481:Apple strudel
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9413:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9313:Golden Russet
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9278:Chisel Jersey
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9215:Newton Wonder
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9112:York Imperial
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9077:Tompkins King
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9022:Star of Devon
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8972:Red Pineapple
8970:
8968:
8967:Red Delicious
8965:
8963:
8962:Red Astrachan
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8907:Pam's Delight
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8822:Knobby Russet
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8727:Grimes Golden
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8707:Golden Orange
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8298:
8293:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8275:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8245:9780711231412
8241:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8198:
8193:
8192:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8107:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8074:
8070:
8065:
8064:
8058:
8054:
8053:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8018:
8014:
8009:
8008:
8002:
7996:
7981:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7912:
7906:
7901:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7862:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7824:
7816:
7814:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7781:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7732:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7699:0-87220-349-2
7695:
7691:
7686:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7651:Theoi Project
7647:
7641:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7586:
7570:
7566:
7565:
7564:Theoi Project
7560:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7469:0-415-13610-5
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7439:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7421:0-14-013627-4
7417:
7413:
7412:Penguin Books
7409:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7172:
7153:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6917:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6787:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6616:
6609:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6394:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6297:
6295:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6113:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6019:
6013:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5964:
5963:
5955:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5895:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5029:
5014:. p. 303
5013:
5012:Henry G. Bohn
5009:
5005:
5004:Bostock, John
5001:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4730:PLOS Genetics
4727:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4657:
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4649:
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4622:
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4608:
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4573:
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4569:
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4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
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4534:
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4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4492:
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4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4043:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3590:Alibaba Group
3587:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:golden apples
3396:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3330:Christian art
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:Christmas Eve
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:, Epigram VII
3219:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3041:Völsunga saga
3037:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2987:, from which
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2896:in 2015, and
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:Arctic apples
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2745:Rosh Hashanah
2742:
2739:are a ritual
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:caramel apple
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:eating apples
2676:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:dietary fiber
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:carbohydrates
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2303:Riboflavin (B
2300:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2255:beta-Carotene
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:Dietary fiber
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:Carbohydrates
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2091:
2087:
2086:Cooking apple
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:United States
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:apple maggots
1703:
1702:Codling moths
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1524:, the former
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1509:Fruit picking
1500:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:true breeders
1314:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1216:
1200:
1193:"Wild Apples"
1186:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:introgression
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:P. malus
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:Philip Miller
924:
920:
919:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:ethyl acetate
798:
781:
776:
769:
764:
761:
760:
759:
757:
753:
747:
730:
716:
711:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
667:
662:
655:
650:
649:
645:
642:
638:
637:inflorescence
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
578:
573:
566:
562:
558:
553:
546:
541:
538:
533:
523:
521:
516:
511:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
481:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
347:orchard apple
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
312:
309:
304:
300:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
268:
265:
260:
257:
252:
249:
248:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
225:
223:
217:
214:
213:Binomial name
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Tracheophytes
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
92:
88:
83:
79:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
10873:Malus pumila
10578:Malus pumila
10548:Malus pumila
10547:
10181:
10118:
10091:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10022:
10015:
10008:
10003:Malus rockii
10001:
9994:
9987:
9979:
9972:
9968:(Manchurian)
9962:
9955:
9948:
9938:
9928:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9900:
9890:
9880:
9873:
9866:
9859:
9852:
9842:
9835:
9828:
9818:
9808:
9798:
9770:
9623:
9606:
9441:Apple cheese
9431:Apple butter
9318:Golden Spire
9303:Ellis Bitter
9288:Crimson King
9260:Cider apples
9225:Northern Spy
9210:Manks Codlin
9195:Granny Smith
9190:Golden Noble
9107:Wyken Pippin
8772:Jersey Black
8762:James Grieve
8757:Ingrid Marie
8717:Granny Smith
8552:Crimson Gold
8537:Cosmic Crisp
8447:Autumn Glory
8442:Autumn Bough
8364:Table apples
8351:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8310:
8231:
8190:
8154:Timber Press
8147:
8105:
8062:
8013:Random House
8006:
7995:
7983:. Retrieved
7968:
7954:
7942:. Retrieved
7918:
7911:
7905:Genesis 2:17
7900:
7888:. Retrieved
7868:
7861:
7849:. Retrieved
7826:. New York:
7822:
7800:. Retrieved
7791:
7740:
7731:
7721:27 September
7719:. Retrieved
7683:
7672:
7662:26 September
7660:. Retrieved
7649:
7640:
7630:26 September
7628:. Retrieved
7605:Fowler, F.G.
