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649:. There is evidence that tannins have anti-fungal properties and can boost fish immune systems. This environment is less stressful and more conducive to natural behavior and breeding. Blackwater aquaria may not contain plants; if they do, they use plants that thrive in the low light levels caused by the dark water. Some aquarists may decrease artificial lighting further to mimic the dark conditions fish are accustomed to. A water pump may be added to help with water flow, similar to the conditions of a slow-moving river.
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498:, are used to provide a wild, untamed appearance. Unlike nature style, the jungle style does not follow clean lines, or employ fine textures. A jungle canopy effect can be obtained using combinations of darker substrates, tall plants growing up to the surface, and floating plants that block light, offering a dappled lighting effect. Other plants used in jungle style aquascapes include
381:, Manzanita wood and Redmoor roots. Often the wood will protrude from the water surface, which adds an enhanced sense of nature. Moss and other epiphyte plants are also commonly used, adding a beautiful sense of maturity and aged appearance. Only one type of wood is usually used in order to make it more natural. Stones can also be used, but these are not main focus.
1214:
1222:
629:, pond, or swamp. Blackwater aquariums resemble the native environment of many popular aquarium fish. The chemical composition of blackwater rivers in the Amazon rainforest is often used as a reference. They contain recalcitrant (slow-decaying) organics like driftwood, leaf litter, and pinecones. These organics release
621:
are designed to replicate a particular aquatic habitat at a particular geographic location, not necessarily to provide a gardenlike display. Plants and fish need not be present, but if they are, they must match what would be found in nature in the habitat being represented. The gravel, hardscape, and
474:
This nature aquascape sub-style uses a physical landscape or fantasy scene as the main source of inspiration. This aquascape style typically focuses on the hardscape in order to create a landscape effect with planting often limited to very small textures and a few species in order to maintain a sense
145:
starting in the 1930s, as freshwater aquarium equipment became commercially available. It emphasizes plants located on terraces of different heights, and frequently omits rocks and driftwood. Linear rows of plants running left-to-right are referred to as "Dutch streets". Although many plant types are
63:
Aquascaping appears to have begun to be a popular hobby in the 1930s in the
Netherlands, following the introduction of the Dutch style aquascaping techniques. With the increasing availability of mass-produced freshwater fishkeeping products and popularity of fishkeeping following the First World War,
207:
sparked a wave of interest in aquarium gardening, and he has been cited as having "set a new standard in aquarium management". Amano also worked in natural-landscape photography, and used multi-exposure techniques to photograph aquariums better, and has been described as a portrait photographer of
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In the Dutch contest, the focus is not only on composition, but also on the biological well-being of the aquarium's inhabitants. Most points are, in fact, awarded for such biological criteria as fish health, plant health, and water quality. Unlike contests in other countries, the judges travel to
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Early Dutch hobbyists began the practice of aquascape contests, with over 100 local clubs. Judges had to go through about three years of training and pass examinations in multiple disciplines in order to qualify. This competition continues to be held every year, under the auspices of the
National
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tank that diffuses a set amount of carbon dioxide into the aquarium water. Both methods have benefits and challenges, with the use of pressurized carbon dioxide necessitating the refilling of tanks periodically, usually at a gas supplier, and yeast-sugar methods requiring general maintenance and
946:
to promote rapid growth of desired plants, while controlling nutrient levels, to ensure that the plants utilize all fertilizer without leaving nutrients to support algae. When adding new fish to a tank, aquascapers may also disinfect their plants by using diluted hydrogen peroxide or bleach, as
872:
per gallon (0.5–1 watts per litre). Lights are usually controlled by a timer that allows the plants to be acclimated to a set cycle. Alternatively, some aquarists opt for placing their aquariums near windows (usually north or northeastern-facing, to avoid harsh direct sun), without artificial
491:
Some hobbyists also refer to a "jungle" (or "wild jungle") style, separate from either the Dutch or nature styles, and incorporating some of the features of them both. The plants are left to assume a natural, untrimmed look. Jungle style aquascapes usually have little or no visible hardscape
852:
In addition to design, freshwater aquascaping also requires specific methods to maintain healthy plants underwater. Plants are often trimmed to obtain the desired shape, and they can be positioned by tying them in place inconspicuously with thread. Most serious aquascapers use aquarium-safe
318:, are usually selected to complement the plants and control algae, but for reasons of minimalism the number of species are often limited. Smaller species may also be used to give the impression of a larger aquarium. The Nature style can be broken down into three different sub-styles:
984:
The
Aquatic Gardeners Association, based in the United States, Aqua Design Amano, based in Japan, and AquaticScapers Europe, based in Germany, also conduct annual freshwater aquascaping contests. Entries from around the world are submitted as photographs and explanatory text online.
896:, as well as true algae) is considered distracting and unwanted in aquascaping, and is controlled in several ways. Algae is most commonly caused by an excess of nutrients and waste, so aquarists will perform water changes to lower the nitrates present. Another method is the use of
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apparatus and most filtration, and limited lighting. Only a few fish or shrimp are kept to limit the quantity of fish waste. Plants are used to perform the water-cleansing role typically played by aquarium filters by utilizing what fish waste there is as fertilizer.
