564:. For example, the death of the only fish in a 10-litre (2.2 imp gal; 2.6 US gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in a 400-litre (88 imp gal; 110 US gal) tank that holds many fish may create only a minor imbalance. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks whenever possible, as they require less intensive attention. This same concept extends to the filtration system as well, external (outside of the tank) systems in particular. Generally speaking, the larger the filtration system depending on its configuration, the more capable it will be of properly maintaining an aquatic environment. External filtration systems provide the added benefit of increasing the overall volume of water and its dilution effect. For example, a 190-litre (42 imp gal; 50 US gal) aquarium with an external filter that holds 40 litres (8.8 imp gal; 11 US gal) creates a 230-litre (51 imp gal; 61 US gal) aquatic system, an increase of over twenty percent.
794:
part of the nitrogen cycle. Ammonia is produced from fish waste and uneaten food, after this is created it is broken down into nitrites by beneficial bacteria that is present in a properly cycled aquarium. Nitrites are then further broken down into the less toxic nitrates which can be absorbed by aquarium plants and nitrates absorbing filter media. Aquarists also use water changes as a way to keep these toxins under control by removing water from the aquarium and vacuuming fish waste and food from the gravel and replacing it with fresh, treated water.
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1195:, in particular, have often been kept in small bowls or aquaria that are too small for their needs. In some cases, fish have been installed in all sorts of inappropriate objects such as the "AquaBabies Micro Aquaria", "Bubble Gear Bubble Bag", and "Betta in a Vase", all of which house live fish in unfiltered and insufficient water. The last is sometimes marketed as a complete ecosystem because a plant is included in the neck of the vase. Some sellers say the fish eat the plant roots. However,
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essential to look out for the key signs of ammonia stress. These include a lack of movement and appetite, inflammation and redness of the gills, fins, and body, and occasionally gasping for air at the water's surface. The latter can also be attributed to poor aeration, which can be negated by the inclusion of an air pump or spray bar in the setup.
1380:, fishing for food, and climate change, it is a booming trade and may be a serious problem in specific locations such as the Philippines and Indonesia where most collecting is done. Catching fish in the wild can reduce their population sizes, placing them in danger of extinction in collecting areas, as has been observed with the
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have slowly improved. Captive breeding for aquaria is concentrated in southern
Florida, Singapore, Hong Kong and Bangkok, with smaller industries in Hawaii and Sri Lanka. Captive breeding of marine organisms has been in development since the mid-1990s. Breeding for freshwater species is more advanced
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concern environmentalists and hobbyists alike. There has been a concerted movement to captive breeding and certification programs for wild-caught fish. Two thirds of
American marine aquarists surveyed in 1997 preferred farmed coral and over 80% think that only sustainably caught or farmed fish should
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can process waste. Aquarists apply rules of thumb estimating appropriate population size; the examples below are for small freshwater fish. Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. Some aquarists claim that increasing water depth beyond some relatively shallow
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were exported from Manaus, Brazil; Bangkok, Thailand; Jakarta, Indonesia; the
Netherlands Antilles; Kolkata, India; and other tropical countries. Import of wild fish, plants, and invertebrates for aquaria continues today around the world. Many species have not been successfully bred in captivity. In
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The capacity can be improved by surface movement and water circulation such as through aeration, which not only improves oxygen exchange but also the decomposition of waste materials. Capacity can also be increased with the addition of external filtration which increases the total volume of water in
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Experienced aquarists warn against mechanically applying these rules because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rate, activity level, social behavior, and such. Once the tank nears capacity, the best practice is to add the remaining fish over a period of time while monitoring
994:
is to flush mechanical filters using compatible water to dislodge organic materials while preserving bacteria populations. Another safe practice involves cleaning only one-half of the filter media every time the filter or filters are serviced to allow the remaining bacteria to repopulate the cleaned
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to fish and other aquarium inhabitants above a certain concentration. Ammonia is toxic to fish and other aquatic life in large quantities and that is why many fish keepers purchase testing kits to monitor the levels of ammonia in their water as well as monitoring nitrites and nitrates which are also
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of comparable size. The presence of waste materials presents itself as a variable as well. Decomposition consumes oxygen, reducing the amount available for fish. Oxygen dissolves less readily in warmer water, while warmer water temperature increase fish activity levels, which in turn consume more
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fish and invertebrates are wild-caught. Freshwater fish habitats are threatened by habitat erosion from pollution, dams and hydropower, commercial fishing, climate change, the introduction of invasive species and disease. The few marine species bred in captivity supplement but rarely replace the
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are controversial. Blood parrot cichlids in particular have a very unnatural shape that prevents them from swimming properly and makes it difficult for them to engage in normal feeding and social behaviors. The biggest concern with hybrids is that they may be bred with native species, making it
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Adding too many fish too quickly or failing to allow enough time for the bacteria colony to establish itself in the filter media can lead to ammonia stress. This is not always fatal but can result in the death of aquarium fish. A few days after adding hardy fish for the cycling process, it is
256:) in 1869, and later more species. A pioneer of tropical fish breeding, Carbonnier was awarded the Gold Medal of the Imperial French Acclimatization Society in 1875 for research and breeding of exotic freshwater aquarium fish, and for his success in introducing exotic fish species to France.
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that fish use to regulate their buoyancy, which enabled divers to rapidly surface and prohibiting "starving" the fish which permitted smaller shipping bags without killing the fish with their own waste. The measure also requires that shippers file mortality reports on the animals they ship.
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is a poison that stuns and immobilizes fish. Fishermen put cyanide in the ocean to ease the process of netting fish. It can irreversibly damage or kill the target fish, as well as other fish, mammals, reptiles or invertebrates that are left behind. Some wholesalers advertise that they avoid
1166:. Given 91.9 million total US households in 1990, 9.7 million are fishkeepers. 8.8 fish per household implies a total aquarium fish population of approximately 85.7 million, suggesting that the US aquarium fish population turns over more than 2.3 times per year, counting only imported fish.
