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927:. At first, this was tolerated in the name of political unity and fear of reprisals. Rhee faced increasing domestic discontent following the end of the Korean War in 1953, however, as his administration delivered limited economic and social development, while angering the public by amending the constitution to prolong his stay in power. The South Korean public widely perceived Rhee as a
1163:. This incident shocked the nation and became the basis of a national movement against electoral corruption on April 19. Masan erupted into three days of spontaneous mass protests which led to further violent clashes with police. Rhee tried to shift the focus by claiming that communist agents were behind the Masan protests.
45:
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for killing Kim. Park was one of hundreds of people to be sentenced by a revolutionary tribunal on various charges. Multiple death sentences were imposed, with some of them being carried out. Among those executed were the officials responsible for issuing the order to fire. Secretary of the
Interior
1253:
A National
Assembly investigating committee found that the firing into the crowd by the police had not been intended to disperse the crowds, but rather to kill protesters. It was later revealed at a criminal trial that Park Jong-pyo, the Chief of Public Security, tied rocks on Kim Ju-yul's dead body
1158:
to the back of his head. This indicated that the police had shot the tear gas to an angle less than 45 degrees, which could be fatal if shot directly at a person's face. Rhee's regime tried to censor news of this incident. However, the story was reported by the Korean press along with a picture of
1126:
launched a protest against the electoral corruption. About one thousand residents of Masan gathered in front of the
Democratic Party's Masan headquarters at around 7:30 PM. Residents encountered a police presence and the city lights were blacked out. The police began shooting at protesters, who
1213:
and the Chief of
Security resigned taking responsibility for the Masan incident. On April 28, 1960, in an annex of Rhee's mansion, Lee Ki-poong's first son, Lee Kang-seok (1937 – April 28, 1960) shot Lee Ki-poong and his family and then killed himself in a
1540:
Kim Ju-yul, a Masan-based student killed by a tear-gas shell in demonstrations against the election rigging of March, in Masan Harbor. Kim's skull had been split by a tear gas grenade. He has since become a symbol of the March 15
953:
In 1959, Rhee was shocked and threatened when the United States reduced its economic aid to South Korea from a high of $ 382,893,000 in 1957 to $ 222,204,000, and began taking desperate measures to ensure his political survival.
1179:
launched a non-violent protest at the
National Assembly against police violence and demanded new elections. However, they were attacked by gangs funded by Rhee's supporters as they returned to their
973:. In July 1959, Rhee accused Cho Bong-am of being a communist, and the Progressive Party leader was subsequently imprisoned and swiftly executed. Cho Pyong-ok went to the United States for a
1004:
Lee won the vice-presidential election with an abnormally wide margin, winning 8,225,000 votes while Myon received just 1,850,000 votes, and it became clear to the people that the
1230:
First post-revolution trial began July 5 in South Korea for thirty former high officials of the Rhee regime on charges of corruption, maladministration, and election rigging, etc.
1692:
Seuk-Ryule, Hong. 2002. "Reunification Issues and Civil
Society in South Korea: The Debates and Social Movement for Reunification during the April Revolution Period, 1960–1961."
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Choi In-Kyu, the official most responsible for the order, and Kwak Yong-ju, the
Presidential security chief, who was also involved in the shootings, were both hanged at
2277:
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on May 29, 1960. Originally planning to be a short exile, Rhee was unable to return due to public opposition. The First
Republic was replaced by the
1197:
On April 25, professors joined students and citizens in large-scale protests outnumbering soldiers and police, who refused to attack the protestors.
821:
on April 11. The protests were triggered by the discovery of the body of a local high school student killed by police during demonstrations against
765:
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841:, which were violently suppressed; a total of 186 people were killed during the two weeks of protest. Rhee resigned on April 26 before fleeing to
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1984:
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After the resignation of Rhee and the death of Lee Ki-poong, the rule of the
Liberal Party government came to an end. Rhee was exiled to
411:
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1631:"5 Rhee Supporters Are Hanged As Korean Chief Bars Clemency; But Death Sentences of Five Others Are Commuted to Life by General Park"
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calling for Rhee's resignation. Police opened fire, killing approximately 180 and wounding thousands. The Rhee government proclaimed
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of Kim Ju-yul, a student at Masan
Commercial High School who disappeared during March 15 rioting. Authorities announced that an
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saw two main parties running against Rhee. These were the small Progressive Party (which had received one million votes in the
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Kim, Quee-Young (1996). "From Protest to Change of Regime: The 4–19 Revolt and the Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea".
