484:-like, niche of the upper level, as was common for this architectural form; Theseus and Hadrian are the most commonly advanced candidates for these two statues, based on the inscriptions. Ward-Perkins has proposed that the attic held additional multiple statues, located over the projecting Corinthian columns of the lower level. In stark opposition to these proposals, Willers states that there is no evidence of the type of doweling needed to mount statuary on the top of the lower level and that the stone is far too roughly worked on the upper surface for statues to rest on it. Although Willers has done a study of the lower level of the arch, permission was not granted for close study of the upper level, so his statements concerning the upper level are based on previously published measurements and images. Kouremenos suggests that in Hadrian's time the arch contained painted reliefs, possibly with statues in the central opening, that were taken down and replaced at some point in the Byzantine period. A complete investigation of the monument remains to be done.
562:), claim the entire city as a refoundation by the emperor. In this view, the inscriptions should be read: this is Athens, once the city of Theseus; this is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus. One option claims a part and the other the whole of Athens for the emperor. Adams has also challenged the idea that the arch was on the line of the Themistocleian wall, and this position has now been generally accepted. A gate of the Themistocleian wall has been excavated c. 140m east of the arch, which has settled the question. Stuart and Revett, who did the earliest and only complete architectural study of the arch in 1751-53 CE, were perplexed by the fact that the arch is not aligned with the Temple of Olympian Zeus, despite the fact that it is only c. 20m from the
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an
Athenian rather than as the Roman emperor. It is not certain who commissioned the arch, although it is probable that it was the citizens of Athens. There were two inscriptions on the arch, facing in opposite directions, naming both Theseus and Hadrian as founders of Athens. While it is clear that the inscriptions honor Hadrian, it is uncertain whether they refer to the city as a whole or to the city in two parts: one old and one new. The early idea, however, that the arch marked the line of the ancient city wall, and thus the division between the old and the new regions of the city, has been shown to be false by further excavation. The arch is located 325 metres (1,066 ft) southeast of the
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54:
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34:
604:, a newly formed association of all the Greek cities, based in Athens. Early scholarship held that the Athenians were responsible for its creation, on the argument that the quality of material and execution did not equal the other known buildings of Hadrian in Athens, and on the assumption that an emperor who loved Athens so much could not have been so arrogant as to put such an inscription on a structure of his own making. Two arches of the same scale and design were constructed at the sanctuary of
368:
356:
448:. The central opening of the upper level was originally closed off by a thin screen of stone, c. 7 cm thick. Graindor states that the screen of the central opening of the attic was removed for aesthetic reason on the instructions of Queen Amalia, for whom the avenue running past the arch was named. Hill states that all three openings were closed, but this view has not prevailed. Only the slots for its mounting are now preserved. The design of this central
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passageway along the long axis of the structure; as a dipylon arch with a single passageway, the lower level of the Arch of
Hadrian falls within the gamut of the architectural genre. Roman triumphal arches, however, typically have a massive, solid attic (upper level), often filled with a dedicatory inscription and sculptural decoration. In addition, Roman arches typically supported major stone or bronze statuary, often including a
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and to honor him for his many benefactions to the city, on the occasion of the dedication of the nearby temple complex in 131 or 132 AD. Since
Hadrian had become an Athenian citizen nearly two decades before the monument was built, Kouremenos has argued that the inscriptions on the arch honor him as
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Even a casual examination of this arch, with a few of the many preserved Roman triumphal arches in mind, reveals the significant design variation between the two structures. The number of arched passageways of the lower level of Roman triumphal arches was variable as was the presence of a secondary
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At the time that it was recorded architecturally by Stuart and Revett in the mid-18th century, the base of the arch was buried in earth only to the level of around three feet. Given that it was thus never protected by being buried during its nearly nineteen centuries of existence, the arch entered
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and many other notable structures in Athens, although its quality can vary significantly. The marble used for the arch is of a lower grade that had more inclusions than that used in the best
Athenian buildings. The arch was constructed without cement or mortar from solid marble, using clamps to
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states that the emperor
Hadrian, when he was expanding the city wall (of Athens), wrote (inscribed) at the boundary of the old and the new areas of Athens a double inscription matching the sense, but not the exact wording, of the inscriptions on the arch. Based on a combined reading of the arch
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capitals. Similar, but taller, pilasters flank the outer corners of the lower level. The space between the outer pilasters and the arched opening was filled in with squared stones with drafted edges to emphasize the design. On either side of the central passageway was a
Corinthian column on a
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Graindor. Travlos and
Kouremenos agree that it was the Athenians. The simple Philhellenism of the emperor Hadrian has been a commonplace in scholarly discussions. Willers, however, has discussed the pragmatic politics of Hadrian's interest in Greek cities and
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and that it marked the division between the old city of
Theseus and the new city of Hadrian. In this view, the second inscription referred to a new urban section on the eastern side of Athens created by Hadrian, and - for convenience - this area is termed
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wall (boundary wall) of that complex. Excavations in the intervening time have shown that the arch is aligned with an ancient road that was roughly on the same course as modern
Lysikrates street. The arch faces the
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The upper level of the arch (the attic) was composed of a series of
Corinthian columns and pilasters dividing the space into three rectangular openings. Each of the outer openings was crowned with an Ionic
470:(four-horse chariot) or similar at top center. As Willers notes, the design of the Arch of Hadrian has a very refined upper level that does not allow the mounting of major decoration on top of the attic.
