408:
735:
253:
526:
593:
1394:
36:
1012:
138:
580:
felled by an
English arrow and had died as a result of his lack of protection. Ramsay then insisted that Archibald take off his boots. Archibald concurred and by the time he had removed one, Ramsay started beating him around the head with it. One of the guards intervened, insisting that Archibald was the son of a great noble and should be respected.
820:, followed by the English army. Just short of Melrose, Musgrave attacked. Fortunately Archibald's army had now been reinforced. During the ensuing Battle of Melrose, Musgrave was unhorsed and forced to yield for ransom. With Musgrave and other leaders captured, the remaining English not already slain fled back to Berwick with news of their defeat.
583:
Ramsay retorted, "Not he, I tell you, he is a scullion and a rogue", then to
Archibald, "Go you rascal, and seek your master's body amongst the slain, so that we may at least give him a decent burial". Ramsay paid the fee of 40 shillings, the ransom rate for an esquire. Ramsay cuffed Archibald round
579:
His escape from
English hands in 1356 was aided by Sir William Ramsay of Colluthie, also a prisoner of the English. In the presence of one of the guards, Ramsay pretended to be furious with Archibald and accused him of the theft of his cousin's armour. Furthermore, he stated that his cousin had been
567:
that part of the blame lay with the Lord of
Douglas for his suggestion to the French king that his knights dismount and fight on foot. Whatever the cause, King John was captured along with many noblemen, including Black Archibald. Earl William evaded capture thanks to the determination of his
666:, which he promptly started to rebuild. The marriage was a device of the king to ensure that the Moray inheritance would be passed into safe (and loyal) hands. Since the death of Joanna's first husband, Sir Thomas de Moravia, the Lord of Bothwell, in 1361, she and her widowed mother had been
786:, did not feel subservient to the Scottish crown, but rather to its ancient kings, of which the Balliols were seen as representing. In 1353, Earl William had succeeded in bringing the eastern part of the fiefdom under the control of the Scottish crown.
797:, thus consolidating his power over the whole of Galloway, the first time under one man since 1234. This transfer of the earldom of Wigtown was ratified by Robert II on 7 November the same year. Archibald's conquest of Galloway was depicted on his
555:
of 2 February. During the truce, William
Douglas had secured safe passage to travel to France, possibly to do penance for killing his cousin William Douglas of Liddesdale; amongst his entourage was the 26-year-old Archibald. Once in France, in the
500:
Jean
Froissart in his chronicle describes Douglas, as an adult, as a large man capable of wielding a huge sword. It has been suggested that the young Archibald spent time with his cousin William at the court in exile of
808:, a nephew of Archibald Douglas, took Berwick by surprise with 50 men, and was immediately besieged by the town's governor Thomas de Musgrave. Douglas and Lord Lyndsay of the Byres assembled a relief army at
816:, his scouts informed him that the English army around the castle numbered around 10,000, with archers, siege engines, heavy horse and ships blockading the river. Douglas then retreated to
1365:
893:; both of these spouses were children of Robert III, Rothesay being the heir apparent to the throne. Rothesay had already contracted to marry Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of
415:
quartered the family arms of
Douglas (featuring the famous Douglas heart) with the silver lion of the Lordship of Galloway. Upon marriage, he placed his wife's arms in an
1063:
584:
the head once more and bade him begone. Archibald made his way back to
Scotland, and deprived the Black Prince's army of what would have been a considerable ransom.
53:
953:
885:. Archibald appeared to have strengthened his line's connection with that of the Royal Stewarts, when in 1390 he arranged the marriage of his son and heir,
670:
of the court. Joanna was declared to be not only heiress of her father's unentailed lands, but also those of her first husband. The estates stretched from
100:
850:
In territorial possessions alone
Archibald, Lord of Galloway appeared now to have matched, if not overtaken, his cousin William, 1st Earl of Douglas.
702:
Archibald was sent on two embassies to France, in 1369 and 1371. The first of these was to protest against the appeal launched by the newly divorced
72:
881:
on the border chieftains, drawing up a special code for the marches. The power of the Black
Douglas overshadowed the crown under the weak rule of
517:. The first definite mention of him was in 1342 when his name was included as an heir to the Douglas lands after his legitimate Douglas cousins.