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Fish are sometimes maintained in inadequate conditions by inexperienced aquarists who often keep too many fish in one tank, or add fish too quickly into an immature aquarium, killing many of them. This has given the hobby a bad reputation among some animal welfare groups, such as
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Fish have been raised as food in pools and ponds for thousands of years. Brightly colored or tame specimens of fish in these pools have sometimes been valued as pets rather than food. Many cultures, ancient and modern, have kept fish for both functional and decorative purposes.
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species. Freshwater fish accounted for approximately 96% of the total volume and 80% of the total import value. Only 32 species had import values over $ 10,000. The top species were freshwater and accounted for 58% of the total imported value. The top imported species are the
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wept when a favored specimen died. Rather cynically, he referred to these ancient fishkeepers as the
Piscinarii, the "fish-pond owners" or "fish breeders", for example when saying that "the rich (I mean your friends the fish-breeders) did not disguise their jealousy of me".
979:, filling in for the bacteria work until their number increases. Anecdotal reports indicate that such plants can consume nitrogenous waste so efficiently that the ammonia and nitrite spikes that occur in more traditional cycling methods are greatly reduced or undetectable.
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that encourages fishermen to maintain the integrity and diversity of the natural habitat: more and better fish can be exported from pristine habitats than those that have been polluted or over-harvested. However, this has not been the case in similar industries such as
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have more specific needs and requirements to maintain, and the livestock is generally more expensive. As a result, this branch tends to attract more experienced fishkeepers. Marine aquaria can be exceedingly beautiful, due to the attractive colors and shapes of the
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and Japan. Singapore, Thailand, the
Philippines, Hong Kong, and Indonesia were the top five exporting nations. South America was the second largest exporting region, accounting for 14% of the total annual value. Colombia, Brazil, and Peru were the major suppliers.
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Although called the nitrogen "cycle" by hobbyists, in aquaria the cycle is not complete: nitrogen must be added (usually indirectly through food) and nitrates must be removed at the end. Nitrogen bound up in plant matter is removed when the plant grows too large.
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New aquaria often have problems associated with the nitrogen cycle due to insufficient beneficial bacteria, which is known as "New Tank
Syndrome". Therefore, new tanks have to mature before stocking them with fish. There are three basic approaches to this: the
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Aquaculture can help in lessening the impacts on wild stocks, either by using cultivated organisms for sale or by releasing them to replenish wild stocks. Breeding programs help preserve species that have become rare or extinct in the wild, most notably the
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are among the most popular aquarium denizens. Cold water aquaria maintain temperatures below the room temperature. More important than the range is temperature consistency; most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause
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Azevedo-Santos, V.M.; Pelicice, F.M.; Lima-Junior, D.P.; Magalhães, A.L.B.; Orsi, M.L.; Vitule, J. R. S. & A.A. Agostinho, 2015. How to avoid fish introductions in Brazil: education and information as alternatives. Natureza & Conservação, in
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are likely to become increasingly available, particularly in the United States and Asia. Although GloFish are unharmed by their genetic modifications, they remain illegal in many places, including the
European Union, though at least some have been
1031:. The population of nitrifying bacteria is limited by the available physical space which includes all surfaces in the aquarium such as the inner facing sides and the surface of rock substrate and any objects such as large rocks or pieces of wood.
418:
they host. Temperate zone marine fish are not as commonly kept in home aquaria, primarily because they do not thrive at room temperature. Coldwater aquaria must provide cooler temperature via a cool room (such as an unheated basement) or using a
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drinking water supplies for human consumption, tap water cannot be immediately used. In the past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the chlorine to dissipate. However,
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Marine fish are typically less resilient during transport than freshwater fish with relatively large numbers of them dying before they reach the aquarist. Although the aquarium trade is viewed as a minor threat to coral reefs compared to
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to adopt humane practices for preparing fish for transport to market. The regulations control harvesting and shipping practices, including prohibiting clipping the fins on fish to protect the plastic shipping bags, outlawing puncturing
264:
Fishkeepers are often known as "aquarists" since many of them are not solely interested in keeping fish. The hobby can be broadly divided into three specific disciplines, depending on the type of water the fish originate from:
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because it stays longer in the water. Additives are available to remove chlorine or chloramine and suffice to make the water ready. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require the addition of a mixture of salts and other minerals.
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found that 10.6% of U.S. households owned ornamental freshwater or saltwater fish, with an average of 8.8 fish per household. In 2002, census data indicated that aquarium products and fishing accounted for US$ 684 million.
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Biological loading is a measure of the burden placed on the aquarium ecosystem by its living inhabitants. Higher biological loading represents a more complicated ecology, which makes equilibrium easier to imbalance. The
702:. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near a natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) in order to have easy access to water that requires only minimal treatment.
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be traded. Annually, 30 million fish from over 1,400 species are traded, with approximately 16 million imported into the United States. This trade has an estimated global value of over $ 800 million in 2002.
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Captive breeding has reduced prices for hobbyists, but cultured animals remain more expensive. Selective breeding has also led to wider intra–species variation, creating more diverse commercial stocks.
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are especially important for studies on learning, mating, and social behavior. Hobbyists also keep and observe many fishes not otherwise studied, and thereby provide valuable ecological and behavioral data.
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Historically, fish and plants for the first modern aquaria were gathered from the wild and transported (usually by ship) to
Europea and America. During the early 20th century many species of small colorful
717:. Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited range of water temperatures: Tropical or warm water aquaria maintain an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F) are much more common, and
895:. While very small amounts of rotting foliage may be allowed to decompose and cycle nitrogen back into a planted aquarium, in practice aquarists will prune and remove substantial amounts of plant litter.