7601:Fowler, H.W.
7595:
7585:
7575:26 September
7573:. Retrieved
7562:
7553:
7514:
7447:
7438:
7407:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7346:. Retrieved
7332:
7320:. Retrieved
7311:
7302:
7290:. Retrieved
7276:
7264:. Retrieved
7250:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7182:
7178:
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7124:. Retrieved
7120:the original
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7089:
7079:
7069:18 September
7067:. Retrieved
7023:
7004:
6992:. Retrieved
6983:
6973:
6924:
6916:
6906:18 September
6904:. Retrieved
6860:
6822:. Retrieved
6794:
6786:
6774:. Retrieved
6765:
6752:
6744:
6735:
6723:. Retrieved
6719:the original
6686:. Retrieved
6672:
6662:11 September
6660:. Retrieved
6620:
6608:
6596:. Retrieved
6560:
6550:
6538:. Retrieved
6534:the original
6509:. Retrieved
6500:
6490:
6478:. Retrieved
6469:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6438:
6428:
6416:. Retrieved
6409:the original
6380:. Retrieved
6376:the original
6371:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6339:
6330:
6318:. Retrieved
6314:the original
6303:
6281:. Retrieved
6241:
6234:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6142:
6136:
6126:
6100:. Retrieved
6090:
6079:
6045:Rodale, Inc.
6043:. New York:
6038:
6000:. Retrieved
5990:
5979:
5967:. Retrieved
5961:
5954:
5942:. Retrieved
5937:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5904:
5894:
5882:. Retrieved
5878:the original
5864:
5854:17 September
5852:. Retrieved
5843:
5834:
5824:17 September
5822:. Retrieved
5813:
5804:
5792:. Retrieved
5783:
5773:
5761:. Retrieved
5752:
5742:
5711:
5705:
5693:. Retrieved
5673:
5666:
5649:
5643:
5631:. Retrieved
5627:the original
5618:
5574:
5568:
5556:. Retrieved
5552:the original
5547:
5537:
5525:. Retrieved
5508:(1): 38â44.
5505:
5501:
5491:
5479:. Retrieved
5472:the original
5454:
5442:. Retrieved
5438:the original
5433:
5425:
5415:
5403:. Retrieved
5390:
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5356:
5346:
5334:. Retrieved
5302:
5291:
5279:. Retrieved
5266:
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5221:
5192:. Retrieved
5166:
5158:
5139:
5133:
5123:
5082:
5074:
5062:. Retrieved
5035:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
4998:
4988:
4949:
4940:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4861:
4852:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4770:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4707:. Retrieved
4682:
4678:
4668:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4586:
4582:
4520:
4516:
4458:
4454:
4401:(1): 16057.