643:
Archibald further increased his power by his marriage to the widow and heiress Joanna de Moravia in 1362. Joanna de Moravia was the daughter of
79:
1467:
176:
651:. Archibald is said to have offered to fight five English knights in single combat for her hand. The Lady of Bothwell and heiress to the
86:
1414:
1409:
68:
870:
four years later in 1388. Archibald inherited his cousin's earldom and all the entailed Douglas lands, making him the most powerful
1442:
897:, who had paid a large sum for the honour. March, alienated by this breach of faith on the king's part, joined the English forces.
714:. The second embassy was to Paris, with a view to renewing the Auld Alliance. This embassy was ordered by the new Stewart king,
1026:
936:
886:
644:
363:
276:
213:
812:, little more than 500 in number, but marched anyway, hoping to collect more men on the way. When Archibald's army approached
929:
539:
where he was captured by the English. Archibald had accompanied his cousin, William, Lord (later Earl) of Douglas, to serve
1472:
453:
1247:
Smith, p.251 where it states that the "first laird of Haltoun was George de Lawedre who married a sister of Lord Douglas."
1462:
1003:
942:
863:
571:
Archibald's armour and harness were of fine construction, and he was thought to be a valuable prisoner by his captors.
465:
367:
266:
17:
416:
93:
1374:
1303:
1073:
199:
119:
694:, Douglas would be able to use his newfound kindred ties to the advantage of the king in the centre of the kingdom.
981:
621:
949:
890:
794:
513:. It was only natural for them to take service with the French king. This was in keeping with the spirit of the
172:
1128:
1065:
A History of the House of Douglas from the Earliest Times Down to the Legislative Union of England and Scotland
758:
to rule. Prior to his assumption of the title, it had been the patrimony of the Balliols, both the ousted King
560:
spirit of the age the Douglases joined the French army, to prevent their harnesses rusting through inactivity.
445:
391:
57:
719:
1457:
967:
963:
648:
376:
655:
dynasty, Joanna brought with her large estates and lordships throughout Scotland, which Archibald claimed
1477:
1268:
1249:
Crawfurd, p.91. gives the wife of George Lauder of Haltoun (d.c1430), as Helen, sister to Lord Douglas.
859:
632:
1452:
1447:
817:
703:
536:
547:. Edward III of England had concluded truce negotiations with the Scots lasting from 25 March until
1307:
809:
767:
723:
1224:
894:
544:
407:
46:
1276:
882:
843:, traditional seat of the Balliols during the construction of Threave, he took up residence at
771:
985:
957:
715:
1437:
1432:
1288:
783:
613:
502:
181:
734:
8:
1311:
994:
867:
469:
437:
1379:
Lords of Misrule, 1388-1396. A Folly of Princes, 1396-1402. The Captive Crown, 1402-1411
506:
813:
691:
423:
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Douglas and Wigtown, Lord of Galloway, Douglas and Bothwell
1370:
1315:
1292:
1124:
1069:
540:
832:
805:
747:
617:
609:
449:
231:
212:
For the 17th century chief of Clan Campbell also known as Archibald the Grim, see
1346:
1329:
1016:
790:
663:
628:
597:
552:
457:
239:
235:
1296:
1280:
913:
901:
828:
763:
739:
718:, three days after his accession. The result of this diplomacy resulted in the
679:
616:
by 1360, which offices he held until 1364. In that year, he was also appointed
485:
316:
166:
1426:
1405:
1400:
844:
798:
687:
671:
635:
and was successful in ousting the English from Annandale completely by 1383.
514:
434:
252:
759:
711:
667:
493:
441:
412:
342:
464:
estates as the third earl following the death without legitimate issue of
1323:
775:
683:
658:
652:
535:
Archibald's first major appearance in history is recorded in 1356 at the
525:
1418:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 443.