495:, and do not thrive if kept permanently in freshwater. Although brackish water aquaria are not necessarily familiar to inexperienced aquarists, many species prefer brackish water, including some
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is traditional in many parts of the world but has been criticized by aquarists and activists as cruel and irresponsible. The United
Kingdom outlawed live-animal prizes such as goldfish in 2004.
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can seriously disrupt their new homes by preying on, or competing with, native species. Many marine fish have also been introduced into non-native waters, disrupting the local habitat.
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Fish are caught by net, trap, or cyanide. Collecting expeditions can be lengthy and costly, and are not always successful. Fish can also be injured during collection and/or shipping;
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that mass contrasting stem plants, named for
European aquarists who first designed them. In recent years, one of the most active advocates of the heavily planted aquarium was the
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The largest bacterial populations inhabit the filter; efficient filtration is vital. Sometimes, simply cleaning the filter is enough to seriously disturb the aquarium's balance.
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floating in the water. Additional nitrogen and other nutrients are also made available for root uptake by decomposing organic matter in the substrate as well as the breakdown of
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and need live food or pellet foods. They cannot survive on plant roots. Another problem is that the plant sometimes blocks the betta's passage to the water surface. They are
639:(a salt level of 30 to 40 PPT), simulating an ocean or sea environment. Even higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms.
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are in some ways similar to freshwater aquaria, but are usually much larger and exposed to ambient weather. In the tropics, tropical fish can be kept in garden ponds. In the
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Several other water characteristics result from dissolved materials in the water and are important to the proper simulation of natural environments. Saltwater is typically
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982:"Slow growth" entails slowly increasing the fish population over 6 to 8 weeks, giving bacteria time to grow and reach a balance with the increasing waste production.
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More sophisticated aquarists may modify the water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases. This can be accomplished by additives such as
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and non-target species, the depletion of rare species from their natural habitat, and ecosystem degradation from large scale removal of key species. Additionally,
46:
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Fish breeding is a challenge that attracts many aquarists. While some species reproduce freely in community tanks, most require special conditions, known as
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Water movement can also be important in accurately simulating a natural ecosystem. Fish may prefer anything from nearly still water up to swift, simulated
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Worldwide, the fishkeeping hobby is a multibillion-dollar industry. The United States is the largest market, followed by Europe and Japan. In 1993 the
603:, along with a balanced food supply and consideration of biological loading, is usually enough to keep these nutrient cycles in adequate equilibrium.
2510:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (Sixteenth annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on 2008-10-26
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and other constituents can dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or
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1347:, and the juvenile fish that emerge are very small and need tiny live food or substitutes to survive. A fair number of popular aquarium fish are
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difficult for hobbyists to identify and breed particular species. This is especially important to hobbyists who shelter species that are rare or
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Such products are aimed at people looking for a novelty gift. Aquarists actively condemn them. Similarly, the awarding of goldfish as prizes at
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many developing countries, locals survive by collecting specimens for the aquarium trade and continue to introduce new species to the market.
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Hobbyist aquaria typically do not have the requisite bacteria needed to detoxify nitrogen waste. This problem is most often addressed through
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The two main sources of fish for aquaria are from capture in the wild or captive breeding. United Nations studies show that more than 90% of
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climates, they can thrive in waters that are similar to their native habitat. Non–native species that become established are called
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that aquaria provide. Basic aquarium maintenance should generally be performed weekly to maintain optimum conditions for fish and plants.
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is nearly impossible to maintain in even the largest aquaria. Typically, an aquarium keeper must actively maintain balance in the small
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Chapman, F.; Sharon A. Fitz-Coy; Eric M. Thunberg; Charles M. Adams (March 1997). "United States of America Trade in Ornamental Fish".
2664:"The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, Liposarcus multiradiatus (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters"
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Approximately 200 million fish worth $ 44.7 million were imported into the United States in 1992. These fish comprised 1,539 different
1278:; such fishes have been sold in the UK under the name of kaleidoscope gourami and striped parrot cichlid. Some people give their fish
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which produce a small number of relatively large offspring. These usually eat fish flakes that are ground into an appropriate size.
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1266:. The tail is cut off and dye is injected into the body. The piece also included the first documented evidence to demonstrate that
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has campaigned to remove these fish from the market by educating retailers and aquarists to the cruelty and health risks involved.
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and cyanide caused a drastic decline in aquarium fish, leading the country away from cyanide and towards netting healthy animals.
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1964:
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Tanks undergoing a "fishless cycle" have no fish. Instead, the keeper adds ammonia to feed the bacteria. During this process,
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primarily through leaf surfaces. Plants remove some nutrients through their roots, either in or at the substrate level or via
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2324:"Assessing the Species in the CARES Preservation Program and the Role of Aquarium Hobbyists in Freshwater Fish Conservation"
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trade in wild-caught specimens. Wild-caught animals provide valuable income for people in regions lacking other high-value
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can breathe atmospheric oxygen and need less surface area (however, some are territorial, and do not tolerate crowding).
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are added later on, once the aquarium has matured, as well as a variety of small fish. Such aquaria are sometimes called
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In Medieval Europe, carp pools were a standard feature of estates and monasteries, providing an alternative to meat on
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Chris Andrews, Adrian Exell, & Neville Carrington, The Interpet Manual of Fish Health, Salamander Books, 1988,
1710:"Archives de l'Aquariophilie : L'aquariophilie a-t-elle évoluée considérablement depuis des décennies ?"
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pumps, and careful design of water flow (such as the location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow).
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Other variables affect tank capacity. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per unit of body weight than larger fish.
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of an aquarium. In practice, it is virtually impossible to maintain a perfect balance. As an example, a balanced
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Bunkley-Williams L; Williams EH Jr.; Lilystrom CG; Corujo-Flores I; Zerbi AJ; Aliaume C; TN Churchill. (1994).