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Willers hypothesizes that the screen in the center opening of the upper level may have been intended for painted decoration, or that the decorative program of the arch may simply not have been completed.
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The center of the SE inscription is effectively illegible; the NW inscription is in much better condition, although the stone (white marble) has become nearly black.
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the modern era in extraordinary condition. Although the columns of the lower level are missing, the arch is preserved to its full height and towers over modern
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in subsequent scholarly discussion. This newer, Roman section of the city was thought to have been added to the ancient Greek city during the period of the
592:. In recent decades, atmospheric pollution has damaged the monument. There is extensive discoloration of the stone and degradation of the inscriptions.
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Spawforth, A. J., and Walker, Susan. 1985. The World of the Panhellenion. I. Athens and Eleusis. The Journal of Roman Studies, 75, pp. 78–104.
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It was a known practice for Greek inscriptions to be on the side of a boundary marker that they referred to, as Vanderpool discusses. The biographer
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Adams, A. 1989. "The Arch of Hadrian at Athens," in The Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire, eds. S. Walker and A. Cameron, London, pp. 10–15.
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Adams takes issue with the interpretation of the preposition ΠΡΙΝ until recently accepted, and he offers the alternate sense of once (but no longer).
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connect the cut stones. It is 18m high, 13.5m wide, and 2.3m in depth. Its design is fully symmetrical from front to back and side to side.
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The use of the same design to honor two emperors within the space of a few decades and a few kilometers has prompted the idea that the
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rectangular, raised base projecting from the center of the wall. The lower level was crowned with an Ionic architrave capped with
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with engaged Corinthian half-columns that supported a projecting triangular pediment, which rested above the dentils, geison, and
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Adams has proposed that the inscriptions, rather than dividing Athens into an old city of Theseus and a new city of Hadrian (
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by Aristides that reads: Ο Αδριανος ελθων και μειζονα ποιησας τον περιβολον ενθα μεν ην προ του τειχος το ταλαιον εγραψε -
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https://www.academia.edu/43746490/_Forthcoming_The_City_of_Hadrian_and_not_of_Theseus_A_Cultural_History_of_Hadrians_Arch
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It was a major honor for the emperor to visit any city, and such an honor demanded that appropriate respect be shown.
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of the arch’s lower level, one centered over the arched opening on either side. On the northwest side (towards the
458:(façade of ancient stage buildings) and highly evocative of the representations of aedicula in wall painting of the
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It has been proposed that there were statues positioned on top of the lower level, on either side of the central,
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The technique of drafted edges refers to the cutting in of a decorative band around the visible edges of a stone.
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616:) by the Panhellenes. These arches flanked the propylon into the sanctuary and stood at the ends of roads to
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Kouremenos, Anna. 2022. "The City of Hadrian and not of Theseus: A cultural history of Hadrian's Arch", in
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516:ΑΙΔ' ΕΙΣ' ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΟΥΧΙ ΘΗΣΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΙΣ (this is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus). An ancient
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1962:
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Travlos, J. 1971. Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens, London, pp. 253–257, figs. 325-329.
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Hadrians panhellenisches Programm: Archäologische Beiträge zur Neugestaltung Athens durch Hadrian
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that joined to those of the two wings. At the peak of the pediment, there was a small vegetal
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888:Ορλανδος, Α. 1968. Αι αγιογραπηιαι της εν Αθηναις Πυλης του Αδριανου. Πλατων 20. 248-255.
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The proposition that this area was an entirely new creation of Hadrian has been contested.
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Graindor says that the arch marks the perimeter of the city of Theseus. Travlos agrees.
