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to delay its instantaneous tripping function. In this way "selectivity" will be preserved, in other words faults in the circuit are cleared by the breaker nearest to the fault, minimizing the effect on the entire system. A fault on a branch circuit will be detected by all breakers upstream of the fault (closer to the source of power). The circuit breaker closest to the downstream fault will send a restraining signal to prevent upstream breakers from tripping instantaneously. The presence of the fault will nevertheless activate the preset trip delay timer(s) of the upstream circuit breaker(s); this will allow an upstream circuit breaker to interrupt the fault, if still necessary after the preset time has elapsed. The ZSIP system allows faster instantaneous trip settings to be used, without loss of selectivity. The faster trip times reduce the total energy in an arc fault discharge.
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as earrings, belt buckles, keys, body jewelry, or the frames of glasses, causing severe localized burns. When switching circuits, a technician should take care to remove any metals from their body, hold their breath, and close their eyes. An arc flash is more likely to form in a switch that is closed slowly, by allowing time for an arc to form between the contacts, so it is usually more desirable to "throw" switches with a fast motion, quickly and firmly making good contact. High-current switches often have a system of springs and levers to assist with this.
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power on, or an arc flash can easily be generated. Small arcs usually form in switches when the contacts first touch, and can provide a place for an arc flash to develop. If the voltage is high enough, and the wires leading to the fault are large enough to allow a substantial amount of current, an arc flash can form within the panel when the breaker is turned on. Generally, either an electric motor with shorted windings or a shorted power-transformer is the culprit, being capable of drawing the energy needed to sustain a dangerous arc-flash. Motors over two
323:(PPE) or modifying the design and configuration of electrical equipment. The best way to remove the hazards of an arc flash is to de-energize electrical equipment when interacting with it, however de-energizing electrical equipment is in and of itself an arc flash hazard. In this case, one of the newest solutions is to allow the operator to stand far back from the electrical equipment by operating equipment remotely, this can be done with equipment that has remotely operated switches or with remote racking.
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contains a fast contact pin that upon activation by an external relay, makes physical contact with the energized bus which then creates the short circuit. The arc eliminator will protect a human if they are standing in front of the arc flash event and the relays detect the arc flash by diverting the arc flash to another location, although the diversion may cause a system failure at the location the short-circuit was diverted to. These devices must be replaced after an operation.
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27:
352:. Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) lists a number of typical electrical tasks by various voltage levels and recommends the category of PPE that should be worn. For example, when working on 600 V switchgear and performing a removal of bolted covers to expose bare, energized parts, the table recommends a Category 3 Protective Clothing System. This Category 3 system corresponds to an ensemble of PPE that together offers protection up to 25 cal/cm (105
423:
and does not divert it to another section of the system. A triggered current limiter will always be "Current
Limiting" which means it will interrupt the circuit before the first peak current occurs. These devices are electronically controlled and sensed and provide feedback to the user about their operational status. They can also be turned ON and OFF as desired. These devices must be replaced after an operation.
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transmission, and distribution work at part 1910, § 1910.269 and part 1926, subpart V, which contain requirements for arc flash protection and guidelines for assessing arc-flash hazards, making reasonable estimates of incident heat energy from electric arcs, and selecting appropriate protective equipment (79 FR 20316 et seq., April 11, 2014). All of these OSHA standards reference NFPA 70E.
71:, is unlikely to protect a person from the concussion of a very large blast, although it may prevent the worker from being vaporized by the intense light of the flash.) For this reason, other safety precautions are usually taken in addition to wearing PPE, helping to prevent injury. However, the phenomenon of the arc blast is sometimes used to extinguish the electric arc by some types of
170:
physical contact, and can sustain an arc across longer gaps. Most powerlines use voltages exceeding 1000 volts, and can be an arc-flash hazard to birds, squirrels, people, or equipment such as vehicles or ladders. Arc flashes are often witnessed from lines or transformers just before a power outage, creating bright flashes like lightning that can be seen from long distances.
91:. Even though the energy level used is fairly low (85 joules), the low-impedance, low-inductance circuit produces a flash of 24,000,000 watts. With an arc temperature of 17,000 K (30,100 °F), the radiation output is centered at 170 nanometers, in the far UV. The intense burst of radiation easily penetrates the shade #10 welding filter which shields the camera.