418:
style, each stone has a name and a specific role. Rocks provide the bony structure of the aquascape and the typical geometry employs a design with three main stones, with one larger stone and two other smaller stones, although additional rocks can also be used. The
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supplementation to the tank, some hobbyists choose instead to maintain plants with a minimum of technology, and some have reported success in producing lush plant growth this way. This approach, sometimes called the "Walstad Method" and popularized by
1070:. Because they typically present wildlife from a particular habitat, modern day displays are often created to be biologically accurate biotopes. The largest aquascape of the Japanese nature aquarium style in a public aquarium was situated in the
176:
for color highlights. More than 80% of the aquarium floor is covered with plants, and little or no substrate is left visible. Tall growing plants that cover the back glass originally served the purpose of hiding bulky equipment behind the tank.
2087:
691:. In a paludarium, part of the aquarium is underwater, and part is above water. Substrate is built up so that some "land" regions are raised above the waterline, and the tank is only partially filled with water. This allows plants, such as
622:
chemical composition of the water must also represent the habitat desired. By including only organisms that naturally exist together, biotopes can be used to study ecological interactions in a relatively natural setting.
876:
Depending on the number of plants and fish, the aquascape may also require carbon dioxide supplementation. This can be accomplished with a simple homemade system (using a bottle filled with
102:
Aquascape hobbyists trade plants, conduct contests, and share photographs and information via the
Internet. The United States–based Aquatic Gardeners Association has about 1,200 members.
1922:
244:
56:
under water. Aquascape designs include a number of distinct styles, including the garden-like Dutch style and the
Japanese-inspired nature style. Typically, an aquascape
717:, with their roots underwater but their tops in the air, as well as completely submersed. In some configurations, plants that float on the surface of the water, such as
820:
wavelengths, reef aquarists not only support the health of these invertebrates, but also elicit particularly bright colors emitted by the fluorescent microorganisms.
2357:
458:, or secondary stones, are arranged in subordinate positions. The location of the focal point of the display, determined largely by the asymmetric placement of the
71:, the technical aspects of tank maintenance and the growth requirements of aquatic plants are also taken into consideration. Many factors must be balanced in the
212:
techniques that attempt to mimic natural landscapes by the asymmetrical arrangement of masses of relatively few species of plants, and which set rules governing
1313:
973:
Aquarium
Society. There are three rounds, beginning with contests in local clubs. First-place local winners are entered in the second round, held in fifteen
740:, the bank of a watercourse. The plants are often in floating pots attached to the rear wall. It may be left open, with the plants growing out of the tank.
475:
of scale. The hardscape layouts are often highly complex underwater structures that take months to create rocks or wood being painstakingly glued together.
1452:
861:
filters may be used mitigate damaging effects of hard water on sensitive animals and plants, and filtered water is remineralized to the ideal hardness.
373:, which can be translated into English "driftwood", represents aquariums set up with wood. There are many types of wood that can be used, including
3138:
302:) are often used to emulate grass or moss. Colours are more limited than in the Dutch style, and the hardscape is not completely covered. Fish, or
956:
3168:
671:
A paludarium is an aquarium that combines water and land inside the same environment. These designs can represent habitats including tropical
3134:
2570:
1593:
3155:
1930:
1627:
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The styles above often combine plant and animal species based on the desired visual impact without regard to geographic origin. Instead,
220:. The objective is to evoke a terrestrial landscape in miniature, rather than a colourful garden. This style draws particularly from the
1009:
There are also smaller contests conducted by
Acuavida in Spain, by the Greek Aquarist's Board, and by the French association Aquagora.
60:
as well as plants, although it is possible to create an aquascape with plants only, or with rockwork or other hardscape and no plants.
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It is also necessary to support photosynthesis by providing light. A variety of lighting systems may be used to produce the full
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fertilizers, commonly in liquid or tablet form, to help the plants fill out more rapidly. Some aquarium substrates containing
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26:
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729:, can be displayed to full advantage. Unlike other aquarium setups, paludariums are particularly well-suited to keeping
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2010:
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hobbyists began exploring the new possibilities of creating an aquarium that did not have fish as the main attraction.
2504:
2442:
2174:
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805:
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term itself comes from the
Japanese "rock formation" and refers to a layout where stones play a leading role. In the
1274:
1145:
1308:
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These sites provide extensive non-commercial descriptions of aquatic plant species and their use in aquascaping:
950:
Although serious aquascapers often use a considerable amount of equipment to provide lighting, filtration, and CO
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1478:
977:(districts). The winners at that level are then entered in the third round, which is the national championship.
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The following sites offer tutorials, images, and in-depth discussions on aquascaping styles and techniques:
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having diverse leaf colors, sizes, and textures are displayed much as terrestrial plants are shown in a
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2499:, Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications, English translation by Christopher Perrius (in one volume),
1582:
269:
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186:
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2167:
Ecology of the planted aquarium: a practical manual and scientific treatise for the home aquarist
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each contestant's home to evaluate the tank, where they measure the water parameters themselves.
604:
160:
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used, one typically sees neatly trimmed groupings of plants with fine, feathery foliage, such as
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947:
unknown plants may carry undesired species of algae, as well as potential snail eggs or worms.
