Apple - Knowledge

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or just being the "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as '

1910: 1672:. Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear). Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor. 1815:, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia, especially the 1823: 1928: 1185: 1946: 10153: 8269: 1207: 1178:. There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then. Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented. 1678:: Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth. 1403: 1728: 3240:, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general), who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand. 2069:, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction. 1533:

mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg (90–440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10–80 kg (20–180 lb) of fruit per year.

2061:. This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome. 3437:, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922. 1760:, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group. 1763:

The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated

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The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most

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selection and trimming method. Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves. The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture. When young twigs are covered in very fine downy hairs and become

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Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport,

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describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately. Though methods like this will extend the availabity of reasonably

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Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form

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cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and

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Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area),

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facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.

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with 3–7 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit. Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures −2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to

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Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th

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Ribeiro, Flávia A.P.; Gomes de Moura, Carolina F.; Aguiar, Odair; de Oliveira, Flavia; Spadari, Regina C.; Oliveira, Nara R.C.; Oshima, Celina T.F.; Ribeiro, Daniel A. (September 2014). "The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis: antioxidant activity and cell cycle control".

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used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or

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which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to

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The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:

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At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild

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apples are commonly produced in the United States. Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts

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fresh apples, without refrigeration their lifespan is limited. Even sturdy winter apple varieties will only keep well until December in cool climates. For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.

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are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds. The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point. The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.

3087:, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of Iðunn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world." 1640:

diseases, and to damage by insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed.

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In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and

1352:. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The 534:

tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft). When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by

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Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:

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The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0–100%. The skin may be wholly or partly

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For home storage, most culitvars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F). Some varieties of apples (e.g.

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program in 1991. Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars. In Europe there are also many breeding programs such as the

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of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of the

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in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved. The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving

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in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.

2053:. Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail 426:. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting. 6790: 1655:

is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to

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Ecofruit - 13th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-Growing: Proceedings to the Conference from 18thFebruary to 20th February 2008 at Weinsberg/Germany

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conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of

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Rottoli, Mauro; Pessina, Andrea (2007). "Chapter 9: Neolithic agriculture in Italy: an update of archaeobotanical data with particular emphasis on northern settlements". In Colledge, Sue; Conolly, James (eds.).

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Atthowe, Helen; Gilkeson, Linda A.; Kite, L. Patricia; Michalak, Patricia S.; Pleasant, Barbara; Reich, Lee; Scheider, Alfred F. (2009). Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Bardara W.; Martin, Deborah L. (eds.).

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Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple

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climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The

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I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is

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Flath, Robert A.; Black, Dale Robert.; Guadagni, Dante G.; McFadden, William H.; Schultz, Thomas H. (January 1967). "Identification and organoleptic evaluation of compounds in Delicious apple essence".

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The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables

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is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the

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Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.

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in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in

4012: 7285: 7093: 5364: 1373:(mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. 4142:

Flath, R. A.; Black, D. R.; Forrey, R. R.; McDonald, G. M.; Mon, T. R.; Teranishi, R. (1 August 1969). "Volatiles in Gravenstein Apple Essence Identified by GC-Mass Spectrometry".

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Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are "

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Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess

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Schlumbaum, Angela; van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldan-Ruiz, Isabel (January 2012). "Towards the onset of fruit tree growing north of the Alps: Ancient DNA from waterlogged apple (

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Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.

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trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.

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Richards, Christopher M.; Volk, Gayle M.; Reilley, Ann A.; Henk, Adam D.; Lockwood, Dale R.; et al. (2009). "Genetic diversity and population structure in

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Nicolas, J. J.; Richard-Forget, F. C.; Goupy, P. M.; Amiot, M. J.; Aubert, S. Y. (1 January 1994). "Enzymatic browning reactions in apple and apple products".

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is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. For instance, in

6133:"Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility" 987:

size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '

7883: 5847: 5817: 3405:. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The 6117: 6017: 6465: 5681: 3579: 6681: 1151:

Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild

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Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of

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was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world,

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to share with her. The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the

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Cornille, Amandine; Gladieux, Pierre; Smulders, Marinus J. M.; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Laurens, François; et al. (2012). Mauricio, Rodney (ed.).

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The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5 millimeters, but are usually less than 4 mm. The

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Yu, Xiuzhu; Van De Voort, Frederick R.; Li, Zhixi; Yue, Tianli (2007). "Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil".

714: 5715: 5460: 665: 3387:. The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for "good and evil" is 1273:

during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.

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Di Pierro, Erica A.; Gianfranceschi, Luca; Di Guardo, Mario; Koehorst-Van Putten, Herma J.J.; Kruisselbrink, Johannes W.; et al. (2016).

10818: 10396: 10103: 7085: 5352: 4726:"New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties" 6987: 6529: 9645: 5517: 3005:

in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of

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in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be

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One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to

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Powell, L.E. (1986). "The Chilling Requirement in Apple and Its Role in Regulating Time of Flowering in Spring in Cold-Winter Climate".

5498:"The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji'" 1648:

A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab.

758:. The skin may also be marked with scattered dots. The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green. 9724: 6714: 4172: 1329:

10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.

10893: 5685: 2662: 6798:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 6407:. News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1–2. Archived from 5398: 3283: 3052:

an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a

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One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).

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has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make

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is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there. The wild ancestor of

6301: 6240: 3413:" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual 2057:(OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat, but in rare cases can also include life-threatening 6564: 9668: 8204: 8161: 8119: 8076: 8020: 7977: 7835: 7752: 7526: 7037: 6938: 6874: 6803: 6254: 6052: 5748: 5731: 5614: 5312: 5233: 5132:[Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. 5096: 5048: 4961: 4875: 4069: 3980: 3895: 3847: 3764: 1848: 387: 10460: 10388: 1539:

Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include '

10774: 9607: 7931: 7877: 7307: 6817: 6638: 3430: 567:) with a narrow pointed end. The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are 4116: 3513: 11008: 9746: 6442: 6095: 5995: 5134: 3752:

Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah

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are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.

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began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.

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The size of the fruit varies widely between cultivars, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and

11013: 8243: 7697: 7467: 7419: 6587: 1839:' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. 1140:, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between 569: 7568: 6591: 4794:

Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; Roldán-Ruiz, I. (2006). "Chloroplast diversity in the genus

10947: 10823: 10522: 10156: 8301: 3625: 2022:. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause 1171:

ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.

549: 386:, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Eurasia and were introduced to North America by 7867: 4389:"A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species" 2841:) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. A light coating of 1662:—eliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions. 10756: 10401: 10370: 5497: 3716: 3661: 2897: 2704:

Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making

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Velasco, Riccardo; Zharkikh, Andrey; Affourtit, Jason; Dhingra, Amit; Cestaro, Alessandro; et al. (2010).

3038:. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the 2035: 1645:

methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest.

10911: 10486: 5130:"Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" 1004:. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from 983:

per cell (though triploid cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated

10805: 6677: 1353: 1308:". Rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents. 6408: 6375: 3580:"Where the word 'apple' came from and why the forbidden fruit was unlucky to be linked with the fall of man" 2605: 10709: 10696: 10644: 10323: 8601: 7024: 6861: 6757: 2995:

burial site in Norway, that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in

2893: 2031: 991:'. However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors, in part owing to the high degree of 7119: 6504: 6192:"Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis" 5779: 10634: 10629: 10606: 10258: 10253: 10230: 7744: 7009: 6846: 6740: 5877: 5467: 3934: 3704: 3620: 1788: 942: 42: 17: 10349: 9754: 4674: 4579:"Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement" 4513:"A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour" 4252: 2596: 10906: 10735: 10481: 7923: 7689: 5940:. Vol. I. North Yakima, Washington: The Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation. pp. 475–476 3554: 3549: 1575:

to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas

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are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.

746: in). The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, conical, or short and wide. 621:

are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-

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Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021).

5965:. Vol. I. North Yakima, Washington: The Encyclopedia of Horticulture Corporation. pp. 45–51 5471: 5216: 4451:"High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development" 3756: 3228:, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but 2892:

of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality. The US

2885: 1090:, the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more 1057: 6851: 6718: 3402: 3326:

of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.

3141: 2708:. Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the 2701:, or baked. They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing. 2632:(table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 g (3.5 oz) provides 52 1713:

burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.

767: 10146: 9703: 8841: 8196: 6930: 6137: 5839: 5040: 5003: 4945: 4020: 3584: 1710: 1362: 930: 575:, almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs. The leaves are attached 504:. As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit, including 10797: 6533: 6495:

Peil, A.; Dunemann, F.; Richter, K.; Hoefer, M.; Király, I.; Flachowsky, H.; Hanke, M.-V. (2008).

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11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23–24, 2000

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in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful

1787:. Among their recent well known apples is the 'SnapDragon' cultivar released in 2013. In the west 95: 10704: 10284: 9739: 8691: 8321: 8273: 8235: 8111: 8056: 7594: 7518: 7029: 6979: 6866: 5960: 5933: 5225: 4202:

Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Tang, Geng-Guo (April 2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name

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published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of

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Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.

1472: 1385: 1317: 1287: 35: 5301: 4997: 2454: 10450: 10437: 8981: 8971: 8856: 8811: 8706: 8686: 8606: 8581: 7604: 7506: 5165: 5034: 4393: 3673: 2467: 2054: 2026:. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be 1989:, with China producing 50% of the total (table). Secondary producers were the United States, 1757: 1568: 1274: 832: 212: 10859: 8005: 8004: 7682: 6922: 6036: 5674:

An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia

5167:

A Gardener's Book of Plant Names : A Handbook of the Meaning and Origins of Plant Names

5080: 4859: 3964: 3750: 3171:, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: 3140:, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the 3056:. Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by 1243: 10652: 9973: 9660: 9415: 9327: 9287: 8761: 8551: 8345: 8294: 7443: 7403: 5809: 5672: 4815: 4675:"Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus × domestica, Rosaceae) tree" 4590: 4524: 4402: 4061: 2980: 2884:, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been 2810: 2657: 2519: 2480: 2019: 1693: 1604: 1525: 1091: 10872: 5386: 2900:

in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.

2845:, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding. 1779:

In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities.

1214: 941:

he meant the domesticated apple. Nonetheless, it was used as such by many botanists. When

795:

Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include

559:), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base ( 8: 10867: 10445: 9450: 9337: 8816: 8616: 8526: 8431: 7308:"Okanagan Specialty Fruits: Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF 000132" 6630: 5900: 3967:

Apples of North America : 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks

3831: 3433:", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century 2997: 2794: 2608:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

1816: 1697: 1341: 495: 6466:"How a few good apples spawned today's top varieties — and why breeders must branch out" 4819: 4594: 4528: 4406: 10965: 10530: 9853: 9799: 9732: 9601: 9249: 9229: 9101: 9061: 8921: 8831: 8826: 8641: 8631: 8436: 8189: 8104: 7380: 7202: 6923: 6216: 6191: 6172: 6111: 6011: 5905: 5622: 5394: 5081: 5007: 4860: 4839: 4752: 4725: 4655: 4611: 4578: 4545: 4512: 4490: 4423: 4388: 4369: 3965: 2861: 2666:

Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook

2506: 2434: 2196: 1780: 1512: 1263: 958: 864: 844: 407: 241: 229: 90: 8566: 6335: 3749:

Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013).