304:
482:
Standards 29 CFR, Parts 1910 and 1926. Occupational Safety and Health
Standards. Part 1910, subpart S (electrical) §§ 1910.332 through 1910.335 contain generally applicable requirements for safety-related work practices. On April 11, 2014, OSHA adopted revised standards for electric power generation,
422:
Another way to mitigate arc flash is to use a triggered current limiter or commutating current limiter which inserts a low rated continuous current current limiting fuse that melts and interrupts the arc flash within 4 ms. The advantage of this device is that it eliminates the arc flash at the source
406:
Arcing time can be reduced by temporarily setting upstream protective devices to lower setpoints during maintenance periods, or by employing zone-selective interlocking protection (ZSIP). With zone-selective interlocking, a downstream breaker that detects a fault communicates with an upstream breaker
107:
to decrease as the arc temperature increases. Therefore, as the arc develops and gets hotter the resistance drops, drawing more and more current (runaway) until some part of the system melts, trips, or evaporates, providing enough distance to break the circuit and extinguish the arc. Electrical arcs,
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arc flash boundary equations can also be used to calculate the arc flash boundaries with boundary energy other than 1.2 cal/cm such as onset to 2nd degree burn energy. Those conducting flash hazard analyses must consider this boundary, and then must determine what PPE should be worn within the flash
173:
High-voltage powerlines often operate in the range of tens to hundreds of kilovolts, which can result in very long arc-flashes, often referred to as a flashover. Care must usually be taken to ensure that the lines are insulated with a proper "flashover rating" and sufficiently spaced from each other
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have joined forces in an initiative to fund and support research and testing to increase the understanding of arc flash. The results of this collaborative project will provide information that will be used to improve electrical safety standards, predict the hazards associated with arcing faults and
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provides a guide to perform these calculations given that the maximum fault current, duration of faults, and other general equipment information is known. Once the incident energy is calculated the appropriate ensemble of PPE that offers protection greater than the energy available can be selected.
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In addition to the heat, light and concussive forces, an arc flash also produces a cloud of plasma and ionized particles. When inhaled, this ionized gas can cause severe burns to the airways and lungs. The charged plasma may also be attracted to metallic objects worn by people in the vicinity, such
248:
One of the most common causes of arc-flash injuries happens when switching on electrical circuits and, especially, tripped circuit-breakers. A tripped circuit-breaker often indicates a fault has occurred somewhere down the line from the panel. The fault must usually be isolated before switching the
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Three key factors determine the intensity of an arc flash on personnel. These factors are the quantity of fault current available in a system, the time until an arc flash fault is cleared, and the distance an individual is from a fault arc. Various design and equipment configuration choices can be
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of the panel itself, allowing very high energies to flow. Precautions must usually be used when switching circuit breakers, such as standing off to the side while switching to keep the body out of the way, wearing protective clothing, or turning off equipment, circuits and panels downline prior to
137:
outward with extraordinary force. A typical arc flash incident can be inconsequential but could conceivably easily produce a more severe explosion (see calculation below). The result of the violent event can cause destruction of equipment involved, fire, and injury not only to an electrical worker
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PPE provides protection after an arc flash incident has occurred and should be viewed as the last line of protection. Reducing the frequency and severity of incidents should be the first option and this can be achieved through a complete arc flash hazard assessment and through the application of
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The effectiveness of protective equipment is measured by its arc rating. The arc rating is the maximum incident energy resistance demonstrated by a material prior to breakopen (a hole in the material) or necessary to pass through and cause a 50% probability of second degree burns. Arc rating is
272:
Circuit breakers are often the primary defense against current runaway, especially if there are no secondary fuses, so if an arc flash develops in a breaker there may be nothing to stop a flash from going out of control. Once an arc flash begins in a breaker, it can quickly migrate from a single
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Most 400 V and above electrical services have sufficient capacity to cause an arc flash hazard. Medium-voltage equipment (above 1000 V) is higher potential and therefore a higher risk for an arc flash hazard. Higher voltages can cause a spark to jump, initiating an arc flash without the need for
435:
released by an electric arc is capable of permanently injuring or killing a human being at distances of up to 20 feet (6.1 m). The distance from an arc flash source within which an unprotected person has a 50% chance of receiving a second degree burn is referred to as the "flash protection
418:
One of the most efficient means to reduce arcing time is to use an arc eliminator that will extinguish the arc within a few milliseconds. The arc eliminator operates in 1-4 ms and creates a 3-phase short-circuit on another part of the system, typically upstream at higher voltages. This device
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Fault current can be limited by using current limiting devices such as current limiting breakers, grounding resistors, arc suppression coils or fuses. If the fault current is limited to 5 amperes or less, then many ground faults self-extinguish and do not propagate into phase-to-phase faults.
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When testing in energized high-power circuits, technicians will observe precautions for care and maintenance of testing equipment and to keep the area clean and free of debris. A technician would use protective equipment such as rubber gloves and other personal protective equipment, to avoid
67:(PPE) can be used to effectively shield a worker from the radiation of an arc flash, but that same PPE may likely be ineffective against the flying objects, molten metal, and violent concussion that the arc blast can produce. (For example, category-4 arc-flash protection, similar to a
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of the air, accompanied by a hissing or frying sound. The corona discharge can easily lead to an arc flash, by creating a conductive pathway between the lines. This ionization can be enhanced during electrical storms, causing spontaneous arc-flashes and leading to power outages.
