Ancient Roman architecture

934: 847: 3707: 3464: 914: 1192: 4084: 3846: 2464: 3372: 1752: 1700: 135: 1831: 2089: 1386: 1773:, a popular facility for public bathing, exercising and socializing. Exercise might include wrestling and weightlifting, as well as swimming. Bathing was an important part of the Roman day, where some hours might be spent, at a very low cost subsidized by the government. Wealthier Romans were often accompanied by one or more slaves, who performed any required tasks such as fetching refreshment, guarding valuables, providing towels, and at the end of the session, applying olive oil to their masters' bodies, which was then scraped off with a 591: 2179: 2932: 752: 1468: 1020: 1937: 2605: 240: 3750: 2651: 1130: 2760: 1440: 3832: 2361: 403: 280: 1685:. Common Roman apartments were mainly masses of smaller and larger structures, many with narrow balconies that present mysteries as to their use, having no doors to access them, and they lacked the excessive decoration and display of wealth that aristocrats' houses contained. Luxury in houses was not common, as the life of the average person did not consist of being in their houses, as they instead would go to public baths, and engage in other communal activities. 1232: 11495: 3526: 3263: 3821: 3769:, preserve the remains of these schemes, which show the very logical way the Romans designed their cities. They would lay out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid. All roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which were slightly wider than the others. One of these ran east–west, the other, north–south, and they intersected in the middle to form the center of the grid. All roads were made of carefully fitted 2820: 4197: 4169: 46: 1556: 4183: 4155: 3097: 3592:, Rome. The timber truss roof had a width of 31.67 m, slightly surpassing the postulated limit of 30 m for Roman roof constructions. Tie-beam trusses allowed for much larger spans than the older prop-and-lintel system and even concrete vaulting. Nine out of the ten largest rectangular spaces in Roman architecture were bridged this way, the only exception being the groin vaulted 1541:

could serve as cache's for large amounts of products. These storehouses were also used to keep large sums of money and were used much like personal storage units today are. "These horrea were divided and subdivided, so that one could hire only so much space as one wanted, a whole room (cella), a closet (armarium), or only a chest or strong box (arca, arcula, locus, loculus)."

2972:). A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle. The advantages of the segmental arch bridge were that it allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it, which would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods and the bridge itself could be more lightweight. Generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones ( 2878:, sustaining a population of over a million people in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's many public baths. Cities and municipalities throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model and funded aqueducts as objects of public interest and civic pride, "an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could, and did, aspire." 2682:– a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits. 1277:, a public basilica for transacting business had been part of any settlement that considered itself a city, used in the same way as the late medieval covered market houses of northern Europe, where the meeting room, for lack of urban space, was set above the arcades. Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior 825:, and other government buildings. All across the US the seats of regional government were normally built in the grand traditions of Rome, with vast flights of stone steps sweeping up to towering pillared porticoes, with huge domes gilded or decorated inside with the same or similar themes that were popular in Rome. 1521:), but it could also be applied to a place where artworks were stored, or even to a library. Some public horrea functioned somewhat like banks, where valuables could be stored, but the most important class of horrea were those where foodstuffs such as grain and olive oil were stored and distributed by the state. 3746:, and wrapped in a wall for defense. To reduce travel times, two diagonal streets crossed the square grid, passing through the central square. A river usually flowed through the city, providing water, transport, and sewage disposal. Hundreds of towns and cities were built by the Romans throughout their Empire. 127:. Few substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called 964:. Roman brick was almost invariably of a lesser height than modern brick, but was made in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Shapes included square, rectangular, triangular and round, and the largest bricks found have measured over three feet in length. Ancient Roman bricks had a general size of 1½ 2858:

Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, being constructed along a slight downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick or concrete. Most were buried beneath the ground, and followed its contours; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunnelled through. Where valleys or lowlands

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decreed that only emperors would be granted triumphs. The triumphal arch changed from being a personal monument to being an essentially propagandistic one, serving to announce and promote the presence of the ruler and the laws of the state. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike

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is a structure which has been excavated as a unit from a surrounding matrix or outcropping of rock. Monoliths are found in all types of Roman buildings. They were either: quarried without being moved; or quarried and moved; or quarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (e.g.,

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During the years of the Republic, Augustus claimed he "found the city in brick and left it in marble". While chances are high that this was an exaggeration, there is something to be said for the influx of marble use in Roman Forum from 63 BC onwards. During Augustus' reign, the Forum was described to

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The Romans were fond of luxury imported coloured marbles with fancy veining, and the interiors of the most important buildings were often faced with slabs of these, which have usually now been removed even where the building survives. Imports from Greece for this purpose began in the 2nd century BC.

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The development of Greek and Roman urbanization is well-known, as there are relatively many written sources, and there has been much attention to the subject, since the Romans and Greeks are generally regarded as the main ancestors of modern Western culture. It should not be forgotten, though, that

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above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 ft (1.1 m) and more than 23 ft (7.0 m). Today, the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original practice was to produce a surface that was much closer

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does indeed make a distinction between the two words. He describes the horreum as a structure made of brick, the walls of which were not less than three feet thick; it had no windows or openings for ventilation". Furthermore, the storehouses would also host oil and wine and also use large jars that

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or thin panels of marble or other coloured stones called a "revetment". Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing

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Inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for

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is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. These were originally called "tekhenu" by the builders, the ancient Egyptians. The Greeks who saw them used the Greek 'obeliskos' to describe them, and this word passed into Latin and then English. The

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as stone, and no examples have survived except as fragments. However, unlike the Greek models, which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of the temple, which could be viewed and approached from all directions, the sides and rear of Roman temples might be largely undecorated (as in the

933: 1305:. Other early examples include the basilica at Pompeii (late 2nd century BC). After Christianity became the official religion, the basilica shape was found appropriate for the first large public churches, with the attraction of avoiding reminiscences of the Greco-Roman temple form. 1507:. By the end of the Imperial period, the city of Rome had nearly 300 horrea to supply its demands. The biggest were enormous, even by modern standards; the Horrea Galbae contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering an area of some 225,000 square feet (20,900 square metres). 1646:

was a word used to describe apartment buildings, or the apartments themselves, meaning apartment, or inhabitable room, demonstrating just how small apartments for plebeians were. Urban divisions were originally street blocks, and later began to divide into smaller divisions, the word

1096:, and was stronger than previously used concretes. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where they hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. The aggregates used were often much larger than in modern concrete, amounting to rubble. 1416:

of varying size. In addition to its standard function as a marketplace, a forum was a gathering place of great social significance, and often the scene of diverse activities, including political discussions and debates, rendezvous, meetings, etc. The best known example is the

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featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 m high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long

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was originally not part of the building itself, constructed only to provide sufficient background for the actors. Eventually, it became a part of the edifice itself, made out of concrete. The theatre itself was divided into the stage (orchestra) and the seating section

997:, introduced bricks to many parts of the Empire; bricks are often stamped with the mark of the legion that supervised their production. The use of bricks in southern and western Germany, for example, can be traced to traditions already described by the Roman architect 561:

The Romans first adopted the arch from the Etruscans and implemented it in their own building. The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development, seen from the 1st century AD, that was very widely adopted in medieval Western,

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In Britain, a similar enthusiasm has seen the construction of thousands of neoclassical buildings over the last five centuries, both civic and domestic, and many of the grandest country houses and mansions are purely Classical in style, an obvious example being

2003:, emerging from ("engaged with" in architectural terminology) the wall. The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in Roman examples than Greek, with up ten or twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples; the 1355:, separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track, joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed (in most cases) by a distinctive starting gate known as the 214:

The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the

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The Romans perfected brick-making during the first century of their empire and used it ubiquitously, in public and private construction alike. They took their brickmaking skills everywhere they went, introducing the craft to the local populations. The

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period (27 BC–14 AD) onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman Empire; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators, and the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with

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Especially under the empire, architecture often served a political function, demonstrating the power of the Roman state in general, and of specific individuals responsible for building. Roman architecture perhaps reached its peak in the reign of

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in the 6th, most amphitheatres fell into disrepair, and their materials were mined or recycled. Some were razed, and others converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places; in some of these, churches were sited.

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goods. At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the Late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great road links. Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (see

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in all their details were closely followed in the façades of temples, as in other prestigious buildings. However, the idealized proportions between the different elements set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive,

3285:, and in the struggle for control of Italy under the early Republic many more were built, using different techniques. These included tightly fitting massive irregular polygonal blocks, shaped to fit exactly in a way reminiscent of later 1227:

Architecturally, they are typically an example of the Roman use of the classical orders to decorate large concrete walls pierced at intervals, where the columns have nothing to support. Aesthetically, however, the formula is successful.

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catered to a range of residential needs. The cheapest rooms were at the top owing to the inability to escape in the event of a fire and the lack of piped water. Windows were mostly small, facing the street, with iron security bars.

2597:, writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to "elevate above the ordinary world" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a 1401:, who drew out extensive plans for the market hub. While Caesar's death came prematurely, his ideas, as well as Augustus' in regards to the Forum proved to be the most influential for years to come. According to Walter Dennison's 3490:. Many remains of Roman hypocausts have survived throughout Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. The hypocaust was an invention which improved the hygiene and living conditions of citizens, and was a forerunner of modern 3297:

around Rome was an ambitious project of the early 4th century BC. The wall was up to 10 metres (33 feet) in height in places, 3.6 metres (12 feet) wide at its base, 11 km (6.8 mi) long, and is believed to have had

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truss roofs presumably appeared as early as 550 BC. Their potential was fully realized in the Roman period, which saw trussed roofs over 30 meters wide spanning the rectangular spaces of monumental public buildings such as

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at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised dais. The central aisle tended to be wide and was higher than the flanking aisles, so that light could penetrate through the

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The ancient Romans employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples, as well as by regularly planned cities that were built by the

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was a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. They were normally where the magistrates held court, and used for other official ceremonies, having many of the functions of the modern

334:, now northern Spain. The administrative structure and wealth of the Empire made possible very large projects even in locations remote from the main centers, as did the use of slave labor, both skilled and unskilled. 3799:

The city was surrounded by a wall to protect it from invaders and to mark the city limits. Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road was a large gateway with watchtowers. A

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Despite the technical developments of the Romans, which took their buildings far away from the basic Greek conception where columns were needed to support heavy beams and roofs, they were reluctant to abandon the

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To lighten up the small dark rooms, some tenants able to afford a degree of painted colourful murals on the walls. Examples have been found of jungle scenes with wild animals and exotic plants. Imitation windows

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as well as the horizontal water wheel. Apart from its main use in grinding flour, water-power was also applied to pounding grain, crushing ore, sawing stones and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces.

3403:, a decoration made of colourful chips of stone inserted into cement. This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well-known 1156:, the only major new type of building developed by the Romans. Some of the most impressive secular buildings are the amphitheatres, over 200 being known and many of which are well preserved, such as that at 968:

by 1 Roman foot, but common variations up to 15 inches existed. Other brick sizes in ancient Rome included 24" x 12" x 4", and 15" x 8" x 10". Ancient Roman bricks found in France measured 8" x 8" x 3". The

2593:, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey. Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches. 1884:

Remains of many Roman temples survive, above all in Rome itself, but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted to Christian churches, usually a considerable time after the initial

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as a readily available adjunct to, or substitute for, stone and brick. More daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes. The freedom of concrete also inspired the

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with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. The origins of the Roman triumphal arch are unclear, other than in the temporary structures, whose appearance is unknown, erected for

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show that gardens attaching to residences were scaled down to meet the space constraints of the home of the average Roman. Modified versions of Roman garden designs were adopted in Roman settlements in

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is constructed from Roman bricks 15" square by 1½" thick. There is often little obvious difference (particularly when only fragments survive) between Roman bricks used for walls on the one hand, and

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Roman temples were among the most important and richest buildings in Roman culture, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state. Their construction and maintenance was a major part of

429:. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings, and military facilities. These included 2859:

intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into high-pressure lead, ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks,

302:, together with a sound knowledge of building materials, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing infrastructure for public use. Examples include the 3448:, using larger tesserae, which were laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work. 1628:, or single-family residence, was only for the well-off in Rome, with most having a layout of the closed unit, consisting of one or two rooms. Between 312 and 315 AD Rome had 1781 3434:, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels, which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny 2589:

The innovation of the Romans was to use these elements in a single free-standing structure. The columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of the arch, while the

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in Central Italy. It is possible that these early, suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power (maybe even palaces) of regional strongmen or heads of important families (

3176:(54–68 AD) for recreational purposes, are attested. These dams are noteworthy, though, for their extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the 2109:

These buildings were semi-circular and possessed certain inherent architectural structures, with minor differences depending on the region in which they were constructed. The

2106:, from Spain to the Middle East. Because of the Romans' ability to influence local architecture, numerous theatres were built around the world with uniquely Roman attributes. 793:

Roman influences may be found around us today, in banks, government buildings, great houses, and even small houses, perhaps in the form of a porch with Doric columns and a

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structure, was introduced relatively late into architecture. Although the oldest example dates to the 5th century BC, it was only in the wake of the influential design of

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and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms and gardens.

2336:. In the subsequent Roman era, the use of water-power was diversified and different types of watermills were introduced. These include all three variants of the vertical 2254:, known for its frescos. These early suburban villas, such as the one at Rome's Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the 1421:, the earliest of several in Rome. In new Roman towns the forum was usually located at, or just off, the intersection of the main north–south and east–west streets (the 116:

to make buildings that were typically strong and well engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the former empire, sometimes complete and still in use today.

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or honorific arches bearing statues to commemorate their victories. Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the Imperial period, when the first

9697: 5932:: "In fact, many sites where the Romans created towns, such as Paris, Vienna and Bratislava, had previously been Celtic settlements of more or less urban character." 4110:– Romans are famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments, although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas, concepts and inventions. 1099:

When the framework was removed, the new wall was very strong, with a rough surface of bricks or stones. This surface could be smoothed and faced with an attractive

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covered the opening when the city was under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct was built outside the city walls.

3199:, river diversion, soil-retention, or a combination of these functions. The impermeability of Roman dams was increased by the introduction of waterproof hydraulic 2662:

Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the

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Roman architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as

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The Romans walled major cities and towns in areas they saw as vulnerable, and parts of many walls remain incorporated in later defensive fortifications, as at

1533: 1433:; a public weights and measures table, so customers at the market could ensure they were not being sold short measures; and would often have the baths nearby. 3015:

features 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1, giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium.