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Fish are animals and generate waste as they metabolize food, which aquarists must manage. Fish, invertebrates,
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and guppies are among those most easily raised in captivity, but aquarists also regularly breed many types of
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In: MA Lang, CC Baldwin (Eds.) the Diving for Science…1996, "Methods and Techniques of Underwater Research"
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Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40
2009:"Fish in Tanks? No, Thanks! | Companion Animal Factsheets | Companion Animals | The Issues"
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varieties in particular have features that prevent the fish from swimming, seeing, or feeding properly.
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is by far the most popular branch of the hobby, with even small pet stores often selling a variety of
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by the desired nitrifying bacteria. Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing
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631:(a salt level of 0.5 to 30 PPT), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as
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1490:) was first successfully bred in France in 1893, captive spawning and brooding techniques used in
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are injected with coloured dye. Hong Kong suppliers were offering a service in which fish could be
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Marine aquarists often attempt to recreate a coral reef in their aquaria using large quantities of
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Ecology of the Planted Aquarium: A Practical Manual and Scientific Treatise for the Home Aquarist
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Modifying fish to make them more attractive as pets is increasingly controversial. Historically,
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may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic.
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38:
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30 square centimetres of surface area per centimetre of fish length (12 square inches per inch).
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2736:"A hotspot of non-native marine fishes: evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway"
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1237:, in particular, were often injected with fluorescent dyes. The British fishkeeping magazine
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1188:, who accuse aquarists of treating aquarium fish as cheap toys to be replaced when they die.
828:, which is highly toxic to fish, even at low concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus
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8:
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2166:"Magazine publishes guide to cosmetic fish surgery | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
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enters at the surface water-air interface through agitation or what would be observed as
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species. Currently, only a few captive-bred marine species are in the trade, including
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2297:"British aquarist bred illegal GM fish at home | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
2192:"Company offers custom fish tattoos with laser | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
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Monks, Neale: Crystal clear: keeping glassfish. Practical Fishkeeping, February 2006
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in the wild. Extreme mutations have been selected for by some breeders; some fancy
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Balance is facilitated by larger volumes of water which dilute the effects of a
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737:. Water movement can be controlled through the use of aeration from air pumps,
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1.5 litres of water for each centimetre of fish length (1 US gallon per inch).
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fill, so these components have to be replaced with fresh stocks periodically.
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of fresh water varies. "Hardness" measures overall dissolved mineral content;
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content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as
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Home aquarists typically use modified tap water supplied through their local
623:, is the most basic classification of water conditions. An aquarium may have
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From 1989 to 1992, almost 79% of all U.S. ornamental fish imports came from
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Marine fish have been similarly valued for centuries. Wealthy Romans kept
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2218:"Uproar at fish cruelty on YouTube | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
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and lead to disease. Water temperature can be regulated with a combined
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enter the system as food and exit as waste. Appropriate handling of the
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1965:"Industry Specifics Sampler - NAICS 453910 Pet and pet supplies stores"
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forms the basis of one of the two most basic aquarium classifications:
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627:(salinity below 0.5 PPT), simulating a lake or river environment;
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128:) have been kept in decorative ponds for centuries in China and Japan.
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with freshwater fish suitable for eating, including various types of
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144:, before preparing them for meals. Depictions of the sacred fish of
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Baldwin CC, Collette BB, Parenti LR, Smith DG, Springer VG (1996).
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Serious problems can occur when fish originally raised in ponds or
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are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while
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666:
643:
636:
620:
496:
488:
480:
306:
234:
180:
164:
125:
94:
86:
2275:
587:
cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle.
3185:
3067:
3008:
2033:
1552:
1523:
1464:
1420:
1309:
1295:
1218:
1211:
1130:
1003:
965:
961:
957:
835:
825:
766:
710:
632:
542:
492:
459:
338:
334:
322:
210:
160:
148:
kept in captivity in rectangular temple pools have been found in
1343:
before they will breed. The majority of fish lay eggs, known as
1325:
24:
2924:
1522:
Some species have also become important as laboratory animals.
1369:
1271:
1055:
758:
612:
588:
527:
A 335,000 U.S. gallon (1.3 million litre) aquarium at the
523:
447:
439:
230:
1931:
Peter Scott, The Complete Aquarium, Dorling Kindersley, 1996,
1317:
into the EU, most likely from Taiwan, via the Czech Republic.
446:, and other small marine organisms. Larger corals, as well as
2710:"NAS - Species FactSheet Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz 1831)"
1196:
1155:
1143:
1096:
972:
927:
916:
790:
782:
408:
310:
188:
184:
137:
82:
2707:
2140:"Why its cruel to dye | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
1250:
published an article exposing the techniques for performing
66:
2501:
1739:
1587:
1563:. Freshwater examples include various cichlids in Florida,
922:
Biological filters provide a medium specially designed for
592:
500:
451:
443:
172:
155:
Similarly, Asia has experienced a long history of stocking
141:
90:
2106:"UK | Magazine | R.I.P. Prize Goldfish in a Bag"
1363:
aquarium fish are captive–bred, while virtually all
1207:
and need to breathe at the surface to avoid suffocation.
386:
252:
in Paris in 1850, and bred the first imported Macropods (
176:
121:
868:
is plentiful.) This process represents a portion of the
658:
and dissolved gases content are also important factors.
483:
that must stay between that of freshwater and seawater.
244:
The first person to breed a tropical fish in Europe was
1875:. Hauppauge, NY.: Barron's Educational Series. p.
834:), converts this nitrite into the less toxic compound,
647:
1440:
during shipping are high. Many others are weakened by
1217:
The use of live prey to feed carnivorous fish such as
875:
In a planted aquarium, aquatic plants also metabolize
848:, and they may appear in "jump start" kits. Although
2322:
Valdez, Jose W.; Mandrekar, Kapil (September 2019).
1610:
325:, single-species breeding aquaria are also popular.
206:
when meat could not be eaten for religious reasons.