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giving the government broad new powers to curtail freedom of the press and prevent members of the opposition from voting.
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and threw him away into the Masan shore to prevent him floating up on the shore. Park was later sentenced to
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1000:, who had been South Korea's ambassador to the United States during the Korean War. On March 15, the mostly
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On March 15, the same day as the election results, members of the Democratic Party in the southern city of
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1328:"South Korean students force dictator to resign, new elections, 1960 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"
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was elected president on August 13, 1960, but real power was vested in the prime minister, Chang Myon.
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On April 19 (called "Bloody Tuesday"), over 100,000 high school and university students marched to the
996:, a post chosen in a separate election on the same day. Lee ran against the Democratic Party candidate
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was blamed for most of the corruption in the government. The following day, the Minister of Interior
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1426:"II. The Vice Presidency – The Death of Chough Pyong-ok and the Foul Play in the March 15 Election"
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Protests opposing Rhee were started by student and labor groups in the southeastern port city of
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2003:
1999:
1399:(1995) KBS National Institute for International Education Development. "The History of Korea",
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1008:. According to the Korean Report, Democratic rallies were prohibited throughout the nation and
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244:
20:
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837:, and uneven development of South Korea. The Masan discovery led to large student protests in
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1979:
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Kim, C. I. Eugene, and Ke-soo Kim (1964). "The April 1960 Korean Student Movement",
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985:. The two deaths were widely perceived by the public as too much of a coincidence.
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stance. He used the threat of communism as an excuse to target perceived
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since July 24, 1948, three weeks before its founding on August 15, 1948.
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1992:
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Kim when his body was first found, and delivered to the world through
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On May 16, 1961, following months of political instability, General
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On July 19, 1965, 90-year-old Rhee died at 19:35 Korean time in
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leader who used autocratic methods to maintain his rule and
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from April 11 to 26, 1960, which led to Rhee's resignation.
1155:
1554:"60 Years of the Republic: The End of Syngman Rhee's Rule"
1372:
1377:
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Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections
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in March. Popular discontent had arisen due to Rhee's
1205:
On April 26, 1960, Rhee stepped down from power, and
1766:
1666:"Assassination of President Park Chung-hee in 1979"
1455:. United States Government Printing. 1992. p.
1246:to remove power from the office of the president.
1572:
1171:On April 18, the protests spread to the capital,
2971:
1150:had actually been split by a 20 centimeter-long
2673:International adoption of South Korean children
1985:United States Army Military Government in Korea
1973:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1413:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea
1200:
891:. He oversaw the transition of power from the
1752:
759:
1395:
1393:
1142:confirmed that the cause of Kim's death was
2404:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2314:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2170:List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea
1127:responded by throwing rocks at the police.
1010:hundreds of pre-marked ballots were stuffed
412:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
1759:
1745:
1609:. The University of North Carolina Press.
1016:Masan protests and the death of Kim Ju-Yul
969:, and the Democratic Party represented by
942:In December 1958, Rhee forced through the
766:
752:
43:
1732:KBS archive footage of the April protests
1604:
1525:"Nation Honors Victims of Masan Uprising"
1390:
1194:in order to suppress the demonstrations.
1110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2397:List of political parties in South Korea
1711:A Brief History Of Korea (Brief History)
1225:
864:
2302:State Affairs Commission of North Korea
2150:Administrative divisions of South Korea
2117:Administrative divisions of North Korea
1154:grenade, which had penetrated from his
988:Rhee was determined to see his protege
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1522:
1134:in the harbor at Masan discovered the
893:United States Army Military Government
49:Protesters during the April Revolution
2718:
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2596:Science and technology in South Korea
2446:
2387:Presidential elections in South Korea
2190:
2165:List of special cities of South Korea
2033:
1794:
1740:
1353:"Remembering the April 19 Revolution"
2719:
2392:Legislative elections in South Korea
1795:
1578:
1048:adding citations to reliable sources
1019:
1605:Brazinsky, Gregg (September 2009).
1579:Rhee, Moon Young (April 18, 2011).