3095: 1543:' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', ' 1332:

Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of

1084:

of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with

613:

simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long

10885: 10854: 10432: 10266: 10092: 10085: 10071: 10064: 10040: 10033: 9963: 9908: 9541: 9505: 9244: 9199: 9164: 9016: 8596: 8586: 8511: 8476: 8249: 8239: 8218: 8210: 8200: 8175: 8167: 8157: 8125: 8115: 8090: 8082: 8072: 8068: 8034: 8026: 8016: 7973: 7927: 7873: 7841: 7831: 7821: 7766: 7758: 7748: 7711: 7703: 7693: 7645: 7620: 7612: 7540: 7532: 7522: 7481: 7473: 7463: 7425: 7415: 7237: 7194: 7051: 7043: 7033: 6952: 6944: 6934: 6888: 6880: 6870: 6809: 6799: 6652: 6644: 6634: 6268: 6260: 6250: 6246: 6221: 6176: 6164: 6156: 6089: 6066: 6058: 6048: 5989: 5727: 5588: 5578: 5326: 5318: 5308: 5271: 5239: 5229: 5184: 5176: 5110: 5102: 5092: 5054: 5044: 4975: 4967: 4957: 4927: 4881: 4871: 4870:; University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications. pp. 142–143. 4831: 4827: 4757: 4694: 4616: 4550: 4482: 4428: 4361: 4083: 4075: 4065: 4050: 3994: 3986: 3976: 3909: 3901: 3891: 3853: 3843: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3760: 3184: 3057: 2984: 2928: 2912: 2782: 2532: 2319: 1795:' cultivar in 2017. The third most grown apple cultivar in the United States is the ' 1669: 1407: 10473: 7384: 7206: 6584:"Apple production in 2022; from pick lists: Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity" 6313: 5723: 5657: 5148: 5129: 4843: 4659: 4494: 4373: 3344: 3314:(平安果, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for 1607:

blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.

1296: 10970: 10535: 10271: 10054: 9995: 9980: 9956: 9949: 9929: 9922: 9881: 9874: 9785: 9613: 9395: 9387: 9372: 9342: 9322: 9239: 9139: 8906: 8866: 8786: 8731: 8701: 8666: 8541: 8531: 8521: 8501: 8471: 8466: 8406: 8401: 8381: 8146: 8102:

Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003).

7963: 7455: 7372: 7229: 7186: 6556: 6211: 6203: 6146: 5719: 5653: 5509: 5143: 4919: 4867: 4823: 4747: 4737: 4686: 4647: 4606: 4598: 4540: 4532: 4511:

Zhang, Liyi; Hu, Jiang; Han, Xiaolei; Li, Jingjing; Gao, Yuan; et al. (2019).

4472: 4462: 4418: 4410: 4386: 4351: 4307: 4269: 4233: 4181: 4151: 3880: 3835: 3457: 3265: 3249: 3160: 3148: 3002: 2968: 2736: 2336: 2023: 1784: 1479: 1461: 1411: 1174:

There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the

1136: 1098:. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. 1086: 988: 915:

in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named

836: 816: 755: 461:

as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.

10611: 10598: 10235: 10222: 5626: 5426:

Proceedings of the 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference

4633: 3363:

is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that

3040: 1076:. Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the 891:: the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the 10993: 10841: 10784: 10509: 10419: 10196: 10078: 10047: 10023: 10016: 10009: 9843: 9829: 9693: 9500: 9405: 9377: 9357: 9297: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9144: 9096: 9086: 9026: 9011: 8876: 8836: 8801: 8796: 8671: 8661: 8611: 8451: 8396: 8352: 8287: 8141: 7959: 7608: 7502: 7190: 7059: 6960: 6896: 6309: 5577:. New York: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. pp. 33–35. 5172: 5088: 4993: 4742: 4260: 4224: 3875: 3839: 3410: 3360: 3352: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3034: 2954: 2889: 2829: 2709: 1836: 1688: 1642: 1251: 1235: 1109:

to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (

1052: 1035: 848: 812: 610: 556: 450: 403: 399: 382: 133: 10934: 10810: 5496:

Fallahi, Esmaeil; Colt, W. Michael; Fallahi, Bahar; Chun, Ik-Jo (January 2002).

4923: 4577:

Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; et al. (2017).

1571:

chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of

1422:

to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize

11003: 10998: 10880: 10588: 10468: 10128: 9915: 9901: 9836: 9809: 9618: 9475: 9332: 9219: 9184: 9051: 9046: 9031: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8976: 8936: 8891: 8886: 8736: 8656: 8626: 8591: 8571: 8516: 8481: 8461: 8456: 8426: 8421: 8371: 8137: 8000: 7827: 7736: 7510: 6793: 6151: 6132: 4602: 4536: 4155: 4120: 3871: 3499: 3356: 3269: 3137: 3068: 2988: 2908: 2073: 1585: 1544: 1521: 1431: 1291: 1130: 992: 953:, but this was not directly referenced by Borkhausen. The earliest use of var. 888: 820: 762:

Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.

614: 576: 570: 509: 484: 458: 120: 7233: 6434: 5513: 5243: 4651: 4087: 3540: 2938: 563:), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved ( 59: 10987: 10683: 10562: 10310: 9988: 9939: 9860: 9819: 9596: 9581: 9495: 9485: 9480: 9312: 9277: 9214: 9149: 9126: 9111: 9081: 9076: 9021: 8966: 8961: 8941: 8881: 8871: 8821: 8806: 8791: 8726: 8496: 8386: 8253: 7650: 7563: 7411: 7055: 6956: 6892: 6272: 6160: 6070: 5592: 5551: 5011: 3998: 3857: 3790: 3774: 3589: 3315: 3192: 2976: 2881: 2865: 2744: 2724: 2674: 2641: 2637: 2254: 2152: 2085: 1897: 1765: 1508: 1101:

The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000–10,000 years ago in the

1081: 926: 804: 800: 640: 636: 564: 550: 434: 8222: 8179: 8129: 8094: 8038: 7845: 7770: 7715: 7544: 7485: 7429: 7063: 6964: 6900: 6656: 5330: 5275: 5114: 4979: 4885: 4414: 3913: 2766:, which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often 2685:, the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible". Apples are consumed as 1791:

started a program to support their apple industry in 1994 and released the '

555:, meaning that their edges overlap each other. Leaves can be simple ovals ( 10924: 10499: 10002: 9655: 9440: 9430: 9317: 9302: 9224: 9209: 9194: 9189: 9116: 9106: 8956: 8896: 8861: 8846: 8771: 8766: 8756: 8716: 8681: 8676: 8636: 8536: 8446: 8441: 8411: 8153: 8061: 8012: 7600: 7376: 7340:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada. 8 September 2017. 7198: 6813: 6225: 6168: 6044: 5058: 4931: 4835: 4761: 4698: 4620: 4554: 4486: 4449:

Daccord, Nicolas; Celton, Jean-Marc; Linsmith, Gareth; et al. (2017).

4432: 4365: 3972: 3887: 3398: 3339: 3298:, since the sounds of the first element ("píng") in the words "apple" (苹果, 3080: 2992: 2947: 2806: 2740: 2720: 2705: 2698: 2621: 2545: 2128: 1812: 1792: 1705: 1701: 1625: 1597: 1593: 1468: 1358: 1043: 970: 905: 840: 796: 560: 395: 377: 10846: 10621: 10424: 7624: 7515:

The apples of Apollo : pagan and Christian mysteries of the Eucharist

7459: 7241: 6756: 5188: 2880:, a browning factor. Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. 1495:

Group H – 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' – also called Court-Pendu plat)

863:

The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or

754:, making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of 10792: 10743: 10571: 10357: 10245: 10205: 9891: 9536: 9531: 9490: 9470: 9460: 9455: 9267: 9259: 9001: 8951: 8946: 8931: 8721: 8696: 8646: 8561: 8506: 8363: 7558: 6583: 6207: 5307:(First ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. pp. 150–151. 5270:. New York: New Jersey Publishing and Engraving Company. pp. 33–34. 4690: 4049:

Janick, Jules; Cummins, James N.; Brown, Susan K.; Hemmat, Minou (1996).

3960: 3394: 2790: 2786: 2763: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2645: 2112: 2089: 2058: 1773: 1752: 1657: 1540: 1450: 1419: 1270: 1255: 1175: 1080:

mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary

505: 474: 442: 360: 68: 7145:"European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides" 4185: 3615: 10722: 10336: 9586: 9445: 9435: 9234: 9204: 9066: 9041: 9036: 9006: 8741: 8556: 8391: 4477: 4237: 3446: 3310:

in Mandarin and Cantonese. When these two words are combined, the word

3253: 3229: 3200: 3130: 3103: 3076: 2963: 2854: 2778: 2759: 2353: 2302: 2262: 2027: 1796: 1740: 1683: 1675: 1423: 1337: 1226: 1069: 1065: 1061: 980: 449:, bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of 356: 31: 10362: 7688:. Translated by Edmonds, J.M.; Cooper, John M. Indianapolis, Indiana: 7282:"United States: GM non-browning Arctic apple expands into foodservice" 7175: 4862:

The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe

4798:: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple ( 4673:

Lauri, Pierre-éric; Maguylo, Karen; Trottier, Catherine (March 2006).

3677: 3061: 3025: 1682:

Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called

1621: 1517: 433:. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including 10748: 10665: 10292: 10123: 9591: 9556: 9526: 9465: 9352: 9159: 9134: 9071: 9056: 8916: 8911: 8746: 8651: 8576: 7972:(Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23. 7451: 7019: 6856: 5296: 4953: 3451: 3414: 3307: 3180: 3118: 3084: 3017: 3006: 2916: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2834: 2818: 2751: 2690: 2412: 2399: 2386: 2250: 2066: 2011: 1748: 1744: 1637: 1438: 1435: 1427: 1390: 1370: 1345: 1325: 1309: 1106: 1102: 1077: 828: 751: 544: 536: 531: 423: 391: 77: 10167: 7118:. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. February 2016. Archived from 6084:

Coli, William M.; Berkett, Lorraine P.; Spitko, Robin, eds. (2003).

4467: 4450: 4312: 4295: 4273: 3417:

has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.

2038:

records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.

1555: 1155:

origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.

1021: 10919: 10556: 10494: 10190: 9790: 9650: 9630: 9546: 9400: 9367: 9347: 9307: 9292: 9282: 8781: 8711: 8486: 7904: 6039:

The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control

4723: 4356: 4331: 3830:. Vol. 4, Fruit (First ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: 3233: 3225: 3164: 3133: 3122: 3099: 2991:

developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the

2814: 2802: 2713: 2285: 1736: 1576: 1486: 1395: 1321: 1305: 1073: 912: 606: 547:

have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are

419: 415: 179: 146: 10761: 10670: 10375: 10297: 8171: 7762: 7047: 6948: 6884: 6648: 6264: 6062: 5106: 3990: 3905: 3782: 3021: 2958: 2943: 1822: 1434:

are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards.

10279: 9781: 9561: 9091: 8776: 8416: 8376: 7680:(1997). "Epigrams". In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. (eds.). 5648:

Barahona, M. (1992). "Adaptation of Apple Varieties in Ecuador".

3748: 3426: 3199:. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the 3053: 2762:. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as 2755: 2732: 2633: 2629: 2230: 2015: 1975: 1580: 976: 852: 824: 808: 169: 30:

This article is about the fruit. For the technology company, see

8214: 8086: 8030: 7707: 7616: 7559:"Eris - Greek Goddess of Strife & Discord (Roman Discordia)" 7536: 7477: 6098:. pp. 19–27. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 5998:. pp. 28–29. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 5322: 5180: 4971: 4905: 4079: 3151:, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of 513: 478: 10657: 9510: 8926: 8901: 8751: 8621: 8268: 7590: 7219: 6130: 5128:

Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004).

4329: 3975:. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. 3406: 3261: 3196: 3176: 3156: 3152: 2858: 2842: 2771: 2728: 2369: 2259: 2050: 1994: 1990: 1933: 1915: 1743:

and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same

1652: 1633: 1572: 1457: 1349: 1333: 1247: 1184: 984: 701: 697: 693: 519: 454: 446: 233: 159: 6496: 4793: 4253:"Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 69" 3616:"Origin and meaning of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary" 9771: 9766: 9756: 9624: 9551: 9362: 8491: 7677: 5901:"Puff the Magic Preservative: Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent" 5873: 3434: 3372: 3295: 3217: 3072: 3067:

Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of

3049: 3045: 3029: 3013: 2798: 2767: 2750:

Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as

2142: 2076:

fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.