699:
68:
2468:
1619:
942:, to clean the algae that collect on the leaves. A third method is using adequate light and CO
797:
Lighting plays a particularly significant role in the reef aquascape. Many corals, as well as
221:
199:
A contrasting approach is the "nature aquarium" or
Japanese style, introduced in the 1990s by
72:
3651:
3568:
3329:
3191:
3048:
2519:, 4 February 2014 (accessed 17 February 2014). Includes noteworthy photographs of aquascapes.
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308:
251:
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1560:
Aquascaping: A Step-by-Step Guide to
Planting, Styling, and Maintaining Beautiful Aquariums
1491:
1430:
Aquascaping: A Step-by-Step Guide to Planting, Styling, and Maintaining Beautiful Aquariums
1412:
844:
783:
719:
555:
356:
Ryoboku style aquascape, with overhanging wood evoking an overgrown cave and decaying trees
263:
213:
88:
1702:"Antifungal activity and mechanism of action of tannic acid against Penicillium digitatum"
8:
3319:
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Zhu, Congyi; Lei, Mengying; Andargie, Mebeaselassie; Zeng, Jiwu; Li, Jianxiong (2019).
1329:
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in Portugal. The temporary exhibit was called "Forests Underwater by Takashi Amano".
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This aquascape style is based on using wood as the main hardscape material. The word
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3417:
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Artists Create Mesmerizing Miniature Worlds, All Within The Confines Of A Fish Tank
1781:
1721:
1675:
1453:"AQUASCAPING TECHNIQUE and AQUARIUM SETUP LESSONS : Iwagumi, Ryoboku, Biotope"
1332:, Warren E. Burgess, Neal Pronek, Glen S. Axelrod and David E. Boruchowitz (1998),
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865:
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166:
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1354:
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858:
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275:
209:
75:
of an aquarium tank to ensure the success of an aquascape. These factors include
3592:
1275:"Aquascaping: Aquarium meets terrarium in the Japanese-inspired design practice"
1047:
sometimes use aquascaping as part of their displays. As early as the 1920s, the
959:, can include the use of soil in place of aquarium gravel, the elimination of CO
3549:
3089:
3043:
2797:
2688:
1725:
1025:
809:
171:
84:
80:
842:, aquarists have planted their tanks, as seen in this 1856 example containing
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3382:
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3002:
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2817:
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1951:
1528:
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839:
813:
757:
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313:
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41:
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material, as well as limited open space. Bold, coarser leaf shapes, such as
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3458:
3387:
3279:
3214:
2835:
2812:
1063:
1032:
1029:
710:
591:
217:
115:
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1954:(2008), Nature aquarium techniques to create & maintain an aquascape,
794:, which together serve much the same aesthetic role as freshwater plants.
714:
216:
or driftwood, usually with a single focal point positioned to reflect the
67:
Although the primary aim of aquascaping is to create an artful underwater
3534:
3489:
3448:
3412:
3309:
3256:
3007:
2845:
2802:
2787:
2619:
897:
817:
680:
618:
579:
530:
483:
352:
142:
57:
1130:
Hennig, Matt (June 2003), Amano versus Dutch: Two art forms in profile,
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3519:
3433:
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2926:
2855:
2746:
2742:
2702:
2288:
1104:
1067:
1052:
997:
composition, balance, use of space and use of color (30 points),
922:
873:
lighting, thus giving plants a more consistent, natural light cycle.
802:
775:
730:
374:
291:
226:
53:
45:
2532:
2262:
834:
3539:
3352:
3069:
2698:
2683:
2615:
1834:"Difference between Aquarium, Terrarium, Riparium, and Paludarium?"
1099:
901:
881:
854:
798:
778:
forms the main structure of this aquascape, and it is populated by
770:. Saltwater aquascaping typically centers, instead, on mimicking a
243:
and minimalism as sources of beauty. Plants with small leaves like
49:
766:. In contrast, relatively few ornamental plants can be grown in a
3392:
2840:
2722:
2663:
917:
705:
676:
663:
638:
583:
549:
378:
2435:
The Public Aquarium: Its Construction, Equipment, and Management
572:
432:, or main stone, is placed slightly off-center in the tank, and
21:
3397:
3372:
3183:
2557:
2552:
2547:
725:
634:
630:
518:
1923:"The first Parlour Aquariums and the Victorian Aquarium Craze"
1881:
Michael, Scott W. (November 2006), Aquascaping reef habitats,
1819:
1017:
988:
The Aquatic Gardeners Association contest is judged based on:
2537:
2310:
1862:, Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications, pp. 323–341,
1062:
rock, arranged to resemble a coral reef, and supporting some
939:
779:
688:
96:
30:
2454:
Buckley, Kate (2010), Planted aquaria for zoological parks,
2011:"Why You Should Use Reverse Osmosis Water for Your Aquarium"
3407:
1059:
869:
684:
462:, is considered important, and follows ratios that reflect
1860:
Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History
1355:"How Takashi Amano Takes Nature Photography to New Depths"
884:
in the aquarium), or, more commonly, with a pressurized CO
2383:
2150:
Lass, David A. (March 2009), Three tough planted tanks,
641:, which darken and acidify the water. The water is also
1164:"Aquascaping 101 – An Introductory Guide for Beginners"
133:
The Dutch aquarium employs a lush arrangement in which
1371:
2558:
Rotala Butterfly – Calculator tools for planted tanks
2240:
2209:
445:, or accompanying stones, are grouped near it, while
2437:, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, p. 17,
1081:
1000:
selection and use of materials (20 points), and
816:. By providing intense lighting supplemented in the
762:
Dutch and nature style aquascapes are traditionally
610:
Part of a blackwater biotope, showing darkened water
1782:"Blackwater Aquariums: How to Setup a Biotope Tank"
1676:"Blackwater Aquariums: How to Setup a Biotope Tank"
1336:, Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications, p. 718,
625:For instance, blackwater biotope aquariums mimic a
1699:
1423:
1421:
1374:"Founder - Takashi Amano | ADA - NATURE AQUARIUM"
3618:
1807:"Paludariums: Discover Water Garden Terrariums!"