878:
789:
By 1372, after reaffirming control in the east, Archibald acquired the
563:
The battle was a disastrous defeat for the French. It was suggested by
548:
824:
605:
592:
564:
153:
35:
917:
836:
779:
690:
in the south. Although Douglas did not inherit his wife's father's
557:
510:
353:
337:
329:
296:
244:
1399:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1011:
871:
840:
755:
752:"becaus he tuke git trawell to purge the cuntrey of Englis blude"
707:
481:
858:
In 1384, William the first Earl of Douglas died of a seizure at
452:'s trusted lieutenant, and an unknown mother. A first cousin of
461:
1320:
An Antidote to the English — the Auld Alliance 1295-1560
889:, to Princess Margaret, and in 1399 his daughter Marjorie to
675:
489:
147:
1369:, Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent : Coronet Books, 1986.
928:
Around 1362 Douglas married Joanna de Moravia, daughter of
766:. The Balliols had inherited it through King John's mother
159:
823:
It is around this time that Archibald started work on his
1123:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 76.
877:
During the intervals of war with the English, he imposed
624:, which formed the greater part of his new jurisdiction.
1184:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. p. 54.
984:(assassinated 1391), married Egidia Stewart daughter of
620:. This was an uneasy appointment, as the English held
498:"He was dark and ugly more like a coco than a Noble."
480:
He was probably not yet born when his father went on
801:, which depicts two "wild men" holding up his arms.
631:
against the English. In 1368, Douglas was appointed
27:
Medieval Scottish nobleman from the House of Douglas
722:, the first ratification of the alliance since the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
916:, around the Christmas of 1400, and was buried at
782:had distinctive laws and customs and, as with the
496:, possibly an insult regarding his illegitimacy,
1424:
627:In the following years, he carried out numerous
839:, with an hospital. Rather than taking over
1336:(2 vols), Freemantle & Co., London 1902
930:Maurice de Moravia, 1st Earl of Strathearn
251:
847:, traditional seat of the earlier lords.
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1404:
1103:
1101:
923:
733:
591:
524:
425:(c. 1330 – c. 24 December 1400), called
406:
69:"Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas"
1061:
973:Eleanor Douglas, married John de Dundas
866:, who was killed during his victorious
14:
1425:
977:Lord Douglas had an illegitimate son:
746:In 1369, Archibald had been appointed
645:Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn
638:
364:Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas
277:Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas
214:Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll
1357:
1179:
1118:
1098:
1068:. London: Freemantle. p. 1:115.
587:
520:
454:William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas
171:, as they are easily broken. Please
131:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1265:, Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 1998
729:
24:
864:James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas
853:
368:James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas
267:James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas
25:
1489:
1334:A History of the House of Douglas
1468:People of the Hundred Years' War
1392:
1010:
982:Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale
662:. This included the semi-ruined
136:
34:
1443:Nobility from South Lanarkshire
1241:
1229:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1188:
1173:
950:David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
891:David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
862:, and was succeeded by his son
795:Thomas Fleming, Earl of Wigtown
612:which along with the office of
45:needs additional citations for
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1112:
1089:
1055:
1046:
948:Marjorie Douglas, married 1st
604:Black Archibald was appointed
13:
1:
1035:
804:In 1378, Alexander Ramsay of
475:
446:Sir James "the Black" Douglas
185:), or an abbreviated title.
968:Governor of Edinburgh Castle
964:George de Lawedre of Haltoun
912:The Earl of Douglas died at
887:Archibald, Master of Douglas
697:
649:John de Moray of Drumsargard
440:nobleman. Archibald was the
377:William Douglas of Nithsdale
7:
1473:14th-century Scottish earls
939:, who succeeded as 4th earl
754:. Galloway was a difficult
618:Warden of the Western March
352:Joanna de Moravia, Lady of
10:
1494:
1463:House of Douglas and Angus
1255:
1170:Maxwell Vol I, pp. 115-116
932:. They had five children:
770:, daughter and heiress of
633:Lord Warden of the Marches
466:James, 2nd Earl of Douglas
211:
1275:(4 Vols). Edinburgh 1885
1062:Maxwell, Herbert (1902).
1023:
1008:
1000:
993:
574:
397:
387:
359:
348:
336:
322:
303:
282:
272:
262:
257:Seal of Archibald Douglas
250:
230:
223:
1285:Chronica Gentis Scotorum
1143:Maxwell, Vol I p80, p115
1040:
907:
768:Dervorguilla of Galloway
543:in his wars against the
1415:Encyclopædia Britannica
1180:Brown, Michael (1998).
1119:Brown, Michael (1999).