2047: 1986: 1951: 1879: 1861: 1769: 1665: 917: 685: 635:-inch) in diameter. The five-petaled flowers are group in an 618: 438: 368: 364: 336: 328: 189: 107: 6980:"81 Best Apple Recipes: Dinners, Desserts, Salads, and More" 4119:. Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu. 29 October 2010. Archived from 3290:("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017) 1808:, the German federal research center for cultivated plants. 1402: 1242:

Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to

9640: 7028:. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford: 6865:. Illustrated by Soun Vannithone (Third ed.). Oxford: 6033: 5422:"Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement" 4777:"ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple" 4448: 3397:

painters may also have been influenced by the story of the

3368: 3323: 3188: 3172: 2972: 2838: 1029: 689: 373: 8191:

The Apple Grower : A Guide for the Organic Orchardist

7741:

Interrupted Music : The Making of Tolkien's Mythology

6784: 6762:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 4168: 1739:(cultivated varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their 1600:') have more than three times the storage life of others. 900:. Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use 8279: 6494: 5749:"20 Best Places to Go Apple Picking in the United States" 5360: 3364: 2625: 2172: 1727: 498: 6929:. Photographs by Squire Fox (First ed.). New York: 5127: 4141: 4048: 5959:

Lowther, Granville; Worthington, William, eds. (1914).

5599: 4197: 4195: 2809:, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as 363:

worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the

7150:. CropLife Foundation, Washington, DC. December 2011. 6741:

Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions

5936:. In Lowther, Granville; Worthington, William (eds.). 5778:

Graziano, Jack; Farcuh, Macarena (10 September 2021).

5495: 3117:. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, 3028:, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god 8007:

The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World

7958: 5848:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

5818:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

5461:"Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden" 2727:(US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot 1262:

century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in

1254:

in 1640. The only apples native to North America are

7782: 7780: 7086:"Why All the Symbolic Rosh Hashanah Foods? "בולבול"" 4950:

Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster

4672: 4638:, a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple". 4192: 1826:

Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy

1478:

Group D – Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('

1320:

when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves

488: 7501: 7362: 5682:

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

5353:"Thanks To Science, You Can Eat An Apple Every Day" 4060:. Vol. I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. New York: 3260:, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is 3012:Davidson notes a connection between apples and the 2597:

Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry

1603:Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance 1449:

Group A – Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('