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Vanderpool, Eugene. 1970. Some Attic Inscriptions. Hesperia, 39, no1 pp. 40–46.
624:ΤΟΙΝ ΘΕΟΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΙ ΑΥΤΟΚΑΤΟΡΙ ΟΙ ΠΑΝΕΝΕΣ (to the two goddesses and to the emperor, the
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Stuart, J. and Revett, N. 1968. The Antiquities of Athens. Benjamin Bloom: New York.
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and to a harbor respectively. The southeastern arch had an inscription that read:
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436:, in the manner of the lower level. The central opening, however, was flanked by
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The single arched passageway of the lower level is 6.5m wide and was supported by
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Patronage of the arch has been attributed to either the Athenian state or to the
309:, to the complex of structures on the eastern side of the city that included the
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504:ΑΙΔ' ΕΙΣΙΝ ΑΘΗΝΑΙ ΘΗΣΕΩΣ Η ΠΡΙΝ ΠΟΛΙΣ (this is Athens, the ancient city of
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1985:
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395:, 18.2 km northeast of the arch. Pentelic marble was used for the
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1995:
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790:, in his Life of Theseus (25.3), discusses such a monument between the
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452:-like, niche of the upper level is similar to the architecture of the
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1990:
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1200:
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The inscription on the southeast side (facing the Olympeion) reads:
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3224:
3167:
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1225:
787:
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467:
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Restoration drawing of the SE side of the Arch (Stuart and Revett).
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531:, it was at first accepted that the arch stood on the line of the
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3209:
3204:
3177:
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3142:
3132:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3029:
3019:
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2959:
2954:
2929:
2582:
2364:
2025:
2015:
1774:
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1729:
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1704:
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612:
later in the 2nd century CE and dedicated to an emperor (perhaps
605:
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392:
326:
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2964:
4339:
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Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site
3858:
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3585:
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3413:
3219:
3112:
3049:
3039:
2984:
2602:
2587:
2183:
2168:
2143:
2138:
2123:
1784:
1779:
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1270:
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1061:
795:
617:
433:
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168:
90:
78:
73:
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The Province of Achaea in the 2nd Century CE: The Past Present
316:
It has been proposed that the arch was built to celebrate the
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3685:
3660:
3557:
3497:
3482:
3350:
3310:
3062:
2974:
2969:
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2909:
2592:
2133:
2088:
2040:
1612:
1564:
1265:
1235:
1182:
1157:
1096:
1066:
3934:
3690:
3665:
3615:
3102:
3092:
294:
137:
4041:
House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion
4413:
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
391:
The entire monument is made of Pentelic marble, from
636:were responsible for the arches in both locations.
387:
The central projecting pediment of the upper level.
288:
264:
4161:Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite
4448:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Greece
4399:
301:. It spanned an ancient road from the center of
53:
1153:
901:. The Classical Review, 42, pp. 372–374.
3856:
3842:
933:
487:
4308:Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center
3849:
3835:
1819:
940:
926:
882:, ed. Anna Kouremenos. London: Routledge.
852:
850:
337:
32:
571:207m to the northwest along this street.
766:τουτο Αδριανος και ου Θησευς ωικοδομησεν
578:
549:
473:
382:
374:
366:
354:
346:
847:
4400:
4344:Athens Marina (formerly Faliro Marina)
2873:
762:τουτο ο Θησευς εκτισε και ουκ Αδριανος
752:Cited in the entry for IG II² 5185: a
342:
3830:
3730:
2872:
2301:
1805:
1152:
972:
921:
3341:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
973:
297:resembling—in some respects—a Roman
522:(marginal note) on a manuscript of
492:Two inscriptions are carved on the
359:Hadrian's Arch in Athens, with the
269:), most commonly known in Greek as
13:
2302:
947:
14:
4459:
4433:Monuments and memorials in Greece
4079:Kapodistrian University of Athens
899:Hadrians panhellenisches Programm
4156:Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens
3810:
3800:
3791:
3790:
897:Spawforth, A. J. 1992. Review:
77:
52:
45:
3811:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
780:
771:
746:
574:
569:Choragic Monument of Lysicrates
4423:Ancient Roman triumphal arches
4278:National Observatory of Athens
4125:National Archaeological Museum
4110:Byzantine and Christian Museum
875:. Le Caire: Imprint Nationale.
737:
728:
719:
710:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
1:
1412:
1399:
1380:
1363:
871:Graindor, Fredrick E. 1934.