1215:"The Fish Are Fine, but the Plants Are Fabulous"
48:, in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an
2336:"Aquatic Gardeners Association judging website"
1418:
1146:"A Brief And Incomplete History of Aquascaping"
451:
438:
425:
407:
366:
337:
324:
232:
195:A nature style aquascape, suggesting mountains
3199:
2614:
2600:
2287:. Adana.co.jp. 27 April 2012. Archived from
1531:(2009), How to improve your Iwagumi layout,
1967:Turon, Lluis Ruscalleda (2009), How to use
1706:Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology
736:A riparium is a paludarium that imitates a
187:Japanese garden § Aesthetic principles
3206:
3192:
2607:
2593:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2169:, 2nd edition, Ashland Ohio: Atlas Books,
1779:
1773:
594:water and absence of green plants in this
1920:
1492:"Iwagumi Aquascaping: A Beginner's Guide"
1390:
1388:
880:, warm water, and sugar, connected to an
208:aquariums. Amano's compositions drew on
44:, as well as rocks, stones, cavework, or
16:Craft of designing and planting aquariums
2034:
2032:
1908:
1896:
1857:
1477:"Iwagumi and Sanzon Iwagumi Aquariums,"
1212:
1193:, London: Tetra Press/Salamander Books,
1143:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1016:
1003:viability of aquascape (15 points).
833:
747:
662:
482:
388:
351:
190:
124:
20:
2228:
2127:"How to Quarantine New Aquarium Plants"
1831:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1272:
1191:A Fishkeeper's Guide to Aquarium Plants
3619:
2330:
2328:
2188:"Online forum on the "Natural" method"
2088:"How to Remove Algae from a Fish Tank"
1929:. parlouraquariums.org. Archived from
1673:
1630:from the original on 22 September 2009
1617:
1557:
1427:
1385:
1273:Netburn, Deborah (19 September 2009).
1268:
1266:
3187:
2588:
2112:
2050:
2038:
2029:
1996:
1984:
1648:
1188:
1117:
1055:display tank that was decorated with
3575:
2085:
2008:
1753:
1747:
1292:
994:overall impression (35 points),
2325:
1599:from the original on 15 August 2010
1517:The Iwagumi Layout: An Introduction
1307:Hudson, Robert Paul (30 May 2008),
1263:
1243:
1213:Mitchell, Sherry (2 October 2003).
1012:
158:, along with the use of red-leaved
13:
3505:Controlled-environment agriculture
2486:
1581:
1544:"The Golden Rule of Aquascaping,"
743:
393:Iwagumi style aquascape, with the
141:. This style was developed in the
14:
3673:
2523:
2124:
1780:Flickerton, Bob (24 April 2020).
1587:"Our guide to aquascaping styles"
1246:"The exotic trade of aquascaping"
3598:
3586:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3213:
3126:Aquarium fish by scientific name
2543:Great Aquascapes Group at Flickr
2338:. Showcase.aquatic-gardeners.org
1921:Alexander, Bob (November 2005).
1084:
603:
571:
83:at levels sufficient to support
2580:Flowgrow Aquatic Plant Database
2461:
2448:
2424:
2398:
2376:
2350:
2303:
2277:
2263:"Aquatic Gardeners Association"
2255:
2202:
2180:
2159:
2144:
2118:
2106:
2079:
2056:
2044:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1975:, vol. 22, number 4, pp. 11–13.
1971:and Java moss in the aquarium,
1961:
1945:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1875:
1851:
1825:
1813:
1799:
1693:
1667:
1654:
1642:
1611:
1575:
1551:
1538:
1535:, vol. 22, number 1, pp. 37–41.
1522:
1510:
1484:
1471:
1445:
1406:
1365:
1347:
590:, a zoo in Amsterdam. Note the
478:
203:. Amano's three-volume series,
180:
2458:, vol. 23, number 4, pp. 5–20.
2076:, (Retrieved 10 October 2009).
1958:, vol. 21, number 2, pp. 8–17.
1323:
1244:Wei, Tan Karr (26 July 2007).
1237:
1206:
1182:
1156:
1137:
652:
120:
1:
2533:Aquatic Gardeners Association
2408:. Aquagora.fr. Archived from
1144:Harrison, Tim (3 July 2019).
1111:
900:, such as some fish (notably
823:
3469:Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger
2241:"NBAT Dutch contest website"
1832:Michael (13 February 2020).