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were often dangerous, unhealthy, and prone to fires because of overcrowding and haphazard cooking arrangements. There are examples in the Roman port town of

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was a wall that supported the front edge of the stage with ornately decorated niches to the sides. The Hellenistic influence is seen through the use of the

322:. These were reproduced at a smaller scale in the most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some surviving structures are almost complete, such as the 2674:(312). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the 3507:, with a layer of tiles, then a layer of concrete, then another of tiles on top; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the 294:

Factors such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new architectural solutions of their own. The use of

2582:. The two key elements of the triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in 2333: 1076:

and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight. The first use of concrete by the Romans was in the town of

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on the problems, uses and abuses of Imperial Rome's public water supply. Notable examples of aqueduct architecture include the supporting piers of the

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Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007), "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications",

868:, who famously boasted that he had found Rome made of brick and left it made of marble, though this was mainly as a facing for brick or concrete. The 394:

as a place and manner of dining. Roman builders employed Greeks in many capacities, especially in the great boom in construction in the early Empire.

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and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and pebbles. Bridges were constructed where needed. Each square marked off by four roads was called an

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The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense and civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a central

1184:) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events; and from the smaller stadia, which were primarily designed for 895:

is mainly built of this stone, which has good load-bearing capacity, with a brick core. Other more or less local stones were used around the Empire.

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Lechtman, Heather; Hobbs, Linn (1986), "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution. Ceramics and Civilization", in Kingery, W. D. (ed.),

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were vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 500 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the

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The first horrea were built in Rome towards the end of the 2nd century BC, with the first known public horreum being constructed by the ill-fated

3486:, used to heat buildings with hot air. The Roman architect Vitruvius, writing about the end of the 1st century BC, attributes their invention to 1731:, England also exists as a ruin about half the height of the original. The light would have been provided by a fire at the top of the structure. 458: 417:, also known as the "concrete revolution", was the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the 9690: 7696: 6350: 2211:. In the provinces, any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a "villa" by modern scholars. Some, like 7740: 7686: 2574:

used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities. Surviving examples of Etruscan arches can still be seen at

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Ros, Karen E. (1996). "The Roman Theater at Carthage (the theater's substructures, plan and the identification of architectural elements)".

5206: 846: 9775: 8282: 2306:, built in the countryside but later turned into a fortified city, a form of residential castle emerges, that anticipates the Middle Ages. 1517:

in 123 BC. The word came to be applied to any place designated for the preservation of goods; thus, it was often used to refer to cellars (

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the Etruscans had many considerable towns and there were also other cultures with more or less urban settlements in Europe, primarily of

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The first recorded Roman triumphal arches were set up in the time of the Roman Republic. Generals who were granted a triumph were termed

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have been "a larger, freer space than was the Forum of Imperial times." The Forum began to take on even more changes upon the arrival of

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screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the

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were extensively developed for the capital, and other sources around the empire exploited, especially the prestigious Greek marbles like

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screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the

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in formal public buildings, even though these had become essentially decorative. However, they did not feel entirely restricted by Greek

180:, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in 2046:

There was considerable local variation in style, as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements the population expected in its

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writers, do not reflect actual Roman practice, which could be very variable, though always aiming at balance and harmony. Following a

11171: 10881: 10485: 9683: 5128: 2355: 1585:, but they seem to have been found mainly in Rome and a few other places. Elsewhere writers report them as something remarkable, but 4753: 3706: 2070:. It often lacked any of the distinctive classical features, and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the 1344:, and performances that commemorated important events of the Empire were performed there. For events that involved re-enactments of 705:

developed new styles of churches, but most other buildings remained very close to Late Roman forms. The same can be said in turn of

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would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room.

2709:. The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with 9659: 8297: 6964:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a), "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),

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The earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the first century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the

6233: 5908:, pp. 375–392: "The Etruscans were, in their turn, probably also influenced in this respect by Greek and Hellenic culture." 3569:, and later churches. Such spans were three times as wide as the widest prop-and-lintel roofs and only surpassed by the largest 1618:

Ancient Rome had elaborate and luxurious houses owned by the elite. The average house, or in cities apartment, of a commoner or

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for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as

10507: 9916: 9890: 9816: 9725: 9574: 8399: 7926: 7531: 7465: 7413: 7395: 7351: 7283: 7238: 7136: 7081: 7009: 6991: 6973: 6884: 6856: 6824: 6794: 6775: 6742: 6668: 6559: 6540: 6517: 6496: 6458: 6440: 6418: 6335: 6308: 6289: 6262: 6243: 6203: 6089: 6066: 6043: 5996: 5744: 3520: 3079: 2875: 2814: 2810: 1172:, the tradition of which still survives in Spain and Portugal. Their typical shape, functions and name distinguish them from 477: 2242:

Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the

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builders to work quickly and efficiently. Concrete is arguably the Roman contribution most relevant to modern architecture.

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Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002), "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology",

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was a wealthy family's house in a town. The Empire contained many kinds of villas, not all of them lavishly appointed with

1380: 678: 579: 10098: 7330:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. Part III: East and West: Economy and Society. 6223:

Döring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': Römische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder",

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were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique, however, was

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Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as

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would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most

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The performance space of the Roman circus was normally, despite its name, an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of

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Concrete quickly supplanted brick as the primary building material, and more daring buildings soon followed, with great

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with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from

10641: 10430: 10105: 7916: 6723: 3455:(Greek "unswept floor"). It represented an optical illusion of the leftovers from a feast on the floor of rich houses. 2647:

many modern triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not round.

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in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing. Roman engineers were the first and until the

1893:

was relatively slow, and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor

1005:, the introduction of Roman brick by the ancient Romans was followed by a 600–700 year gap in major brick production. 386:

examples in the Greek world. The influence is evident in many ways; for example, in the introduction and use of the

9821: 9755: 9584: 8344: 7911: 7906: 7882: 7733: 3143: 1890: 450: 6939: 4763: 1429:). All forums would have a Temple of Jupiter at the north end, and would also contain other temples, as well as the 11524: 11181: 10512: 10492: 10359: 10273: 9943: 9909: 9599: 8272: 7921: 7848: 3503:), houses and other buildings, whether public or private. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called 3067: 2782: 2329: 7660: 3463: 2219:, were pleasure palaces such as those that were situated in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or, like the 10381: 9872: 9867: 7865: 7798: 7646: 6571: 6101: 2173: 2169: 2007:

was raised twenty steps. These steps were normally only at the front, and typically not the whole width of that.

733: 11529: 10911: 10609: 10567: 10393: 10319: 10138: 10061: 9790: 8619: 8544: 8302: 7516: 7268: 6366: 3972: 3109: 2625: 2548: 1529: 1446: 965: 670: 414: 3314:

replaced it, enclosing an expanded city, and using more sophisticated designs, with small forts at intervals.

3232:, which they integrated into their dam designs. Previously unknown dam types introduced by the Romans include 913: 11387: 10954: 10874: 10497: 10415: 10410: 10268: 10183: 10168: 9976: 9877: 9780: 9115: 3605: 3273:

The Romans generally fortified cities rather than fortresses, but there are some fortified camps such as the

3257: 2738: 1825: 872:

of the late 2nd century BC is the earliest surviving exception in Rome. From Augustus' reign the quarries at

9745: 6982:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),

3719: 1642:

have been the subject of debate for historians of Roman culture, defining the various meanings of the word.

488:), which led to the liberation of shapes from the dictates of the traditional materials of stone and brick. 446: 378:, the Greek colonies in southern Italy, and indirectly from Greek influence on the Etruscans, but after the 10702: 10646: 10502: 10462: 10445: 10435: 10339: 10334: 9862: 9706: 8955: 8559: 8011: 7726: 7424: 7000:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987c), "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", in Garbrecht, Günther (ed.),

2036: 1853:, and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple, as well as smaller shrines. The main room 11428: 11403: 11317: 11284: 10604: 10472: 10420: 10329: 10066: 9971: 9720: 9654: 9579: 9338: 8394: 8277: 7823: 7680: 7303: 6217: 5962: 4240: 4225: 3958: 3796:

were given to the first settlers of a Roman city, but each person had to pay to construct his own house.

3149: 2570:, and later. There were precursors to the permanent triumphal arch within the Roman world; in Italy, the 1124: 981:

used for roofing or flooring on the other, so archaeologists sometimes prefer to employ the generic term

938: 208: 6834:

Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion",

3299: 11382: 11196: 10758: 10582: 10562: 10517: 10480: 10425: 10314: 10309: 10006: 9800: 9770: 9614: 9278: 9170: 8940: 8712: 8534: 8307: 8250: 7712: 7428:, vol. 92, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–32, 4220: 3662: 3302:, though many of these are mentioned only from writings, with no other known remains. Some of it had a 2852: 2315: 1746: 1059:

from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment. Most of these developments are described by

745: 367: 104:, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly 81: 9984: 5333: 3887:– in ancient Rome, these were the grandest of the public baths (thermae), built by successive emperors 1669:, storage rooms under the stairs, and lower floor shops. Another type of housing unit for plebs was a 511:. The same concepts produced numerous bridges, some of which are still in daily use, for example, the 11418: 11360: 11279: 11219: 11034: 10949: 10816: 10799: 10763: 10619: 10455: 10388: 10203: 10178: 10163: 9831: 9765: 9634: 8727: 8682: 8609: 8529: 8477: 8467: 8419: 7766: 6140:(1990), "Structural Experimentation: The Lintel Arch, Corbel and Tie in Western Roman Architecture", 4083: 4002: 3164:. The relative abundance of Spanish dams below is due partly to more intensive field work there; for 2667: 2609: 2099: 2083: 1941: 1898: 1329: 1173: 982: 869: 741: 466: 152:

The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the

7692: 7524:

Imago triumphalis: the function and significance of triumphal imagery for Italian Renaissance rulers

6752: 3471: 3318: 3152:. For the most part, it concentrated on the semi-arid fringe of the empire, namely the provinces of 2885:

era, and a few are still partly in use. Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by

2685:

The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and

2397: 2235:

of England, the visible seat of power of a local magnate, such as the famous palace rediscovered at

2092: 1191: 626:

and later also churches. Half-domes also became a favored architectural element and were adopted as

10867: 10237: 10115: 9841: 9235: 9145: 8654: 8634: 8629: 8614: 8567: 8507: 8462: 8264: 6507: 5136: 3438:

allowed very fine detail and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called

3344:(from 142, abandoned only 8 years after completion) are the most significant examples, both on the 2675: 2409: 2325: 379: 2949:, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the 2935: 1960:

model, but using Greek styles. Roman temples emphasised the front of the building, which followed

207:. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the 11191: 10833: 10707: 10376: 10133: 10028: 9948: 9932: 9826: 9730: 9644: 9624: 9564: 9554: 9544: 8950: 8639: 8539: 8519: 8434: 8424: 8129: 8069: 8049: 7761: 7665: 6805: 5800: 5210: 4230: 4215: 4210: 3508: 3371: 2514: 2373: 2236: 2071: 1945: 1699: 697:, and spread across Christian Europe well beyond the old frontiers of the empire, to Ireland and 694: 603: 315: 128: 10936: 9989: 7145:

Storey, Glenn R. (2002). "Regionaries-Type Insulae 2: Architectural/Residential Units at Rome".

6785:

Patrich, Joseph (1996). "Warehouses and Granaries in Caesarea Maritima". In Raban, Avner (ed.).

5350:

F. B. Sear and Richard John. "Triumphal arch." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 30 July 2010

3845: 3007:

The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction. The 330 m long

2463: 1328:, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction. Along with 11289: 11166: 11090: 10981: 10976: 10794: 10717: 10697: 10634: 10263: 10053: 10001: 9966: 9785: 9750: 9649: 9639: 9589: 9569: 9383: 9358: 9323: 9205: 8930: 8577: 8339: 7870: 3982: 3754: 3670: 3091: 2303: 2251: 2182: 1850: 1751: 767: 720:

saw a conscious revival of correct classical styles, initially purely based on Roman examples.

702: 563: 366:

and the construction of arches, Roman prestige architecture remained firmly under the spell of

331: 124: 93: 7307: 7029: 6659:

Métreaux, Guy P.R. (1998). "Villa rustica alimentaria et annonaria". In Frazer, Alfred (ed.).

6486: 6277: 6054: 3788:

was 80 yards (73 m) square, with the land within it divided. As the city developed, each

2976:) of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch 2497:, every garden should be close to the house and should have flower beds and ornamental trees. 11372: 11115: 10806: 10789: 10784: 10651: 10143: 10048: 10016: 9996: 9735: 9619: 9549: 9373: 9125: 8925: 8920: 8717: 8624: 8549: 8512: 8497: 8472: 8452: 8354: 7404:

Wikander, Örjan (2000b), "Industrial Applications of Water-Power", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.),

4019: 3988: 3978: 3653:

and tombs were also fitted with spiral stairways. Their notable absence in the towers of the

3611: 3593: 3282: 2993: 2988:. Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the 2926: 2265:

A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large farming estates called

1957: 1930: 1866: 1085: 814: 771: 359: 157: 134: 2705:, while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the 2678:(c. AD 21) is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the 2088: 1072:

Although concrete had been used on a minor scale in Mesopotamia, Roman architects perfected

744:

of the 18th century revived purer versions of classical style, and for the first time added

11408: 11309: 11304: 11264: 11176: 11039: 10843: 10838: 10779: 10727: 10656: 10624: 10299: 10198: 10193: 10158: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 9857: 9740: 9629: 9594: 9283: 9150: 9050: 8975: 8840: 8803: 8179: 7843: 7325: 7318: 4513:

Henig, p. 22; Favro, (ii) Materials and construction techniques, which lists major quarries

3681: 3290: 3041: 2702: 2059: 779: 775: 737: 709:, where Roman forms long continued, especially in private buildings such as houses and the 706: 650: 567: 422: 295: 30: 9273: 7475:

Wirsching, Armin (2000), "How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships",

6679: 2689:. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative 1830: 1336:, circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time. Circuses were venues for 8: 11355: 11274: 11044: 10986: 10848: 10811: 10681: 10666: 10572: 10450: 10349: 10278: 10215: 10188: 10148: 9760: 9559: 9408: 9210: 9080: 9030: 8349: 7946: 4202: 4160: 3884: 3775: 3677: 3570: 3546: 3266: 3210: 2904: 2671: 2393: 2246:, at that time on the edge of Rome, and which can be also seen outside the city walls of 2220: 2047: 2020: 1986: 1926: 1652: 851: 783: 717: 631: 585: 551: 500: 454: 307: 283: 5973: 2969: 1385: 11269: 11186: 10671: 10614: 10232: 9609: 9333: 9140: 8995: 8935: 8855: 8798: 8662: 7898: 7877: 7494: 7490: 7445: 7437: 7215: 7178: 7170: 7116: 7108: 7052: 6926: 6918: 6845: 6767: 6702: 6648: 6596: 6588: 6529: 6397: 6181: 6173: 6126: 6118: 6023: 4831: 4793: 4747: 4658: 4628: 4391: 4383: 3929: 3900: 3890: 3849: 3825: 3711: 3623: 3483: 3376: 3322: 3153: 3071: 3016: 2365: 2212: 2004: 1976:

above, which was filled with statuary in the most grand examples; this was as often in

1902: 1894: 1756: 1454: 1157: 1118: 555: 430: 311: 211:

and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central governments.