651:
4377:Dionysiou Areopagitou Street
2540:Funeral and burial practices
1725:Military of Mycenaean Greece
595:
26:Πύλη (or Αψίδα) του Αδριανού
7:
4258:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
910:Willers, Dietrich. 1990.
764:– ενθα δε αυτον εκτισεν, -
639:
379:Details of the lower level.
289:
265:
10:
4464:
4166:Saint Irene church, Athens
4135:National Historical Museum
4084:National Library of Greece
2464:Greek Revival architecture
1806:
4369:
4325:
4253:
4200:
4174:
4148:
4092:
4063:
4054:
4026:
3983:
3945:Remains of the Long Walls
3925:Philopappos Hill/Monument
3865:
3786:
3737:
3731:
3726:
3571:
3448:
3437:
3364:
3286:
3243:
3190:
3048:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2868:
2817:
2732:
2670:
2632:
2625:
2575:
2535:
2526:
2448:
2325:
2321:
2297:
2263:
2232:
2074:
1961:
1905:
1872:Attalid kings of Pergamon
1827:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1680:Antigonid Macedonian army
1653:
1626:
1598:
1555:
1512:
1503:
1345:
1284:
1181:
1177:
1148:
1047:
996:
992:
968:
955:
583:The arch during the 1950s
488:Inscriptions and location
278:
254:
235:
225:
217:
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192:
182:
174:
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159:
151:
143:
133:
96:
86:
69:
40:
31:
24:
4387:First Cemetery of Athens
3915:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
862:
646:Arch of Hadrian (Jerash)
500:), the inscription was:
3965:Temple of Olympian Zeus
363:seen in the background.
338:Construction and design
311:Temple of Olympian Zeus
4298:Olympic Sports Complex
4115:Museum of Cycladic Art
3910:Monument of Lysicrates
1906:Artists & scholars
1821:List of ancient Greeks
1458:Second Athenian League
1307:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1132:Ancient Greek colonies
584:
555:
388:
380:
372:
364:
352:
4356:Marina of Vouliagmeni
3025:Sybaris on the Traeis
1750:Sacred Band of Thebes
1490:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1004:Cycladic civilization
914:. Steiner AG: Basel.
582:
553:
527:inscriptions and the
474:Sculptural decoration
386:
378:
370:
358:
350:
118:37.97018°N 23.73203°E
4303:Presidential Mansion
4288:Old Parliament House
4003:Holy Apostles Church
3960:Temple of Hephaestus
2550:mythological figures
2271:Ancient Greek tribes
1396:Peloponnesian League
873:Athenes sous Hadrien
703:at Benevento or the
230:Minister for Culture
203:Associated with
16:Roman arch in Greece
4418:Landmarks in Athens
4335:Agios Kosmas Marina
4263:Athens Concert Hall
4018:Holy Trinity Church
3970:Theatre of Dionysus
3920:Panathenaic Stadium
3857:Major landmarks of
2662:Tunnel of Eupalinos
2657:Theatre of Dionysus
2281:Ancient Macedonians
1897:Tyrants of Syracuse
1409:Amphictyonic League
1009:Minoan civilization
705:Arch of Constantine
533:Themistocleian wall
343:Material and design
293:), is a monumental
266:Apsida tou Adrianou
114: /
61:Shown within Athens
21:
4046:Tzistarakis Mosque
3975:Tower of the Winds
3895:Aristotle’s Lyceum
3336:Menestheus's Limin
2990:Pandosia (Lucania)
2878:Greek colonisation
2240:Athenian statesmen
2001:Diogenes of Sinope
1862:Kings of Macedonia
1852:Kings of Commagene
1720:Macedonian phalanx
1700:Hellenistic armies
1448:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1312:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1034:Hellenistic Greece
825:Stuart and Revett.
716:Graindor; Travlos.