1479:
1411:Andrew C. Nahm and James E. Hoare,
13:
3045:Massacres committed by South Korea
2543:Economic inequality in South Korea
2538:Automotive industry in South Korea
2467:Automotive industry in North Korea
1703:
1581:"4·19때 경찰이 계엄사령관에 총탄 10만발 빌려달라 요청"
853:, beginning the transition to the
14:
3071:
2581:Financial services in South Korea
2553:Telecommunications in South Korea
2477:Telecommunications in North Korea
1725:
1401:Ministry of Education Korea Seoul
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907:. With American patronage in the
903:, and led South Korea during the
28:April Revolution (disambiguation)
3000:Political history of South Korea
2990:South Korean democracy movements
2663:Gender inequality in South Korea
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2340:Foreign relations of South Korea
2214:Foreign relations of North Korea
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959:March 1960 presidential election
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3010:Student protests in South Korea
2586:Fishing industry in South Korea
2409:National Assembly (South Korea)
1767:Index of Korea-related articles
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1623:
1598:
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1384:The Western Political Quarterly
1035:needs additional citations for
979:Walter Reed Army Medical Center
478:Assassination of Park Chung-hee
2372:Republic of Korea Armed Forces
1607:Nation Building in South Korea
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1418:
1415:(Scarecrow Press, 2004), p. 21
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1345:
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1276:Second Republic of South Korea
1240:Second Republic of South Korea
855:Second Republic of South Korea
1:
2668:Low birth rate in South Korea
2424:Constitutional Court of Korea
2360:Prime Minister of South Korea
2234:Heads of state of North Korea
2229:Supreme Leader of North Korea
2160:List of cities in South Korea
2127:Special cities of North Korea
2122:List of cities in North Korea
1865:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
1523:Je-hae, Do (March 14, 2010).
1313:
1284:Third Republic of South Korea
1274:overthrowing the short-lived
899:and the establishment of the
860:
286:Korean Provisional Government
108:Resignation and exile of Rhee
2840:Korean pottery and porcelain
2749:Globalization in South Korea
2191:
1452:South Korea: a Country Study
1221:
1012:into boxes on election day.
7:
2653:Demographics of South Korea
2648:Demographics of North Korea
2611:1997 Asian financial crisis
2606:Trade unions in South Korea
2520:Rason Special Economic Zone
2447:
2367:Human rights in South Korea
2335:Constitution of South Korea
2246:Human rights in North Korea
2209:Constitution of North Korea
1989:Soviet Civil Administration
1296:
1201:Resignation of Syngman Rhee
597:1997 Asian financial crisis
58:April 11–26, 1960
10:
3076:
2830:Traditional music of Korea
2500:Agriculture in North Korea
2345:Relations with North Korea
2307:President of State Affairs
2219:Relations with South Korea
2155:Environment of South Korea
2074:List of mountains in Korea
2009:COVID-19 pandemic in North
1825:Timeline of Korean history
963:1956 presidential election
911:, Rhee adopted a strongly
889:1948 presidential election
833:, use of violence against
296:People's Republic of Korea
25:
18:
16:1960 South Korean protests
3055:Military history of Seoul
3020:April 1960 events in Asia
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2890:Propaganda in North Korea
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2800:
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2319:Supreme People's Assembly
2224:Government of North Korea
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1968:Korea under Japanese rule
1917:North–South States Period
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1820:List of monarchs of Korea
1815:Military history of Korea
1807:
1803:
1790:
1772:
1332:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
1282:and later the autocratic
897:Government of South Korea
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657:Yoon Seok-yeol government
440:Park Chung-hee government
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3030:Massacres in South Korea
3015:Second Republic of Korea
2985:20th-century revolutions
2951:Sexuality in South Korea
2908:Education in South Korea
2858:Education in North Korea
2792:Tattooing in South Korea
2601:Squatting in South Korea
2591:Miracle on the Han River
2563:Transport in South Korea
2487:Transport in North Korea
2414:Judiciary of South Korea
2382:Elections in South Korea
2355:President of South Korea
2261:Elections in North Korea
2142:Geography of South Korea
2109:Geography of North Korea
2064:List of islands of Korea
1886:Four Commanderies of Han
1694:Journal of Asian Studies
1278:and replacing it with a
885:President of South Korea
874:President of South Korea
872:had served as the first
637:Park Geun-hye government
627:Lee Myung-bak government
587:Kim Young-sam government
536:Chun Doo-hwan government
151:Pro-democracy protestors
113:Second Republic of Korea
19:Not to be confused with
3005:Protests in South Korea
2995:First Republic of Korea
2941:Marriage in South Korea
2913:Religion in South Korea
2863:Religion in North Korea
2377:Politics of South Korea
2273:Workers' Party of Korea
2256:Politics of North Korea
2079:List of rivers of Korea
1893:Three Kingdoms of Korea
901:First Republic of Korea
617:Roh Moo-hyun government
607:Kim Dae-jung government
546:June Democracy Movement
344:Syngman Rhee government
145:First Republic of Korea
3040:Democratic revolutions
2918:Smoking in South Korea
2900:Culture of South Korea
2868:Smoking in North Korea
2850:Culture of North Korea
2558:Tourism in South Korea
2530:Economy of South Korea
2482:Tourism in North Korea
2459:Economy of North Korea
2419:Supreme Court of Korea
2239:Premier of North Korea
2132:Geology of North Korea
2094:Geology of South Korea
2069:List of lakes of Korea
2004:History of North Korea
2000:History of South Korea
1303:History of South Korea
1263:on December 21, 1961.