1592:. UK Aquatic Plant Society.
1372:Aqua Design Amano Co., Ltd.
1334:Aquarium Fishes of the World
889:more frequent changing-out.
7:
3039:Aquarium Fish International
2781:Fish terms / types
2153:Aquarium Fish International
1927:History of parlour aquarium
1620:"Définition de aquascaping"
1382:(not an independent source)
1077:
967:
562:
222:Japanese aesthetic concepts
89:substrate and fertilization
10:
3678:
3500:Aquaculture of sea sponges
2909:Disease in ornamental fish
2553:Advanced Aquascaping Guide
2360:. Acuavida. Archived from
2125:L, Tammy (22 April 2021).
1858:Borneman, Eric H. (2004),
1726:10.1016/j.pmpp.2019.04.009
898:animals that consume algae
827:
755:
656:
469:
384:
347:
270:Hemianthus callitrichoides
184:
109:
105:
40:is the craft of arranging
3558:
3482:
3426:
3343:
3272:
3234:
3221:
3113:
3062:
3031:
2945:
2876:
2826:
2780:
2672:
2626:
2431:Townsend, Charles Haskins
2190:. Aquaticplantcentral.com
1754:Mari (20 November 2015).
1562:, Skyhorse, p. 167,
1432:, Skyhorse, p. 160,
1413:The Nature Aquarium Style
452:
439:
426:
408:
367:
338:
325:
233:
214:carefully selected stones
3131:Freshwater aquarium fish
3013:Charles Haskins Townsend
2538:UK Aquatic Plant Society
2433:(1922, reprinted 2004),
2384:"Greek Aquarist's Board"
1838:Shrimp and Snail Breeder
1037:Palais de la Porte Dorée
857:also provide nutrients.
246:Glossostigma elatinoides
135:multiple types of plants
3510:Historical hydroculture
3368:Expanded clay aggregate
3315:Nutrient film technique
3226:Historical hydroculture
3075:Drs. Foster & Smith
3018:Jeanne Villepreux-Power
2311:"AquaticScapers Europe"
2265:. Aquatic-gardeners.org
2165:Walstad, Diana (2003),
1558:Farmer, George (2020),
1428:Farmer, George (2020),
161:Alternanthera reineckii
3165:Brackish aquarium fish
3054:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
2062:Nyberg, Tarah (2003),
1884:Aquarium Fish Magazine
1756:"Blackwater Aquariums"
1618:Terver, Denis (2009).
1396:"The Simple Aquascape"
1316:10 August 2009 at the
1132:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
1040:
849:
753:
700:Spathiphyllum wallisii
668:
627:blackwater watercourse
488:
487:Jungle style aquascape
398:
357:
205:Nature Aquarium World,
196:
130:
34:
33:) freshwater aquascape
3330:Sub-irrigated planter
3049:Practical Fishkeeping
2497:Nature Aquarium World
2471:. Oceanário de Lisboa
2017:. Fresh Water Systems
1189:James, Barry (1986),
1020:
837:
751:
703:, as well as various
694:Cyperus alternifolius
666:
513:Vallisneria americana
486:
392:
355:
309:Caridina multidentata
252:Eleocharis acicularis
194:
152:and various types of
129:Dutch style aquascape
128:
24:
3495:Aquaculture of coral
3444:Irrigation sprinkler
3152:Marine aquarium fish
3105:Zoo Med Laboratories
2993:William Alford Lloyd
2573:16 June 2011 at the
2568:Aquatic Plant Finder
2548:Aquatic Eden Website
2469:"Forests Underwater"
2456:The Aquatic Gardener
2313:. Aquaticscapers.com
2086:Claussen, Kathleen.
2072:18 July 2009 at the
1973:The Aquatic Gardener
1956:The Aquatic Gardener
1546:Aquatic Eden website
1533:The Aquatic Gardener
1496:The Aquarium Adviser
1479:Aquatic Eden website
845:Vallisneria spiralis
784:marine invertebrates
774:. An arrangement of
720:Eichhornia crassipes
556:Limnobium laevigatum
300:Taxiphyllum barbieri
296:Versicularia dubyana
264:Echinodorus tenellus
3320:Organic hydroponics
2894:Artificial seawater
2285:"Aqua Design Amano"
1911:, pp. 326–334.
1718:2019PMPP..107...46Z
1660:"Biotope Aquaria,"
1548:, 16 November 2006.
1481:, 11 February 2007.
1330:Axelrod, Herbert R.
1219:The Washington Post
537:Sagittaria subulata
507:Bolbitis heudelotii
501:Microsorum pteropus
495:Echinodorus bleheri
281:small aquatic ferns
239:, which focuses on
149:Limnophila aquatica
3363:Diatomaceous earth
3290:Deep water culture
2983:Philip Henry Gosse
2958:Herbert R. Axelrod
2291:on 21 January 2011
2214:: Judges' website"
1760:The Aquarium Guide
1664:, 7 December 2004.
1498:. 16 December 2018
1459:. 7 September 2017
1361:. 16 January 2018.