585:
556:
554:The SE inscription
460:2nd Pompeian style
389:
381:
373:
365:
353:
255:Αψίδα του Αδριανού
236:Public access
187:Hellenistic Period
123:37.97018; 23.73203
19:
4395:
4394:
4321:
4320:
4273:Gennadius Library
4140:Numismatic Museum
4120:Kerameikos Museum
4013:Pantanassa Church
4008:Kapnikarea Church
3993:Little Metropolis
3900:Hadrian's Library
3824:
3823:
3782:
3781:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3288:Iberian Peninsula
3220:Lipara/Meligounis
3186:
3185:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2837:Cypriot syllabary
2728:
2727:
2637:Athenian Treasury
2621:
2620:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
1882:Ptolemaic dynasty
1842:Archons of Athens
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1668:Athenian military
1649:
1648:
1482:League of Corinth
1464:Thessalian League
1440:Chalcidian League
1422:Acarnanian League
1332:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
756:to a text of the
432:and a projecting
416:and a projecting
322:(arrival) of the
290:Pyli tou Adrianou
287:
279:Πύλη του Αδριανού
263:
243:
242:
4455:
4293:Old Royal Palace
4283:National Theatre
4192:Pedion tou Areos
4187:National Gardens
4130:National Gallery
4100:Acropolis Museum
4061:
4060:
3998:Daphni Monastery
3930:Platonic Academy
3851:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3728:
3727:
3446:
3445:
2945:Heraclea Lucania
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2869:
2630:
2629:
2562:Twelve Olympians
2533:
2532:
2323:
2322:
2299:
2298:
1887:Seleucid dynasty
1867:Kings of Paionia
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1673:Scythian archers
1580:Graphe paranomon
1510:
1509:
1417:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1385:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1179:
1178:
1150:
1149:
1029:Classical Greece
1014:Mycenaean Greece
994:
993:
970:
969:
942:
935:
928:
919:
918:
857:
854:
845:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
817:
814:
808:
805:
799:
784:
778:
775:
769:
750:
744:
741:
735:
734:Kouremenos 2022.
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
697:
691:
690:Kouremenos 2022.
688:
682:
679:
673:
672:Kouremenos 2022.
670:
664:
661:
292:
282:
280:
268:
258:
256:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
82:
81:
56:
55:
49:
36:
22:
18:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4428:Gates in Greece
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4365:
4317:
4249:
4215:Kolonaki Square
4202:
4196:
4182:Lycabettus Hill
4170:
4144:
4088:
4050:
4022:
3979:
3955:Stoa of Attalos
3885:Arch of Hadrian
3861:
3855:
3825:
3820:
3778:
3733:
3710:
3573:
3567:
3450:
3441:
3433:
3404:Melaina Korkyra
3360:
3282:
3239:
3192:Aeolian Islands
3182:
3044:
2902:
2883:
2882:
2856:
2813:
2724:
2666:
2617:
2571:
2522:
2444:
2435:Wedding customs
2317:
2316:
2285:
2276:Thracian Greeks
2259:
2250:Olympic victors
2228:
2070:
1957:
1901:
1892:Kings of Sparta
1877:Kings of Pontus
1847:Kings of Athens
1823:
1810:
1789:
1685:Army of Macedon
1645:
1622:
1594:
1551:
1499:
1472:(370–c. 230 BC)
1470:Arcadian League
1454:(c. 400–188 BC)
1452:Aetolian League
1446:Boeotian League
1428:Hellenic League
1415:
1402:
1392:(c. 650–404 BC)
1383:
1377:Italiote League
1370:
1366:
1360:Doric Hexapolis
1350:
1341:
1337:Seleucid Empire
1280:
1173:
1172:
1136:
1043:
1019:Greek Dark Ages
988:
987:
964:
951:
946:
865:
860:
855:
848:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
811:
806:
802:
785:
781:
776:
772:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
698:
694:
689:
685:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
642:
614:Marcus Aurelius
598:
577:
490:
476:
345:
340:
247:Arch of Hadrian
221:Public property
207:Emperor Hadrian
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
76:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4352:Olympic Marine
4350:
4348:Glyfada Marina
4345:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:Omonoia Square
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4203:Neighbourhoods
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4036:Fethiye Mosque
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3798:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Megara Hyblaea
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Hybla Gereatis
3115:
3110:
3108:Heraclea Minoa
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2852:Attic numerals
2849:
2847:Greek numerals
2844:
2842:Greek alphabet
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:Musical system
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:Mathematicians
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Kings of Argos
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1695:Cretan archers
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1494:Achaean League
1491:
1488:Euboean League
1485:
1479:
1476:Epirote League
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1424:(c. 500–31 BC)
1419:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1374:
1356:
1354:
1352:Confederations
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1276:Lissus (Crete)
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Archaic Greece
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
990:
989:
986:
985:
980:
974:
966:
965:
963:
962:
956:
953:
952:
949:Ancient Greece
945:
944:
937:
930:
922:
916:
915:
908:
905:
902:
895:
892:
889:
886:
876:
869:
864:
861:
859:
858:
846:
836:
827:
818:
809:
800:
779:
770:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
701:Arch of Trajan
692:
683:
674:
665:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
641:
638:
630:
629:
597:
594:
590:Amalias Avenue
576:
573:
548:
547:
546:(Roman peace).