1231:
1175:, where students from
877:
849:, and was replaced by
742:South Korea portal
723:Science and technology
647:Moon Jae-in government
577:Roh Tae-woo government
21:19th of April Movement
2548:Energy in South Korea
2515:Mining in North Korea
2472:Energy in North Korea
1709:Mark Peterson, 2009,
1639:. December 22, 1961.
1229:
948:National Security Law
868:
219:Casualties and losses
111:Establishment of the
2946:Media of South Korea
2923:Sport in South Korea
2873:Sport in North Korea
2658:Aging of South Korea
2251:Korean People's Army
1933:Later Three Kingdoms
1308:Polish 1970 protests
1244:parliamentary system
1044:improve this article
981:but died there of a
946:an amendment to the
939:in the government.
835:political opposition
382:Yun Posun government
266:Preludes to Division
120:elected as president
26:For other uses, see
2980:1960 in South Korea
2810:Korean architecture
2787:Korean tea ceremony
2754:Korean martial arts
2505:North Korean famine
1006:vote was fraudulent
883:had been the first
792:April 19 Revolution
790:), also called the
450:Yushin Constitution
2815:Korean calligraphy
2084:Provinces of Korea
2036:Geography of Korea
1858:Jin (Korean state)
1713:, Facts on File. (
1674:. October 24, 2010
1636:The New York Times
1232:
1059:"April Revolution"
923:with heavy-handed
878:
806:against President
661:2022–present
392:Chang Myon cabinet
3035:Massacres in 1960
3025:Conflicts in 1960
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2769:Religion in Korea
2764:Korean philosophy
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2278:General Secretary
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1980:Division of Korea
1430:www.changmyun.com
1256:life imprisonment
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977:operation at the
965:) represented by
944:National Assembly
796:April 19 Movement
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1033:This section
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847:United States
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800:mass protests
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2882:
2820:Korean drama
2782:Korean sword
2633:Demographics
2294:
2002: /
1991: /
1987: /
1944: /
1942:Later Baekje
1940: /
1924: /
1908: /
1904: /
1900: /
1884: /
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2202:North Korea
2013:South Korea
1922:Later Silla
1850:Gija Joseon
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1777:North Korea
1564:December 3,
1529:Korea Times
1272:coup d'état
1270:launched a
1248:Yun Bo-seon
1211:Choi In-Kyu
1192:martial law
967:Cho Bong-am
804:South Korea
566:1988–
498:May 17 coup
402:May 16 coup
247:South Korea
245:History of
103:Resulted in
78:South Korea
2974:Categories
2802:Korean art
2571:(currency)
2510:Jangmadang
2495:(currency)
1993:Korean War
1834:Chronology
1719:0816050856
1435:August 21,
1364:August 21,
1314:References
1188:Blue House
1100:April 2017
1070:newspapers
998:Chang Myon
925:repression
921:opposition
905:Korean War
887:since the
861:Background
831:corruption
827:autocratic
711:Presidents
334:Korean War
66:1960-04-26
62:1960-04-11
2680:Koreatown
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1645:0362-4331
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1541:uprising.
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1222:Aftermath
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1002:bedridden
851:Yun Posun
691:Education
118:Yun Posun
84:Caused by
2192:Politics
1898:Goguryeo
1841:Gojoseon
1678:June 25,
1650:June 24,
1386:, 17(1).
1297:See also
1291:Honolulu
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937:cronyism
917:American
915:and pro-
909:Cold War
810:and the
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701:Military
674:By topic
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2643:Koreans
2576:Chaebol
2448:Economy
2054:Borders
2047:General
1938:Taebong
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1140:autopsy
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975:stomach
929:corrupt
895:to the
845:in the
798:, were
788:4.19 혁명
686:Economy
681:Culture
568:present
306:USAMGIK
194:†
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1958:Joseon
1953:Goryeo
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1902:Baekje
1882:Samhan
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1870:Buyeo
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2011:and
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1339:2021
1156:eyes
1063:news
957:The
931:and
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716:List
550:1987
512:1980
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