1225:on 3 November 2012
1041:
850:
768:saltwater aquarium
764:freshwater systems
754:
669:
647:dissolved minerals
489:
464:Pythagorean tuning
399:
397:stone at the right
358:
315:Neocaridina davidi
258:Eleocharis parvula
210:Japanese gardening
197:
131:
35:
3642:Visual arts media
3614:
3613:
3530:Plant propagation
3439:Hydroponic dosers
3181:
3180:
3121:Aquarium diseases
2988:Sven O. Kullander
2968:Pierre Carbonnier
2937:Water conditioner
2212:Bondskeurmeesters
2115:, pp. 46–47.
2041:, pp. 20–29.
2015:freshwatersystems
1899:, pp. 47–55.
1786:Fish Tank Advisor
1674:Flickerton, Bob.
1651:, pp. 37–45.
1415:, 8 January 2014.
1378:Aqua Design Amano
1279:Los Angeles Times
1072:Lisbon Oceanarium
1049:New York Aquarium
1039:aquarium in Paris
892:Algae (including
868:, usually at 2–4
866:spectrum of light
830:Aquarium lighting
726:Pistia stratiotes
619:Biotope aquariums
586:is an exhibit of
304:freshwater shrimp
3669:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3545:Vertical farming
3483:Related concepts
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3023:Robert Warington
2963:Leonhard Baldner
2932:Spawning trigger
2884:Aquarium fishery
2609:
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2481:
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2083:
2077:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2009:Woodward, John.
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1965:
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1519:, 7 January 2014
1514:
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1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:aquariuminfo.org
1392:
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1221:. Archived from
1210:
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1186:
1180:
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1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1094:
1092:Gardening portal
1089:
1088:
1045:public aquariums
1013:Public aquariums
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235:
167:Ammania gracilis
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3657:Types of garden
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3554:
3525:Plant nutrition
3478:
3422:
3339:
3268:
3230:
3217:
3212:
3182:
3177:
3109:
3058:
3027:
2941:
2872:
2867:Tubifex tubifex
2822:
2776:
2757:Protein skimmer
2708:Calcium reactor
2675:
2668:
2622:
2613:
2575:Wayback Machine
2526:
2517:Huffington Post
2489:
2487:Further reading
2484:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2406:"Aquagora CAPA"
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2364:on 11 June 2012
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2107:
2097:
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2084:
2080:
2074:Wayback Machine
2067:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1933:on 22 July 2011
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1820:Paludariums.net
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1680:fishtankadvisor
1672:
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1489:
1485:
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1462:
1460:
1457:Aquascaping Lab
1451:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1370:
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1328:
1324:
1318:Wayback Machine
1306:
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1080:
1035:display at the
1026:cardinal tetras
1015:
975:districtkeuring
970:
962:
953:
945:
887:
859:Reverse osmosis
832:
826:
810:dinoflagellates
799:tridacnid clams
788:coralline algae
760:
746:
744:Saltwater reefs
661:
655:
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608:
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481:
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364:
350:
344:, and diorama.
335:
322:
276:Riccia fluitans
230:
189:
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170:, and assorted
123:
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108:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3572:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3550:Water aeration
3547:
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3280:Aquatic garden
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3015:
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2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Edward Edwards
2970:
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2940:
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2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Bath treatment
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2877:Other concepts
2874:
2873:
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2824:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2689:Algae scrubber
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:Aquarium décor
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Brackish-water
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2627:Aquarium types
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2555:
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2525:
2524:External links
2522:
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2508:
2493:Amano, Takashi
2488:
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2105:
2078:
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2001:
1989:
1977:
1960:
1952:Amano, Takashi
1944:
1913:
1901:
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1868:
1850:
1824:
1812:
1798:
1772:
1746:
1692:
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1641:
1610:
1583:Farmer, George
1574:
1569:978-1510753389
1568:
1550:
1537:
1529:Amano, Takashi
1521:
1509:
1483:
1470:
1444:
1439:978-1510753389
1438:
1417:
1405:
1384:
1364:
1346:
1322:
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1205:
1199:
1181:
1170:. 16 June 2017
1168:FishTankSetups
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943:
938:), shrimp, or
920:of the genera
904:of the genera
885:
825:
822:
756:Main article:
752:Reef aquascape
745:
742:
687:, or even the
657:Main article:
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85:photosynthesis
81:carbon dioxide
79:, maintaining
42:aquatic plants
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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3662:Pet equipment
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3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Kratky method
3293:
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3288:
3286:
3285:Bottle garden
3283:
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3278:
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3259:
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3169:invertebrates
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3139:invertebrates
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3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Julian Sprung
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:George Farmer
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Takashi Amano
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Clean-up crew
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Feeder shrimp
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Bottom feeder
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
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2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Deep sand bed
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Berlin Method
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:and equipment
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
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2621:
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2610:
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2598:
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2581:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:0-7938-0089-7
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2443:1-4102-1147-9
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2412:on 5 May 2012
2411:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2264:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2175:0-9673773-1-5
2172:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2059:
2053:, p. 17.
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1999:, p. 28.
1998:
1993:
1987:, p. 16.
1986:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1909:Borneman 2004
1905:
1898:
1897:Borneman 2004
1893:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1869:1-890087-47-5
1865:
1861:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1776:
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1750:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1629:
1626:(in French).