1922:
Ulrich Baensch, Tropical Aquarium Fish, Tetra, 1983
1842:. Chapel Hill, NC: Echinodorus Publishing. p.
1475:
1410:In theory, reef fish should be a good example of a
2617:
1835:
1696:Cicero, Letters to Atticus (Epistulae ad Atticum)
1684:Cicero, Letters to Atticus (Epistulae ad Atticum)
1672:Cicero, Letters to Atticus (Epistulae ad Atticum)
694:or purify their water using one of two processes:
487:come from habitats with varying salinity, such as
898:
175:into today's popular and completely domesticated
3530:
971:The "silent cycle" involves adding fast-growing
773:in acidic water) and must then pass through the
2554:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2321:
824:). Nitrifying bacteria metabolize ammonia into
259:
2797:
2669:. Caribbean Journal of Science. Archived from
2098:
1990:Hobbs, Frank; Stoops, Nicole (November 2002).
1916:
1050:Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size.
545:reproduces the balance found in nature in the
2959:
2945:
802:A well-balanced tank contains organisms that
105:fishkeeping industry, serving as a branch of
2588:"Conservation news & stories | WWF"
2260:
1819:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1468:cyanide-caught animals. In the Philippines,
915:filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other
2647:
2645:
2542:
2401:
2399:
2236:
1989:
1740:"Ultimate Aquarium & Fishkeeping Guide"
2952:
2938:
2800:"Trouble in Paradise: Coral Reefs at Risk"
2712:. United States Government. Archived from
1910:"Understanding Nitrogen Cycle In Aquarium"
1590:County Council passed a measure requiring
852:species could theoretically fill the same
479:combine elements of the other types, with
2620:The Macmillan book of the Marine Aquarium
2339:
2072:
2001:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
806:the waste products of other inhabitants.
112:
2887:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
2835:, by Hans A. Baensch and Rudiger Riehl
2771:"Aquarium fish regulations are approved"
2642:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2396:
1992:"Demographic Trends in the 20th Century"
1721:"Séance générale du 7 janvier 1876", in
1634:List of aquarium fish by scientific name
1447:Other problems include the poisoning of
1391:
1324:
1038:
1002:
810:is metabolized in aquaria by a group of
748:
522:
292:are common freshwater fish kept as pets.
284:
199:to enjoy them in large ceramic vessels.
116:
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
2543:Bruckner, A.W.; Roberts, G. (editors).
2289:
2158:
2048:
2022:
1866:
1860:
1833:
1827:
1794:
1274:with company logos or messages using a
1103:
1058:in the water and the rate at which the
777:. Ammonia is also produced through the
518:
364:as well as fish. These aquaria include
3531:
2388:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2184:
1771:
1723:Bulletin de la Société d'Acclimatation
844:were once thought to fill the role of
781:of plant and animal matter, including
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
2933:
2615:
2604:
2132:
1925:
531:in California displaying a simulated
277:(also called saltwater) fishkeeping.
2655:
1116:
317:. While most freshwater aquaria are
213:and other fish in salt water pools.
195:brought goldfish indoors during the
18:
2827:Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques
1581:
1542:
975:and relying on them to consume the
606:
356:Many fishkeepers create freshwater
321:containing a variety of compatible
13:
2907:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00955.x
2820:
2798:Karen E. Lange (January 3, 2011).
1645:
1551:are released into the wild. While
1063:minimum does not affect capacity.
860:, it has recently been found that
14:
3560:
2914:
2859:The Conscientious Marine Aquarist
2708:United States Geological Survey.
1574:in warm waters around the world.
1178:
789:. Nitrogen waste products become
753:The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium
744:
469:
3471:Aquarium fish by scientific name
1613:
1476:Captive breeding and aquaculture
1320:
1082:
998:
248:, who founded one of the oldest
23:
2874:, by Michael S. Paletta (2001)
2791:
2763:
2728:
2701:
2580:
2536:
2495:
2469:
2459:
2434:
2356:
2315:
2210:
2123:
1983:
1957:
1941:
1902:
1893:
1871:Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants
1354:
1095:require more surface area than
1027:of water exposed to air limits
37:may be too short to adequately
1746:
1732:
1725:, 3ème Série, Tome III, 1876,
1715:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1453:destructive fishing techniques
899:Maintaining the nitrogen cycle
797:
579:in a natural environment, and
571:is important in the aquarium.
183:began over 2,000 years ago in
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1795:Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996).
1754:"How to Maintain an Aquarium"
1639:
1405:
730:and heating or cooling unit.
423:device known as a 'chiller'.
280:
2626:Macmillan Publishing Company
1912:. Tankquarium. 11 June 2021.
1054:include the availability of
1034:
761:, and some bacteria excrete
690:to raise pH. Some aquarists
396:
385:, species such as goldfish,
260:Types of fishkeeping systems
7:
3384:Aquarium Fish International
3126:Fish terms / types
1606:
1110:United States Census Bureau
1007:A freshwater aquarium with
16:Practice of containing fish
10:
3565:
3254:Disease in ornamental fish
2861:, by Robert Fenner (2001)
1834:Walstad, Diana L. (1999).
1459:
1254:on aquarium fish, without
930:, stop working when their
583:escapes into the air. The
551:predator-prey relationship
3458:
3407:
3376:
3290:
3221:
3171:
3125:
3017:
2971:
2528:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1653:"Radio 4 - The Roman Way"
1567:in temperate waters, and
883:, removing them from the
656:Dissolved organic content
140:kept wild-caught fish in
89:, concerned with keeping
3476:Freshwater aquarium fish
3358:Charles Haskins Townsend
2407:"From Ocean to Aquarium"
968:levels measure progress.
225:for a particularly fine
3420:Drs. Foster & Smith
3363:Jeanne Villepreux-Power
2872:The New Marine Aquarium
2477:"Coral Reefs in Crisis"
1867:Hiscock, Peter (2003).