8188: 8145: 8103: 8060: 7788:"Why Do the Chinese Give Apples Around Christmas?" 7681: 7013: 6933:. pp. 16, 32, 35, 45, 92, 137, 262–263, 275. 6850: 6795:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 6618: 6497:"Resistance Breeding in Apple at Dresden-Pillnitz" 5958: 5459:Lord, William G.; Ouellette, Amy (February 2010). 5300: 5215: 5164: 4627: 3879: 1985:World production of apples in 2022 was 96 million 8195:(First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont: 7777: 6091:2003-2004 New England Apple Pest Management Guide 6083: 5991:2003-2004 New England Apple Pest Management Guide 5984:Coli, William M.; Los, Lorraine M., eds. (2003). 5573:Ferree, David Curtis; Warrington, Ian J. (2003). 4444: 4442: 4325: 4323: 2444: 2240: 1567:Commercially, apples can be stored for months in 1269:Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in 925:. This was widely accepted, however the botanist 41:"Apple tree" redirects here. For other uses, see 10985: 7398: 7396: 7394: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6612: 6548: 6116:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6016:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5572: 5121: 3870: 3322:(平安夜, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the 1105:mountains, and then to have travelled along the 6435:"How breeders bring out the best in new apples" 5716:International Society for Horticultural Science 4506: 4504: 3713:North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 3347:(1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin 617:. When the flower buds first begin to open the 7222:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 6750: 5777: 5209: 5207: 5205: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4856: 4576: 4439: 4320: 3699: 3697: 3695: 2107:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1467:Group C – Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May (' 720:How apple fruit derives from flower structures 9740: 8295: 7391: 6832: 6557:"Crops & Gardening – Apples of Antiquity" 6238: 5680:(Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology thesis). 5458: 4717: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3383:(an evil), each of which is normally written 3001:) have been found in the early graves of the 2030:before the cyanide ion is released. The U.S. 1528:, with his family picking apples in the 1930s 937:in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by 9646:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program 7497: 7495: 5612: 5548:North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service 4866:(First ed.). Walnut Creek, California: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4510: 4501: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 2735:candy respectively and allowing it to cool. 2640:(table). Otherwise, there is low content of 835:, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, 453:and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's 7872:. Vol. 1. College Press. p. 193. 7815: 7813: 7169: 7139: 7137: 6399: 5202: 4892: 4201: 3692: 1711:apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) 508:. This can be compared to the 14th-century 9747: 9733: 8302: 8288: 6758:United States Food and Drug Administration 6621:Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants 6578: 6576: 6574: 6463: 6395: 6393: 6296: 6294: 6029: 6027: 5870:"Refrigerated storage of perishable foods" 4250: 4173:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3735: 3573: 3571: 1783:has had a program operating since 1880 in 76: 58: 7492: 7365:International Journal of Food Engineering 6368:"ECPGR Malus/Pyrus Working Group Members" 6215: 6150: 5780:"Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Apples" 5263: 5147: 5087:(First ed.). Westport, Connecticut: 5039:(First ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: 4912:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 4751: 4741: 4610: 4561: 4544: 4476: 4466: 4422: 4355: 4311: 4044: 4042: 3828:Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants 3640: 3409:in the human throat has been called the " 1502: 1485:Group E – Late flowering, 16 to 18 May (' 929:published an alternate classification in 445:production. Trees and fruit are prone to 398:significance in many cultures, including 7865: 7810: 7442: 7402: 7134: 7008: 6920: 6845: 6524: 6522: 6239:Elzebroek, A. T. G.; Wind, Koop (2008). 5647: 4802:(L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple ( 3333: 3282: 3094: 2937: 2789:, which may be drunk unfiltered (called 2661: 1821: 1747:. Different cultivars are available for 1726: 1620: 1554: 1516: 1418:Apples are self-incompatible; they must 1401: 1389: 1295: 1028: 1020: 7819: 7735: 7300: 7108: 6977: 6571: 6390: 6291: 6024: 5983: 5931: 5670: 5078: 4992: 4952:(First ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: 4461:(7). Nature Communications: 1099–1106. 4332:"The genome of the domesticated apple ( 3959: 3804: 3568: 3497: 2983:links apples to religious practices in 2072:Breeding efforts have yet to produce a 14: 10986: 8110:(First ed.). Brooklyn, New York: 7999: 7915: 7646:"Judgement of Paris - Greek Mythology" 7589: 7571:from the original on 25 September 2024 7344:from the original on 19 September 2018 7284:. Fresh Fruit Portal. 13 August 2019. 6567:from the original on 19 February 2017. 6554: 5746: 5709: 5541: 5032: 4293: 4039: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3493: 3071:" used in an 11th-century poem by the 2848: 2801:(called hard cider in North America), 2774:, and are cooked in some meat dishes. 933:with the apple species separated from 579:by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm ( 10172: 10171: 9728: 8283: 7676: 7338:"Questions and answers: Arctic Apple" 7179:European Journal of Cancer Prevention 7157:from the original on 24 February 2017 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6594:from the original on 12 November 2016 6519: 6189: 5691:from the original on 20 November 2015 5523:from the original on 11 February 2014 5351:Cohen, Rachel D. (26 November 2018). 5350: 5213: 5162: 4944: 4296:"Report of the General Committee: 18" 3628:from the original on 21 December 2019 3498:Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 2824: 2010:Apple seeds contain small amounts of 1849:List of countries by apple production 1610: 1344:sent samples of dwarf apple trees to 10948:5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8 10834:e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6 10523:e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b 10412:14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0 10152: 9608:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae 8152:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon: 7940:from the original on 29 January 2022 7886:from the original on 26 January 2021 7330: 7318:from the original on 31 October 2017 6990:from the original on 18 October 2020 6613:Nelson, Lewis S.; Shih, Richard D.; 6507:from the original on 28 January 2021 6432: 6279:from the original on 20 October 2020 5898: 5747:Romano, Andrea (10 September 2023). 5619:Home & Garden Information Center 5575:Apples: Botany, Production, and Uses 5295: 5267:History of Bergen County, New Jersey 4774: 4017:Western Agricultural Research Center 3971:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon: 3886:(First ed.). Portland, Oregon: 3454:, apple–crabapple hybrids for eating 3431:An apple a day keeps the doctor away 2933: 2743:eaten during the Jewish New Year of 7798:from the original on 1 October 2020 7658:from the original on 24 August 2024 7258:. Okanagan Specialty Fruits. 2019. 7213: 7083: 6978:Kellogg, Kristi (15 January 2015). 6096:University of Massachusetts Amherst 5996:University of Massachusetts Amherst 5544:"Apple Rootstocks and Tree Spacing" 5135:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 3817: 3577: 3528: 3243: 2673:Apples varieties can be grouped as 431:more than 7,500 cultivars of apples 24: 8049: 7262:from the original on 27 April 2021 7096:from the original on 21 March 2023 6772:from the original on 27 March 2024 6696: 6684:from the original on 21 April 2017 6680:. Toxnet, US Library of Medicine. 6464:Migicovsky, Zoë (22 August 2021). 5913:from the original on 3 August 2011 5876:. 26 February 2015. Archived from 5790:from the original on 24 March 2023 5759:from the original on 21 April 2024 5419: 4783:from the original on 11 June 2016. 4705:from the original on 20 April 2019 4144:Journal of Chromatographic Science 4027:from the original on 23 April 2024 3941:from the original on 7 August 2024 3659: 3470: 3090: 3016:, a tribe of gods associated with 2648:of all falling below 10% (table). 25: 11025: 8261: 7969:A Dictionary of American Proverbs 7408:Gods and Myths of Northern Europe 7312:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 7288:from the original on 27 June 2021 6588:Food and Agriculture Organization 6476:from the original on 31 July 2024 6445:from the original on 31 July 2024 6348:from the original on 15 June 2012 5401:from the original on 30 July 2024 5367:from the original on 18 June 2024 5163:Smith, Archibald William (1963). 4097:from the original on 19 July 2013 3596:from the original on 28 June 2023 3516:from the original on 28 July 2024 2903: 2620:A raw apple is 86% water and 14% 1588:, which also must be controlled. 1492:Group F – 19 to 23 May ('Suntan') 10912:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726372-1 10487:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1 10151: 10142: 10141: 10102: 9709: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9689: 9688: 8267: 7993: 7952: 7919:The Book of Genesis: A Biography 7909: 7898: 7859: 7729: 7670: 7638: 7583: 6433:Beck, Kellen (17 October 2020). 5784:University of Maryland Extension 5714:(179). Wageningen, Netherlands: 5303:Five Thousand Days Like This One 5222:The Harrowsmith Reader Volume II 4828:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x 4283:from the original on 7 May 2024. 3723:from the original on 31 May 2024 3329: 2967:(written in the 13th century by 2868:in sliced or bruised apples, by 2102:Apples, with skin (edible parts) 1944: 1926: 1908: 1890: 1872: 1735:There are more than 7,500 known 1731:An assortment of apple cultivars 1628:larva tunnelling inside an apple 1225:Problems playing this file? See 1203: 1183: 778: 766: 713: 664: 652: 94: 8106:The Best Apples to Buy and Grow 7596:The Works of Lucian of Samosata 7551: 7436: 7356: 7274: 7248: 7077: 7002: 6971: 6914: 6820:from the original on 9 May 2024 6733: 6670: 6606: 6488: 6457: 6426: 6360: 6328: 6245:. Wallingford, United Kingdom: 6232: 6190:Erler, Fedai (1 January 2010). 6183: 6124: 6077: 5977: 5952: 5925: 5899:Karp, David (25 October 2006). 5892: 5862: 5832: 5802: 5771: 5740: 5724:10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.179.10 5703: 5664: 5658:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.310.17 5641: 5613:Polomski, Bob; Reighard, Greg. 5566: 5542:Parker, M.L. (September 1993). 5535: 5489: 5452: 5413: 5379: 5344: 5289: 5257: 5156: 5149:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009 5079:Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). 5072: 5026: 5002:. Vol. III. Translated by 4986: 4938: 4850: 4787: 4768: 4666: 4380: 4287: 4244: 4162: 4135: 4109: 4005: 3953: 3937:. Royal Horticultural Society. 3927: 3717:North Carolina State University 3236:, a name possibly derived from 3159:. In retaliation, she tossed a 2898:Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2668:Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts 1632:Apple trees are susceptible to 908:, under an alternate taxonomy. 875:are the two main names in use. 540:hairless as they become older. 7404:Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis 6555:Weaver, Sue (June–July 2003). 6374:. 22 July 2002. Archived from 4294:Wilson, Karen L. (June 2017). 3864: 3608: 3147:The Greek goddess of discord, 2915:apple seeds for manufacturing 2853:Apple skins and seeds contain 2036:Hazardous Substances Data Bank 1379: 1011: 525: 13: 1: 9669:Countries by apple production 7599:. Vol. I. Translated by 7448:Roles of the Northern Goddess 6715:"General Information – Apple" 6625:(Second ed.). New York: 6590:, Statistics Division. 2024. 4251:Applequist, Wendy L. (2017). 3463: 2971:) as providing apples to the 2922: 2624:, with negligible content of 1842: 1686:, and three fungal diseases: 1354:East Malling Research Station 1128:Chinese soft apples, such as 8067:(First ed.). New York: 8011:(First ed.). New York: 7191:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000005 7025:The Oxford Companion to Food 6862:The Oxford Companion to Food 5387:"The Heirloom Apple Orchard" 5264:Van Valen, James M. (1900). 5220:. In Lawrence, James (ed.). 5171:(First ed.). New York: 4999:The Natural History of Pliny 4743:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703 4523:(1). Nature Genetics: 1494. 3840:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_49 3670:HORT 3020: Intro Fruit Crops 3083:and came to Europe from the 2894:Food and Drug Administration 2857:. These are oxidised by the 2604:Percentages estimated using 2094: 2032:National Library of Medicine 2005: 1716: 1482:', 'Calville blanc d'hiver') 1198:Read by Kevin S for LibriVox 1056:, found growing wild in the 819:, ethyl 2-methylpropionate, 790: 479: 464: 7: 8234:(Second ed.). London: 7830:. pp. 15–16, 340–341. 7745:Kent State University Press 6717:. Informall. Archived from 5671:Adamson, Nancy Lee (2011). 5468:University of New Hampshire 4924:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.004 4640:Tree Genetics & Genomes 3621:Online Etymology Dictionary 3440: 3294:In China, apples symbolise 2651: 2000: 1789:Washington State University 1281: 943:Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen 858: 823:, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, 644:−40 °C (−40 °F). 