895:George I, Earl of March
545:Edward the Black Prince
175:by replacing them with
167:Knowledge's style guide
1341:The Grange of St Giles
1161:Froissart, CLXII, p126
772:Alan, Lord of Galloway
762:and his pretender son
743:
601:
532:
484:and was killed at the
419:
417:escutcheon of pretence
958:Treasurer of Scotland
924:Marriage and children
737:
692:Earldom of Strathearn
647:and granddaughter of
595:
528:
410:
1330:Maxwell, Sir Herbert
1236:Castles of the Clans
1225:Fraser Vol I, p. 329
1052:Maxwell, Vol I, p118
954:Walter de Haliburton
945:, later the 7th earl
900:In 1390 he captured
784:Kingdom of the Isles
778:kings of Galloway.
614:Sheriff of Edinburgh
488:whilst fighting the
173:improve this article
54:improve this article
1458:History of Galloway
1366:The Stewart Trilogy
1339:Smith, J Stewart-,
1269:Fraser, Sir William
1263:The Black Douglases
1182:The Black Douglases
1121:The Black Douglases
995:Peerage of Scotland
868:Battle of Otterburn
726:, 55 years before.
720:Treaty of Vincennes
639:De Moravia marriage
470:Battle of Otterburn
456:, he inherited the
145:Constructs such as
1358:Douglas in fiction
1322:, Tuckwell Press,
1316:MacDougall, Norman
791:Earldom of Wigtown
774:, the last of the
744:
602:
588:Rise to prominence
537:Battle of Poitiers
533:
530:Battle of Poitiers
521:Battle of Poitiers
458:earldom of Douglas
427:Archibald the Grim
420:
18:Archibald the Grim
1478:Lords of Galloway
1343:. Edinburgh, 1898
1291:, Edinburgh 1871.
1238:, Martin Coventry
1033:
1032:
1027:Archibald Douglas
1024:Succeeded by
937:Archibald Douglas
724:Treaty of Corbeil
682:in the north, to
541:John II of France
405:
404:
392:Sir James Douglas
225:Archibald Douglas
210:
209:
202:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1485:
1453:Earls of Wigtown
1448:Earls of Douglas
1419:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1273:The Douglas Book
1261:Brown, Michael,
1250:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1095:MacDougall, p 55
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1014:
1001:Preceded by
991:
990:
833:Sweetheart Abbey
748:Lord of Galloway
730:Lord of Galloway
706:at the court in
610:Edinburgh Castle
551:, following the
507:Château Gaillard
450:Robert the Bruce
371:Marjorie Douglas
332:
314:
312:
307:24 December 1400
299:
293:
291:
255:
232:Lord of Galloway
221:
220:
205:
198:
194:
191:
177:named references
140:
139:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1423:
1422:
1408:, ed. (1911). "
1393:
1391:
1363:Nigel Tranter,
1360:
1347:George Crawfurd
1281:Fordun, John of
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:MacDougall, p44
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1017:Earl of Douglas
1015:
1006:
962:Helen, married
926:
910:
856:
854:Earl of Douglas
750:by King David,
742:
732:
700:
664:Bothwell Castle
641:
600:
598:Bothwell Castle
590:
577:
553:Burnt Candlemas
531:
523:
492:. According to
478:
431:Black Archibald
374:
372:
370:
366:
328:
327:
315:
310:
308:
295:
294:
289:
287:
258:
242:
240:Earl of Wigtown
238:
236:Earl of Douglas
234:
226:
217:
206:
195:
189:
186:
165:discouraged by
141:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1406:Chisholm, Hugh
1383:
1382:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1313:
1308:Macaulay, G.C.
1294:
1278:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1228:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1187:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1129:
1111:
1097:
1088:
1074:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:
989:
988:
975:
974:
971:
960:
946:
940:
925:
922:
914:Threave Castle
909:
906:
902:Lochnaw Castle
855:
852:
831:, and endowed
829:Threave Castle
764:Edward Balliol
740:Threave Castle
738:
731:
728:
704:Queen Margaret
699:
696:
640:
637:
596:
589:
586:
576:
573:
529:
522:
519:
486:Battle of Teba
477:
474:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
361:
357:
356:
350:
346:
345:
340:
334:
333:
324:
320:
319:
317:Threave Castle
305:
301:
300:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
256:
248:
247:
228:
227:
224:
208:
207:
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:public domain
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1375:0-340-39115-4
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1215:Maxwell, p117
1212:
1206:Brown, p.58-9
1203:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1077:
1075:9781145804951
1071:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1004:James Douglas
999:
996:
992:
987:
983:
980:
979:
978:
972:
969:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
943:James Douglas
941:
938:
935:
934:
933:
931:
921:
919:
915:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
874:in Scotland.