9248: 6470:"Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs" 4619:"A Page from Latin Notes Supplement XV, Entitled SOME STORIES ABOUT THE ROMAN FORUM". 1881:

was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings.

1611: 1409:

erected in the vicinity resulted in leaving the general design of the Forum Romanum".

1405:, the author writes that "the diverting of public business to the larger and splendid 1281:

that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an

11498: 11254: 11249: 11224: 11206: 11120: 11100: 10921: 10828: 10821: 10629: 10369: 10354: 10283: 10227: 9243: 9095: 8850: 8810: 8788: 7996: 7527: 7512: 7498: 7461: 7449: 7409: 7391: 7347: 7279: 7264: 7257: 7234: 7228: 7207: 7190:

Storey, Glenn R. (2004). "The Meaning of "Insula" in Roman Residential Terminology".

7182: 7162: 7132: 7120: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7005: 6987: 6969: 6930: 6910: 6880: 6852: 6820: 6790: 6771: 6738: 6719: 6694: 6664: 6600: 6555: 6536: 6513: 6492: 6454: 6436: 6414: 6389: 6362: 6344: 6331: 6304: 6285: 6258: 6239: 6213: 6199: 6185: 6130: 6085: 6062: 6039: 6006:

Beckmann, Martin (2002), "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius",

5992: 5795: 5740: 4735: 4395: 4375: 4135: 4107: 4087: 4050: 3992: 3939: 3924: 3697: 3424: 3337: 3274: 3205: 2840: 2828: 2527: 1835: 1720: 1704: 1568: 1550: 978: 830: 646: 524: 508: 492: 347: 303: 11377: 7374: 6428: 5328: 3004:. The outside was usually covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcántara bridge. 2843:

in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying

2178: 2058:, where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old. The 11350: 11259: 11125: 11085: 10964: 10926: 10748: 10364: 9308: 9268: 9200: 9135: 9060: 9055: 8827: 8750: 8697: 8492: 8487: 8376: 8235: 8184: 8144: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8094: 8016: 7963: 7956: 7941: 7936: 7860: 7788: 7486: 7429: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7199: 7154: 7100: 7044: 7017: 6902: 6763: 6640: 6580: 6381: 6165: 6149: 6110: 6015: 4898: 4823: 4785: 4367: 4235: 4140: 4095: 3944: 3669:, separate stair towers were constructed adjacent to the main buildings, as in the 3630: 3444: 3233: 3200: 3177: 3101: 3055: 2985: 2965: 2931: 2028: 1914: 1727:

in northern Spain, a structure which survives to this day. A smaller lighthouse at

1694: 1595: 822: 674: 470: 371: 346:

in its current form and leaving his mark on the landscape of northern Britain with

200: 192: 7408:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 401–410, 7390:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, 6435:, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 331–339, 6153: 3029: 2939: 2785:, officials and civilians, and the inland carriage of official communications and 1991: 1487:

was a type of public warehouse used during the ancient Roman period. Although the

751: 516: 140: 11294: 11145: 11049: 10959: 10344: 10324: 9403: 9215: 9195: 9155: 9090: 9040: 9035: 8910: 8860: 8768: 8602: 8582: 8502: 7951: 7776: 7700: 7247: 6635:

Mark, Robert; Hutchinson, Paul (1986), "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon",

6469: 6193: 4113: 3996: 3865: 3658: 3491: 3333: 2977: 2891: 2881:

Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable, and durable; some were maintained into the

2594: 2482: 2389: 2032: 2011: 1922: 1806: 1792:. They were normally supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or by 1537: 1294: 1065: 1019: 759: 729: 654: 535: 253: 189: 1719:

were built around the Mediterranean and the coasts of the empire, including the

11367: 11299: 11140: 11059: 11029: 11024: 10916: 10577: 10304: 10040: 9795: 9458: 9100: 8835: 8783: 8755: 8702: 8687: 8667: 8482: 8457: 8414: 8404: 8230: 8204: 8134: 8119: 8084: 8044: 7805: 7504: 7035:

Semple, Ellen Churchill (July 1929). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens".

6606: 6317:

Harris, W. (1989). "Invisible Cities: the Beginning of Etruscan Urbanization".

6273: 5236: 4188: 3934: 3912: 3906: 3666: 3638: 3626:

that this space-saving new type permanently caught hold in Roman architecture.

3581: 3550: 3542: 3184: 3117: 3105: 2997: 2989: 2954: 2946: 2908: 2804: 2786: 2774: 2583: 2567: 2554: 2494: 2280: 2243: 2063: 2000: 1982: 1793: 1760: 1514: 1467: 1450: 1337: 1322: 1298: 1248: 1244: 1149: 1073: 1014: 690: 666: 642: 595: 590: 547: 481: 434: 407: 343: 264: 244: 105: 97: 85: 68: 11016: 7706: 7689:– A look at various aspects of housing in ancient Rome, apartments and villas. 7335: 3245: 11513: 11340: 11239: 11229: 11135: 10534: 10467: 10440: 10210: 8990: 8960: 8875: 8409: 8386: 8199: 8054: 8039: 7986: 7793: 7211: 7166: 6914: 6698: 6393: 6137: 4561:

Henig, p. 26. Blagg also mentions baths, granaries, insulae and large villas.

4379: 4130: 4091: 4060: 3853: 3739: 3654: 3589: 3557: 3487: 3380: 3349: 3341: 3311: 3278: 3214: 3196: 3121: 3059: 3025: 3008: 2900: 2871: 2663: 2655: 2640: 2563: 2522: 2502: 2486: 2478: 2424: 2419:

Romans commissioned obelisks in an ancient Egyptian style. Examples include:

2232: 2228: 2216: 2165: 2111: 2067: 1918: 1906: 1601: 1496: 1495:, Roman horrea were used to store many other types of consumables; the giant 1413: 1406: 1398: 1370: 1252: 1236: 1002: 970: 888: 877: 864:

is not found especially close to Rome, and was only rarely used there before

755: 724:

was respectfully reinterpreted by a series of architectural writers, and the

512: 375: 89: 7377:(1985), "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report", 6552:

Christians at Rome in the first two centuries : from Paul to Valentinus

5974:"Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)" 2697:, the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The 2604: 1936: 1219:

and statuary. After the end of gladiatorial games in the 5th century and of

473:, Roman architecture was "the idea of world domination expressed in stone". 11244: 11130: 11105: 10898: 10732: 10712: 10587: 9675: 9468: 9328: 8773: 8722: 8677: 8672: 8524: 8334: 8220: 8164: 8159: 7931: 7815: 7749: 7594:, edited by John P. Oleson, 256–284. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. 7573:, edited by John P. Oleson, 121–135. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 6509:

The American Highway: The History and Culture of Roads in the United States

4174: 3949: 3835: 3749: 3693: 3642: 3562: 3504: 3396: 3384: 3366: 3294: 3241: 3213:. These materials also allowed for bigger structures to be built, like the 3169: 3075: 2981: 2961: 2920: 2882: 2836: 2824: 2778: 2621: 2103: 2040: 1961: 1819: 1578: 1560: 1476: 1345: 1333: 1318: 1314: 1302: 1177: 1145: 990: 725: 673:. Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of 611: 539: 504: 496: 462: 442: 224: 185: 153: 120: 101: 29:"Roman architecture" redirects here. For the architecture of the city, see 11054: 9901: 2759: 239: 11345: 11064: 11001: 10676: 10524: 10242: 10220: 9263: 8885: 8707: 8597: 7991: 5448: 4072: 4055: 3918: 3831: 3534: 3218: 3188: 3165: 2590: 2536: 2360: 2337: 2224: 2194: 2159: 2024: 1949: 1781: 1716: 1418: 1390: 1376: 1273:. The first basilicas had no religious function. As early as the time of 1081: 957: 918: 908: 818: 806: 787: 698: 538:

without crossbeams and made possible large covered public spaces such as

520: 402: 391: 383: 279: 204: 196: 7592:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

7571:

The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World

4632: 2693:. Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements, the deeds of the 2035:

were most common in surviving Roman temples, but for small temples like

1724: 1231: 665:. The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of 263:

Innovation started in the 3rd or 2nd century BC with the development of

11449: 11234: 11214: 11006: 10544: 10529: 9488: 9428: 9393: 9185: 9120: 9110: 9005: 8890: 8778: 8361: 8329: 8074: 8001: 7833: 7828: 7441: 7219: 7174: 7112: 6652: 6401: 6255:

The architecture of Rome: an architectural history in 400 presentations

6177: 6027: 5036: 4835: 4797: 4662: 4035: 3801: 3781: 3732: 3577: 3538: 3525: 3336:(from 70s AD). Strategic walls across open country were far rarer, and 3262: 3192: 3131: 3063: 3047: 2867: 2851:, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex 2770: 2764: 2754: 2726: 2650: 2532: 2518: 2468: 2448: 2378: 2288: 2267: 2146: 2141: 2117: 1977: 1862: 1708: 1352: 1341: 1325: 1287: 1181: 1129: 1056: 1048: 1028: 881: 662: 387: 363: 273: 199:

and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the

7718: 7585:

Concrete Vaulted Construction In Imperial Rome: Innovations In Context

7056: 6922: 6706: 6592: 6212:

Favro, Diane, et al. "Rome, ancient, Architecture." Grove Art Online.

6122: 5705: 4814:

Kaufman, David (2 December 1929). "Horrea Romana: Roman Storehouses".

4776:

Kaufman, David (2 December 1929). "Horrea Romana: Roman Storehouses".

4387: 3875:, built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the 11480: 10753: 10258: 9518: 9513: 9473: 9398: 9368: 9348: 9225: 9165: 9075: 9025: 9020: 8945: 8905: 8793: 8763: 8572: 8447: 8240: 8124: 8099: 7978: 7386:

Wikander, Örjan (2000a), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.),

6081: 4031: 4013: 3895: 3820: 3770: 3743: 3728: 3715: 3479: 3467: 3416: 3412: 3157: 2896: 2886: 2725:

restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of

2658:

in Rome, an early Roman imperial triumphal arch with a single archway

2571: 2434: 2321: 2055: 2016: 1801: 1619: 1590: 1500: 1492: 1426: 1278: 1270: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1089: 1060: 1052: 998: 892: 884: 810: 721: 543: 323: 319: 269: 257: 216: 181: 161: 51: 7620:

Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine age

7433: 7203: 7158: 7104: 6753:"Introduction: A historical overview of the development of the road" 6644: 6385: 6169: 6019: 5000: 4827: 4789: 2508:

Gardens were not reserved for the extremely wealthy. Excavations in

960:

from about the beginning of the Empire, replacing earlier sun-dried

11464: 11459: 11095: 10890: 10722: 10661: 10594: 9478: 9463: 9453: 9438: 9353: 9343: 9313: 9303: 9298: 9288: 9190: 9105: 8985: 8970: 8900: 8880: 8870: 8865: 8845: 8644: 8225: 8189: 8079: 8006: 7838: 7324:. In Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael (eds.). 7048: 6906: 6584: 6114: 4371: 3650: 3615: 3585: 3566: 3430: 3307: 3306:

or ditch in front, and an agger behind, and it was enough to deter

3237: 3229: 3224:

Roman builders were the first to realize the stabilizing effect of

3161: 3051: 3046:

Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures, intended for

2973: 2819: 2718: 2698: 2643: 2617: 2598: 2579: 2472: 2115:

was a high back wall of the stage floor, supported by columns. The

1973: 1874: 1665: 1524:

The word itself is thought to have linguist roots tied to the word

1430: 1357: 1274: 1265: 1207: 1153: 961: 950: 865: 794: 623: 7422:

Wilson, Andrew (2002), "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy",

7022:

Style in the technical and tectonic arts, or, Practical aesthetics

4649:

Dennison, Walter (June 1908). "The Roman Forum as Cicero Saw It".

4042:, France, one of the most famous necropolises of the ancient world 3395:

brought back what is probably the best-known element of the early

1925:

in 260 BC, still stand as a component of the exterior wall of the

145: 11423: 10991: 10599: 9498: 9493: 9483: 9448: 9443: 9433: 9378: 9363: 9180: 9175: 9160: 9130: 9085: 9065: 9045: 9000: 8732: 8587: 8366: 8174: 8169: 8059: 7004:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 75–96, 6986:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 57–74, 4893: 4545: 4543: 4125: 4077: 4067: 4006: 3962: 3877: 3869: 3761:, Bulgaria) in the Roman period created by architect Matey Mateev 3758: 3646: 3499: 3126: 2848: 2844: 2690: 2575: 2509: 2415: 2247: 2186: 1969: 1965: 1843: 1839: 1774: 1769: 1740: 1511: 1484: 1317:

was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient

1220: 942: 873: 802: 615: 438: 339: 287: 228: 6968:, vol. 1, Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer, pp. 9–20, 6488:

Surfaces: Visual Research for Artists, Architects, and Designers

2874:

in the fourth century BC. By the third century AD, the city had

2381:); or quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (e.g., 2271:; such villas might be lacking in luxuries. By the 4th century, 45: 11150: 11110: 10944: 9508: 9388: 9318: 9258: 9253: 9220: 8980: 8965: 8915: 8895: 8317: 8194: 8089: 7601:. Rev. ed. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1982. 6663:. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 5863: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5507: 5309: 5307: 3953: 3839: 3408: 3400: 3020: 3012: 2860: 2710: 2613: 2498: 2490: 2440: 2382: 2276: 2208: 2204: 2127: 1789: 1615:) were sometimes painted to make the rooms seem less confined. 1582: 1555: 1504: 1216: 1212: 1100: 1093: 1080:

sometime after 273 BC. Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of

1036: 861: 798: 710: 658: 619: 169: 165: 7695:− A Video Tour through Ancient Rome based on a digital model. 6372:

Hermansen, G. (1970). "The Medianum and the Roman Apartment".