510:
509:
489:
486:
475:
472:
393:Mt. Pentelikon
344:
341:
339:
336:
299:triumphal arch
271:Hadrian's Gate
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
71:
67:
66:
60:
51:
50:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
29:
28:
25:
20:Hadrian's Arch
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4361:Marina of Zea
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Alimos Marina
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Athens Towers
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Kotzia Square
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:Gardens/Parks
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
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4105:Benaki Museum
4103:
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3880:Ancient Agora
3878:
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3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Hemeroscopion
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
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3259:
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3208:
3206:
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3201:
3198:
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3189:
3179:
3176:
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3171:
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3154:
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3149:
3146:
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3141:
3139:
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3126:
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3119:
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3109:
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3018:
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3008:
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2918:
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2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Magna Graecia
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
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2807:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Arcadocypriot
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2720:Zeus, Olympia
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Hera, Olympia
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
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2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Mount Olympus
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:Sacred places
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
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2428:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Olympic Games
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Homosexuality
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
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2231:
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2222:
2220:
2217:
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2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
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2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
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2122:
2120:
2117:
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2112:
2110:
2107:
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2102:
2100:
2097:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
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1921:
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1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
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1890:
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1800:
1786:
1783:
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1778:
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1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Seleucid army
1758:
1756:
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1748:
1746:
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1741:
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1477:
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1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:Delian League
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:Ionian League
1388:
1378:
1375:
1371: 560 BC
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
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1300:
1298:
1295:
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1259:
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1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
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1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
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1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Magna Graecia
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
967:
961:
958:
957:
954:
950:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
924:
923:
920:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
893:
890:
887:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
866:
853:
851:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
797:
793:
789:
783:
774:
767:
763:
759:
758:Panathenaicos
755:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
706:
702:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
656:
647:
644:
643:
637:
635:
627:
623:
622:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
591:
581:
572:
570:
565:
561:
560:Hadrianopolis
552:
545:
544:
539:
538:Hadrianopolis
534:
530:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:
513:
507:
503:
502:
501:
499:
495:
485:
483:
482:
471:
469:
463:
461:
457:
456:
455:scaenae frons
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
410:
407:crowned with
406:
401:
398:
394:
385:
377:
369:
362:
357:
349:
335:
333:
328:
325:
324:Roman emperor
321:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
285:
276:
272:
267:
261:
252:
248:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:131 or 132 AD
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
80:
75:
72:
68:
48:
39:
35:
30:
23:
4438:Roman Athens
4382:Ermou Street
4067:'s "Trilogy"
3884:
3611:Dionysopolis
3581:Abonoteichos
3533:Pantikapaion
3123:Hybla Heraea
2459:Architecture
2415:Prostitution
2104:Aristophanes
1963:Philosophers
1933:Philosophers
1765:Spartan army
1496:(280–146 BC)
1484:(338–322 BC)
1478:(370–168 BC)
1466:(374–196 BC)
1460:(378–355 BC)
1442:(430–348 BC)
1436:(478–404 BC)
1430:(499–449 BC)
1117:Peloponnesus
1039:Roman Greece
911:
898:
879:
872:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
792:Peloponnesus
782:
773:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
743:IG II² 5185.
739:
730:
721:
712:
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
633:
631:
625:
608:and Kore at
601:
599:
586:
575:Preservation
563:
559:
557:
541:
537:
528:
517:
511:
491:
479:
477:
464:
453:
428:capped with
422:
402:
390:
317:
315:
270:
246:
244:
197:Ancient Rome
4225:Monastiraki
4201:Squares and
3950:Roman Agora
3759:Place names
3671:Salmydessus
3493:Kalos Limen
3473:Chersonesus
3463:Borysthenes
3168:Tauromenion
2980:Metapontion
2742:Proto-Greek
2695:Erechtheion
2690:Athena Nike
2652:Philippeion
2481:Mathematics
2452:and science
2335:Agriculture
2199:Stesichorus
2109:Bacchylides
2099:Archilochus
1986:Antisthenes
1976:Anaximander
1948:Seven Sages
1938:Playwrights
1918:Geographers
1913:Astronomers
1740:Pezhetairos
1367: 1100
1347:Federations
1246:Megalopolis
1183:City states
1158:City states
634:Panhellenes
626:Panhellenes
602:Panhellenes
121: /
97:Coordinates
4402:Categories
4210:Anafiotika
3905:Kerameikos
3661:Polemonion
3538:Phanagoria
3508:Kimmerikon
3503:Kerkinitis
3488:Hermonassa
3478:Dioscurias
3374:Aspalathos
3321:Kalathousa
3296:Akra Leuke
3225:Phoenicusa
3010:Scylletium
2995:Poseidonia
2915:Brentesion
2802:Pamphylian
2797:Macedonian
2715:Samothrace
2700:Hephaestus
2647:Long Walls
2626:Structures
2567:Underworld
2513:Technology
2476:Literature
2410:Philosophy
2375:Euergetism
2264:By culture
2209:Thucydides
2051:Pythagoras
2046:Protagoras
2036:Parmenides
2021:Heraclitus
2006:Empedocles
1996:Democritus
1981:Anaximenes
1971:Anaxagoras
1923:Historians
1416: 595
1403: 550
1384: 800
1369: – c.