380:, where its wild ancestor, 43:Apple tree (disambiguation) 10: 11030: 11009:Fruits originating in Asia 8309: 8187:Phillips, Michael (1998). 7924:Princeton University Press 7607:(First ed.). Oxford: 7517:. Durham, North Carolina: 6925:The Apple Lover's Cookbook 6747:, accessed 17 October 2011 6242:Guide to Cultivated Plants 6152:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R 4679:American Journal of Botany 4603:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7 4537:10.1038/s41467-019-09518-x 3555:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3550:Plants of the World Online 3420: 3256:has many names, including 2926: 2689:, raw in salads, baked in 2655: 2636:and a moderate content of 2117:218 kJ (52 kcal) 2083: 2041: 1846: 1764:specifically for cooking ( 1720: 1614: 1563:in a wholesale food market 1550: 1506: 1394:Apple blossom from an old 1383: 1313:seedlings rarely survive. 1285: 1016: 968: 921:and he named the apple as 40: 29: 27:Fruit that grows on a tree 10546: 10180: 10137: 10111: 10100: 9780: 9684: 9574: 9519: 9423: 9414: 9386: 9258: 9125: 8362: 8330: 8317: 7962:; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; 7866:Kissling, Paul J (2004). 7820:Macrone, Michael (1998). 7234:10.1080/10408399409527653 6931:W.W. Norton & Company 6627:New York Botanical Garden 6400:Tarjan, Sue (Fall 2006). 6341:National Fruit Collection 6196:Journal of Insect Science 5514:10.21273/HORTTECH.12.1.38 5033:Martin, Alice A. (1976). 4775:Kean, Sam (17 May 2012). 4652:10.1007/s11295-008-0190-9 4117:"Natural Waxes on Fruits" 3757:Missouri Botanical Garden 3578:Lim, Lisa (6 July 2021). 3113:, often as a mystical or 3044:: when the major goddess 2876:of phenolic compounds to 2603: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2544: 2531: 2518: 2505: 2492: 2479: 2466: 2453: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2411: 2398: 2385: 2368: 2352: 2335: 2318: 2301: 2284: 2249: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2141: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2106: 1972: 1855: 1058:mountains of Central Asia 1008:following domestication. 964: 911:When first classified by 494:, descended in turn from 418:are propagated by clonal 247: 240: 218: 211: 91:Scientific classification 89: 84: 75: 66: 57: 52: 11014:Plants described in 1768 8197:Chelsea Green Publishing 6633:. pp. 27, 211–212. 5840:"4 Steps to Food Safety" 5436:. METRIA. Archived from 5224:. Camden East, Ontario: 5041:Houghton Mifflin Company 4156:10.1093/CHROMSCI/7.8.508 4021:Montana State University 3818:Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). " 3585:South China Morning Post 3278: 3060:) of their son—the hero 3032:in stanzas 19 and 20 of 1489:', 'Reinette d'Orléans') 1430:are most commonly used. 1300:An apple tree in Germany 931:The Gardeners Dictionary 679: 483:, is descended from the 8692:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg 8562:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) 8322:List of apple cultivars 8236:Frances Lincoln Limited 8230:Sanders, Rosie (2010). 8112:Brooklyn Botanic Garden 7916:Hendel, Ronald (2012). 7519:Carolina Academic Press 7030:Oxford University Press 6867:Oxford University Press 6530:"World apple situation" 5226:Camden House Publishing 4994:Plinius, Gaius Secundus 4415:10.1038/hortres.2016.57 3755:. St. Louis, Missouri: 3144:growing at its center. 2805:, and vinegar. Through 2606:US recommendations 2079: 1801:University of Minnesota 1723:List of apple cultivars 1668:are small insects with 1579:is used by plants as a 1547:', and 'Tolman Sweet'. 1456:Group B – 4 to 7 May (' 1316:Because apples are not 879:is the older name, but 514: 500: 490: 9155:Calville Blanc d'hiver 8148:The Story of the Apple 8015:. pp. 9, 22, 50. 7792:Teach English In China 7377:10.2202/1556-3758.1283 6921:Traverso, Amy (2011). 6503:(in German): 220–225. 6402:"Autumn Apple Musings" 6086:"Other Apple Diseases" 5932:Jackson, H.S. (1914). 5083:Food in Medieval Times 4910:sp.) seed fragments". 3882:The Story of the Apple 3509:Flora of North America 3348: 3291: 3275:, "Island of Apples". 3223: 3109:Apples appear in many 3106: 3009:in southwest England. 2979:. The English scholar 2950: 2670: 2610:the National Academies 1827: 1732: 1629: 1617:List of apple diseases 1564: 1529: 1503:Maturation and harvest 1415: 1399: 1386:Fruit tree pollination 1301: 1288:Fruit tree propagation 1195:by Henry David Thoreau 1040: 1026: 671:Botanical illustration 36:Apple (disambiguation) 8982:Rhode Island Greening 8902:Sciros (Pacific Rose) 8812:Karmijn de Sonnaville 8582:Devonshire Quarrenden 7460:10.4324/9780203025550 7444:Davidson, Hilda Ellis 4583:Nature Communications 4517:Nature Communications 4394:Horticulture Research 4062:John Wiley & Sons 3674:University of Georgia 3337: 3286: 3209: 3098: 2941: 2665: 2656:Further information: 2215:Vitamins and minerals 2055:oral allergy syndrome 1978:of the United Nations 1825: 1758:University of Reading 1730: 1624: 1615:Further information: 1569:controlled atmosphere 1558: 1520: 1410:on an apple bloom in 1405: 1393: 1306:extreme heterozygotes 1299: 1275:Controlled atmosphere 1032: 1024: 969:Further information: 957:for the apple was by 833:3-methylbutyl acetate 700:. The true fruits or 692:that matures in late 9974:Malus niedzwetskyana 9661:US Apple Association 8602:Duchess of Oldenburg 8346:Malus niedzwetzkyana 8276:at Wikimedia Commons 7823:Brush up your Bible! 7794:. 22 December 2019. 7747:. pp. 122–123. 7454:. pp. 146–147. 7450:. London; New York: 7414:. pp. 165–166. 6561:Hobby Farms Magazine 6208:10.1673/031.010.6301 5554:on 11 September 2013 5477:on 30 September 2013 5214:Poole, Mike (1980). 4956:. pp. 109–113. 4691:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357 3834:. pp. 414–415. 3588:. Hong Kong, China: 3582:. Language Matters. 3403:Garden of Hesperides 3111:religious traditions 2981:H. R. Ellis Davidson 2977:eternal youthfulness 2961:is portrayed in the 2886:genetically modified 2658:List of apple dishes 2020:cyanogenic glycoside 2018:compound known as a 1806:Julius Kühn-Institut 1605:1-methylcyclopropene 1526:President of Finland 568: 548: 34:For other uses, see 10028:(Asian wild/Almaty) 9451:Apple cider vinegar 8817:King of the Pippins 8547:Cox's Orange Pippin 8527:Cornish Gilliflower 8142:Mabberley, David J. 7122:on 24 February 2017 6739:Landau, Elizabeth, 6536:on 11 February 2008 5629:on 28 February 2008 4820:2006MolEc..15.2171C 4595:2017NatCo...8..249D 4529:2019NatCo..10.1494Z 4407:2016HorR....316057D 4186:10.1021/jf60149a032 4051:"Chapter 1: Apples" 3876:Mabberley, David J. 3302:) and "peace" (平安, 3136:, as a part of his 2849:Non-browning apples 2337:Pantothenic acid (B 2103: 1833:Cox's Orange Pippin 1817:Indian subcontinent 1799:', released by the 1473:Cox's Orange Pippin 1453:', 'Red Astrachan') 1342:Alexander the Great 1094:similar progenitor 1039:apple in Kazakhstan 979:, with two sets of 867:. In modern times, 847:, trans-2-hexenal, 811:, 2-methylbutanal, 496:Proto-Indo-European 327:is a round, edible 275:M. paradisiaca 9854:Malus crescimannoi 9814:(Chinese pearleaf) 9800:Malus angustifolia 9602:Fruit tree pruning 9230:Reinette du Canada 9102:Worcester Pearmain 8857:Lucombe's Seedling 8842:Liveland Raspberry 8687:Gascoyne's Scarlet 8642:Esopus Spitzenburg 8607:Dumelow's Seedling 8437:Aurora Golden Gala 8138:Juniper, Barrie E. 7690:Hackett Publishing 7654:. Aaron J. Atsma. 7611:. pp. 78–85. 7567:. Aaron J. Atsma. 7521:. pp. 64–70. 7507:Staples, Blaise D. 6869:. pp. 27–31. 6615:Balick, Michael J. 5906:The New York Times 5712:Acta Horticulturae 5650:Acta Horticulturae 5623:Clemson University 5420:Ranney, Thomas G. 5395:Cornell University 5091:. pp. 19–20. 5043:. pp. 64–65. 4946:Sauer, Jonathan D. 4238:10.1002/tax.592038 4216:M. frutescens 4064:. pp. 9, 48. 3872:Juniper, Barrie E. 3680:on 21 January 2008 3349: 3292: 3107: 3102:with the apple of 2951: 2862:polyphenol oxidase 2825:Organic production 2671: 2571:Other constituents 2101: 1860:2022, millions of 1828: 1781:Cornell University 1733: 1670:sucking mouthparts 1630: 1611:Pests and diseases 1565: 1530: 1513:Fruit tree pruning 1432:Orchard mason bees 1416: 1400: 1302: 1271:frostproof cellars 1264:Eastern Washington 1244:Chiloé Archipelago 1137:M. prunifolia 1119:M. sylvestris 1115:M. orientalis 1074:northwestern China 1041: 1027: 959:Georg Adolf Suckow 845:2-methyl-1-butanol 437:, eating raw, and 408:European Christian 388:European colonists 283:M. sylvestris 267:M. frutescens 10981: 10980: 10855:Open Tree of Life 10433:Open Tree of Life 10174:Taxon identifiers 10165: 10164: 10093:Malus yunnanensis 10086:Malus tschonoskii 10072:Malus transitoria 10065:Malus toringoides 10060: 10041:Malus spectabilis 10034:Malus sikkimensis 10029: 9969: 9964:Malus mandshurica 9945: 9935: 9909:Malus glaucescens 9897: 9887: 9849: 9825: 9815: 9805: 9769: 9762: 9722: 9721: 9570: 9569: 9506:Jewish apple cake 9245:White Transparent 9165:Chelmsford Wonder 8512:Claygate Pearmain 8272:Media related to 8206:978-1-890132-04-0 8163:978-0-88192-784-9 8121:978-1-889538-66-2 8078:978-0-86547-537-3 8069:North Point Press 8022:978-0-375-50129-6 7979:978-0-19-511133-0 7964:Harder, Kelsie B. 7837:978-0-517-20189-3 7754:978-0-87338-824-5 7528:978-0-89089-924-3 7314:. 20 March 2015. 7084:Shurpin, Yehuda. 7039:978-0-19-967733-7 6940:978-0-393-06599-2 6876:978-0-19-967733-7 6805:978-0-309-48834-1 6414:on 11 August 2007 6378:on 26 August 2014 6256:978-1-84593-356-2 6054:978-1-60529-677-7 5733:978-90-6605-182-9 5615:"Apple HGIC 1350" 5434:METRIA (NCSU.edu) 5314:978-0-8070-2106-4 5235:978-0-920656-11-2 5217:"Heirloom Apples" 5098:978-0-313-32147-4 5050:978-0-395-20724-6 4963:978-0-8493-8901-6 4877:978-1-59874-988-5 4071:978-0-471-31014-3 3982:978-1-60469-249-5 3897:978-0-88192-784-9 3849:978-94-007-4053-2 3766:978-1-930723-84-9 3058:Caesarean section 2985:Germanic paganism 2934:Germanic paganism 2929:Apple (symbolism) 2616: 2615: 2561: 2560: 2024:adverse reactions 1983: 1982: 1979: 1864: 1426:to carry pollen. 1408:orchard mason bee 1324:of cuttings. The 1234:The Roman writer 1208: 1199: 1153:M. sieversii 1146:M. sieversii 1123:M. sieversii 1113:), the Caucasus ( 898:M. domestica 885:M. domestica 881:M. domestica 341:, among them the 321: 320: 315: 307: 295: 287: 279: 271: 263: 255: 204:M. domestica 16:(Redirected from 11021: 10974: 10973: 10961: 10960: 10951: 10950: 10938: 10937: 10928: 10927: 10915: 10914: 10902: 10901: 10889: 10888: 10876: 10875: 10863: 10862: 10850: 10849: 10837: 10836: 10827: 10826: 10814: 10813: 10811:NHMSYS0000460571 10801: 10800: 10788: 10787: 10778: 10777: 10765: 10764: 10752: 10751: 10739: 10738: 10726: 10725: 10713: 10712: 10700: 10699: 10687: 10686: 10674: 10673: 10661: 10660: 10648: 10647: 10638: 10637: 10625: 10624: 10615: 10614: 10602: 10601: 10592: 10591: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10539: 10538: 10526: 10525: 10513: 10512: 10503: 10502: 10490: 10489: 10477: 10476: 10464: 10463: 10454: 10453: 10441: 10440: 10428: 10427: 10415: 10414: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10391: 10379: 10378: 10366: 10365: 10353: 10352: 10340: 10339: 10327: 10326: 10314: 10313: 10301: 10300: 10288: 10287: 10275: 10274: 10262: 10261: 10249: 10248: 10239: 10238: 10226: 10225: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10169: 10168: 10155: 10154: 10145: 10144: 10106: 10058: 10055:Malus sylvestris 10027: 9996:Malus prunifolia 9981:Malus orientalis 9967: 9957:Malus lancifolia 9950:Malus kansuensis 9943: 9933: 9930:Malus hupehensis 9923:Malus honanensis 9896:(Oregon/Pacific) 9895: 9885: 9882:Malus floribunda 9875:Malus florentina 9868:Malus 'Evereste' 9847: 9823: 9813: 9803: 9764: 9760: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9726: 9725: 9712: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9692: 9691: 9614:Johnny Appleseed 9421: 9420: 9388:Ornamental apple 8702:Golden Delicious 8617:Ellison's Orange 8542:Court Pendu Plat 8522:Cornish Aromatic 8467:Belle de Boskoop 8432:Ashmead's Kernel 8402:Allington Pippin 8382:Airlie Red Flesh 8304: 8297: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8271: 8257: 8226: 8194: 8183: 8151: 8133: 8109: 8098: 8066: 8043: 8042: 8010: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7960:Mieder, Wolfgang 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7933:978-0-69114012-4 7913: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7879:978-0-89900875-2 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7692:. p. 1744. 7687: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7503:Ruck, Carl A. P. 7499: 7490: 7489: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7400: 7389: 7388: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7116:"Organic apples" 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7017: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6928: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6854: 6843: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6754: 6748: 6743:, 8 April 2009, 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6711: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6640:978-0387-31268-2 6624: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6580: 6569: 6568: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6532:. Archived from 6526: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6470:The Conversation 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6312:. Archived from 6298: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6154: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6115: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6047:pp. 32–34. 