410:
Arcing time can significantly be reduced by protection based on detection of arc-flash light. Optical detection is often combined with overcurrent information. Light and current based protection can be set up with dedicated arc-flash protective relays, or by using normal
63:, which is the supersonic shockwave produced when the uncontrolled arc vaporizes the metal conductors. Both are part of the same arc fault, and are often referred to as simply an arc flash, but from a safety standpoint they are often treated separately. For example,
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but also to bystanders. During the arc flash, electrical energy vaporizes the metal, which changes from solid state to gas vapor, expanding it with explosive force. For example, when copper vaporizes it suddenly expands by a factor of 67,000 in volume.
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Arc flash temperatures can reach or exceed 35,000 °F (19,400 °C) at the arc terminals. The massive energy released in the fault rapidly vaporizes the metal conductors involved, blasting molten metal and expanding
356:/cm or 1.05 MJ/m). The minimum rating of PPE necessary for any category is the maximum available energy for that category. For example, a Category 3 arc-flash hazard requires PPE rated for no less than 25 cal/cm (1.05
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volts. When an uncontrolled arc forms at high voltages, and especially where large supply-wires or high-current conductors are used, arc flashes can produce deafening noises, supersonic concussive-forces, super-heated
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The selection of appropriate PPE, given a certain task to be performed, is normally handled in one of two possible ways. The first method is to consult a hazard category classification table, like that found in NFPA
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With recent increased awareness of the dangers of arc flash, there have been many companies that offer arc flash personal protective equipment (PPE), such as suits, overalls, helmets, boots, and gloves.
206:(more heat and light, less mechanical shock), but the resulting devastation is comparable. The rapidly expanding superheated vapor produced by the arc can cause serious injury or damage, and the intense
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provides guidance on implementing appropriate work practices that are required to safeguard workers from injury while working on or near exposed electrical conductors or circuit parts that could become
157:. Surfaces of nearby objects, including people, absorb this energy and are instantly heated to vaporizing temperatures. The effects of this can be seen on adjacent walls and equipment - they are often
1008:
342:
Standard
Performance Specification for Flame Resistant Textile Materials for Wearing Apparel for Use by Electrical Workers Exposed to Momentary Electric Arc and Related Thermal Hazards
306:
971:"The Real Reason the Sky Turned Turquoise in NYC The glow was generated by burning aluminum when one small bit of decidedly earthly Queens became momentarily hotter than the sun"
186:
As an example of the energy released in an arc flash incident, in a single phase-to-phase fault on a 480 V system with 20,000 amps of fault current, the resulting power is 9.6
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protection boundary. Remote operators or robots can be used to perform activities that have a high risk for arc flash incidents, such as inserting draw-out
202:). Thus, this fault energy is equivalent to 380 grams (approximately 0.8 pounds) of TNT. The character of an arc flash blast is quite different from a
819:"Add Trip Security to Arc-Flash Detection for Safety and Reliability, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA"
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is often able to handle very high energies and, thus, many places require the use of full protective equipment before switching one on.
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to prevent an arc flash from spontaneously developing. If the high-voltage lines become too close, either to each other or ground, a
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The second method of selecting PPE is to perform an arc flash hazard calculation to determine the available incident arc energy.
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553:, lighting up the sky with blue-green spectacle visible for miles around. The event was extensively covered in social media and
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boundary". The incident energy of 1.2 cal/cm on a bare skin was selected in solving the equation for the arc flash boundary in
129:, temperatures far greater than the Sun's surface, and intense, high-energy radiation capable of vaporizing nearby materials.
340:/cm (or small calories of heat energy per square centimeter). The tests for determining arc rating are defined in ASTM F1506
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supplied with sufficient electrical energy to cause substantial damage, harm, fire, or injury. Electrical arcs experience
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technology such as high-resistance grounding which has been proven to reduce the frequency and severity of incidents.
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There are many methods of protecting personnel from arc flash hazards. This can include personnel wearing arc flash
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or discharge that results from a connection through air to ground or another voltage phase in an electrical system.
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Electric power generation: Transmission and distribution By S. N. Singh -- PHI Limited 2008 Page 235--236, 260--261
867:'1584 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations.' IEEE Industry Applications Society. September 2002
818:
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light produced by the arc can temporarily and sometimes even permanently blind or cause eye damage to people.
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514:'s Standard on Electric Utility Workplace Electrical Safety for Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
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992:
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A video describing the dangers of arc flashes and measures that can be taken to reduce risk to workers
264:
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490:(NFPA) Standard 70 "The National Electrical Code" (NEC) contains requirements for warning labels.