1625:
1621:
1614:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1541:
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1458:
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1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1359:Japan Objects
1356:
1350:
1343:
1342:0-7938-0493-0
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1251:
1250:Malaysia Star
1247:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1200:0-86101-207-0
1196:
1192:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1125:
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1027:
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999:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
989:
986:
982:
978:
976:
965:
958:
957:Diana Walstad
948:
941:
937:
936:
931:
930:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:
913:Gyrinocheilus
909:
908:
907:Crossocheilus
903:
899:
895:
894:cyanobacteria
890:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
847:
846:
841:
840:Victorian era
836:
831:
821:
819:
815:
814:zooxanthellae
811:
807:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
758:Reef aquarium
750:
741:
739:
738:riparian area
734:
732:
728:
727:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
665:
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
620:
606:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:biotope with
581:
574:
560:
558:
557:
553:species, and
552:
551:
546:
544:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
508:
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502:
497:
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485:
476:
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448:
435:
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404:
396:
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382:
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376:
363:
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345:
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321:
317:
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305:
301:
297:
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289:
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278:
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272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
201:Takashi Amano
193:
188:
178:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
150:
144:
140:
139:flower garden
136:
127:
117:
113:
112:Garden design
103:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:closed system
70:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
3652:Hydroculture
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3515:Hydroponicum
3459:Spray nozzle
3388:Mineral wool
3300:Ebb and flow
3251:
3215:Hydroculture
3171: /
3167: /
3158: /
3154: /
3145: /
3141: /
3137: /
3133: /
2920:
2888:
2865:
2836:Brine shrimp
2745: /
2701: /
2562:
2527:
2511:
2496:
2473:. Retrieved
2463:
2455:
2450:
2434:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2386:. Aquatek.gr
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:the original
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2315:. Retrieved
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2218:. Retrieved
2211:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2182:
2166:
2161:
2156:, pp. 30–37.
2151:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2091:
2081:
2058:
2046:
2019:. Retrieved
2014:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1887:, pp. 66–73.
1882:
1877:
1859:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1815:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1709:
1705:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1662:Mongabay.com
1656:
1644:
1634:28 September
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1613:
1603:28 September
1601:. Retrieved
1577:
1559:
1553:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1429:
1408:
1399:
1377:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1333:
1325:
1309:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1149:
1139:
1134:, pp. 68–74.
1131:
1064:stony corals
1042:
1030:Amazon River
1008:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
949:
933:
927:
921:
911:
906:
891:
875:
863:
851:
843:
796:
761:
735:
724:
718:
704:
698:
692:
670:
667:A paludarium
624:
616:
592:oligotrophic
554:
548:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
490:
479:Jungle style
473:
459:
446:
433:
420:
415:
402:
400:
394:
361:
359:
332:
319:
314:
307:
299:
295:
284:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
245:
225:
218:golden ratio
204:
198:
181:Nature style
172:
165:
159:
153:
147:
132:
116:Water garden
101:
87:underwater,
66:
62:
52:—in effect,
37:
36:
18:
3627:Fishkeeping
3605:Wikiversity
3535:Rhizosphere
3490:Algaculture
3449:Leaf sensor
3427:Accessories
3413:Vermiculite
3310:Microponics
3257:Hydroponics
3252:Aquascaping
3008:Anna Thynne
2889:Aquascaping
2846:Feeder fish
2788:Algae eater
2728:Fish feeder
2620:fishkeeping
2475:8 September
1937:24 December
1624:Aquaportail
1310:Going Dutch
1150:Barr Report
1051:included a
818:ultraviolet
808:algae-like
806:fluorescent
786:as well as
673:rainforests
653:Paludariums
580:Lake Malawi
545:pinnatifida
531:Echinodorus
143:Netherlands
121:Dutch style
58:houses fish
38:Aquascaping
3621:Categories
3520:Paludarium
3434:Grow light
3418:Wood fibre
3403:Rice hulls
3378:Growstones
3345:Substrates
3247:Aquaponics
3242:Aeroponics
3135:amphibians
2998:Paul Matte
2914:Macquarium
2861:Shrimp mix
2634:Freshwater
2358:"Acuavida"
2136:5 December
2113:James 1986
2098:5 December
2051:James 1986
2039:James 1986
2021:5 December
1997:James 1986
1985:James 1986
1739:5 December
1685:5 December
1649:James 1986
1502:6 February
1112:References
1057:calcareous
935:Otocinclus
929:Hypostomus
828:See also:
824:Techniques
801:, contain
792:macroalgae
782:and other
731:amphibians
713:, to grow
711:bromeliads
681:riverbanks
659:Paludarium
643:soft water
543:Hygrophila
525:Aponogeton
286:Staurogyne
241:transience
185:See also:
155:Hygrophila
110:See also:
77:filtration
29:(220
3637:Aquariums
3593:Wikibooks
3383:Lava rock
3358:Coco peat
3305:Fogponics
3063:Companies
3032:Magazines
2927:Reef safe
2856:Infusoria
2828:Fish food
2798:Coldwater
2767:Substrate
2752:Powerhead
2747:Live sand
2743:Live rock
2703:Driftwood
2659:Community
2616:Aquariums
2515:, at the
2243:. Nbat.nl
2216:. Cbkm.nl
2131:buceplant
1843:3 October
1791:3 October
1765:3 October
1734:164443814
1712:: 46–50.