6042: 6031: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5934:"Powdery Mildew" 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5880:on 15 March 2015 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5810:"FoodKeeper App" 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5753:Travel + Leisure 5744: 5738: 5737: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5679: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5652:(310): 135–142. 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5625:. Archived from 5610: 5597: 5596: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5550:. Archived from 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5522: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5470:. Archived from 5465: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5306: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5219: 5211: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5173:Harper & Row 5170: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5086: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5036:All About Apples 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4868:Left Coast Press 4865: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4814:(8): 2171–2182. 4800:Malus sylvestris 4791: 4785: 4784: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4745: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4574: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4480: 4470: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4359: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4212:M. communis 4199: 4190: 4189: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3970: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3935:"Fruit glossary" 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3885: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3701: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676:. Archived from 3657: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3495: 3458:Johnny Appleseed 3266:Arthurian legend 3250:Celtic mythology 3244:Celtic mythology 3221: 3003:Germanic peoples 2969:Snorri Sturluson 2737:Apples and honey 2448: 2373: 2357: 2340: 2323: 2306: 2289: 2251:Vitamin A equiv. 2244: 2211: 2210: 2104: 2100: 1973: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1859: 1856:Apple production 1853: 1852: 1785:Geneva, New York 1559:Different apple 1480:Golden Delicious 1412:British Columbia 1213:Audio 01:01:35 ( 1210: 1209: 1197: 1187: 1165:Malus domesticus 1161:Malus sylvestris 1131:M. asiatica 1087:Malus sylvestris 1006:Malus sylvestris 989:Golden Delicious 837:ethyl pentanoate 817:ethyl propionate 782: 770: 756:epicuticular wax 745: 744: 740: 737: 717: 668: 656: 639:consisting of a 634: 633: 629: 626: 609:are produced in 603: in) long. 602: 601: 597: 594: 588: 587: 583: 572: 552: 517: 515:appel of paradis 503: 493: 482: 313: 305: 293: 285: 277: 269: 261: 253: 251:M. communis 224: 99: 98: 80: 62: 50: 49: 21: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11018: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10977: 10969: 10964: 10956: 10954: 10946: 10941: 10933: 10931: 10923: 10918: 10910: 10905: 10897: 10892: 10884: 10879: 10871: 10866: 10858: 10853: 10845: 10842:Observation.org 10840: 10832: 10830: 10822: 10817: 10809: 10804: 10796: 10791: 10783: 10782:MichiganFlora: 10781: 10773: 10768: 10760: 10755: 10747: 10742: 10734: 10729: 10721: 10716: 10708: 10703: 10695: 10690: 10682: 10677: 10669: 10664: 10656: 10651: 10643: 10641: 10633: 10628: 10620: 10618: 10610: 10605: 10597: 10595: 10587: 10585: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10542: 10534: 10529: 10521: 10516: 10508: 10506: 10498: 10493: 10485: 10480: 10472: 10467: 10459: 10457: 10451:Malus domestica 10449: 10444: 10436: 10431: 10423: 10420:Observation.org 10418: 10410: 10408: 10400: 10395: 10387: 10382: 10374: 10369: 10361: 10356: 10348: 10343: 10335: 10330: 10322: 10317: 10309: 10304: 10296: 10291: 10283: 10278: 10270: 10265: 10257: 10252: 10244: 10242: 10234: 10229: 10221: 10219: 10212:Malus domestica 10210: 10209: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10182:Malus domestica 10176: 10166: 10161: 10133: 10107: 10098: 10079:Malus trilobata 10059:(European wild) 10048:Malus sublobata 10024:Malus sieversii 10017:Malus sieboldii 10010:Malus sargentii 9844:Malus coronaria 9830:Malus bracteata 9788: 9776: 9753: 9723: 9718: 9680: 9566: 9515: 9501:Himmel und Erde 9410: 9406:Wijcik McIntosh 9382: 9378:Yarlington Mill 9358:Slack-ma-Girdle 9254: 9180:Crimson Bramley 9145:Blenheim Orange 9121: 8832:Laxton's Superb 8612:Egremont Russet 8567:Delbard Jubilée 8358: 8353:Malus sieversii 8339:Malus domestica 8326: 8313: 8308: 8264: 8246: 8229: 8207: 8186: 8164: 8136: 8122: 8101: 8079: 8057:Browning, Frank 8055: 8052: 8050:Further reading 8047: 8046: 8023: 8001:Pollan, Michael 7998: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7926:. p. 114. 7914: 7910: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7838: 7818: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7755: 7737:Flieger, Verlyn 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7700: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7609:Clarendon Press 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7529: 7511:Heinrich, Clark 7500: 7493: 7470: 7441: 7437: 7422: 7401: 7392: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7256:"PPO silencing" 7254: 7253: 7249: 7218: 7214: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7040: 7032:. p. 824. 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6976: 6972: 6941: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6877: 6844: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6806: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6755: 6751: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6721:on 23 July 2012 6713: 6712: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6641: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6582: 6581: 6572: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6528: 6527: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6372:Ecpgr.cgiar.org 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6310:Natural England 6304:Malus domestica 6300: 6299: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6257: 6237: 6233: 6188: 6184: 6129: 6125: 6109: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6082: 6078: 6055: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5999: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5850:. 12 April 2019 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5820:. 26 April 2019 5808: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5611: 5600: 5585: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5440:on 23 July 2010 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5391:The Jentsch Lab 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5315: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5236: 5228:. p. 122. 5212: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5161: 5157: 5126: 5122: 5099: 5089:Greenwood Press 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5051: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5008:Riley, Henry T. 4991: 4987: 4964: 4943: 4939: 4904: 4893: 4878: 4855: 4851: 4804:Malus domestica 4792: 4788: 4773: 4769: 4736:(5): e1002703. 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4671: 4667: 4636:Malus sieversii 4632: 4628: 4575: 4562: 4509: 4502: 4468:10.1038/ng.3886 4455:Nature Genetics 4447: 4440: 4385: 4381: 4350:(10): 833–839. 4344:Nature Genetics 4328: 4321: 4313:10.12705/663.15 4292: 4288: 4280: 4274:10.12705/662.17 4255: 4249: 4245: 4222:( Rosaceae )". 4204:Malus domestica 4200: 4193: 4167: 4163: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3983: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3898: 3869: 3865: 3850: 3816: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3767: 3759:. p. 909. 3747: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3707:Malus domestica 3703: 3702: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3664:Malus domestica 3658: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3576: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3545:(Suckow) Borkh" 3543:Malus domestica 3539: 3538: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3502:Malus domestica 3496: 3471: 3466: 3443: 3423: 3379:(an apple) and 3361:Book of Genesis 3353:forbidden fruit 3332: 3318:in Mandarin is 3281: 3246: 3232:(also known as 3222: 3216: 3127:Greek mythology 3115:forbidden fruit 3093: 3091:Greek mythology 2975:that give them 2955:Norse mythology 2936: 2931: 2925: 2911:is obtained by 2906: 2888:to silence the 2864:, which causes 2851: 2827: 2710:West of England 2660: 2654: 2618: 2617: 2599: 2594: 2552: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2500: 2487: 2474: 2461: 2449: 2419: 2406: 2393: 2380: 2371: 2363: 2355: 2347: 2338: 2330: 2321: 2313: 2304: 2296: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2245: 2216: 2205: 2200: 2181: 2176: 2137: 2132: 2097: 2092: 2082: 2044: 2008: 2003: 1945: 1943: 1927: 1925: 1909: 1907: 1891: 1889: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1837:Egremont Russet 1768:) or producing 1725: 1719: 1689:Gymnosporangium 1619: 1613: 1553: 1515: 1505: 1420:cross-pollinate 1388: 1382: 1363:Merton, England 1294: 1284: 1252:William Blaxton 1236:Pliny the Elder 1232: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1169:Malus sieversii 1148:in Kazakhstan. 1142:M. baccata 1117:), and Europe ( 1111:M. baccata 1096:Malus sieversii 1092:morphologically 1053:Malus sieversii 1048:Malus domestica 1036:Malus sieversii 1019: 1014: 1002:Malus sieversii 973: 967: 873:Malus domestica 861: 849:ethyl hexanoate 813:3-methylbutanal 793: 786: 783: 774: 771: 742: 738: 735: 733: 726: 725: 724: 721: 718: 682: 677: 676: 675: 672: 669: 660: 657: 631: 627: 624: 622: 599: 595: 592: 590: 585: 581: 580: 574: 554: 530:The apple is a 528: 467: 383:Malus sieversii 352:Malus domestica 331:produced by an 236: 226: 222:Malus domestica 220: 207: 93: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11027: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10971:wfo-0001013584 10962: 10952: 10939: 10929: 10916: 10903: 10890: 10877: 10864: 10851: 10838: 10828: 10815: 10802: 10789: 10779: 10766: 10753: 10740: 10727: 10714: 10701: 10688: 10675: 10662: 10649: 10639: 10626: 10616: 10603: 10593: 10583: 10568: 10552: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10536:wfo-0001008355 10527: 10514: 10504: 10491: 10478: 10465: 10455: 10442: 10429: 10416: 10406: 10393: 10380: 10367: 10354: 10341: 10328: 10315: 10302: 10289: 10276: 10263: 10250: 10240: 10227: 10217: 10202: 10186: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10149: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10129:Malling series 10126: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9977: 9970: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9936: 9926: 9919: 9916:Malus halliana 9912: 9905: 9902:Malus glabrata 9898: 9888: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9840: 9837:Malus brevipes 9833: 9826: 9816: 9810:Malus asiatica 9806: 9795: 9793: 9778: 9777: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9706: 9696: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9674:Apple diseases 9671: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9621: 9619:Malling series 9616: 9611: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9476:Apple seed oil 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9427: 9425: 9418: 9416:Apple products 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9333:Kingston Black 9330: 9328:Harrison Cider 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9273:Cap of Liberty 9270: 9264: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9220:Norfolk Biffin 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9185:Flower of Kent 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9131: 9129: 9127:Cooking apples 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9032:Sturmer Pippin 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8992:Roxbury Russet 8989: 8987:Ribston Pippin 8984: 8979: 8977:Redlove apples 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8887:Newtown Pippin 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8852:Lord Lambourne 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8592:Dorsett Golden 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8572:Delbarestivale 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:Civni (Rubens) 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8482:Birgit Bonnier 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8462:Beauty of Bath 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8427:Arkansas Black 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8372:Adams Pearmain 8368: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8307: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8263: 8262:External links 8260: 8259: 8258: 8244: 8232:The Apple Book 8227: 8205: 8184: 8162: 8134: 8120: 8099: 8077: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8021: 7992: 7978: 7951: 7932: 7908: 7897: 7878: 7858: 7836: 7828:Gramercy Books 7809: 7776: 7753: 7743:. Kent, Ohio: 7728: 7698: 7684:Complete Works 7669: 7637: 7582: 7550: 7527: 7491: 7468: 7435: 7420: 7390: 7355: 7329: 7299: 7273: 7247: 7228:(2): 109–157. 7212: 7185:(5): 477–480. 7168: 7133: 7107: 7076: 7038: 7015:"Toffee Apple" 7010:Davidson, Alan 7001: 6970: 6939: 6913: 6875: 6847:Davidson, Alan 6831: 6804: 6783: 6749: 6732: 6695: 6669: 6639: 6605: 6586:. FAOSTAT, UN 6570: 6547: 6518: 6487: 6456: 6425: 6389: 6359: 6327: 6316:on 12 May 2008 6290: 6255: 6249:. p. 27. 6231: 6182: 6145:(6): 966–981. 6138:Phytopathology 6123: 6076: 6053: 6023: 5986:"Insect Pests" 5976: 5951: 5924: 5891: 5861: 5844:FoodSafety.gov 5831: 5814:FoodSafety.gov 5801: 5770: 5739: 5732: 5702: 5663: 5640: 5598: 5584:978-0851995922 5583: 5565: 5534: 5502:HortTechnology 5488: 5451: 5412: 5378: 5343: 5313: 5288: 5256: 5234: 5201: 5175:. p. 40. 