4398:
4392:
4382:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4265:
4259:
4246:
4229:
4223:
4220:Pyrus dioica
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4121:the original
4111:
4099:. Retrieved
4057:
4029:. Retrieved
4016:
4007:
3973:Timber Press
3966:
3961:Burford, Tom
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3888:Timber Press
3881:
3866:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3794:. Retrieved
3751:
3725:. Retrieved
3712:
3706:
3682:. Retrieved
3678:the original
3669:
3663:
3630:. Retrieved
3619:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3583:
3558:. Retrieved
3548:
3542:
3518:. Retrieved
3507:
3501:
3424:
3411:Adam's apple
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3350:
3340:Adam and Eve
3338:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3273:Ynys Afallon
3272:
3258:Emain Ablach
3257:
3247:
3237:
3224:
3210:
3205:
3168:
3161:golden apple
3146:
3142:Tree of Life
3108:
3081:Roman Empire
3066:
3039:
3033:
3011:
2996:
2993:Oseberg ship
2962:
2952:
2948:Carl Larsson
2946:" (1901) by
2907:
2852:
2828:
2807:distillation
2776:
2749:
2741:food pairing
2721:toffee apple
2718:
2706:apple butter
2703:
2699:apple butter
2683:cider apples
2672:
2667:
2646:Daily Values
2619:
2575:
2570:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2195:
2171:
2127:
2071:
2063:
2045:
2009:
1984:
1966:
1961:
1858:
1829:
1810:
1793:Cosmic Crisp
1778:
1774:Cider apples
1762:
1734:
1687:
1681:
1658:
1647:
1631:
1626:Codling moth
1602:
1594:Granny Smith
1590:
1566:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1498:
1469:Granny Smith
1443:
1417:
1375:
1367:
1359:Northern Spy
1331:
1315:
1303:
1268:
1260:
1250:by Reverend
1241:
1233:
1224:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1121:). Only the
1118:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1060:in southern
1051:
1047:
1044:Central Asia
1042:
1034:
1005:
1001:
998:
974:
971:Apple genome
954:
950:
946:
939:Malus pumila
938:
934:
922:
916:
910:
906:correct name
901:
897:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:Malus pumila
868:
862:
841:amyl acetate
797:acetaldehyde
794:
773:0% overcolor
748:
731:
727:
683:
605:
542:
529:
518:, meaning a
477:ancestor is
470:
468:
428:
412:
396:mythological
381:
378:Central Asia
367:
351:
350:
346:
342:
337:
332:
324:
322:
311:Pyrus dioica
310:
302:
298:
290:
282:
278:(L.) Medikus
274:
266:
258:
250:
221:
219:
203:
202:
190:
153:
140:
127:
114:
47:
10793:NatureServe
10744:iNaturalist
10572:Wikispecies
10358:iNaturalist
10206:Wikispecies
9984:(Caucasian)
9892:Malus fusca
9636:Pollination
9575:Agriculture
9537:Apple juice
9532:Apple cider
9491:Candy apple
9486:Baked apple
9471:Apple sauce
9461:Apple flour
9456:Apple crisp
9268:Brown Snout
8947:Ralls Janet
8722:Gravenstein
8697:Ginger Gold
7802:3 September
7348:14 November
7322:14 November
7292:14 November
7266:14 November
7161:23 February
7126:23 February
6678:"Amygdalin"
5718:: 129â140.
5558:1 September
5481:1 September
4478:10449/42064
3632:22 November
3395:Renaissance
3351:Though the
3308:homophonous
3048:sends King
2855:polyphenols
2791:apple cider
2787:apple juice
2785:to produce
2777:Apples are
2764:apple sauce
2644:, with the
2286:Thiamine (B
2090:Cider apple
2059:anaphylaxis
1753:subtropical
1541:Sweet Bough
1451:Gravenstein
1424:pollinators
1380:Pollination
1256:crab apples
1176:Middle East
1167:containing
1012:Cultivation
981:chromosomes
975:Apples are
923:Pyrus malus
577:alternately
571:glabrescent
526:Description
512:expression
475:Old English
443:apple juice
410:tradition.
303:paradisiaca
299:Pyrus malus
291:Pyrus malus
254:Desf., 1768
134:Angiosperms
69:Cripps Pink
10988:Categories
10955:WisFlora:
10881:Plant List
10642:Calflora:
10469:Plant List
9886:(Japanese)
9824:(Siberian)
9804:(Southern)
9714:Production
9587:Apple scab
9446:Apple chip
9436:Apple cake
9250:Wolf River
9240:Upton Pyne
9205:King Byerd
9067:Tartu Rose
9062:Taliaferro
9037:Summerfree
9007:Sekai Ichi
8922:Pink Pearl
8827:Lady Alice
8742:Honeycrisp
8632:Enterprise
8557:Cripps Red
8472:Bellflower
8172:2006011869
7763:2004024490
7410:. London:
7181:(Review).