1297:Cappadocia
1102:Ionian Sea
1092:Hellespont
1057:Aegean Sea
652:References
543:Pax Romana
494:architrave
446:acroterion
426:architrave
409:Corinthian
226:Management
213:Site notes
109:23°43′55″E
106:37°58′13″N
3985:Byzantine
3890:Areopagus
3875:Acropolis
3747:in Epirus
3696:Trapezous
3641:Mesambria
3626:Eupatoria
3596:Apollonia
3591:Anchialos
3553:Theodosia
3523:Nymphaion
3513:Myrmekion
3483:Gorgippia
3439:Black Sea
3424:Tragurion
3409:Nymphaion
3394:Epidauros
3389:Epidamnos
3379:Apollonia
3356:Zacynthos
3278:Ptolemais
3272:Apollonia
3245:Cyrenaica
3235:Therassía
3230:Strongyle
3210:Ereikousa
3133:Leontinoi
3073:Apollonia
2950:Hipponion
2747:Mycenaean
2710:Parthenon
2642:Lion Gate
2545:Mythology
2508:Sculpture
2471:Astronomy
2405:Pederasty
2380:Festivals
2365:Education
2245:Lawgivers
2214:Timocreon
2194:Sophocles
2189:Simonides
2164:Philocles
2159:Panyassis
2154:Mimnermus
2119:Herodotus
2114:Euripides
2084:Aeschylus
2031:Leucippus
1991:Aristotle
1770:Strategos
1636:Synedrion
1590:Ostracism
1570:Areopagus
1522:Free city
1317:Macedonia
1201:Byzantion
1107:Macedonia
1072:Cyrenaica
1049:Geography
983:Geography
699:e.g. the
596:Patronage
564:peribolos
524:Aristides
498:Acropolis
481:aediculum
450:aediculum
405:pilasters
397:Parthenon
361:Acropolis
332:Acropolis
284:romanized
260:romanized
218:Ownership
4313:Zappeion
4240:Syntagma
4149:Churches
3796:Category
3774:Theatres
3701:Tripolis
3636:Kerasous
3631:Heraclea
3563:Tyritake
3518:Nikonion
3429:Thronion
3351:Salauris
3306:Emporion
3263:Berenice
3253:Balagrae
3205:Euonymos
3178:Tyndaris
3163:Syracuse
3158:Selinous
3128:Kamarina
3083:Casmenae
3068:Akrillai
2985:Neápolis
2920:Caulonia
2901:Mainland
2832:Linear B
2827:Linear A
2757:Dialects
2734:Language
2528:Religion
2486:Medicine
2420:Religion
2385:Folklore
2370:Emporium
2345:Clothing
2340:Calendar
2224:Xenophon
2219:Tyrtaeus
2204:Theognis
2179:Polybius
2174:Plutarch
2149:Menander
2129:Hipponax
2056:Socrates
2011:Epicurus
1857:Diadochi
1755:Sciritae
1715:Hetairoi
1690:Ballista
1655:Military
1618:Gerousia
1608:Ekklesia
1575:Ecclesia
1557:Athenian
1505:Politics
1418:–279 BC)
1405:–366 BC)
1386:–389 BC)
1322:Pergamon
1292:Bithynia
1285:Kingdoms
1226:Pergamon
1168:Military
1163:Politics
960:Timeline
856:Willers.
844:culture.
788:Plutarch
754:scholium
707:in Rome.