5155: 5142:(4): 661–677. 5138:(in Spanish). 5120: 5097: 5071: 5049: 5025: 4985: 4962: 4937: 4918:(1): 157–162. 4891: 4876: 4849: 4786: 4767: 4716: 4685:(3): 357–368. 4665: 4646:(2): 339–347. 4626: 4560: 4500: 4438: 4379: 4357:10.1038/ng.654 4319: 4286: 4268:(2): 500–513. 4243: 4232:(2): 650–652. 4208:M. pumila 4191: 4161: 4134: 4123:on 24 May 2013 4108: 4070: 4058:Fruit Breeding 4038: 4004: 3981: 3952: 3926: 3896: 3890:. p. 27. 3863: 3848: 3803: 3765: 3734: 3691: 3660:Rieger, Mark. 3639: 3607: 3567: 3527: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3422: 3419: 3389:bonum et malum 3345:Albrecht Dürer 3331: 3328: 3280: 3277: 3245: 3242: 3214: 3138:Twelve Labours 3092: 3089: 2998:Skáldskaparmál 2989:Norse paganism 2957:, the goddess 2935: 2932: 2927:Main article: 2924: 2921: 2909:Apple seed oil 2905: 2904:Other products 2902: 2850: 2847: 2826: 2823: 2693:, cooked into 2675:cooking apples 2653: 2650: 2642:micronutrients 2614: 2613: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2081: 2078: 2074:hypoallergenic 2043: 2040: 2014:, a sugar and 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1868: 1867: 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1766:cooking apples 1721:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1663: 1612: 1609: 1586:carbon dioxide 1552: 1549: 1522:L. K. Relander 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1465: 1454: 1381: 1378: 1292:Malling series 1283: 1280: 1222: 1212: 1202: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 993:heterozygosity 966: 963: 902:M. pumila 889:conserved name 877:M. pumila 860: 857: 821:ethyl butyrate 792: 789: 788: 787: 785:100% overcolor 784: 777: 775: 772: 765: 763: 723: 722: 719: 712: 709: 708: 707: 681: 678: 674: 673: 670: 663: 661: 659:Apple blossoms 658: 651: 648: 647: 646: 527: 524: 510:Middle English 485:Proto-Germanic 466: 463: 390:. Apples have 376:originated in 319: 318: 317: 316: 308: 296: 288: 280: 272: 264: 259:M. pumila 256: 245: 244: 238: 237: 227: 216: 215: 209: 208: 201: 199: 195: 194: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 150: 149: 144: 137: 136: 131: 124: 123: 118: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 87: 86: 82: 81: 73: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11026: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10926: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10829: 10825: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10776: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10636: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10452: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10281: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10213: 10207: 10203: 10198: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10170: 10158: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10007: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9989:Malus prattii 9986: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9942: 9941: 9940:Malus ioensis 9937: 9932: 9931: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9861:Malus doumeri 9858: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9821: 9820:Malus baccata 9817: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9763:"Wild apple" 9758: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9715: 9707: 9705: 9697: 9695: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9597:Arctic Apples 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582:Apple picking 9580: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9496:Caramel apple 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481:Apple strudel 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9313:Golden Russet 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9278:Chisel Jersey 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9215:Newton Wonder 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9112:York Imperial 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9077:Tompkins King 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9022:Star of Devon 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Red Pineapple 8970: 8968: 8967:Red Delicious 8965: 8963: 8962:Red Astrachan 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8907:Pam's Delight 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8822:Knobby Russet 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:Grimes Golden 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8707:Golden Orange 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8298: 8293: 8291: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8245:9780711231412 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8107: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7912: 7906: 7901: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7862: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7816: 7814: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7699:0-87220-349-2 7695: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7651:Theoi Project 7647: 7641: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7564:Theoi Project 7560: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7469:0-415-13610-5 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7421:0-14-013627-4 7417: 7413: 7412:Penguin Books 7409: 7405: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7153: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6394: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6297: 6295: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5075: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5014:. p. 303 5013: 5012:Henry G. Bohn 5009: 5005: 5004:Bostock, John 5001: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730:PLOS Genetics 4727: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4196: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4043: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3590:Alibaba Group 3587: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3399:golden apples 3396: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3330:Christian art 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316:Christmas Eve 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220:, Epigram VII 3219: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3041:Völsunga saga 3037: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2987:, from which 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2896:in 2015, and 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882:Arctic apples 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2745:Rosh Hashanah 2742: 2739:are a ritual 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:caramel apple 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679:eating apples 2676: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:dietary fiber 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622:carbohydrates 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2367: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2303:Riboflavin (B 2300: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2255:beta-Carotene 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2153:Dietary fiber 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129:Carbohydrates 2124: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2091: 2087: 2086:Cooking apple 2077: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1898:United States 1888: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1706:apple maggots 1703: 1702:Codling moths 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1524:, the former 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1509:Fruit picking 1500: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:true breeders 1314: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1216: 1200: 1193:"Wild Apples" 1186: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082:introgression 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1023: 1009: 1007: 1003: 997: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 972: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 947:P. malus 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:Philip Miller 924: 920: 919: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:ethyl acetate 798: 781: 776: 769: 764: 761: 760: 759: 757: 753: 747: 730: 716: 711: 710: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 667: 662: 655: 650: 649: 645: 642: 638: 637:inflorescence 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 578: 573: 566: 562: 558: 553: 546: 541: 538: 533: 523: 521: 516: 511: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 481: 476: 472: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 347:orchard apple 344: 340: 339: 334: 330: 326: 312: 309: 304: 300: 297: 292: 289: 284: 281: 276: 273: 268: 265: 260: 257: 252: 249: 248: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 225: 223: 217: 214: 213:Binomial name 210: 206: 205: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121:Tracheophytes 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 97: 92: 88: 83: 79: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10873:Malus pumila 10578:Malus pumila 10548:Malus pumila 10547: 10181: 10118: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10022: 10015: 10008: 10003:Malus rockii 10001: 9994: 9987: 9979: 9972: 9968:(Manchurian) 9962: 9955: 9948: 9938: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9890: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9859: 9852: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9818: 9808: 9798: 9770: 9623: 9606: 9441:Apple cheese 9431:Apple butter 9318:Golden Spire 9303:Ellis Bitter 9288:Crimson King 9260:Cider apples 9225:Northern Spy 9210:Manks Codlin 9195:Granny Smith 9190:Golden Noble 9107:Wyken Pippin 8772:Jersey Black 8762:James Grieve 8757:Ingrid Marie 8717:Granny Smith 8552:Crimson Gold 8537:Cosmic Crisp 8447:Autumn Glory 8442:Autumn Bough 8364:Table apples 8351: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8310: 8231: 8190: 8154:Timber Press 8147: 8105: 8062: 8013:Random House 8006: 7995: 7983:. Retrieved 7968: 7954: 7942:. Retrieved 7918: 7911: 7905:Genesis 2:17 7900: 7888:. Retrieved 7868: 7861: 7849:. Retrieved 7826:. New York: 7822: 7800:. Retrieved 7791: 7740: 7731: 7721:27 September 7719:. Retrieved 7683: 7672: 7662:26 September 7660:. Retrieved 7649: 7640: 7630:26 September 7628:. Retrieved 7605:Fowler, F.G. 7601:Fowler, H.W. 7595: 7585: 7575:26 September 7573:. Retrieved 7562: 7553: 7514: 7447: 7438: 7407: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7346:. Retrieved 7332: 7320:. Retrieved 7311: 7302: 7290:. Retrieved 7276: 7264:. Retrieved 7250: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7159:. Retrieved 7124:. Retrieved 7120:the original 7110: 7098:. Retrieved 7089: 7079: 7069:18 September 7067:. Retrieved 7023: 7004: 6992:. Retrieved 6983: 6973: 6924: 6916: 6906:18 September 6904:. Retrieved 6860: 6822:. Retrieved 6794: 6786: 6774:. Retrieved 6765: 6752: 6744: 6735: 6723:. Retrieved 6719:the original 6686:. Retrieved 6672: 6662:11 September 6660:. Retrieved 6620: 6608: 6596:. Retrieved 6560: 6550: 6538:. Retrieved 6534:the original 6509:. Retrieved 6500: 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6469: 6459: 6447:. Retrieved 6438: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6409:the original 6380:. Retrieved 6376:the original 6371: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6339: 6330: 6318:. Retrieved 6314:the original 6303: 6281:. Retrieved 6241: 6234: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6142: 6136: 6126: 6100:. Retrieved 6090: 6079: 6045:Rodale, Inc. 6043:. New York: 6038: 6000:. Retrieved 5990: 5979: 5967:. Retrieved 5961: 5954: 5942:. Retrieved 5937: 5927: 5915:. Retrieved 5904: 5894: 5882:. Retrieved 5878:the original 5864: 5854:17 September 5852:. Retrieved 5843: 5834: 5824:17 September 5822:. Retrieved 5813: 5804: 5792:. Retrieved 5783: 5773: 5761:. Retrieved 5752: 5742: 5711: 5705: 5693:. Retrieved 5673: 5666: 5649: 5643: 5631:. Retrieved 5627:the original 5618: 5574: 5568: 5556:. Retrieved 5552:the original 5547: 5537: 5525:. Retrieved 5508:(1): 38–44. 5505: 5501: 5491: 5479:. Retrieved 5472:the original 5454: 5442:. Retrieved 5438:the original 5433: 5425: 5415: 5403:. Retrieved 5390: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5356: 5346: 5334:. Retrieved 5302: 5291: 5279:. Retrieved 5266: 5259: 5247:. Retrieved 5221: 5192:. Retrieved 5166: 5158: 5139: 5133: 5123: 5082: 5074: 5062:. Retrieved 5035: 5028: 5016:. Retrieved 4998: 4988: 4949: 4940: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4861: 4852: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4770: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4707:. Retrieved 4682: 4678: 4668: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4586: 4582: 4520: 4516: 4458: 4454: 4401:(1): 16057. 