7090:Chabad.org
7048:2013957569
7020:Jaine, Tom
6994:17 October
6984:Epicurious
6949:2011016560
6885:2013957569
6857:Jaine, Tom
6745:CNN Health
6725:17 October
6649:2005938815
6540:24 January
6418:24 January
6352:2 December
6320:22 January
6265:2007028459
6063:2009039996
5695:15 October
5633:22 January
5444:7 November
5297:Brox, Jane
5244:1336124440
5107:2004014054
4806:Borkh.)".
4589:(1): 249.
4306:(3): 742.
4150:(8): 508.
4088:1302621533
3991:2012045130
3906:2006011869
3783:2012949654
3705:"Apples -
3684:22 January
3464:References
3447:Apple chip
3254:otherworld
3230:Hippomenes
3201:Trojan War
3163:inscribed
3131:Greek hero
3104:Hesperides
3077:Nehalennia
3035:SkĂrnismĂĄl
2964:Prose Edda
2942:"Brita as
2923:In culture
2890:expression
2878:o-quinones
2870:catalyzing
2507:Phosphorus
2263:zeaxanthin
2084:See also:
2028:hydrolyzed
1843:Production
1797:Honeycrisp
1704:, and the
1698:bitter rot
1694:black spot
1684:fireblight
1676:Apple scab
1507:See also:
1428:Honey bees
1384:See also:
1371:bud sports
1338:Asia Minor
1286:See also:
1227:media help
1070:Tajikistan
1066:Kyrgyzstan
1062:Kazakhstan
1000:likely is
545:bud scales
429:There are
424:rootstocks
361:cultivated
338:Malus spp.
333:apple tree
32:Apple Inc.
18:Apple tree
10710:200010913
10697:200010913
10324:242331459
10197:Q18674606
10124:Applecrab
9944:(Prairie)
9791:cultivars
9786:varieties
9757:Crabapple
9704:Cultivars
9656:Russeting
9592:Applecrab
9557:Ice cider
9542:Applejack
9527:Apfelwein
9466:Apple pie
9353:Redstreak
9200:Grenadier
9160:Campanino
9135:Antonovka
9072:Tentation
9057:SweeTango
9042:Sundowner
9017:Splendour
8917:Paula Red
8912:Papirovka
8747:Honeygold
8652:EverCrisp
8597:Dougherty
8587:Discovery
8577:Delrouval
8477:Ben Davis
8254:646397065
7985:23 August
7944:6 October
7890:6 October
7452:Routledge
7406:(1990) .
7064:27172691M
7056:890807357
6965:16450839W
6957:711051767
6901:27172691M
6893:890807357
6382:25 August
6302:"Apple â
6283:6 October
6273:156975183
6202:(1): 63.
6177:231701083
6161:0031-949X
6112:cite book
6071:419860680
6012:cite book
5593:133167834
5249:10 August
5194:10 August
4954:CRC Press
4808:Mol. Ecol
4338:domestica
4180:(1): 29.
4101:30 August
3999:819860825
3858:795503871
3824:domestica
3791:859541992
3775:0161-1542
3662:"Apple -
3452:Applecrab
3415:seduction
3312:PĂngÄnguÇ
3288:PĂngÄnguÇ
3181:Aphrodite
3123:folktales
3119:mythology
3085:Near East
3018:fertility
3007:fertility
2917:cosmetics
2874:oxidation
2835:pyrethrum
2819:apfelwein
2811:applejack
2795:fermented
2520:Potassium
2494:Manganese
2481:Magnesium
2413:Vitamin K
2400:Vitamin E
2387:Vitamin C
2370:Folate (B
2354:Vitamin B
2320:Niacin (B
2095:Nutrition
2067:urticaria
2012:amygdalin
2006:Amygdalin
1813:russeting
1749:temperate
1745:rootstock
1737:cultivars
1717:Cultivars
1638:bacterial
1561:cultivars
1436:Bumblebee
1346:Aristotle
1326:rootstock
1215:full text
1107:Silk Road
1103:Tian Shan
1078:Tian Shan
961:in 1786.