1799:. T.F.H. Publications.
1712:, Revue Aquarama, 1988.
1555:fish do not survive in
1335:spp.) guarding its eggs
3510:Brackish aquarium fish
3399:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
2833:Aquarium Atlas, vol. 1
2689:Cite journal requires
2060:Boeing_dude.tripod.com
1967:. 2002. Archived from
1797:Exotic Tropical Fishes
1430:tragedy of the commons
1402:
1386:Synchiropus splendidus
1336:
1221:also draws criticism.
1047:
1019:
754:
617:total dissolved solids
538:
476:Brackish water aquaria
360:where the focus is on
298:Freshwater fishkeeping
293:
129:
113:Origins of fishkeeping
75:
3394:Practical Fishkeeping
2846:Brackish Water Fishes
2341:10.3390/fishes4040049
1572:suckermouth catfishes
1482:Siamese fighting fish
1444:and become diseased.
1395:
1328:
1291:blood parrot cichlids
1262:fishkeeping magazine
1248:Practical Fishkeeping
1240:Practical Fishkeeping
1042:
1006:
752:
529:Monterey Bay Aquarium
526:
288:
120:
69:
3497:Marine aquarium fish
3450:Zoo Med Laboratories
3338:William Alford Lloyd
2848:, by Frank Schäfer
2804:All Animals Magazine
2616:Dakin, Nick (1992).
2483:on December 10, 2005
2146:on December 17, 2008
2080:"PETA: Aqua-Torture"
2036:on December 21, 2005
2030:"PETA: Aqua-Torture"
1971:on December 13, 2012
1586:In January 2011 the
1427:that experience the
1306:Genetically modified
1285:Hybrid fish such as
1104:Fishkeeping industry
1079:the aquatic system.
838:. (Members of genus
663:water supply network
635:; and salt water or
519:Aquarium maintenance
191:, respectively. The
150:ancient Egyptian art
74:freshwater aquarium
3239:Artificial seawater
2899:1997JWAS...28....1C
2504:"Collecting fishes"
2244:"Sydneycichlid.com"
1378:habitat destruction
1287:flowerhorn cichlids
1231:artificially dyeing
1160:Chinese algae eater
769:(which converts to
485:Brackish water fish
3328:Philip Henry Gosse
3303:Herbert R. Axelrod
2779:. January 22, 2011
2572:has generic name (
2224:on January 5, 2008
2011:. PETA. 2003-12-15
1899:Hiscock, p. 85–88.
1412:renewable resource
1403:
1401:– black bar endler
1337:
1264:Fish Love Magazine
1258:, as described by
1048:
1020:
1009:harlequin rasboras
755:
688:sodium bicarbonate
678:became popular in
652:hard or soft water
539:
294:
238:Quintus Hortensius
169:Selective breeding
130:
101:. There is also a
76:
3526:
3525:
3466:Aquarium diseases
3333:Sven O. Kullander
3313:Pierre Carbonnier
3282:Water conditioner
2248:Sydneycichlid.com
2198:on April 11, 2006
1341:spawning triggers
1308:fish such as the
1233:fish was common.
1225:Fish modification
1137:species, and 809
1117:Aquatic suppliers
808:Nitrogenous waste
785:matter and other
665:. Because of the
370:Japanese aquarist
246:Pierre Carbonnier
233:reports that the
64:
63:
3556:
3368:Robert Warington
3308:Leonhard Baldner
3277:Spawning trigger
3229:Aquarium fishery
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2910:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2745:. Archived from
2740:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2479:. Archived from
2473:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2416:. Archived from
2411:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2366:. Archived from
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:on April 8, 2007
2299:. Archived from
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2274:. Archived from
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2172:on June 15, 2006
2168:. Archived from
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:. Archived from
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2082:. Archived from
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:. Archived from
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1841:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1792:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1582:Humane treatment
1576:Invasive species
1543:Invasive species
1252:cosmetic surgery
1052:Limiting factors
1045:Georgia Aquarium
1029:dissolved oxygen
1017:glowlight tetras
919:from the water.
913:Activated carbon
607:Water conditions
573:Dissolved oxygen
432:calcareous rocks
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3454:
3403:
3372:
3286:
3217:
3212:Tubifex tubifex
3167:
3121:
3102:Protein skimmer
3053:Calcium reactor
3020:
3013:
2967:
2958:
2917:
2829:, by Jay Hemdal
2823:
2821:Further reading
2818:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2702:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2446:Wetwebmedia.com
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2370:on May 19, 2006
2364:"Archived copy"
2362:
2361:
2357:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2086:on May 16, 2006
2078:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1832:
1828:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1793:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1708:Jacques Teton,
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1584:
1545:
1509:dwarf angelfish
1487:Betta splendens
1478:
1462:
1438:mortality rates
1408:
1398:Poecilia wingei
1357:
1323:
1268:parrot cichlids
1181:
1119:
1106:
1085:
1075:water quality.
1037:
1001:
901:
879:and nitrate as
800:
765:in the form of
747:
700:reverse osmosis
680:water treatment
609:
569:nutrient cycles
541:Ideal aquarium
521:
472:
436:coralline algae
434:encrusted with
399:
366:"Dutch Aquaria"
319:community tanks
303:freshwater fish
283:
262:
115:
85:, practiced by
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Edward Edwards
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Bath treatment
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3222:Other concepts
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3041:
3036:
3034:Algae scrubber
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:Aquarium décor
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Brackish-water
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2972:Aquarium types
2969:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2916:
2915:External links
2913:
2912:
2911:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2790:
2762:
2727:
2700:
2691:|journal=
2676:on 2007-09-26.