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Coulton, J. J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture",

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Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Roma, 1989

5416: 4600: 4045: 4039: 3966: 3809: 3766: 3701: 3619: 3530: 3404: 3392: 3345: 3116:

Freshwater reservoirs were commonly set up at the termini of

3096: 2957:

as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges.

2781:. They provided efficient means for the overland movement of 2199: 2051: 1870: 1856: 1785: 1728: 1624: 1488: 1422: 1240: 1185: 1044: 974: 946: 926: 6787:

Caesarea Maritima : a retrospective after two millennia

6164:, vol. 52, British Institute at Ankara, pp. 1–17, 5887: 5846: 5681: 5669: 5358: 5356: 5304: 5175: 5024: 4441: 4429: 2531:(apartment buildings), these urban gardens were replaced by 2295:, without an inference that there were any dwellings there ( 2150:

or entrances and exits were made available to the audience.

713:, and civil engineering such as fortifications and bridges. 10859: 9503: 9070: 9010: 8592: 7968: 6361:, Chapter 2 "Architecture" by Thomas Blagg, Phaidon, 1983, 5824: 5822: 5611: 5609: 5466: 5404: 5292: 4965: 3634: 3286: 3225: 3217:, possibly the largest water barrier today, and the sturdy 3173: 2950: 2717:, a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a 2558: 1586: 1282: 1077: 1040: 994: 809:. The mighty pillars, domes and arches of Rome echo in the 638: 627: 607: 531: 426: 418: 327: 299: 276:

from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment.

260:

concerns and treated the orders with considerable freedom.

220: 177: 173: 113: 109: 7297:. Morris H. Morgan (translator). Harvard University Press. 5633: 5108: 4988: 3066:

where feasible. Some navigational canals were recorded by

1964:

models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a

637:

Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in

148:(France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples, c. 2 AD 9958: 8064: 7028:(1860-62), Getty Research Institute, ISBN 9780892365975, 5764: 5752: 5657: 5645: 5478: 5428: 5353: 4717: 4669: 4417: 4358:

Frothingham, A. L. (1915). "The Roman Territorial Arch".

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with city services, surrounded by a compact, rectilinear

2863:

and distribution tanks to regulate the supply as needed.

2713:. Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a 1995:

and Vic), and even back on to other buildings. As in the

1956:

The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the

1897:

in 415. Some of the oldest surviving temples include the

1176:, which are more or less semicircular in shape; from the 195:; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the 88:, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new 5943:"Pomorie tomb remains an unsolved mystery for 100 years" 5875: 5819: 5693: 5606: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5187: 5163: 5084: 5060: 4941: 4588: 4576: 4564: 1944:, Rome, built in the mid-2nd century BC, most likely by 6301:

Gardner's Art Through The Ages: The Western Perspective

5807: 5621: 5536: 5534: 5048: 4407: 4405: 4330: 3183:

The most frequent dam types were earth- or rock-filled

2197:

was a country house built for the upper class, while a

1605:, which would then be plastered and sometimes painted. 801:

shower floor derived from a Roman original, often from

92:

style. The two styles are often considered one body of

7629:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2007. 7309:

History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman

7230:

Not built in a day: exploring the architecture of Rome

6159: 5911: 5558: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5380: 5042: 5006: 4705: 4516: 3422:

There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic.

2729:

remains of fundamental importance to the present day.

156:, after they had combined aspects of their originally 6569:

Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column",

5834: 5570: 5546: 5392: 5368: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5151: 5012: 4851: 4528: 4309: 4285: 2454:

Rome – there are five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome.

2275:

could simply mean an agricultural estate or holding:

1673:, an apartment, divided into three individual rooms: 7026:

Der Stil in der technischen und tektonischen Künsten

6716:

History of Urban Form: Prehistory to the Renaissance

6554:. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. 5961:

Abbott, Frank Frost; Johnson, Allan Chester (1926).

5531: 5072: 4402: 4150: 3676:

The construction of spiral stairs passed on both to

3391:

On his return from campaigns in Greece, the general

3120:

and their branch lines, supplying urban households,

689:

Roman architecture supplied the basic vocabulary of

7615:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983. 7569:Fant, J. Clayton. "Quarrying and Stoneworking." In 7361:Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1956). "Nero's Golden House". 7091:Smith, Norman (1970), "The Roman Dams of Subiaco", 6427:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000), "Reservoirs and Dams", in 6216:. Oxford University Press, accessed 26 March 2016, 5978:1st International Congress on Construction History 5776: 5594: 5582: 5519: 5490: 4681: 4297: 3451:A specific genre of Roman mosaic obtained the name 3293:; at this date great height was not necessary. The 3281:in England. City walls were already significant in 1499:in Rome were used not only to store grain but also 1047:rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat 766:Numerous local classical styles developed, such as 7559:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. 7327:Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600 7069: 6951:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978), "Römische Talsperren", 6865: 6844: 6817:Life, death, and entertainment in the Roman Empire 6528: 6284:. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. 6282:The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome 5102: 4875: 4863: 3815: 2062:was a simple style for small temples found in the 684: 7478:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 5971: 5723: 4504:Favro, (ii) Materials and construction techniques 3289:work. The Romans called a simple rampart wall an 3191:. These served a wide array of purposes, such as 1780:Roman bath-houses were also provided for private 891:, and was used from the end of the Republic; the 397: 342:, whose many achievements include rebuilding the 131:to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms. 11511: 11434:International Federation for Structural Concrete 2870:– supplied a water-fountain sited at the city's 2493:, a garden was part of every farm. According to 1031:in Rome. The original covering has been removed. 476:A crucial factor in this development, which saw 7683:– Technical investigation of Roman public works 6814: 6680:"A Mosaic Floor from a Roman Villa at Anaploga" 6619:High Technology Ceramics: Past, Present, Future 4953: 4699: 3148:Roman dam construction began in earnest in the 2131:, which sometimes supported the columns of the 1168:contests, public displays, public meetings and 9891:Architectural records of the Greco-Roman World 7708:Virtual Rome: What Did Ancient Rome Look Like? 7587:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 7552:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994. 6847:A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome 6750: 6634: 6325: 6271: 6252: 5422: 5410: 5313: 5126: 4447: 4435: 2396:were employed since c. 515 BC, such as in the 1593:refer to them in Rome. External walls were in 1063:, writing in the first century BC in his work 10875: 9917: 9691: 7734: 7590:--. "Roman Engineering and Construction." In 6851:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6807:The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 6616: 6448: 5985:Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles F. (2001). 5972:Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003), 5960: 5362: 5324: 5322: 4423: 4003:Roman city walls of Diocletianopolis (Thrace) 2557:is a monumental structure in the shape of an 227:), and piped hot and cold water (examples in 172:to one based on massive walls, punctuated by 9705: 7632:Ulrich, Roger B., and Caroline K Quenemoen. 7455: 7360: 7316: 7301: 6732: 6639:, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 24–34, 6630:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–44 6467: 6227:, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 305–319 5964:Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire 5615: 5472: 5434: 5346: 5344: 5342: 4971: 4947: 4549: 4336: 3497:Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths ( 3221:, both of which consist of a concrete core. 1471:The Horrea Epagathiana et Epaphroditiana, a 1361:, thereby creating a circuit for the races. 1051:. The freedom of concrete also inspired the 9931: 6944:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 6819:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4644: 4642: 4357: 3375:The Centaur mosaic (2nd century), found at 3074:. Channels which served the needs of urban 80:adopted the external language of classical 10882: 10868: 9924: 9910: 9698: 9684: 7741: 7727: 7460:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 7319:"Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement" 6999: 6981: 6963: 6842: 6349:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6075: 5984: 5711: 5687: 5663: 5651: 5319: 5193: 5129:"Glossary and Index of (mostly) Asian Art" 4675: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 3325:(earth and wood in the 70s AD, stone from 925:, Norfolk, showing alternating courses of 653:, they gradually replaced the traditional 602:The Romans were the first builders in the 44: 7580:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. 7566:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. 7474: 7403: 7385: 7292: 6950: 6568: 6505: 6474:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions 6371: 6253:Fürst, Ulrich; Grundmann, Stefan (1998). 5988:Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids 5917: 5699: 5639: 5513: 5386: 5339: 5181: 5157: 5114: 5090: 5066: 5030: 4994: 4857: 3661:, they did not yet figure prominently in 3355: 2356:List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths 1887:triumph of Christianity under Constantine 1873:, and often a small altar for incense or 813:too, where in Washington, D.C. stand the 7622:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 7550:Roman Building: Materials and Techniques 7511:, 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books, 7373: 7226: 7131:, London: Peter Davies, pp. 25–49, 6815:Potter, D. S.; Mattingly, D. J. (1999). 6658: 6621:, vol. 3, American Ceramics Society 6468:James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002), 6038:. Frankfurt/Main New York: Campus-Verl. 6033: 6005: 5967:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5893: 5857: 5840: 5298: 5133:Old Stones: The Monuments of Art History 5054: 4723: 4648: 4639: 4276: 4082: 3844: 3830: 3819: 3748: 3705: 3549:in the world before the building of the 3524: 3462: 3370: 3261: 3095: 2996:the only ones to construct bridges with 2930: 2818: 2758: 2649: 2603: 2462: 2359: 2344: 2177: 2087: 1935: 1829: 1750: 1698: 1554: 1466: 1384: 1230: 1190: 1128: 1018: 932: 912: 845: 750: 589: 401: 358:While borrowing much from the preceding 278: 238: 133: 100:and to an even greater extent under the 7748: 7608:. London: Society of Antiquaries, 1987. 7192:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 6937: 6784: 6613:, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art 6484: 6298: 6191: 6136: 6098: 5929: 5169: 4813: 4775: 4759: 4711: 4522: 4315: 4291: 4119: 4025: 2791: 2525:. As town houses were replaced by tall 2431:, a 4th-century obelisk of Roman origin 2227:, on picturesque sites overlooking the 917:Close-up view of the wall of the Roman 732:formalized for the first time, to give 491:These enabled the building of the many 96:. Roman architecture flourished in the 14: 11512: 7421: 7273: 7253:The Classical Language of Architecture 7189: 7144: 7034: 6713: 6677: 6326:Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996), 6316: 6231: 6222: 6076:Bomgardner, David Lee (October 2000). 6052: 5905: 5869: 5828: 5782: 5484: 5398: 5374: 5269: 5257: 5078: 5018: 4881: 4869: 2443:– obelisk of Titus Sextius Africanus, 1905:(120–80 BC), both standing within the 1528:, which in Latin means barley. In the 1503:, wine, foodstuffs, clothing and even 1297:, was built in Rome in 184 BC by 669:, a process which has been termed the 478:a trend toward monumental architecture 184:. Stylistic developments included the 10863: 9905: 9679: 7722: 7606:Roman architecture in the Greek world 7604:Macready, Sarah, and F. H. Thompson. 7564:Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture 7126: 7090: 7063: 6879:, Osprey Publishing, pp. 18–19, 6833: 6625: 6549: 6426: 6408: 6303:, Wadsworth Publishing, p. 170, 5813: 5770: 5758: 5675: 5627: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5525: 5501: 5446: 4809: 4807: 4687: 4411: 3521:List of ancient Greek and Roman roofs 3080:List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire 2815:List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire 2811:List of aqueducts in the city of Rome 2066:, and by far the most common type in 1348:, the circus was flooded with water. 677:frames in the late 19th century (see 382:directly from the best classical and 108:, and newer technologies such as the 10997:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 7599:The Architecture of the Roman Empire 7521: 7406:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 7388:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 6874: 6803: 6526: 6449:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005). 6433:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 6328:Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen 5881: 5286: 5043:Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002 5007:Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002 4534: 4303: 4101: 3580:by span of ancient Rome covered the 2866:Ancient Rome's first aqueduct – the 2445:Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst 1989:), inaccessible by steps (as in the 1566:Multi-story apartment blocks called 1381:List of monuments of the Roman Forum 657:construction which makes use of the 580:History of Roman and Byzantine domes 11414:Institution of Structural Engineers 7295:The Ten Books on Architecture, Bk I 6892: 6661:The Roman villa : villa urbana 6078:The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre 4959: 3859: 3641:, other types of buildings such as 2907:, and the aqueduct-fed cisterns of 2542: 1622:did not contain many luxuries. The 1321:. The circuses were similar to the 24: 7542: 7491:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2000.tb01456.x 6411:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply 4804: 3529:Inside the "Temple of Mercury" at 3251: 2953:as the basic structure. Most used 2732: 2334:Hellenistic science and technology 2050:. This was especially the case in 1777:, a scraper made of wood or bone. 1767:All Roman cities had at least one 25: 11541: 7640: 7634:A Companion to Roman Architecture 7578:The Genesis of Roman Architecture 6718:. London: George Godwin Limited. 3780:the Roman equivalent of a modern 3407:in decorating floors, walls, and 3144:List of Roman dams and reservoirs 2743: 2489:gardening techniques. In Ancient 2231:. Some villas were more like the 1909:. Original marble columns of the 1160:, as well as its progenitor, the 1107: 1008: 736:orders. After the flamboyance of 679:List of the world's largest domes 362:architecture, such as the use of 11494: 11493: 7458:Principles of Roman architecture 7381:, vol. 10, pp. 151–179 6870:, vol. 20, pp. 138–163 6838:, vol. 15, pp. 117–139 6768:10.1016/B978-075065090-8/50002-8 6059:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 5935: 5923: 5899: 5788: 5729: 5103:Ritti, Grewe & Kessener 2007 4195: 4181: 4167: 4153: 3657:indicates that although used in 3599: 3584:(throne room) built for emperor 2960:Roman arch bridges were usually 2458: 2330:conquests of Alexander the Great 2326:Hellenized eastern Mediterranean 2324:appears to have occurred in the 2287:, describing the olive grove of 1438: 1403:The Roman Forum As Cicero Saw It 782:in the United States, and later 7147:American Journal of Archaeology 6895:American Journal of Archaeology 6789:. Leiden New York: E.J. Brill. 6572:American Journal of Archaeology 6102:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 5440: 5225: 5199: 5120: 4984:La Villa Romana dell'Auditorium 4977: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4887: 4842: 4769: 4741: 4729: 4612: 4555: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4360:American Journal of Archaeology 4351: 3873:, a bathing and leisure complex 3816:Significant buildings and areas 3718:(model of Imperial Rome at the 3482:was an ancient Roman system of 2624:in 27 BC, the oldest surviving 2398:construction of Trajan's Column 2174:List of Roman villas in Belgium 2170:List of Roman villas in England 2125:. The Roman theatre also had a 2102:were built in all areas of the 1999:, columns at the side might be 1921:after his naval victory at the 1491:term is often used to refer to 1293:The oldest known basilica, the 1112: 778:in the English-speaking world, 685:Influence on later architecture 10912:Roman architectural revolution 7687:Housing and apartments in Rome 7557:Roman Architecture and Society 6804:Peet, Stephen Denison (1911). 6737:, Cambridge University Press, 6678:Miller, Stella Grobel (1972). 6512:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 5953: 5449:"Designing the segmental arch" 4342: 4321: 4267: 4258: 3973:Roman theatre of Philippopolis 3687: 3514: 2895:(1st century BC). The general 2549:List of Roman triumphal arches 2505:became a national indulgence. 2437:, Italy – three Roman obelisks 1688: 1530:Johns Hopkins University Press 902: 887:was found much closer, around 671:Roman architectural revolution 534:permitted the construction of 415:Roman architectural revolution 398:Roman architectural revolution 13: 1: 10184:Anatolian Seljuk architecture 6843:Richardson, Lawrence (1992). 6235:Studies in ancient technology 6232:Forbes, Robert James (1993). 6154:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116 5724:Arenillas & Castillo 2003 5233:"Three Obelisks in Benevento" 4246: 3765:Many European towns, such as 3606:List of ancient spiral stairs 3326: 3258:Ancient Roman defensive walls 2739:List of Roman victory columns 2481:were influenced by Egyptian, 2451:, 1st century AD, 5.80 m 2320:The initial invention of the 2309: 1826:List of Ancient Roman temples 1251:), built during the reign of 1196: 1134: 941:(4th century) and remains of 527:, both in Provence, France. 164:construction mostly based on 67:509 BC (establishment of the 55: 10889: 8313:Frontiers and fortifications 7671:Resources in other libraries 7425:The Journal of Roman Studies 7317:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2000). 7227:Sullivan, George H. (2006). 6868:Journal of Roman Archaeology 6453:. Laurence King Publishing. 6198:(in German). München: Beck. 4251: 3959:Rotunda Church of St. George 3545:, and containing one of the 3458: 2349: 1581:, that date to the reign of 1479:, Italy, built c. 145–150 AD 1412:Every city had at least one 1243:, Germany (then part of the 1164:in Rome. They were used for 836: 606:to realize the potential of 18:Architecture of ancient Rome 7: 11429:Portland Cement Association 11404:American Concrete Institute 8372:Decorations and punishments 7522:Zaho, Margaret Ann (2004). 7456:Wilson Jones, Mark (2000). 6942:. In Smith, William (ed.). 6714:Morris, Anthony E. (1972). 6628:The Woodwork of Greek Roofs 6506:Kaszynski, William (2000). 6192:Demandt, Alexander (1998). 6034:Benevolo, Leonardo (1993). 5991:. Oxford University Press. 5796:Baiae, historic site, Italy 5714:, pp. 60, table 1, 62. 4700:Potter & Mattingly 1999 4459:Summerson, 13, 22–23, 40–44 4241:Agriculture in ancient Rome 4226:Architecture of Mesopotamia 4146: 3714:to the south (left) of the 3246:multiple-arch buttress dams 3085: 3070:and are still traceable by 2938:over the Guadiana River at 2798: 2501:wrote that during his time 2403: 2077: 1972:, and usually a triangular 1655:and smaller divisions. The 1259: 1125:List of Roman amphitheatres 993:, which operated their own 374:. This came initially from 234: 209:Crisis of the Third Century 10: 11546: 11520:Ancient Roman architecture 10907:Ancient Roman architecture 9279:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 7854:historiography of the fall 7652:Ancient Roman architecture 7597:MacDonald, William Lloyd. 7509:The Architecture of Europe 7302:Walters, Henry Beauchamp; 6938:Schmitz, Leonhard (1875). 5735:Fields, Nic; Peter Dennis 5423:Gagarin & Fantham 2010 5314:Fürst & Grundmann 1998 4448:Heinle & Schlaich 1996 4436:Mark & Hutchinson 1986 4221:Ancient Greek architecture 3720:Museo della civiltà romana 3691: 3663:Roman military engineering 3633:in the imperial cities of 3618:which, due to its complex 3603: 3518: 3364: 3360: 3255: 3141: 3089: 3039: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2808: 2802: 2752: 2736: 2546: 2407: 2392:. For lifting operations, 2353: 2316:List of ancient watermills 2313: 2163: 2157: 2081: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1747:List of Roman public baths 1744: 1738: 1734: 1692: 1548: 1462: 1374: 1368: 1122: 1116: 1012: 906: 701:for example. In the East, 583: 577: 368:ancient Greek architecture 353: 82:ancient Greek architecture 78:Ancient Roman architecture 39:Ancient Roman architecture 28: 11489: 11473: 11442: 11419:Indian Concrete Institute 11396: 11333: 11205: 11159: 11078: 11015: 10935: 10897: 10772: 10741: 10690: 10555: 10292: 10251: 10126: 10039: 9957: 9939: 9886: 9850: 9809: 9713: 9660:External wars and battles 9527: 9421: 9234: 8826: 8819: 8741: 8653: 8558: 8433: 8385: 8263: 8213: 8152: 8143: 8025: 7977: 7897: 7814: 7784: 7775: 7757: 7666:Resources in your library 7336:10.1017/CHOL9780521325912 7278:. Yale University Press. 