955:domestica
951:domestica
829:1-butanol
805:1-butanal
791:Chemistry
551:convolute
537:rootstock
532:deciduous
469:The word
465:Etymology
459:sequenced
416:cultivars
392:religious
355:). Apple
198:Species:
104:Kingdom:
71:' apples
10943:VicFlora
10932:VASCAN:
10925:27800985
10920:Tropicos
10886:rjp-5777
10798:2.160610
10762:726372-1
10619:BioLib:
10557:Wikidata
10518:VicFlora
10507:VASCAN:
10500:27804420
10495:Tropicos
10376:726282-1
10243:BioLib:
10191:Wikidata
10147:Category
9765:(of the
9651:Reinette
9631:Pearmain
9547:Calvados
9401:Goldspur
9396:Flamenco
9373:Woodcock
9368:Tom Putt
9348:Poveshon
9343:Michelin
9323:Hangdown
9308:Foxwhelp
9293:Dabinett
9283:Coccagee
9140:Bismarck
8937:Pristine
8867:McIntosh
8787:Jonathan
8782:Jonagold
8732:Haralson
8712:Goldspur
8667:Flamenco
8532:Cortland
8502:Champion
8487:Braeburn
8407:Ambrosia
8223:38731995
8215:98003631
8180:67383484
8144:(2006).
8130:60384060
8095:39235786
8087:98027252
8059:(1998).
8039:49803415
8031:00066479
8003:(2001).
7966:(1996).
7938:Archived
7884:Archived
7846:38270894
7796:Archived
7771:56805947
7739:(2005).
7716:36178550
7708:96053280
7656:Archived
7617:06001045
7593:(1905).
7569:Archived
7545:46337324
7537:00040351
7513:(2001).
7486:48138055
7478:97018309
7446:(1998).
7430:29336401
7385:98590230
7342:Archived
7316:Archived
7286:Archived
7260:Archived
7207:23026644
7199:24366437
7152:Archived
7100:21 March
7094:Archived
7012:(2014).
6988:Archived
6849:(2014).
6818:Archived
6814:30844154
6776:28 March
6770:Archived
6760:(2024).
6688:20 April
6682:Archived
6657:77537459
6631:Springer
6629: :
6617:(2007).
6592:Archived
6565:Archived
6505:Archived
6474:Archived
6443:Archived
6439:Mashable
6346:Archived
6277:Archived
6226:20672979
6169:33487025
5969:1 August
5944:1 August
5911:Archived
5794:2 August
5788:Archived
5763:2 August
5757:Archived
5686:Archived
5527:9 August
5518:Archived
5405:9 August
5399:Archived
5371:1 August
5365:Archived
5357:The Salt
5336:9 August
5331:39605684
5323:98035051
5299:(1999).
5281:9 August
5276:25697876
5181:62009906
5115:55738647
5064:3 August
5018:3 August
5010:London:
4996:(1855).
4980:27224696
4972:92045590
4948:(1993).
4932:21501956
4886:84838157
4844:31481730
4836:16780433
4781:Archived
4762:22589740
4703:Archived
4699:21646196
4660:19847067
4621:28811498
4555:30940818
4495:24690391
4487:28581499
4433:27917289
4374:14854514
4366:20802477
4340:Borkh.)"
4278:Archived
4206:against
4092:Archived
4080:95016407
4025:Archived
3963:(2013).
3945:7 August
3939:Archived
3919:1 August
3914:67383484
3878:(2006).