2654:
2641:
2634:
2603:
2579:
2535:
2494:
2468:
2458:
2433:
2395:
2355:
2314:
2288:
2268:"GloFish® FAQ"
2259:
2235:
2209:
2183:
2157:
2131:
2122:
2097:
2071:
2047:
2021:
2000:
1982:
1956:
1940:
1924:
1915:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1859:
1852:
1826:
1805:
1770:
1745:
1742:. Tankquarium.
1731:
1714:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1608:
1605:
1583:
1580:
1569:South American
1561:exotic species
1544:
1541:
1477:
1474:
1461:
1458:
1407:
1404:
1356:
1353:
1322:
1319:
1280:body piercings
1227:
1226:
1205:labyrinth fish
1180:
1179:Animal welfare
1177:
1123:Southeast Asia
1118:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1089:Labyrinth fish
1084:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1036:
1033:
1000:
997:
984:
983:
980:
969:
941:fishless cycle
900:
897:
870:nitrogen cycle
799:
796:
775:nitrogen cycle
746:
745:Nitrogen cycle
743:
676:monochloramine
629:brackish water
608:
605:
601:nitrogen cycle
597:micronutrients
581:carbon dioxide
562:systemic shock
520:
517:
471:
470:Brackish water
468:
403:Marine aquaria
398:
395:
383:temperate zone
362:aquatic plants
282:
279:
261:
258:
250:public aquaria
114:
111:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3561:
3550:
3549:Fish diseases
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3515:
3514:invertebrates
3511:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:invertebrates
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3484:invertebrates
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Julian Sprung
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:George Farmer
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Takashi Amano
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Clean-up crew
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Feeder shrimp
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Bottom feeder
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Deep sand bed
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Berlin Method
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3021:and equipment
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2880:1-890087-52-1
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:1-890087-02-5
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:3-936027-82-X
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:1-890087-12-2
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2778:
2777:
2776:The Maui News
2772:
2766:
2752:on 2016-06-07
2748:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2716:on 2007-05-02
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2683:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2635:0-02-897108-6
2631:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2570:|first2=
2563:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2423:on 2009-07-07
2419:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2278:on 2013-05-12
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:0-86101-368-9
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:0-7513-0427-1
1934:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1888:
1886:0-7641-5521-0
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1853:0-9673773-0-7
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1806:0-87666-543-1
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1758:HowStuffWorks
1755:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1600:swim bladders
1596:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1517:Lake Victoria
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1321:Fish breeding
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:Goldfish and
1189:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1172:tropical fish
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:Other factors
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
999:Tank capacity
996:
993:
992:Best practice
988:
981:
978:
974:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:
935:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:decomposition
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
751:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
719:tropical fish
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
681:
677:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:A variety of
565:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:closed system
544:
537:
534:
530:
525:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:refrigeration
417:
414:
410:
405:
404:
394:
393:work better.
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
373:Takashi Amano
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:fish such as
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
291:
287:
278:
276:
272:
268:
257:
255:
254:Paradise fish
251:
247:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Asinius Celer
217:reports that
216:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
127:
123:
119:
110:
108:
104:
103:piscicultural
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:is a popular
80:
73:
68:
58:
55:February 2020
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
3516: /
3512: /
3503: /
3499: /
3490: /
3486: /
3482: /
3478: /
3265:
3210:
3181:Brine shrimp
3090: /
3046: /
2964:
2890:
2886:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2774:
2765:
2754:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2742:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:the original
2703:
2682:cite journal
2671:the original
2657:
2624:. New York:
2619:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2556:. p. 9.
2545:
2538:
2524:cite journal
2512:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
2471:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2448:. 1994-02-14
2445:
2442:"MarLifeUse"
2436:
2425:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2413:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2358:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2291:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2271:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2134:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2112:. 2004-07-14
2109:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2074:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2024:
2013:. Retrieved
2003:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1959:
1943:
1927:
1918:
1904:
1895:
1870:
1862:
1837:
1829:
1796:
1762:. Retrieved
1760:. 2007-12-11
1757:
1748:
1734:
1722:
1717:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1647:
1629:Fish farming
1585:
1546:
1537:
1532:zebra danios
1521:
1513:
1485:
1479:
1463:
1446:
1435:
1428:
1417:fur trapping
1409:
1396:
1384:
1374:
1358:
1355:Conservation
1338:
1330:
1304:
1284:
1263:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1216:
1209:
1190:
1182:
1168:
1128:
1120:
1107:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1049:
1025:surface area
1021:
989:
985:
949:
946:silent cycle
945:
940:
936:
924:colonization
921:
906:
902:
889:aerial roots
885:water column
874:
865:
861:
857:
849:
845:
839:
829:
821:Nitrosomonas
819:
801:
756:
732:
704:
696:deionization
685:
660:
646:, while the
641:
610:
566:
559:
540:
474:
473:
425:
401:
400:
379:Garden ponds
377:
355:
296:
295:
263:
243:
208:
201:
197:Song dynasty
157:rice paddies
154:
135:
131:
78:
77:
52:
36:
34:lead section
3544:Ichthyology
3539:Fishkeeping
3353:Anna Thynne
3234:Aquascaping
3191:Feeder fish
3133:Algae eater
3073:Fish feeder
2965:fishkeeping
2921:Fishkeeping
2893:(1): 1–10.
2809:January 24,
2783:January 24,
2487:November 4,
2374:November 5,
2272:Glofish.com
2090:November 4,
2040:November 4,
1975:January 25,
1621:Fish portal
1492:aquaculture
1470:overfishing
1449:coral reefs
1349:livebearers
1332:Symphysodon
1260:Singaporean
1201:carnivorous
1013:neon tetras
950:slow growth
862:Nitrobacter
850:Nitrobacter
841:Nitrobacter
798:The process
728:thermometer
707:temperature
533:kelp forest
456:echinoderms
428:living rock
327:Livebearing
290:Neon tetras
146:Oxyrhynchus
107:agriculture
99:garden pond
79:Fishkeeping
3533:Categories
3480:amphibians
3343:Paul Matte
3259:Macquarium
3206:Shrimp mix
2979:Freshwater
2756:2016-05-20
2597:2016-05-20
2452:2016-05-20
2427:2016-05-20
2282:2016-05-20
2253:2016-05-20
2228:January 5,
2116:2016-05-20
2065:2016-05-20
2015:2016-05-20
1764:2022-05-27
1659:2016-05-20
1640:References
1519:cichlids.