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
848:
846:
845:Kirkcudbright
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
736:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
695:
693:
689:
688:Roxburghshire
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Aberdeenshire
669:
665:
661:
660:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
594:
585:
581:
572:
569:
566:
561:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
527:
518:
516:
515:Auld Alliance
512:
508:
504:
503:King David II
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
435:late medieval
432:
428:
424:
418:
414:
409:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:Helen Douglas
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
344:
341:
339:
335:
331:
325:
321:
318:
306:
302:
298:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
261:
254:
249:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
219:
215:
204:
201:
193:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
169:for footnotes
168:
162:
161:
156:
155:
150:
149:
143:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2022
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1413:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1310:London 1904.
1304:Lord Berners
1299:
1284:
1272:
1262:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1107:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1064:
1057:
1048:
1009:
976:
927:
911:
899:
876:
857:
849:
822:
803:
788:
776:Norse-Gaelic
760:John Balliol
751:
745:
712:Pope Urban V
701:
656:
642:
626:
603:
582:
578:
570:
562:
534:
497:
494:Walter Bower
479:
442:illegitimate
430:
426:
422:
421:
413:coat of arms
411:Archibald's
381:illegitimate
380:
343:Clan Douglas
338:Noble family
218:
196:
187:
180:
164:
158:
152:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1438:1400 deaths
1433:1328 births
1386:Attribution
1324:East Linton
1289:Skene, W.F.
684:Lanarkshire
659:jure uxoris
568:entourage.
263:Predecessor
182:quick guide
1427:Categories
1300:Chronicles
1130:1862320365
1036:References
1021:1388–1400
883:Robert III
879:feudal law
810:Haddington
653:de Moravia
549:Michaelmas
476:Early life
311:1400-12-25
80:newspapers
1302:, trans.
1297:Froissart
1081:29 August
986:Robert II
825:fortalice
806:Dalhousie
716:Robert II
698:Embassies
622:Annandale
606:Constable
565:Froissart
558:chivalric
349:Spouse(s)
273:Successor
190:July 2024
154:loc. cit.
918:Bothwell
837:Dumfries
780:Galloway
511:Normandy
462:entailed
460:and its
438:Scottish
433:, was a
354:Bothwell
330:Bothwell
297:Scotland
245:Bothwell
243:Lord of
1410:Douglas
1403::
1351:Peerage
1256:Sources
872:magnate
860:Douglas
841:Buittle
835:, near
818:Melrose
814:Berwick
756:fiefdom
708:Avignon
482:crusade
468:at the
444:son of
401:unknown
309: (
288: (
94:scholar
1397:
1373:
1353:, 1776
1326:, 2001
1306:, ed.
1195:ibidem
1127:
1108:ibidem
1072:
952:, 2nd
575:Escape
398:Mother
388:Father
323:Buried
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1287:, ed.
1041:Notes
908:Death
793:from
676:Moray
668:wards
629:raids
490:Moors
360:Issue
148:ibid.
101:JSTOR
87:books
1371:ISBN
1197:p118
1125:ISBN
1083:2016
1070:ISBN
956:the
799:seal
686:and
680:Ross
678:and
375:Sir
326:1400
304:Died
290:1330
286:1330
283:Born
163:are
160:idem
157:and
73:news
1412:".
1349:'s
827:at
710:of
657:de
608:of
509:in
505:at
429:or
56:by
1429::
1377:.
1332:.
1318:,
1283:,
1271:,
1100:^
966:,
920:.
904:.
674:,
472:.
448:,
151:,
1381:.
1133:.
1085:.
970:.
383:)
379:(
313:)
292:)
216:.
203:)
197:(
192:)
188:(
179:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