640:See also
529:scholium
519:scholium
468:quadriga
371:3/4 view
319:adventus
193:Cultures
165:Material
70:Location
4443:Hadrian
4327:Marinas
4245:Thiseio
4093:Museums
4074:Academy
4028:Ottoman
3867:Ancient
3816:Outline
3769:Temples
3706:Zaliche
3686:Thèrmae
3676:Sesamus
3646:Odessos
3621:Cytorus
3616:Cotyora
3366:Illyria
3331:Mainake
3326:Kypsela
3215:Hycesia
3173:Thermae
3153:Segesta
3143:Messana
3098:Helorus
3078:Calacte
3058:Akragas
3020:Sybaris
3005:Rhegion
2960:Krimisa
2910:Alision
2819:Writing
2792:Locrian
2782:Epirote
2752:Homeric
2685:Artemis
2672:Temples
2613:Olympia
2583:Eleusis
2518:Theatre
2503:Pottery
2430:Warfare
2425:Slavery
2360:Economy
2355:Cuisine
2350:Coinage
2327:Society
2312:Culture
2307:Society
2255:Tyrants
2094:Alcaeus
2076:Authors
2026:Hypatia
2016:Gorgias
1953:Writers
1775:Toxotai
1745:Sarissa
1735:Peltast
1730:Phalanx
1710:Hoplite
1705:Hippeis
1628:Macedon
1600:Spartan
1585:Heliaia
1532:Proxeny
1241:Larissa
1236:Kerkyra
1231:Eretria
1221:Miletus
1216:Ephesus
1211:Corinth
1206:Chalcis
1127:Taurica
997:Periods
978:History
610:Eleusis
606:Demeter
506:Theseus
430:dentils
414:dentils
327:Hadrian
295:gateway
286::
262::
183:Periods
175:Founded
160:History
4370:Others
4065:Hansen
4056:Modern
3859:Athens
3806:Portal
3754:People
3742:Cities
3681:Sinope
3666:Rhizos
3656:Phasis
3606:Bathus
3601:Athina
3586:Amisos
3548:Tanais
3543:Pityus
3468:Charax
3419:Pharos
3414:Orikon
3311:Helike
3301:Alonis
3268:Cyrene
3200:Didyme
3113:Himera
3088:Catana
3050:Sicily
3040:Thurii
3035:Terina
3000:Pixous
2955:Hydrus
2930:Croton
2762:Aeolic
2680:Aphaea
2603:Dodona
2588:Delphi
2557:Temple
2233:Others
2184:Sappho
2169:Pindar
2144:Lucian
2139:Ibycus
2124:Hesiod
2061:Thales
1829:Rulers
1808:People
1785:Xyston
1780:Xiphos
1641:Koinon
1547:Tyrant
1537:Stasis
1527:Koinon
1327:Pontus
1302:Epirus
1271:Sparta
1261:Rhodes
1256:Megara
1251:Thebes
1196:Athens
1122:Pontus
1087:Epirus
1077:Cyprus
1062:Aeolis
796:Attica
618:Megara
434:geison
418:geison
307:Greece
303:Athens
169:Marble
152:Height
91:Attica
87:Region
74:Greece
4235:Plaka
3764:Stoae
3732:Lists
3651:Oinòe
3574:coast
3572:South
3558:Tyras
3528:Olbia
3498:Kepoi
3451:coast
3449:North
3442:basin
3384:Aulon
3346:Rhode
3258:Barca
3148:Naxos
3103:Henna
3063:Akrai
3030:Taras
3015:Siris
2975:Medma
2970:Locri
2935:Cumae
2925:Chone
2903:Italy
2809:Koine
2787:Ionic
2777:Doric
2772:Attic
2593:Delos
2491:Music
2134:Homer
2089:Aesop
2041:Plato
1943:Poets
1613:Ephor
1565:Agora
1542:Tagus
1517:Boule
1266:Samos
1191:Argos
1097:Ionia
1082:Doris
1067:Crete
863:Notes
438:antae
275:Greek
251:Greek
147:13.5m
144:Width
3935:Pnyx
3691:Tium
3458:Akra
3399:Issa
3093:Gela
2965:Laüs
2940:Elea
2598:Dion
2450:Arts
2440:Wine
2066:Zeno
1663:Wars
794:and
442:sima
245:The
138:Arch
134:Type
4408:132
2395:Law
239:Yes
155:18m
4404::
1413:c.
1400:c.
1381:c.
1364:c.
849:^
628:).
508:).
462:.
420:.
334:.
313:.
305:,
281:,
277::
257:,
253::
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3843:t
3836:v
3274:)
3270:(
1411:(
1398:(
1379:(
1373:)
1362:(
1349:/
941:e
934:t
927:v
798:.
768:.
273:(
249:(
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