3832:Springer
3721:Archived
3626:Archived
3594:Archived
3514:Archived
3441:See also
3320:PĂngÄnyĂš
3268:, or in
3234:Melanion
3226:Atalanta
3215:â
3169:KallistÄ
3165:ÎαλλίÏÏη
3134:Heracles
3100:Heracles
2913:pressing
2866:browning
2815:Calvados
2803:ciderkin
2797:to make
2756:crumbles
2723:(UK) or
2714:Normandy
2652:Culinary
2634:calories
2576:Quantity
2501:0.035 mg
2441:Quantity
2435:Minerals
2364:0.041 mg
2348:0.061 mg
2331:0.091 mg
2314:0.026 mg
2297:0.017 mg
2237:Quantity
2231:Vitamins
2001:Toxicity
1974:Source:
1659:Botrytis
1577:ethylene
1487:Braeburn
1462:McIntosh
1414:, Canada
1398:cultivar
1396:Ayrshire
1322:grafting
1310:Triploid
1282:Breeding
913:Linnaeus
865:synonyms
859:Taxonomy
752:russeted
607:Blossoms
557:elliptic
473:, whose
420:grafting
343:domestic
242:Synonyms
180:Rosaceae
176:Family:
147:Eudicots
85:Flowers
10723:3001093
10563:Q158657
10474:rjp-454
10438:3902985
10337:3001244
10280:Ecocrop
10157:Commons
9848:(Sweet)
9782:Species
9562:Pommeau
9298:Dufflin
9175:Creston
9170:Costard
9150:Bramley
9097:Winston
9092:Winesap
9087:Wealthy
9027:Stayman
9012:Spartan
8877:Melrose
8837:Liberty
8802:Jupiter
8797:Julieta
8792:Jubilee
8777:Jonadel
8672:Florina
8662:Filippa
8452:Baldwin
8417:Annurca
8397:Alkmene
8377:Aia Ilu
8331:Species
7869:Genesis
7851:31 July
7242:8011143
7022:(ed.).
6859:(ed.).
6852:"Apple"
6824:21 June
6598:18 June
6511:31 July
6480:31 July
6449:31 July
6217:3014806
6102:3 March
6002:3 March
5917:26 July
5059:1733691
4816:Bibcode
4753:3349737
4709:27 July
4612:5557836
4591:Bibcode
4546:6445120
4525:Bibcode
4424:5120355
4403:Bibcode
4127:14 June
4031:30 July
4013:"Shape"
3796:27 July
3727:31 July
3600:28 June
3560:31 July
3520:27 July
3427:proverb
3421:Proverb
3401:in the
3367:coaxed
3359:in the
3324:gifting
3304:PĂng'Än
3300:PĂngguÇ
3212:beauty.
3062:Völsung
3026:SkĂrnir
2830:Organic
2783:pressed
2733:caramel
2630:protein
2585:85.56 g
2553:0.04 mg
2475:0.12 mg
2455:Calcium
2407:0.18 mg
2197:Protein
2136:13.81 g
2042:Allergy
2016:cyanide
1976:FAOSTAT
1835:' and '
1643:Organic
1596:' and '
1581:hormone
1551:Storage
1545:Swayzie
1017:History
977:diploid
904:as the
853:hexanol
825:hexanal
809:ethanol
741:⁄
702:carpels
630:⁄
598:⁄
584:⁄
451:organic
435:cooking
186:Genus:
170:Rosales
166:Order:
108:Plantae
10994:Apples
10894:PLANTS
10860:854961
10847:140258
10831:NZOR:
10824:283210
10684:179710
10658:629943
10635:121191
10622:214890
10612:201024
10599:225375
10596:APDB:
10425:123770
10409:NZOR:
10389:516655
10363:469472
10350:104681
10311:180045
10259:254406
10236:122984
10223:152668
10220:APDB:
10112:Topics
9694:Apples
9665:Lists
9511:Pectin
9117:Zestar
9052:Suntan
9047:Sunset
8997:Sandow
8927:Pinova
8892:Nicola
8862:Macoun
8752:Idared
8737:Hokuto
8657:Fiesta
8627:Empire
8622:Elstar
8517:Clivia
8457:Beacon
8422:Ariane
8311:Apples
8274:Apples
8252:
8242:
8221:
8213:
8203:
8178:
8170:
8160:
8128:
8118:
8093:
8085:
8075:
8063:Apples
8037:
8029:
8019:
7976:
7930:
7876:
7844:
7834:
7769:
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