4398: 4392: 4382: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4229: 4223: 4220:Pyrus dioica 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4125:. Retrieved 4121:the original 4111: 4099:. Retrieved 4057: 4029:. Retrieved 4016: 4007: 3973:Timber Press 3966: 3961:Burford, Tom 3955: 3943:. Retrieved 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3888:Timber Press 3881: 3866: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3794:. Retrieved 3751: 3725:. Retrieved 3712: 3706: 3682:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3669: 3663: 3630:. Retrieved 3619: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3583: 3558:. Retrieved 3548: 3542: 3518:. Retrieved 3507: 3501: 3424: 3411:Adam's apple 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3350: 3340:Adam and Eve 3338: 3319: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3273:Ynys Afallon 3272: 3258:Emain Ablach 3257: 3247: 3237: 3224: 3210: 3205: 3168: 3161:golden apple 3146: 3142:Tree of Life 3108: 3081:Roman Empire 3066: 3039: 3033: 3011: 2996: 2993:Oseberg ship 2962: 2952: 2948:Carl Larsson 2946:" (1901) by 2907: 2852: 2828: 2807:distillation 2776: 2749: 2741:food pairing 2721:toffee apple 2718: 2706:apple butter 2703: 2699:apple butter 2683:cider apples 2672: 2667: 2646:Daily Values 2619: 2575: 2570: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2195: 2171: 2127: 2071: 2063: 2045: 2009: 1984: 1966: 1961: 1858: 1829: 1810: 1793:Cosmic Crisp 1778: 1774:Cider apples 1762: 1734: 1687: 1681: 1658: 1647: 1631: 1626:Codling moth 1602: 1594:Granny Smith 1590: 1566: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1498: 1469:Granny Smith 1443: 1417: 1375: 1367: 1359:Northern Spy 1331: 1315: 1303: 1268: 1260: 1250:by Reverend 1241: 1233: 1224: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1121:). Only the 1118: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1095: 1085: 1060:in southern 1051: 1047: 1044:Central Asia 1042: 1034: 1005: 1001: 998: 974: 971:Apple genome 954: 950: 946: 939:Malus pumila 938: 934: 922: 916: 910: 906:correct name 901: 897: 884: 880: 876: 872: 869:Malus pumila 868: 862: 841:amyl acetate 797:acetaldehyde 794: 773:0% overcolor 748: 731: 727: 683: 605: 542: 529: 518:, meaning a 477:ancestor is 470: 468: 428: 412: 396:mythological 381: 378:Central Asia 367: 351: 350: 346: 342: 337: 332: 324: 322: 311:Pyrus dioica 310: 302: 298: 290: 282: 278:(L.) Medikus 274: 266: 258: 250: 221: 219: 203: 202: 190: 153: 140: 127: 114: 47: 10793:NatureServe 10744:iNaturalist 10572:Wikispecies 10358:iNaturalist 10206:Wikispecies 9984:(Caucasian) 9892:Malus fusca 9636:Pollination 9575:Agriculture 9537:Apple juice 9532:Apple cider 9491:Candy apple 9486:Baked apple 9471:Apple sauce 9461:Apple flour 9456:Apple crisp 9268:Brown Snout 8947:Ralls Janet 8722:Gravenstein 8697:Ginger Gold 7802:3 September 7348:14 November 7322:14 November 7292:14 November 7266:14 November 7161:23 February 7126:23 February 6678:"Amygdalin" 5718:: 129–140. 5558:1 September 5481:1 September 4478:10449/42064 3632:22 November 3395:Renaissance 3351:Though the 3308:homophonous 3048:sends King 2855:polyphenols 2791:apple cider 2787:apple juice 2785:to produce 2777:Apples are 2764:apple sauce 2644:, with the 2286:Thiamine (B 2090:Cider apple 2059:anaphylaxis 1753:subtropical 1541:Sweet Bough 1451:Gravenstein 1424:pollinators 1380:Pollination 1256:crab apples 1176:Middle East 1167:containing 1012:Cultivation 981:chromosomes 975:Apples are 923:Pyrus malus 577:alternately 571:glabrescent 526:Description 512:expression 475:Old English 443:apple juice 410:tradition. 303:paradisiaca 299:Pyrus malus 291:Pyrus malus 254:Desf., 1768 134:Angiosperms 69:Cripps Pink 18:Apple trees 10988:Categories 10955:WisFlora: 10881:Plant List 10642:Calflora: 10469:Plant List 9886:(Japanese) 9824:(Siberian) 9804:(Southern) 9714:Production 9587:Apple scab 9446:Apple chip 9436:Apple cake 9250:Wolf River 9240:Upton Pyne 9205:King Byerd 9067:Tartu Rose 9062:Taliaferro 9037:Summerfree 9007:Sekai Ichi 8922:Pink Pearl 8827:Lady Alice 8742:Honeycrisp 8632:Enterprise 8557:Cripps Red 8472:Bellflower 8172:2006011869 7763:2004024490 7410:. London: 7181:(Review). 7090:Chabad.org 7048:2013957569 7020:Jaine, Tom 6994:17 October 6984:Epicurious 6949:2011016560 6885:2013957569 6857:Jaine, Tom 6745:CNN Health 6725:17 October 6649:2005938815 6540:24 January 6418:24 January 6352:2 December 6320:22 January 6265:2007028459 6063:2009039996 5695:15 October 5633:22 January 5444:7 November 5297:Brox, Jane 5244:1336124440 5107:2004014054 4806:Borkh.)". 4589:(1): 249. 4306:(3): 742. 4150:(8): 508. 4088:1302621533 3991:2012045130 3906:2006011869 3783:2012949654 3705:"Apples - 3684:22 January 3464:References 3447:Apple chip 3254:otherworld 3230:Hippomenes 3201:Trojan War 3163:inscribed 3131:Greek hero 3104:Hesperides 3077:Nehalennia 3035:Skírnismál 2964:Prose Edda 2942:"Brita as 2923:In culture 2890:expression 2878:o-quinones 2870:catalyzing 2507:Phosphorus 2263:zeaxanthin 2084:See also: 2028:hydrolyzed 1843:Production 1797:Honeycrisp 1704:, and the 1698:bitter rot 1694:black spot 1684:fireblight 1676:Apple scab 1507:See also: 1428:Honey bees 1384:See also: 1371:bud sports 1338:Asia Minor 1286:See also: 1227:media help 1070:Tajikistan 1066:Kyrgyzstan 1062:Kazakhstan 1000:likely is 545:bud scales 429:There are 424:rootstocks 361:cultivated 338:Malus spp. 333:apple tree 32:Apple Inc. 10710:200010913 10697:200010913 10324:242331459 10197:Q18674606 10124:Applecrab 9944:(Prairie) 9791:cultivars 9786:varieties 9757:Crabapple 9704:Cultivars 9656:Russeting 9592:Applecrab 9557:Ice cider 9542:Applejack 9527:Apfelwein 9466:Apple pie 9353:Redstreak 9200:Grenadier 9160:Campanino 9135:Antonovka 9072:Tentation 9057:SweeTango 9042:Sundowner 9017:Splendour 8917:Paula Red 8912:Papirovka 8747:Honeygold 8652:EverCrisp 8597:Dougherty 8587:Discovery 8577:Delrouval 8477:Ben Davis 8254:646397065 7985:23 August 7944:6 October 7890:6 October 7452:Routledge 7406:(1990) . 7064:27172691M 7056:890807357 6965:16450839W 6957:711051767 6901:27172691M 6893:890807357 6382:25 August 6302:"Apple – 6283:6 October 6273:156975183 6202:(1): 63. 6177:231701083 6161:0031-949X 6112:cite book 6071:419860680 6012:cite book 5593:133167834 5249:10 August 5194:10 August 4954:CRC Press 4808:Mol. Ecol 4338:domestica 4180:(1): 29. 4101:30 August 3999:819860825 3858:795503871 3824:domestica 3791:859541992 3775:0161-1542 3662:"Apple - 3452:Applecrab 3415:seduction 3312:Píngānguǒ 3288:Píngānguǒ 3181:Aphrodite 3123:folktales 3119:mythology 3085:Near East 3018:fertility 3007:fertility 2917:cosmetics 2874:oxidation 2835:pyrethrum 2819:apfelwein 2811:applejack 2795:fermented 2520:Potassium 2494:Manganese 2481:Magnesium 2413:Vitamin K 2400:Vitamin E 2387:Vitamin C 2370:Folate (B 2354:Vitamin B 2320:Niacin (B 2095:Nutrition 2067:urticaria 2012:amygdalin 2006:Amygdalin 1813:russeting 1749:temperate 1745:rootstock 1737:cultivars 1717:Cultivars 1638:bacterial 1561:cultivars 1436:Bumblebee 1346:Aristotle 1326:rootstock 1215:full text 1107:Silk Road 1103:Tian Shan 1078:Tian Shan 961:in 1786. 955:domestica 951:domestica 829:1-butanol 805:1-butanal 791:Chemistry 551:convolute 537:rootstock 532:deciduous 469:The word 465:Etymology 459:sequenced 416:cultivars 392:religious 355:). Apple 198:Species: 104:Kingdom: 71:' apples 10943:VicFlora 10932:VASCAN: 10925:27800985 10920:Tropicos 10886:rjp-5777 10798:2.160610 10762:726372-1 10619:BioLib: 10557:Wikidata 10518:VicFlora 10507:VASCAN: 10500:27804420 10495:Tropicos 10376:726282-1 10243:BioLib: 10191:Wikidata 10147:Category 9765:(of the 9651:Reinette 9631:Pearmain 9547:Calvados 9401:Goldspur 9396:Flamenco 9373:Woodcock 9368:Tom Putt 9348:Poveshon 9343:Michelin 9323:Hangdown 9308:Foxwhelp 9293:Dabinett 9283:Coccagee 9140:Bismarck 8937:Pristine 8867:McIntosh 8787:Jonathan 8782:Jonagold 8732:Haralson 8712:Goldspur 8667:Flamenco 8532:Cortland 8502:Champion 8487:Braeburn 8407:Ambrosia 8223:38731995 8215:98003631 8180:67383484 8144:(2006). 8130:60384060 8095:39235786 8087:98027252 8059:(1998). 8039:49803415 8031:00066479 8003:(2001). 7966:(1996). 7938:Archived 7884:Archived 7846:38270894 7796:Archived 7771:56805947 7739:(2005). 7716:36178550 7708:96053280 7656:Archived 7617:06001045 7593:(1905). 7569:Archived 7545:46337324 7537:00040351 7513:(2001). 7486:48138055 7478:97018309 7446:(1998). 7430:29336401 7385:98590230 7342:Archived 7316:Archived 7286:Archived 7260:Archived 7207:23026644 7199:24366437 7152:Archived 7100:21 March 7094:Archived 7012:(2014). 6988:Archived 6849:(2014). 6818:Archived 6814:30844154 6776:28 March 6770:Archived 6760:(2024). 6688:20 April 6682:Archived 6657:77537459 6631:Springer 6629: : 6617:(2007). 6592:Archived 6565:Archived 6505:Archived 6474:Archived 6443:Archived 6439:Mashable 6346:Archived 6277:Archived 6226:20672979 6169:33487025 5969:1 August 5944:1 August 5911:Archived 5794:2 August 5788:Archived 5763:2 August 5757:Archived 5686:Archived 5527:9 August 5518:Archived 5405:9 August 5399:Archived 5371:1 August 5365:Archived 5357:The Salt 5336:9 August 5331:39605684 5323:98035051 5299:(1999). 5281:9 August 5276:25697876 5181:62009906 5115:55738647 5064:3 August 5018:3 August 5010:London: 4996:(1855). 4980:27224696 4972:92045590 4948:(1993). 4932:21501956 4886:84838157 4844:31481730 4836:16780433 4781:Archived 4762:22589740 4703:Archived 4699:21646196 4660:19847067 4621:28811498 4555:30940818 4495:24690391 4487:28581499 4433:27917289 4374:14854514 4366:20802477 4340:Borkh.)" 4278:Archived 4206:against 4092:Archived 4080:95016407 4025:Archived 3963:(2013). 3945:7 August 3939:Archived 3919:1 August 3914:67383484 3878:(2006). 3832:Springer 3721:Archived 3626:Archived 3594:Archived 3514:Archived 3441:See also 3320:Píngānyè 3268:, or in 3234:Melanion 3226:Atalanta 3215:— 3169:Kallistē 3165:Καλλίστη 3134:Heracles 3100:Heracles 2913:pressing 2866:browning 2815:Calvados 2803:ciderkin 2797:to make 2756:crumbles 2723:(UK) or 2714:Normandy 2652:Culinary 2634:calories 2576:Quantity 2501:0.035 mg 2441:Quantity 2435:Minerals 2364:0.041 mg 2348:0.061 mg 2331:0.091 mg 2314:0.026 mg 2297:0.017 mg 2237:Quantity 2231:Vitamins 2001:Toxicity 1974:Source: 1659:Botrytis 1577:ethylene 1487:Braeburn 1462:McIntosh 1414:, Canada 1398:cultivar 1396:Ayrshire 1322:grafting 1310:Triploid 1282:Breeding 913:Linnaeus 865:synonyms 859:Taxonomy 752:russeted 607:Blossoms 557:elliptic 473:, whose 420:grafting 343:domestic 242:Synonyms 180:Rosaceae 176:Family: 147:Eudicots 85:Flowers 10723:3001093 10563:Q158657 10474:rjp-454 10438:3902985 10337:3001244 10280:Ecocrop 10157:Commons 9848:(Sweet) 9782:Species 9562:Pommeau 9298:Dufflin 9175:Creston 9170:Costard 9150:Bramley 9097:Winston 9092:Winesap 9087:Wealthy 9027:Stayman 9012:Spartan 8877:Melrose 8837:Liberty 8802:Jupiter 8797:Julieta 8792:Jubilee 8777:Jonadel 8672:Florina 8662:Filippa 8452:Baldwin 8417:Annurca 8397:Alkmene 8377:Aia Ilu 8331:Species 7869:Genesis 7851:31 July 7242:8011143 7022:(ed.). 6859:(ed.). 6852:"Apple" 6824:21 June 6598:18 June 6511:31 July 6480:31 July 6449:31 July 6217:3014806 6102:3 March 6002:3 March 5917:26 July 5059:1733691 4816:Bibcode 4753:3349737 4709:27 July 4612:5557836 4591:Bibcode 4546:6445120 4525:Bibcode 4424:5120355 4403:Bibcode 4127:14 June 4031:30 July 4013:"Shape" 3796:27 July 3727:31 July 3600:28 June 3560:31 July 3520:27 July 3427:proverb 3421:Proverb 3401:in the 3367:coaxed 3359:in the 3324:gifting 3304:Píng'ān 3300:Píngguǒ 3212:beauty. 3062:Völsung 3026:Skírnir 2830:Organic 2783:pressed 2733:caramel 2630:protein 2585:85.56 g 2553:0.04 mg 2475:0.12 mg 2455:Calcium 2407:0.18 mg 2197:Protein 2136:13.81 g 2042:Allergy 2016:cyanide 1976:FAOSTAT 1835:' and ' 1643:Organic 1596:' and ' 1581:hormone 1551:Storage 1545:Swayzie 1017:History 977:diploid 904:as the 853:hexanol 825:hexanal 809:ethanol 741:⁄ 702:carpels 630:⁄ 598:⁄ 584:⁄ 451:organic 435:cooking 186:Genus: 170:Rosales 166:Order: 108:Plantae 10994:Apples 10894:PLANTS 10860:854961 10847:140258 10831:NZOR: 10824:283210 10684:179710 10658:629943 10635:121191 10622:214890 10612:201024 10599:225375 10596:APDB: 10425:123770 10409:NZOR: 10389:516655 10363:469472 10350:104681 10311:180045 10259:254406 10236:122984 10223:152668 10220:APDB: 10112:Topics 9694:Apples 9665:Lists 9511:Pectin 9117:Zestar 9052:Suntan 9047:Sunset 8997:Sandow 8927:Pinova 8892:Nicola 8862:Macoun 8752:Idared 8737:Hokuto 8657:Fiesta 8627:Empire 8622:Elstar 8517:Clivia 8457:Beacon 8422:Ariane 8311:Apples 8274:Apples 8252: 8242: 8221: 8213: 8203: 8178: 8170: 8160: 8128: 8118: 8093: 8085: 8075: 8063:Apples 8037: 8029: 8019: 7976: 7930: 7876: 7844: 7834: 7769: 7761: 7751: 7714: 7706: 7696: 7625:506365 7623: 7615: 7591:Lucian 7543: 7535: 7525: 7484: 7476: 7466: 7428: 7418: 7383: 7240: 7205: 7197: 7062: 7054: 7046: 7036: 6963: 6955: 6947: 6937: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6873: 6812: 6802: 6655: 6647: 6637: 6336:"Home" 6271: 6263: 6253: 6224: 6214: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6069: 6061: 6051: 5884:25 May 5730: 5591: 5581: 5329: 5321: 5311: 5274: 5242: 5232: 5189:710612 5187: 5179: 5113: 5105: 5095: 5057: 5047: 4978: 4970: 4960: 4930: 4884: 4874: 4842: 4834: 4760: 4750: 4697: 4658: 4619: 4609: 4553: 4543: 4493: 4485: 4431: 4421: 4372: 4364: 4218:, and 4086: 4078: 4068: 3997: 3989: 3979: 3912: 3904: 3894: 3856: 3846: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3763: 3407:larynx 3375:words 3306:) are 3262:Avalon 3252:, the 3197:Sparta 3179:, and 3177:Athena 3157:Thetis 3153:Peleus 3129:, the 2859:enzyme 2843:kaolin 2817:, and 2779:milled 2772:stewed 2758:, and 2729:toffee 2695:sauces 2681:, and 2533:Sodium 2527:107 mg 2420:2.2 μg 2394:4.6 mg 2260:lutein 2204:0.26 g 2180:0.17 g 2143:Sugars 2113:Energy 2051:pollen 1995:Poland 1993:, and 1991:Turkey 1987:tonnes 1949: 1934:Poland 1931: 1916:Turkey 1913: 1895: 1877: 1862:tonnes 1696:, and 1692:rust, 1666:Aphids 1653:Mildew 1634:fungal 1573:oxygen 1458:Idared 1439:queens 1350:Lyceum 1334:Persia 1248:Boston 1072:, and 985:genome 965:Genome 698:autumn 694:summer 619:petals 615:shoots 611:spring 565:oblong 520:banana 501:h₂ébōl 455:genome 447:fungal 406:, and 372:. The 314:Moench 270:Medik. 234:Borkh. 230:Suckow 160:Rosids 53:Apple 11004:Malus 10999:Fruit 10775:25262 10749:77949 10736:23261 10679:EUNIS 10671:MABPM 10645:10099 10586:APA: 10510:20142 10458:PFI: 10306:EUNIS 10298:MABSD 10272:7NHJZ 10246:39552 10119:Apple 9934:(Tea) 9772:Malus 9767:genus 9625:Malus 9552:Cider 9520:Drink 9363:Styre 9338:Major 9082:Topaz 9002:Sansa 8952:Rambo 8942:Rajka 8932:Prima 8882:Mutsu 8872:Melba 8807:Kanzi 8497:Cameo 8492:Brina 8392:Åkerö 8387:Akane 7678:Plato 7381:S2CID 7371:(5). 7203:S2CID 7155:(PDF) 7148:(PDF) 7018:. In 6855:. 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