1105:Terrarium
1053:moray eel
923:Ancistrus
902:cyprinids
838:From the
803:symbiotic
776:live rock
709:and some
645:, low in
596:rift lake
534:species,
528:species,
522:species,
375:driftwood
292:Java moss
227:Wabi-sabi
99:control.
69:landscape
54:gardening
46:driftwood
3569:Category
3540:Root rot
3353:Charcoal
3335:Top drip
3273:Subtypes
3070:Dennerle
2919:Project
2818:Tropical
2762:Refugium
2738:Lighting
2699:Bog-wood
2684:Airstone
2571:Archived
2495:(1992),
2070:Archived
2064:Yeast CO
1628:Archived
1594:Archived
1463:12 March
1314:Archived
1100:Aquarium
1078:See also
1068:sea fans
968:Contests
882:airstone
855:laterite
598:habitat.
584:cichlids
563:Biotopes
447:Fukuseki
306:such as
93:lighting
50:aquarium
25:58
3632:Hobbies
3581:Commons
3454:Net-pot
3393:Perlite
3262:passive
3100:Wardley
2841:Daphnia
2813:Painted
2723:Fishcam
2664:Biotope
2094:. WebMD
1714:Bibcode
1284:27 July
1255:27 July
1229:27 July
1174:21 June
918:catfish
812:called
715:emersed
706:Anubias
677:jungles
639:fulvics
631:tannins
550:Anubias
470:Diorama
460:Oyaishi
434:Soeishi
421:Oyaishi
416:Iwagumi
403:Iwagumi
395:Oyaishi
385:Iwagumi
379:bogwood
362:Ryoboku
348:Ryoboku
333:Iwagumi
320:Ryoboku
106:Designs
3647:Crafts
3464:Timers
3398:Pumice
3373:Gravel
3173:plants
3160:plants
3143:plants
3080:Hikari
2946:People
2803:Dither
2733:Heater
2718:Filter
2644:Public
2639:Marine
2503:
2441:
2416:18 May
2390:9 July
2368:18 May
2342:18 May
2317:18 May
2295:18 May
2269:18 May
2247:18 May
2220:18 May
2194:18 May
2173:
1969:Riccia
1866:
1732:
1566:
1436:
1340:
1197:
1107:(land)
1043:Large
1028:in an
1022:Discus
940:snails
932:, and
916:, and
780:corals
635:humics
519:Crinum
290:, and
288:repens
173:Rotala
95:, and
27:gallon
3235:Types
3147:algae
3114:Lists
3095:Tetra
3085:Hagen
2921:Piaba
2808:Hardy
2092:Fetch
1730:S2CID
1597:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1033:basin
878:yeast
870:watts
689:beach
588:Artis
578:This
97:algae
31:litre
3408:Sand
3090:Sera
2772:Sump
2649:Reef
2618:and
2501:ISBN
2477:2021
2439:ISBN
2418:2012
2392:2017
2370:2012
2344:2012
2319:2012
2297:2012
2271:2012
2249:2012
2222:2012
2196:2012
2171:ISBN
2138:2022
2100:2022
2023:2022
1939:2010
1864:ISBN
1845:2020
1793:2020
1767:2020
1741:2022
1687:2022
1636:2010
1605:2010
1564:ISBN
1504:2019
1465:2022
1434:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1286:2010
1257:2010
1231:2010
1195:ISBN
1176:2017
1066:and
1060:tufa
1024:and
910:and
790:and
772:reef
723:and
697:and
685:bogs
637:and
401:The
312:and
114:and
3044:Koi
1722:doi
1710:107
298:or
224:of
3623::
2327:^
2230:^
2129:.
2090:.
2031:^
2013:.
1925:.
1836:.
1784:.
1758:.
1728:.
1720:.
1708:.
1704:.
1678:.
1622:.
1585:.
1494:.
1455:.
1420:^
1398:.
1387:^
1376:.
1357:.
1294:^
1277:.
1265:^
1248:.
1217:.
1166:.
1148:.
1119:^
926:,
733:.
683:,
679:,
675:,
633:,
559:.
547:,
540:,
516:,
510:,
504:,
466:.
453:副石
440:添石
427:親石
409:岩組
377:,
368:流木
339:岩組
331:,
326:流木
283:,
279:,
273:,
267:,
261:,
255:,
249:,
234:侘寂
164:,
91:,
3207:e
3200:t
3193:v
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2507:.
2479:.
2445:.
2420:.
2394:.
2372:.
2346:.
2321:.
2299:.
2273:.
2251:.
2224:.
2210:"
2198:.
2177:.
2140:.
2102:.
2066:2
2025:.
1941:.
1847:.
1822:.
1809:.
1795:.
1769:.
1743:.
1724::
1716::
1689:.
1638:.
1607:.
1506:.
1467:.
1402:.
1380:.
1344:.
1320:.
1288:.
1259:.
1233:.
1178:.
1152:.
961:2
952:2
944:2
886:2
848:.
456:)
450:(
443:)
437:(
430:)
424:(
412:)
406:(
371:)
365:(
342:)
336:(
329:)
323:(
294:(
237:)
231:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