1505:damselfish
1480:Since the
1406:Collecting
1361:freshwater
1329:A discus (
1256:anesthesia
1148:neon tetra
1135:freshwater
909:filtration
866:Nitrospira
858:Nitrospira
846:Nitrospira
831:Nitrospira
816:nitrifiers
804:metabolize
715:cold water
625:freshwater
555:ecosystems
505:pufferfish
464:reef tanks
413:coral reef
358:aquascapes
305:, such as
281:Freshwater
267:freshwater
221:paid 8000
215:Tertullian
204:feast days
179:and fancy
93:in a home
72:aquascaped
3408:Companies
3377:Magazines
3272:Reef safe
3201:Infusoria
3173:Fish food
3143:Coldwater
3112:Substrate
3097:Powerhead
3092:Live sand
3088:Live rock
3048:Driftwood
3004:Community
2961:Aquariums
2592:Panda.org
2562:cite book
2350:2410-3888
2334:(4): 49.
2307:April 22,
2176:August 3,
2150:April 20,
1815:cite book
1595:fisheries
1557:temperate
1528:poecilids
1501:clownfish
1497:saltwater
1495:than for
1276:dye laser
1246:In 2006,
1235:Glassfish
1139:saltwater
1035:Tank size
881:nutrients
814:known as
739:powerhead
671:disinfect
633:estuaries
585:phosphate
536:ecosystem
493:estuaries
489:mangroves
430:, porous
397:Saltwater
351:killifish
347:cyprinids
343:characins
315:angelfish
223:sesterces
138:Sumerians
87:aquarists
39:summarize
3415:Dennerle
3264:Project
3163:Tropical
3107:Refugium
3083:Lighting
3044:Bog-wood
3029:Airstone
2743:Reef.org
2720:17 March
2414:Unep.org
2384:cite web
2110:BBC News
1607:See also
1592:aquarium
1565:goldfish
1553:tropical
1524:Cichlids
1382:dragonet
1345:spawning
1315:smuggled
1300:goldfish
1272:tattooed
1219:piranhas
1212:funfairs
1164:goldfish
1100:oxygen.
977:nitrogen
877:ammonium
812:bacteria
787:detritus
771:ammonium
763:nitrogen
735:currents
711:tropical
669:used to
667:chlorine
644:alkaline
637:seawater
621:salinity
481:salinity
460:mollusks
411:and the
307:goldfish
271:brackish
235:advocate
211:lampreys
181:goldfish
165:cyprinid
136:Ancient
126:goldfish
95:aquarium
3445:Wardley
3186:Daphnia
3158:Painted
3068:Fishcam
3009:Biotope
2895:Bibcode
2514:15 June
2202:May 19,
2056:"Abuse"
1549:aquaria
1465:Cyanide
1460:Cyanide
1425:fishing
1421:logging
1370:exports
1310:GloFish
1296:extinct
1131:species
966:nitrate
962:nitrite
958:ammonia
836:nitrate
826:nitrite
818:(genus
767:ammonia
543:ecology
503:, some
499:, many
497:mollies
448:shrimps
440:sponges
339:catfish
335:cichlid
331:mollies
323:species
311:guppies
193:Chinese
161:catfish
3518:plants
3505:plants
3488:plants
3425:Hikari
3291:People
3148:Dither
3078:Heater
3063:Filter
2989:Public
2984:Marine
2925:Curlie
2878:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2652:press.
2632:
2348:
2328:Fishes
1951:
1935:
1883:
1850:
1803:
1507:, and
1442:stress
1365:marine
1197:bettas
1193:bettas
1162:, and
1133:; 730
1097:tetras
1060:filter
1056:oxygen
995:half.
973:plants
964:, and
948:, and
944:, the
928:resins
917:toxins
705:Water
692:filter
613:solute
595:, and
589:Sulfur
511:, and
501:gobies
458:, and
409:corals
389:, and
349:, and
313:, and
275:marine
273:, and
231:Cicero
227:mullet
3492:algae
3459:Lists
3440:Tetra
3430:Hagen
3266:Piaba
3153:Hardy
2750:(PDF)
2739:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2667:(PDF)
2550:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2410:(PDF)
1995:(PDF)
1655:. BBC
1423:, or
1156:betta
1152:platy
1144:guppy
1093:Barbs
932:pores
854:niche
791:toxic
783:fecal
759:fungi
724:shock
577:waves
513:scats
509:monos
452:crabs
444:worms
189:China
185:Japan
142:ponds
124:(and
83:hobby
3435:Sera
3117:Sump
2994:Reef
2963:and
2876:ISBN
2863:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2837:ISBN
2811:2011
2785:2011
2722:2007
2695:help
2630:ISBN
2574:help
2530:link
2516:2008
2489:2005
2390:link
2376:2005
2346:ISSN
2309:2007
2230:2008
2204:2006
2178:2006
2152:2009
2092:2005
2042:2005
1977:2011
1949:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1821:link
1801:ISBN
1729:-37.
1727:p.36
1698:1.20
1686:1.19
1674:1.18
1588:Maui
1530:and
1289:and
1199:are
1186:PETA
1043:The
1015:and
893:mulm
713:vs.
611:The
593:iron
491:and
416:fish
391:orfe
187:and
173:carp
163:and
91:fish
3389:Koi
2923:at
2903:doi
2336:doi
1844:106
856:as
698:or
387:koi
177:koi
171:of
122:Koi
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