7274:Ulrich, Roger B. (2007). 7068:. In Martin Henig (ed.). 6751:O'Flaherty, C.A. (2002). 6626:Hodge, A. Trevor (1960), 6485:Juracek, Judy A. (1996). 6409:Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), 5447:Beall, Christine (1988). 5363:Honour & Fleming 2005 4424:Lechtman & Hobbs 1986 3753:Model of the 1st century 3035: 2899:gives more detail in his 2668:Arch of Septimius Severus 2616:(Ariminum), dedicated to 2084:Roman theatre (structure) 1942:Temple of Hercules Victor 1901:(mid 2nd century BC) and 1899:Temple of Hercules Victor 1891:decline of Roman religion 1544: 1308: 1027:on a tomb on the ancient 983:ceramic building material 870:Temple of Hercules Victor 742:Neoclassical architecture 63: 43: 9707:Roman architecture lists 7636:. Somerset: Wiley, 2013. 6733:O'Connor, Colin (1993), 6053:Bunson, Matthew (2009). 6036:Die Geschichte der Stadt 5872:, pp. 39–41, 51–60. 5739:Osprey Publishing; 2008 5616:James & Chanson 2002 4550:Walters & Birch 1905 2945:Roman bridges, built by 2748: 2701:usually depicted flying 2676:Triumphal Arch of Orange 2410:List of obelisks in Rome 2153: 1449:A panoramic view of the 1364: 1195:Amphitheatre of El Jem ( 856:Santa Maria degli Angeli 841: 573: 380:Roman conquest of Greece 84:for the purposes of the 11525:Culture of ancient Rome 9949:History of construction 9933:History of architecture 9655:Roman–Iranian relations 8130:Optimates and populares 7344:2027/mdp.39015030095528 7072:A Handbook of Roman Art 6359:A Handbook of Roman Art 6299:Gardner, Helen (2005), 6257:. Edition Axel Menges. 6061:. Infobase Publishing. 5804:. Accessed 6 June 2021. 5801:Encyclopedia Britannica 5334:Encyclopædia Britannica 4231:Achaemenid architecture 4216:Outline of architecture 4211:Outline of ancient Rome 3915:(Senate House), in Rome 3868:– these were a massive 3588:(81–96 AD) on the 3137: 3108:provided water for the 2093:Roman Theatre of Mérida 1946:Lucius Mummius Achaicus 1869:to whom the temple was 1301:during the time he was 797:or in a fireplace or a 695:Romanesque architecture 604:history of architecture 480:, was the invention of 203:and the scrolls of the 129:Romanesque architecture 11197:Alkali–silica reaction 10955:Energetically modified 9944:Architectural timeline 9665:Civil wars and revolts 8931:Sextus Pompeius Festus 8578:Conflict of the Orders 7937:Legislative assemblies 7699:10 August 2011 at the 7127:Smith, Norman (1971), 7093:Technology and Culture 7024:, 2004 translation of 7002:Historische Talsperren 6984:Historische Talsperren 6966:Historische Talsperren 6946:. London: John Murray. 6877:Roman Baths in Britain 6810:. Jameson & Morse. 6535:. München: C.H. Beck. 6451:A world history of art 6238:. Vol. 2. Brill. 5194:Baker & Baker 2001 4098: 3856: 3842: 3828: 3762: 3723: 3671:Basilica of San Vitale 3553: 3475: 3472:Saint-Rémy-de-Provence 3388: 3356:Architectural features 3270: 3130:or naval bases of the 3113: 3092:List of Roman cisterns 2964:, although a few were 2942: 2832: 2767: 2659: 2628: 2475: 2429:Place de la République 2369: 2252:Villa of the Mysteries 2190: 2183:Villa of the Mysteries 2096: 1953: 1851:ancient Roman religion 1846: 1764: 1759:that lend the city of 1712: 1563: 1480: 1393: 1256: 1203: 1141: 1032: 953: 930: 858: 768:Palladian architecture 763: 748:from the Greek world. 734:five rather than three 703:Byzantine architecture 599: 410: 332:Hispania Tarraconensis 291: 248: 149: 125:Byzantine architecture 94:classical architecture 11530:Architectural history 10486:America and Australia 10106:Medieval Scandinavian 9837:Roman Forum monuments 9374:Simplicius of Cilicia 9126:Quintus Curtius Rufus 8355:Siege in Ancient Rome 7964:Executive magistrates 7576:Hopkins, John North. 7379:History of Technology 7064:Smith, D. J. (1983). 6550:Lampe, Peter (2006). 6531:Die Stadt im Altertum 6413:, London: Duckworth, 6218:subscription required 5678:, p. 332, fn. 2. 5516:, p. 28, fig. 7. 4651:The Classical Journal 4090:, built in 122 AD in 4086: 3848: 3834: 3823: 3752: 3709: 3692:Further information: 3604:Further information: 3594:Basilica of Maxentius 3541:, dating to the late 3528: 3519:Further information: 3466: 3374: 3283:Etruscan architecture 3265: 3172:, created by emperor 3150:early imperial period 3142:Further information: 3099: 3090:Further information: 3040:Further information: 2994:Industrial Revolution 2934: 2927:List of Roman bridges 2925:Further information: 2839:constructed numerous 2822: 2809:Further information: 2762: 2737:Further information: 2653: 2607: 2547:Further information: 2466: 2408:Further information: 2363: 2354:Further information: 2345:Decorative structures 2314:Further information: 2297:Catholic Encyclopedia 2181: 2091: 1939: 1931:San Nicola in Carcere 1833: 1824:Further information: 1754: 1745:Further information: 1702: 1558: 1470: 1388: 1375:Further information: 1234: 1194: 1132: 1123:Further information: 1022: 936: 916: 849: 772:Georgian architecture 754: 593: 584:Further information: 405: 282: 242: 223:glazing (examples in 158:Etruscan architecture 137: 11182:Environmental impact 11040:Reversing drum mixer 10728:Critical regionalism 9858:Lists of Roman sites 9384:Stephanus Byzantinus 9289:Eusebius of Caesaria 9151:Sidonius Apollinaris 8841:Ammianus Marcellinus 8180:Tribune of the plebs 7583:Lancaster, Lynne C. 6527:Kolb, Frank (1984). 6357:Henig, Martin (ed), 6148:(3): 407–424 (407), 5127:Michael D. Gunther. 4816:The Classical Weekly 4778:The Classical Weekly 4120:Military engineering 4026:Private architecture 3682:Islamic architecture 3124:, imperial palaces, 3122:agricultural estates 3042:List of Roman canals 3000:, which they called 2626:Roman triumphal arch 2423:Arles, France – the 2060:Romano-Celtic temple 2031:and its variant the 1534:The Classical Weekly 971:Constantine Basilica 780:Federal architecture 776:Regency architecture 738:Baroque architecture 707:Islamic architecture 568:Islamic architecture 546:, such as Hadrian's 31:Architecture of Rome 10667:Stripped Classicism 10642:International style 10625:Rationalist-Fascist 10274:Portuguese Colonial 10024:Pre-Islamic Persian 9756:Dams and reservoirs 9560:Distinguished women 9211:Velleius Paterculus 9051:Nicolaus Damascenus 9031:Marcellus Empiricus 8420:Republican currency 7555:Anderson, James C. 7548:Adam, Jean Pierre. 7037:Geographical Review 6875:Rook, Tony (1992), 6321:. pp. 375–392. 5896:, pp. 256–267. 5884:, pp. 169–238. 5860:, pp. 353–356. 5773:, pp. 121–123. 5761:, pp. 116–119. 5487:, pp. 310–319. 5301:, pp. 133–134. 5239:on 13 December 2012 5184:, pp. 419–439. 5033:, pp. 373–378. 4938:Summerson, pp. 8–13 4609:, pp. 201–223. 4203:Architecture portal 4161:Ancient Rome portal 3985:, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3975:, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3885:Baths of Diocletian 3340:(from 122) and the 3267:Roman walls of Lugo 3211:Concrete Revolution 3078:are covered at the 3068:ancient geographers 2905:Aqueduct of Segovia 2672:Arch of Constantine 2372:In architecture, a 2328:in the wake of the 2304:Diocletian's Palace 2221:Villa of the Papyri 2048:sacred architecture 2021:Italian Renaissance 852:Baths of Diocletian 784:Stripped Classicism 718:Italian Renaissance 632:sacred architecture 586:List of Roman domes 552:Baths of Diocletian 501:Aqueduct of Segovia 308:Baths of Diocletian 284:Aqueduct of Segovia 40: 11285:Self-consolidating 10977:Water–cement ratio 10672:Postconstructivism 10615:Streamline Moderne 9334:Phlegon of Tralles 9141:Seneca the Younger 8615:Naming conventions 8345:Personal equipment 7878:Later Roman Empire 7618:Thomas, Edmund V. 7613:Roman Architecture 7293:Vitrivius (1914). 6611:Greek Architecture 6272:Gagarin, Michael; 5207:"Museo del Sannio" 4099: 3891:Baths of Caracalla 3857: 3843: 3829: 3826:Baths of Caracalla 3763: 3724: 3712:Temple of Claudius 3554: 3484:underfloor heating 3476: 3389: 3321:(2nd century BC), 3271: 3114: 3072:modern archaeology 2943: 2833: 2792:Laws and standards 2768: 2715:currus triumphalis 2670:(203–205) and the 2660: 2629: 2476: 2370: 2302:With the colossal 2191: 2097: 2005:Temple of Claudius 1954: 1903:Temple of Portunus 1847: 1765: 1763:, England its name 1713: 1651:referring to both 1564: 1519:horrea subterranea 1481: 1394: 1257: 1204: 1142: 1119:Roman amphitheatre 1033: 954: 939:St. George Rotunda 931: 859: 764: 600: 556:Baths of Caracalla 523:and the bridge at 519:in Spain, and the 411: 312:Baths of Caracalla 292: 286:(1st century AD), 249: 150: 38: 11507: 11506: 11499:Category:Concrete 11280:Roller-compacting 11101:Climbing formwork 10950:Calcium aluminate 10922:Roman engineering 10857: 10856: 9899: 9898: 9873:Villas in England 9868:Villas in Belgium 9822:Ancient monuments 9673: 9672: 9635:Pontifices maximi 9417: 9416: 9274:Diogenes Laërtius 9096:Pliny the Younger 8851:Asconius Pedianus 8811:Romance languages 8683:Civil engineering 8425:Imperial currency 8298:Political control 8259: 8258: 7893: 7892: 7647:Library resources 7627:Roman Woodworking 7625:Ulrich, Roger B. 7533:978-0-8204-6235-6 7467:978-0-300-08138-1 7415:978-90-04-11123-3 7397:978-90-04-11123-3 7353:978-0-521-32591-2 7285:978-0-300-10341-0 7276:Roman Woodworking 7258:Thames and Hudson 7240:978-0-7867-1749-1 7233:. Da Capo Press. 7138:978-0-432-15090-0 7129:A History of Dams 7083:978-0-7148-2214-3 7018:Semper, Gottfried 7011:978-3-87919-145-1 6993:978-3-87919-145-1 6975:978-3-87919-145-1 6886:978-0-7478-0157-3 6858:978-0-8018-4300-6 6826:978-0-472-08568-2 6796:978-90-04-10378-8 6777:978-0-7506-5090-8 6744:978-0-521-39326-3 6670:978-0-924171-59-8 6561:978-0-8264-8102-3 6542:978-3-406-03172-4 6519:978-0-7864-0822-1 6498:978-0-393-73007-4 6460:978-1-85669-451-3 6442:978-90-04-11123-3 6420:978-0-7156-2194-3 6337:978-3-421-03062-7 6310:978-0-495-00479-0 6291:978-0-19-517072-6 6264:978-3-930698-60-8 6245:978-90-04-00622-5 6214:Oxford Art Online 6205:978-3-406-43301-6 6162:Anatolian Studies 6142:World Archaeology 6091:978-0-415-16593-8 6068:978-1-4381-1027-1 6045:978-3-593-34906-0 5998:978-0-19-512221-3 5831:, pp. 148f.. 5816:, pp. 38–44. 5745:978-1-84603-198-4 5737:The Walls of Rome 5690:, pp. 59–62. 5630:, pp. 33–35. 5567:, pp. 331f.. 5289:, pp. 18–25. 5213:on 6 October 2014 5172:, pp. 7, 16. 5117:, pp. 406f.. 5045:, pp. 12–15. 4997:, pp. 396f.. 4972:Ward-Perkins 2000 4948:Wilson Jones 2000 4726:, pp. 14–15. 4552:, p. 330–40. 4537:, pp. 35–36. 4468:Summerson, 10–13, 4337:Ward-Perkins 1956 4108:Roman engineering 4102:Civil engineering 4094:, in what is now 4051:Catacombs of Rome 3940:Tower of Hercules 3925:Forum of Augustus 3921:(former building) 3698:Decumanus Maximus 3631:triumphal columns 3425:Opus vermiculatum 3279:Porchester Castle 3275:Saxon Shore forts 3234:arch-gravity dams 3206:opus caementicium 3002:opus caementicium 2829:Vers-Pont-du-Gard 2680:arcus quadrifrons 2189:, seen from above 2037:that at Alcántara 2019:, and subsequent 1836:Temple of Bacchus 1721:Tower of Hercules 1705:Tower of Hercules 1599:and interiors in 1551:Insula (building) 1039:supporting broad 1025:opus caementicium 958:fired clay bricks 831:Buckingham Palace 647:Mediterranean Sea 525:Vaison-la-Romaine 509:aqueducts of Rome 507:, and the eleven 486:opus caementicium 304:aqueducts of Rome 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 11537: 11497: 11496: 11409:Concrete Society 11220:Fiber-reinforced 11035:Volumetric mixer 10927:Roman technology 10884: 10877: 10870: 10861: 10860: 10749:Deconstructivism 10508:Spanish Colonial 10269:Spanish Colonial 10169:Western Chalukya 9977:Ancient Egyptian 9926: 9919: 9912: 9903: 9902: 9791:Triumphal arches 9700: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9625:Magistri equitum 9540:Cities and towns 9533: 9459:Constantinopolis 9269:Diodorus Siculus 9201:Valerius Maximus 9136:Seneca the Elder 9056:Nonius Marcellus 8824: 8823: 8377:Hippika gymnasia 8340:Infantry tactics 8246:Consular tribune 8236:Magister equitum 8185:Military tribune 8150: 8149: 8110:Pontifex maximus 8105:Princeps senatus 8095:Magister militum 7861:Byzantine Empire 7782: 7781: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7562:Boëthius, Axel. 7537: 7501: 7471: 7452: 7418: 7400: 7382: 7370: 7357: 7323: 7313: 7298: 7289: 7256:, 1980 edition, 7244: 7223: 7186: 7141: 7123: 7087: 7075: 7060: 7014: 6996: 6978: 6960: 6947: 6934: 6889: 6871: 6862: 6850: 6839: 6830: 6811: 6800: 6781: 6762:. pp. 1–5. 6757: 6747: 6729: 6710: 6684: 6674: 6655: 6631: 6622: 6603: 6565: 6546: 6534: 6523: 6502: 6481: 6464: 6445: 6423: 6405: 6354: 6348: 6340: 6322: 6313: 6295: 6268: 6249: 6228: 6209: 6188: 6156: 6133: 6095: 6072: 6049: 6030: 6014:(3/4): 348–357, 6002: 5981: 5968: 5947: 5946: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5642:, pp. 31f.. 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579:, pp. 86f.. 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5555:, pp. 60f.. 5550: 5544: 5538: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5351: 5348: 5337: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5235:. Archived from 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209:. Archived from 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5135:. Archived from 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4773: 4767: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4738:, Epist. VIII.18 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4306:, pp. 18f.. 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4236:Roman technology 4205: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4141:Limes Germanicus 4096:Northern England 3945:Tropaeum Traiani 3860:Public buildings 3659:medieval castles 3445:opus tessellatum 3331: 3328: 3178:Late Middle Ages 3102:Basilica Cistern 3056:land reclamation 3011:in southwestern 2986:Segovia Aqueduct 2970:Alconétar Bridge 2876:eleven aqueducts 2635:and would erect 2610:Arch of Augustus 2543:Triumphal arches 2390:obelisk carriers 2332:and the rise of 2250:, including the 2029:Corinthian order 2012:classical orders 1968:with columns, a 1915:Forum Holitorium 1834:"Roman Baroque" 1800:is discussed by 1796:. The design of 1695:Roman lighthouse 1596:opus reticulatum 1457:on the far left. 1442: 1201: 1198: 1139: 1136: 1133:Arena of Nîmes ( 956:The Romans made 823:Lincoln Memorial 815:Capitol building 746:direct influence 730:Composite orders 675:structural steel 536:vaulted ceilings 471:Gottfried Semper 469:. According to 372:classical orders 254:classical orders 243:Interior of the 71:)–4th century AD 57: 48: 41: 37: 21: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11503: 11485: 11469: 11438: 11392: 11329: 11201: 11155: 11074: 11050:Flow table test 11011: 10931: 10893: 10888: 10858: 10853: 10768: 10737: 10686: 10620:Totalitarianism 10610:New Objectivity 10551: 10404:Serbo-Byzantine 10399:Russo-Byzantine 10288: 10247: 10122: 10099:Islamic Persian 10035: 9953: 9935: 9930: 9900: 9895: 9882: 9878:Villas in Wales 9851:Other countries 9846: 9805: 9796:Victory columns 9709: 9704: 9674: 9669: 9531: 9529: 9523: 9413: 9249:Aëtius of Amida 9230: 9216:Verrius Flaccus 9196:Valerius Antias 9156:Silius Italicus 9091:Pliny the Elder 9036:Marcus Aurelius 8911:Cornelius Nepos 8861:Aurelius Victor 8815: 8737: 8649: 8583:Secessio plebis 8554: 8429: 8381: 8255: 8209: 8139: 8021: 7973: 7889: 7810: 7771: 7753: 7747: 7707: 7701:Wayback Machine 7677: 7676: 7675: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7545: 7543:Further reading 7540: 7534: 7505:Yarwood, Doreen 7468: 7434:10.2307/3184857 7416: 7398: 7375:Wikander, Örjan 7354: 7321: 7286: 7248:Summerson, John 7241: 7204:10.2307/4238817 7159:10.2307/4126281 7139: 7105:10.2307/3102810 7084: 7012: 6994: 6976: 6887: 6859: 6827: 6797: 6778: 6755: 6745: 6726: 6682: 6671: 6645:10.2307/3050861 6607:Lawrence, A. W. 6562: 6543: 6520: 6499: 6491:. W.W. Norton. 6461: 6443: 6429:Wikander, Örjan 6421: 6386:10.2307/1087740 6342: 6341: 6338: 6311: 6292: 6276:, eds. (2010). 6274:Fantham, Elaine 6265: 6246: 6206: 6170:10.2307/3643076 6092: 6069: 6046: 6020:10.2307/1192605 5999: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5712:Schnitter 1987b 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5688:Schnitter 1987b 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5664:Schnitter 1987c 5662: 5658: 5652:Schnitter 1987a 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5411:O'Flaherty 2002 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5340: 5327: 5320: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5139:on 5 April 2007 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5021:, pp. 7f.. 