257:, to both isolate the operator from the high-energy contacts and to allow disengagement of the
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produced by the arc. The metal plasma arc produces tremendous amounts of light energy from far
221:
There are four different arc flash type events to be assessed when designing safety programs:
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when well controlled and fed by limited energy, produce very bright light, and are used in
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accompanying arc blasts, and provide practical safeguards for employees in the workplace.
8:
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releases 2175 J/g or more when detonated (a conventional value of 4,184 J/g is used for
100:
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By Robert E. Nabours, Raymond M. Fish, Paul F. Hill -- Lawyers & Judges 2004 Page 96
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A 480 volt switchgear and distribution panel, requiring category-4 arc-flash protection.
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initiating an arc and to protect personnel from any arc that may start while testing.
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may form between the conductors. This is typically a blue or reddish light caused by
190:. If the fault lasts for 10 cycles at 60 Hz, the resulting energy would be 1.6
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By John Cadick, Mary
Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Dennis Neitzel -- McGraw-Hill 2006
638:
By Ray A. Jones, Jane G. Jones -- National Fire
Protection Agency 2000 Page 32
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Arc Flash
Awareness: Information and Discussion Topics for Electrical Workers
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by Ray A. Jones, Jane G. Jones -- Jones and
Bartlett Publishing 2009 Page 40
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are available which keep the operator outside the arc flash hazard zone.
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made to affect these factors and in turn reduce the arc flash hazard.
623:". DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007-116D. Accessed January 10, 2013.
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temporarily lost power, but there were neither deaths nor injuries.
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Arc Flash
Standard is Canada's version of NFPA70E. Released in 2008.
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arcs can easily turn steel into a liquid with an average of only 24
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1001:"Con Ed: New York 'transformer explosion' actually an arc flash"
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For the related medical problem that can be caused by this, see
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By Hugh McLaren Ryan -- Institute of
Electrical Engineers 2001
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Electrical
Injuries: Engineering, Medical, and Legal Aspects
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failed which resulted in an arc flash which in turn burned
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of such a fault, destruction also arises from the intense
612:
KM Kowalski-Trakofler, EA Barrett, CW Urban, GT Homce. "
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
903:"OSHA final rule revising its electric power standards"
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The Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers
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Heat and light produced during an electrical arc fault
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An arc flash is the light and heat produced from an
112:(enclosed, or with open electrodes), for welding,
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816:
545:substation on December 27, 2018 a 138,000 volt
141:In addition to the explosive blast, called the
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41:is the light and heat produced as part of an
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698:
586:"The Great Internet Light Bulb Book, Part I"
383:
467:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
379:Example of IED equipped with arc protection
59:Arc flash is distinctly different from the
878:"IEEE/NFPA Collaborative Research Project"
415:equipped with an add-on arc-flash option.
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673:"Arc Flash Training & PPE Protection"
705:ARC Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation
670:
608:
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82:
25:
1031:Arc Flash Awareness video available on
573:Safe Work Practices for the Electrician
298:
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771:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
87:A controlled arc-flash, produced in a
999:Haddad, Patrick (December 31, 2018).
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161:and eroded from the radiant effects.
116:, and other industrial applications.
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729:High Voltage Engineering and Testing
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488:National Fire Protection Association
969:Daly, Michael (December 28, 2018).
547:coupling capacitor potential device
512:Underwriters Laboratories of Canada
73:self-blast–chamber circuit breakers
13:
683:from the original on July 22, 2012
636:Electrical Safety in the Workplace
14:
1074:
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671:Hoagland, Hugh (August 3, 2009).
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933:CSA Electrical Safety Conference
677:Occupational Health & Safety
502:Canadian Standards Association's
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231:Equipment focused (Arc-in-a-box)
1011:from the original on 2019-01-01
981:from the original on 2018-12-29
951:IEEE 1584 Working Group website
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926:
915:from the original on 2014-05-18
895:
870:
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850:from the original on 2016-06-27
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825:from the original on 2014-01-10
817:Zeller, M.; Scheer, G. (2008).
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754:from the original on 2017-10-31
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707:by J. C. Das -- IEEE Press 2012
592:from the original on 2013-09-10
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101:negative incremental resistance
1046:Arc protection system example
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717:Electrical Safety Handbook 3E
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65:personal protective equipment
45:(sometimes referred to as an
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30:An electric arc between two
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938:September 28, 2007, at the
536:notable industrial accident
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449:on a live electrical bus.
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384:Reducing hazard by design
350:Error: an error occurred
788:"Electrical Contractor"
1005:Power Transformer News
451:Remote racking systems
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278:switching. Very large
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956:June 8, 2007, at the
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105:electrical resistance
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299:Protecting personnel
47:electrical flashover
103:, which causes the
619:2017-08-29 at the
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194:. For comparison,
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