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4828:10.2307/4389377 4812: 4805: 4790:10.2307/4389377 4774: 4770: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4676:Richardson 1992 4674: 4670: 4647: 4640: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4607:Bomgardner 2000 4605: 4601: 4595:Bomgardner 2000 4593: 4589: 4583:Bomgardner 2000 4581: 4577: 4571:Bomgardner 2000 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4403: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4122: 4114:Roman watermill 4104: 4028: 3930:Hadrian's Villa 3901:Trajan's Column 3881:of July in 109. 3866:Baths of Trajan 3862: 3850:Hadrian's Villa 3818: 3744:grid of streets 3731:in Italy. (see 3704: 3690: 3629:Apart from the 3624:Trajan's Column 3608: 3602: 3523: 3517: 3492:central heating 3461: 3397:imperial period 3377:Hadrian's Villa 3369: 3363: 3358: 3329: 3260: 3254: 3252:Defensive walls 3203:and especially 3185:embankment dams 3146: 3140: 3110:Imperial Palace 3094: 3088: 3044: 3038: 3017:Trajan's bridge 2929: 2923: 2917: 2901:official report 2892:De architectura 2817: 2807: 2801: 2795:to being flat. 2757: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2733:Victory columns 2595:Pliny the Elder 2551: 2545: 2461: 2412: 2406: 2366:Trajan's Column 2364:The capital of 2358: 2352: 2347: 2318: 2312: 2299:"Gethsemane"). 2279:translated the 2256:villa suburbana 2213:Hadrian's Villa 2176: 2162: 2156: 2086: 2080: 2072:Celtic religion 2043:could be used. 2033:Composite order 2001:engaged columns 1927:Renaissance era 1923:Battle of Mylae 1917:, dedicated by 1911:Temple of Janus 1828: 1822: 1816: 1807:De architectura 1749: 1743: 1737: 1697: 1691: 1553: 1547: 1538:Pliny the Elder 1465: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455:Trajan's Column 1448: 1443: 1383: 1373: 1367: 1311: 1295:Basilica Porcia 1262: 1255:(r. 306–337 CE) 1221:animal killings 1199: 1188:and footraces. 1137: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1066:De architectura 1017: 1011: 911: 905: 850:Frigidarium of 844: 839: 760:Andrea Palladio 687: 655:post and lintel 588: 582: 576: 558:, all in Rome. 495:throughout the 400: 356: 247:, c. 113–125 AD 237: 154:Imperial period 59: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11543: 11533: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11501: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11477: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11368:Concrete block 11365: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11356:voided biaxial 11353: 11348: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11320: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11060:Concrete cover 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11030:Concrete mixer 11027: 11021: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10917:Roman concrete 10914: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10887: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10864: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10787: 10782: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10605:Constructivism 10602: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10580: 10578:Prairie School 10575: 10570: 10565: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10111:Pre-Romanesque 10108: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10043: 10041:1st millennium 10037: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9963: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9929: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9906: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9893: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9863:Sites in Spain 9860: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9703: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9536: 9534: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9101:Pomponius Mela 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8836:Aelius Donatus 8832: 8830: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8804:Ecclesiastical 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8758: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8564: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8545:Toys and games 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8085:Vigintisexviri 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8045:Cursus honorum 8042: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7844:Western Empire 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7704: 7690: 7684: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641:External links 7639: 7638: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7526:. Peter Lang. 7519: 7502: 7485:(2): 273–283, 7472: 7466: 7453: 7419: 7414: 7401: 7396: 7383: 7371: 7358: 7352: 7314: 7312:. John Murray. 7299: 7290: 7284: 7271: 7245: 7239: 7224: 7187: 7153:(3): 411–434. 7142: 7137: 7124: 7088: 7082: 7061: 7049:10.2307/209149 7043:(3): 420–443. 7032: 7015: 7010: 6997: 6992: 6979: 6974: 6961: 6948: 6935: 6907:10.2307/507025 6901:(3): 449–489. 6890: 6885: 6872: 6863: 6857: 6840: 6831: 6825: 6812: 6801: 6795: 6782: 6776: 6748: 6743: 6730: 6725:978-0711438019 6724: 6711: 6693:(3): 332–354. 6675: 6669: 6656: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6604: 6585:10.2307/506969 6579:(3): 419–439, 6566: 6560: 6547: 6541: 6524: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6482: 6465: 6459: 6446: 6441: 6424: 6419: 6406: 6380:(4): 342–347. 6369: 6355: 6336: 6323: 6314: 6309: 6296: 6290: 6269: 6263: 6250: 6244: 6229: 6220: 6210: 6204: 6189: 6157: 6138:DeLaine, Janet 6134: 6115:10.2307/630416 6096: 6090: 6073: 6067: 6050: 6044: 6031: 6003: 5997: 5982: 5969: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5934: 5922: 5918:Vitrivius 1914 5910: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5845: 5833: 5818: 5806: 5787: 5775: 5763: 5751: 5728: 5716: 5704: 5700:Schnitter 1978 5692: 5680: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5640:Schnitter 1978 5632: 5620: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5543:, p. 332. 5530: 5518: 5514:Schnitter 1978 5506: 5489: 5477: 5475:, p. 126. 5465: 5439: 5427: 5425:, p. 145. 5415: 5403: 5401:, p. 195. 5391: 5387:Kaszynski 2000 5379: 5377:, p. 146. 5367: 5352: 5338: 5329:Triumphal Arch 5318: 5303: 5291: 5274: 5272:, p. 436. 5262: 5260:, p. 435. 5250: 5224: 5198: 5186: 5182:Lancaster 1999 5174: 5162: 5158:Wirsching 2000 5150: 5119: 5115:Wikander 2000b 5107: 5095: 5093:, p. 407. 5091:Wikander 2000b 5083: 5071: 5069:, p. 403. 5067:Wikander 2000b 5059: 5057:, p. 158. 5047: 5035: 5031:Wikander 2000a 5023: 5011: 4999: 4995:Wikander 2000a 4987: 4976: 4974:, p. 333. 4964: 4952: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4920:Wheeler, p. 89 4913: 4904: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4858:Hermansen 1970 4850: 4841: 4803: 4768: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4714:, p. 149. 4704: 4702:, p. 180. 4692: 4680: 4678:, p. 193. 4668: 4657:(8): 318–326. 4638: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4554: 4539: 4527: 4525:, p. 310. 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4477:Summerson, 13, 4470: 4461: 4452: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4414:, p. 117. 4401: 4372:10.2307/497176 4366:(2): 155–174. 4350: 4341: 4329: 4320: 4318:, p. 170. 4308: 4296: 4294:, p. 407. 4284: 4275: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4192: 4189:History portal 4178: 4164: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4136:Hadrian's Wall 4133: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4103: 4100: 4088:Hadrian's Wall 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4000: 3986: 3976: 3970: 3956: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3913:Curia Hostilia 3910: 3907:Circus Maximus 3904: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3861: 3858: 3817: 3814: 3689: 3686: 3667:late antiquity 3639:Constantinople 3601: 3598: 3543:Roman Republic 3516: 3513: 3460: 3457: 3365:Main article: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3338:Hadrian's Wall 3256:Main article: 3253: 3250: 3139: 3136: 3106:Constantinople 3087: 3084: 3037: 3034: 2990:Pons Fabricius 2980:, such as the 2947:ancient Romans 2919:Main article: 2916: 2913: 2909:Constantinople 2853:sewage systems 2805:Roman aqueduct 2803:Main article: 2800: 2797: 2775:Roman Republic 2753:Main article: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2744:Infrastructure 2742: 2734: 2731: 2584:ancient Greece 2568:Roman Republic 2564:Roman triumphs 2555:triumphal arch 2544: 2541: 2503:flower gardens 2495:Cato the Elder 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2438: 2432: 2405: 2402: 2394:ancient cranes 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2311: 2308: 2281:Gospel of Mark 2244:Campus Martius 2233:country houses 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2100:Roman theatres 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 2064:Western Empire 1985:and temple of 1983:Pantheon, Rome 1948:, who won the 1818:Main article: 1815: 1812: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1693:Main article: 1690: 1687: 1632:and 44,850 of 1549:Main article: 1546: 1543: 1515:Gaius Gracchus 1464: 1461: 1451:Forum Trajanum 1445: 1444: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1338:chariot racing 1310: 1307: 1299:Cato the Elder 1261: 1258: 1249:Gallia Belgica 1245:Roman province 1174:Roman theatres 1150:triumphal arch 1148:was, with the 1117:Main article: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1108:Building types 1106: 1074:Roman concrete 1015:Roman concrete 1013:Main article: 1010: 1009:Roman concrete 1007: 907:Main article: 904: 901: 843: 840: 838: 835: 758:, designed by 716:In Europe the 691:Pre-Romanesque 686: 683: 578:Main article: 575: 572: 499:, such as the 482:Roman concrete 399: 396: 355: 352: 348:Hadrian's Wall 265:Roman concrete 245:Pantheon, Rome 236: 233: 106:Roman concrete 98:Roman Republic 86:ancient Romans 73: 72: 69:Roman Republic 65: 61: 60: 49: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11542: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11500: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11441: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11397:Organizations 11395: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11362: 11361:slab on grade 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11290:Self-leveling 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11091:Cast-in-place 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10987:Reinforcement 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10885: 10880: 10878: 10873: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10759:New Classical 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10703:Structuralism 10701: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10647:Functionalism 10645: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10583:Expressionism 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10535:Liberty style 10533: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468:Neo-Manueline 10466: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10441:Monumentalism 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10431:Mediterranean 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10211:Romano-Gothic 10209: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10012:Ancient Roman 10010: 10008: 10007:Ancient Greek 10005: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9927: 9922: 9920: 9915: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9781:Spiral stairs 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9721:Amphitheatres 9719: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9687: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9526: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8991:Julius Paulus 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8926:Fabius Pictor 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Amphitheatres 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Deforestation 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8350:Siege engines 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8283:Establishment 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214:Extraordinary 8212: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200:Promagistrate 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Twelve Tables 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7751: 7744: 7739: 7737: 7732: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7611:Sear, Frank. 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7304:Birch, Samuel 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7073: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6977: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6736: 6735:Roman Bridges 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6533: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6330:, Stuttgart, 6329: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6055:"Engineering" 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5944: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5894:Benevolo 1993 5890: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5858:Beckmann 2002 5854: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841:Beckmann 2002 5837: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5702:, p. 29. 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5666:, p. 80. 5665: 5660: 5654:, p. 12. 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5603:, p. 42. 5602: 5597: 5591:, p. 49. 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5528:, p. 80. 5527: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5504:, p. 87. 5503: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5473:O'Connor 1993 5469: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5435:O'Connor 1993 5431: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5316:, p. 43. 5315: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299:Sullivan 2006 5295: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5196:, p. 69. 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5081:, p. 16. 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5055:Wikander 1985 5051: 5044: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5009:, p. 11. 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4935: 4929:Lawrence, 294 4926: 4917: 4911:Lawrence, 294 4908: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4724:Métreaux 1998 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4690:, p. 61. 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4597:, p. 62. 4596: 4591: 4585:, p. 59. 4584: 4579: 4573:, p. 37. 4572: 4567: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4450:, p. 27. 4449: 4444: 4438:, p. 24. 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4179: 4176: 4165: 4162: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4131:Antonine Wall 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4092:Roman Britain 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4061:Villa rustica 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983:Philippopolis 3980: 3979:Roman Stadium 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3854:Tivoli, Lazio 3851: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3755:Philippopolis 3751: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:Aurelian Wall 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614:is a type of 3613: 3607: 3600:Spiral stairs 3597: 3595: 3591: 3590:Palatine Hill 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3558:Magna Graecia 3552: 3548: 3547:largest domes 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:swimming pool 3532: 3527: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488:Sergius Orata 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3353: 3351: 3350:Roman Britain 3347: 3343: 3342:Antonine Wall 3339: 3335: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3312:Aurelian Wall 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300:16 main gates 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3242:buttress dams 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3215:Lake Homs Dam 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3197:flood control 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060:flood control 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026:Puente Romano 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009:Limyra Bridge 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2940:Mérida, Spain 2937: 2936:Puente Romano 2933: 2928: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872:cattle market 2869: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666:(AD 81), the 2665: 2664:Arch of Titus 2657: 2656:Arch of Titus 2652: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641:Roman Emperor 2638: 2634: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Roman gardens 2474: 2470: 2465: 2459:Roman gardens 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2425:Arles Obelisk 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229:Bay of Naples 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2188: 2185:just outside 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Villa rustica 2161: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2133:scaenae frons 2130: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2112:scaenae frons 2107: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2068:Roman Britain 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Maison carrée 1994: 1993: 1992:Maison carrée 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:Gaius Duilius 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:Forum Boarium 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1877:. Behind the 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1602:opus incertum 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1539: 1536:states that " 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:Horrea Galbae 1494: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1407:Imperial fora 1404: 1400: 1399:Julius Caesar 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1371:Forum (Roman) 1362: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1346:naval battles 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:amphitheatres 1331: 1327: 1324: 1323:ancient Greek 1320: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1254: 1253:Constantine I 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:Aula Palatina 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1200: 238 CE 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1138: 100 CE 1131: 1126: 1120: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1092:, water, and 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1006: 1004: 1003:British Isles 1000: 996: 992: 991:Roman legions 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 963: 959: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 929:and brickwork 928: 924: 920: 915: 910: 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 857: 853: 848: 834: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 761: 757: 756:Villa Cornaro 753: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649:. Along with 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 630:in Christian 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 597: 592: 587: 581: 571: 569: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513:Puente Romano 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:amphitheatres 428: 424: 420: 416: 409: 404: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Magna Graecia 373: 369: 365: 361: 351: 349: 345: 341: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 289: 285: 281: 277: 275: 271: 266: 261: 259: 255: 246: 241: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 147: 143: 142: 141:Maison carrée 136: 132: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:architectural 87: 83: 79: 70: 66: 62: 53: 47: 42: 36: 32: 27: 19: 11373:Step barrier 11334:Applications 11245:Nanoconcrete 11131:Power trowel 11116:Power screed 11106:Slip forming 11079:Construction 10906: 10817:Mesoamerican 10764:Contemporary 10742:2000–present 10733:Neo-futurism 10713:Blobitecture 10540:Modern Style 10456:Neoclassical 10204:Indo-Islamic 10179:Great Seljuk 10164:Vijayanagara 10058:East Slavic 10011: 9972:Mesopotamian 9810:City of Rome 9771:Public baths 9714:Roman Empire 9605:Institutions 9469:Leptis Magna 9422:Major cities 9329:Philostratus 9116:Quadrigarius 8936:Rufus Festus 8799:Contemporary 8520:Romanization 8443:Architecture 8442: 8050:Collegiality 7899:Constitution 7750:Ancient Rome 7661:Online books 7651: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7523: 7508: 7482: 7476: 7457: 7423: 7405: 7387: 7378: 7366: 7362: 7326: 7308: 7294: 7275: 7261:World of Art 7260: 7251: 7229: 7195: 7191: 7150: 7146: 7128: 7099:(1): 58–68, 7096: 7092: 7071: 7040: 7036: 7030:google books 7025: 7021: 7001: 6983: 6965: 6956: 6952: 6943: 6898: 6894: 6876: 6867: 6846: 6836:Architectura 6835: 6816: 6806: 6786: 6759: 6734: 6715: 6690: 6686: 6660: 6637:Art Bulletin 6636: 6627: 6618: 6610: 6576: 6570: 6551: 6530: 6508: 6487: 6477: 6473: 6450: 6432: 6410: 6377: 6373: 6358: 6327: 6318: 6300: 6281: 6254: 6234: 6224: 6194: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6106: 6100: 6077: 6058: 6035: 6011: 6007: 5987: 5977: 5963: 5937: 5930:Demandt 1998 5925: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5836: 5809: 5799: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5736: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5623: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5521: 5509: 5480: 5468: 5456:. Retrieved 5454:. ebuild.com 5442: 5437:, p. 1. 5430: 5418: 5413:, p. 2. 5406: 5394: 5389:, p. 9. 5382: 5370: 5332: 5294: 5265: 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5237:the original 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5211:the original 5201: 5189: 5177: 5170:Coulton 1974 5165: 5153: 5143:24 September 5141:. Retrieved 5137:the original 5132: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4979: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4897: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4844: 4822:(7): 49–54. 4819: 4815: 4784:(7): 49–54. 4781: 4777: 4771: 4760:Schmitz 1875 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4712:Patrich 1996 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4654: 4650: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4557: 4530: 4523:Juracek 1996 4518: 4509: 4500: 4495:Henig, p. 32 4491: 4486:Henig, p. 28 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4332: 4323: 4316:Gardner 2005 4311: 4299: 4292:DeLaine 1990 4287: 4282:Henig, p. 27 4278: 4269: 4264:Henig, p. 26 4260: 4175:Italy portal 4012:Roman tomb, 3950:Verona Arena 3876: 3870: 3836:Verona Arena 3806: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3774: 3764: 3737: 3725: 3694:Centuriation 3675: 3628: 3612:spiral stair 3609: 3576:The largest 3575: 3555: 3505:pilae stacks 3498: 3496: 3477: 3452: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3390: 3385:Altes Museum 3367:Roman mosaic 3348:frontier of 3316: 3310:. Later the 3303: 3295:Servian Wall 3272: 3223: 3204: 3189:gravity dams 3187:and masonry 3182: 3170:Subiaco Dams 3154:North Africa 3147: 3125: 3115: 3076:water supply 3045: 3006: 3001: 2982:Pont du Gard 2962:semicircular 2959: 2944: 2921:Roman bridge 2890: 2889:in his work 2883:early modern 2880: 2865: 2857: 2845:public baths 2834: 2825:Pont du Gard 2779:Roman Empire 2769: 2723: 2714: 2706: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2661: 2636: 2633:triumphators 2632: 2630: 2622:Roman Senate 2588: 2552: 2537:roof gardens 2533:window boxes 2526: 2507: 2477: 2428: 2413: 2387: 2371: 2319: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2241: 2198: 2192: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2045: 2041:Tuscan order 2009: 1996: 1990: 1962:Greek temple 1955: 1883: 1878: 1854: 1848: 1820:Roman temple 1805: 1797: 1779: 1768: 1766: 1714: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1612:trompe-l'œil 1610: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1561:Ostia Antica 1525: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1482: 1477:Ostia (Rome) 1472: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1356: 1350: 1319:Roman Empire 1315:Roman circus 1312: 1292: 1263: 1226: 1205: 1166:gladiatorial 1146:amphitheatre 1143: 1113:Amphitheatre 1098: 1071: 1064: 1034: 1024: 987: 955: 923:Burgh Castle 897: 860: 827: 792: 765: 715: 688: 636: 601: 598:, inner view 594:Dome of the 560: 540:public baths 529: 505:Pont du Gard 497:Roman Empire 490: 485: 475: 412: 392:Roman villas 357: 336: 293: 262: 250: 231:and Ostia). 225:Ostia Antica 213: 176:, and later 151: 139: 121:Late Antique 118: 77: 76: 64:Years active 35: 26: 11351:hollow-core 11310:Waste light 11305:Translucent 11265:Prestressed 11192:Segregation 11177:Degradation 11065:Cover meter 11002:Silica fume 10937:Composition 10677:PWA Moderne 10563:Rationalism 10525:Art Nouveau 10513:Territorial 10493:Renaissance 10477:Queen Anne 10350:Elizabethan 10243:Plateresque 10238:Renaissance 10221:Sondergotik 10116:Carolingian 10062:Kievan Rus' 9600:Geographers 9284:Dioscorides 9264:Cassius Dio 8886:Cassiodorus 8789:Renaissance 8395:Agriculture 8367:Auxiliaries 8308:Engineering 8145:Magistrates 7997:Citizenship 7992:Mos maiorum 7927:Late Empire 7693:Rome Reborn 7076:. Phaidon. 6953:Antike Welt 6278:"Aqueducts" 6225:Antike Welt 5954:Works cited 5906:Harris 1989 5870:Morris 1972 5829:Ulrich 2007 5783:Miller 1972 5485:Döring 2002 5399:Bunson 2009 5375:Forbes 1993 5270:Semple 1929 5258:Semple 1929 5079:Wilson 2002 5019:Wilson 2002 4882:Storey 2004 4870:Storey 2002 4750:, Epist. 45 4627:(6). 1926. 4621:Latin Notes 4348:Yarwood, 40 4327:Semper, 756 4273:Yarwood, 38 4073:Herculaneum 4056:Roman villa 3989:Roman baths 3919:Domus Aurea 3688:City design 3571:Roman domes 3515:Roman roofs 3219:Harbaqa Dam 2771:Roman roads 2707:triumphator 2695:triumphator 2687:triumphator 2591:entablature 2467:Gardens in 2379:architraves 2338:water wheel 2239:in Sussex. 2225:Herculaneum 2207:floors and 2195:Roman villa 2160:Roman villa 2123:proscaenium 2118:proscaenium 2039:, a simple 2027:trend, the 2025:Hellenistic 1950:Achaean War 1861:housed the 1786:town houses 1757:Roman Baths 1717:lighthouses 1689:Lighthouses 1419:Roman Forum 1391:Roman Forum 1377:Roman Forum 1342:horse races 1326:hippodromes 1182:hippodromes 1082:lime mortar 1049:architraves 1023:Example of 909:Roman brick 903:Roman brick 819:White House 807:Herculaneum 788:PWA Moderne 699:Scandinavia 645:around the 521:Pont Julien 384:Hellenistic 197:Doric order 11514:Categories 11450:Eurocode 2 11388:Structures 11275:Reinforced 11235:Lunarcrete 11215:AstroCrete 11172:Durability 11167:Properties 11045:Slump test 11017:Production 11007:Metakaolin 10834:Portuguese 10708:Postmodern 10657:Organicism 10545:Modernisme 10530:Jugendstil 10389:Revivalism 10377:Industrial 10360:Portuguese 10134:Romanesque 10029:Achaemenid 9801:Watermills 9489:Mediolanum 9429:Alexandria 9394:Themistius 9359:Porphyrius 9186:Tertullian 9121:Quintilian 9111:Propertius 9006:Lactantius 8956:Fulgentius 8891:Censorinus 8713:Sanitation 8698:Metallurgy 8655:Technology 8620:Demography 8568:Patricians 8535:Spectacles 8493:Literature 8488:Hairstyles 8325:Technology 8075:Praefectus 8027:Government 8017:Litigation 8002:Auctoritas 7947:Centuriate 7834:Principate 7829:Pax Romana 7789:Foundation 7517:0600554309 7269:0500201773 6959:(2): 25–32 6367:0714822140 6195:Die Kelten 5814:Hodge 1960 5771:Smith 1983 5759:Smith 1983 5676:Hodge 2000 5628:Smith 1971 5601:Smith 1971 5589:Smith 1971 5577:Hodge 1992 5565:Hodge 2000 5553:Smith 1970 5541:Hodge 2000 5526:Hodge 1992 5502:Hodge 1992 4762:, p. 4688:Lampe 2006 4412:Rasch 1985 4247:References 4036:necropolis 4016:, Bulgaria 4009:, Bulgaria 3999:, Bulgaria 3969:, Bulgaria 3802:portcullis 3782:city block 3771:flagstones 3733:Marzabotto 3582:Aula Regia 3578:truss roof 3539:Roman bath 3428:used tiny 3330: 100 3230:buttresses 3193:irrigation 3132:Roman navy 3064:navigation 3048:irrigation 2868:Aqua Appia 2765:Appian Way 2755:Roman road 2727:typography 2566:under the 2469:Conimbriga 2449:Kunstareal 2310:Watermills 2289:Gethsemane 2283:(xiv, 32) 2268:latifundia 2237:Fishbourne 2164:See also: 2142:auditorium 2010:The Greek 1978:terracotta 1929:church of 1913:in Rome's 1863:cult image 1709:lighthouse 1707:, a Roman 1659:contained 1559:Insula in 1353:race track 1288:clerestory 1279:colonnades 1264:The Roman 1170:bullfights 1057:floor plan 1029:Appian Way 985:(or CBM). 966:Roman feet 919:shore fort 882:Travertine 663:architrave 406:The Roman 388:triclinium 364:hydraulics 324:town walls 274:floor plan 201:Corinthian 182:colonnades 11481:Hempcrete 11443:Standards 11270:Ready-mix 11187:Recycling 10982:Aggregate 10965:Rosendale 10795:Dravidian 10754:Neomodern 10718:High-tech 10698:Brutalism 10691:1950–2000 10635:Stalinist 10568:Mycenaean 10556:1900–1950 10394:Byzantine 10370:Ukrainian 10355:Naryshkin 10320:Edwardian 10293:1750–1900 10264:Palladian 10259:Manueline 10252:1500–1750 10127:1000–1500 10067:Muscovite 10054:Byzantine 10002:Classical 9990:Mycenaean 9967:Neolithic 9832:Fountains 9817:Aqueducts 9766:Monoliths 9731:Basilicas 9726:Aqueducts 9645:Quaestors 9575:Empresses 9565:Dynasties 9555:Dictators 9530:and other 9519:Volubilis 9514:Vindobona 9474:Londinium 9399:Theodoret 9369:Procopius 9349:Polyaenus 9324:Pausanias 9226:Vitruvius 9171:Symmachus 9166:Suetonius 9076:Petronius 9061:Obsequens 9026:Macrobius 9021:Lucretius 8946:Frontinus 8921:Eutropius 8906:Columella 8856:Augustine 8846:Appuleius 8794:Neo-Latin 8769:Classical 8760:Versions 8668:Aqueducts 8610:Patronage 8530:Sexuality 8503:Mythology 8478:Education 8468:Cosmetics 8293:Campaigns 8288:Structure 8241:Decemviri 8100:Imperator 7799:overthrow 7499:162710923 7450:154629776 7369:: 217–19. 7363:Antiquity 7212:0065-6801 7198:: 47–84. 7183:163283487 7167:0002-9114 7121:111915102 7066:"Mosaics" 6940:"Horreum" 6931:191374710 6915:0002-9114 6699:0018-098X 6601:192986322 6394:0031-8299 6186:163811541 6131:162973494 6082:Routledge 5882:Kolb 1984 5287:Zaho 2004 5243:4 October 5217:4 October 4848:EERA, 134 4535:Peet 1911 4396:191392502 4380:0002-9114 4304:Rook 1992 4252:Footnotes 4032:Alyscamps 4014:Primorsko 3909:, in Rome 3903:, in Rome 3896:Colosseum 3729:Etruscans 3716:Colosseum 3678:Christian 3651:basilicas 3567:basilicas 3480:hypocaust 3468:Hypocaust 3459:Hypocaust 3440:emblemata 3419:designs. 3417:pictorial 3413:geometric 3383:, Italy. 3238:arch dams 3168:only the 3158:Near East 3118:aqueducts 3019:over the 2978:aqueducts 2974:voussoirs 2968:(such as 2966:segmental 2897:Frontinus 2887:Vitruvius 2841:aqueducts 2703:Victories 2699:spandrels 2572:Etruscans 2523:Britannia 2435:Benevento 2350:Monoliths 2322:watermill 2147:Vomitoria 2056:Near East 2017:Vitruvius 1875:libations 1871:dedicated 1802:Vitruvius 1675:cubiculum 1671:cenaculum 1591:Vitruvius 1501:olive oil 1493:granaries 1427:decumanus 1290:windows. 1271:town hall 1186:athletics 1180:(akin to 1162:Colosseum 1090:pozzolana 1086:aggregate 1061:Vitruvius 1053:colonnade 1001:. In the 999:Vitruvius 893:Colosseum 885:limestone 837:Materials 811:New World 722:Vitruvius 711:bathhouse 643:provinces 564:Byzantine 544:basilicas 493:aqueducts 435:aqueducts 320:Colosseum 316:basilicas 270:colonnade 258:aesthetic 217:hypocaust 190:Composite 162:trabeated 54:in Rome ( 52:Colosseum 11474:See also 11465:EN 10080 11460:EN 206-1 11455:EN 197-1 11314:Aerated 11255:Polished 11250:Pervious 11225:Filigree 11121:Finisher 11096:Formwork 10960:Portland 10891:Concrete 10807:Japanese 10785:Colonial 10773:Regional 10723:Arcology 10662:Art Deco 10652:Futurism 10595:De Stijl 10498:Romanian 10416:Egyptian 10411:Colonial 10365:Siberian 10175:Islamic 10144:Ottonian 10139:Galician 10049:Sasanian 10017:Herodian 9997:Etruscan 9842:Obelisks 9786:Theatres 9751:Cisterns 9746:Circuses 9650:Tribunes 9640:Praetors 9590:Generals 9570:Emperors 9479:Lugdunum 9464:Eboracum 9454:Carthage 9439:Aquileia 9354:Polybius 9344:Plutarch 9314:Libanius 9304:Josephus 9299:Herodian 9191:Tibullus 9106:Priscian 9081:Phaedrus 9041:Manilius 8986:Jordanes 8971:Hydatius 8901:Claudian 8881:Catullus 8871:Boëthius 8866:Ausonius 8784:Medieval 8756:Alphabet 8728:Theatres 8703:Numerals 8688:Concrete 8678:Circuses 8645:Bagaudae 8635:Adoption 8630:Marriage 8603:Assembly 8508:Religion 8483:Folklore 8463:Clothing 8458:Calendar 8415:Currency 8405:Commerce 8303:Strategy 8265:Military 8251:Triumvir 8231:Dictator 8226:Interrex 8205:Governor 8190:Quaestor 8153:Ordinary 8135:Province 8125:Tetrarch 8115:Augustus 8080:Vicarius 8070:Officium 8007:Imperium 7957:Plebeian 7917:Republic 7839:Dominate 7806:Republic 7767:Timeline 7697:Archived 7681:Traianus 7306:(1905). 7263:series, 6760:Highways 6687:Hesperia 6345:citation 6109:: 1–19, 5980:, Madrid 4960:Ros 1996 4902:. II.49. 4633:43943460 4147:See also 3935:Pantheon 3812:origin. 3784:. Each 3722:in Rome) 3616:stairway 3586:Domitian 3551:Pantheon 3474:, France 3453:asaroton 3436:tesserae 3431:tesserae 3409:grottoes 3387:, Berlin 3308:Hannibal 3162:Hispania 3086:Cisterns 3052:drainage 2998:concrete 2955:concrete 2849:latrines 2831:, France 2799:Aqueduct 2777:and the 2719:quadriga 2691:cornices 2644:Augustus 2637:fornices 2618:Augustus 2599:quadriga 2580:Volterra 2473:Portugal 2404:Obelisks 2374:monolith 2209:frescoes 2078:Theatres 2054:and the 1974:pediment 1958:Etruscan 1895:Honorius 1794:aqueduct 1725:A Coruña 1711:in Spain 1683:medianum 1666:tabernae 1661:cenacula 1620:plebeius 1431:basilica 1358:carceres 1330:theatres 1275:Augustus 1266:basilica 1260:Basilica 1208:Augustan 1178:circuses 1154:basilica 962:mudbrick 951:Bulgaria 866:Augustus 854:, today 795:pediment 667:concrete 641:and the 624:mausolea 596:Pantheon 554:and the 548:Pantheon 467:theatres 459:harbours 447:circuses 408:Pantheon 370:and the 360:Etruscan 344:Pantheon 310:and the 235:Overview 112:and the 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