480:"For example, everybody would love to listen to fabulous underground bands that nobody has ever head of before, but not all of us can do this. Once too many people find out about this great band, then they are no longer underground. And so we say that it's sold out or 'mainstream' or even 'co-opted by the system'. What has really happened is simply that too many people have started buying their albums so that listening to them no longer serves as a source of distinction. The real rebels therefore have to go off and find some new band to listen to that nobody else knows about in order to preserve this distinction and their sense of superiority over others."
2269:
505:
may have been wrong about many or most things, she was not speaking foolishly when she spoke of the middle-aged folk of her era as "the
Auschwitz generation". Not all of them had been Nazis, of course, but a great many had supported Hitler. Many had been in the Hitler Youth and served in the armed
228:
reversal commits the same logical flaw as the original fallacy given that the idea "X is true" is inherently separate from the idea that "Y people believe X": "Y people believe in X as true, purely because Y people believe in it, and not because of any further considerations. Therefore X must be
173:
The fallacy is similar in structure to certain other fallacies that involve a confusion between the "justification" of a belief and its "widespread acceptance" by a given group of people. When an argument uses the appeal to the beliefs of a group of experts, it takes on the form of an appeal to
318:
argue that correct grammar, spelling, and expressions are defined by the language's speakers, especially in languages which do not have a central governing body. According to this viewpoint, if an incorrect expression is commonly used, it becomes correct. In contrast,
294:
reversal. Chronological snobbery is the claim that if belief in both X and Y was popularly held in the past and if Y was recently proved to be untrue then X must also be untrue. That line of argument is based on a belief in historical progress and not—like the
162:
Appeals to popularity are common in commercial advertising that portrays products as desirable because they are used by many people or associated with popular sentiments instead of communicating the merits of the products themselves.
510:... many of the people who joined what would come to be known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang were motivated by an unconscious desire to prove to themselves that they would have risked their lives to defeat Nazism
368:
159:). It uses an appeal to the beliefs, tastes, or values of a group of people, stating that because a certain opinion or attitude is held by a majority, or even everyone, it is therefore correct.
514:... West Germans well knew. Many of them had relatives in East Germany and were well aware that life under communism was regimented and puritanical at best and often monstrously oppressive.
506:
forces, fighting Nazi wars of conquest. A minority had ineffectively resisted Nazism but, as a whole, it was a generation coping with an extraordinary burden of guilt and shame
307:
Appeals to public opinion are valid in situations where consensus is the determining factor for the validity of a statement, such as linguistic usage and definitions of words.
229:
false." While Y people can believe X to be true for fallacious reasons, X might still be true. Their motivations for believing X do not affect whether X is true or false.
224:
fallacy given that it invokes a person's contempt for the general populace or something about the general populace to persuade them that most are wrong about X. This
174:
authority; if the appeal relates to the beliefs of a group of respected elders or the members of one's community over a long time, then it takes on the form of an
1386:
1391:
1234:
286:
In general, the reversal usually goes: "Most people believe A and B are both true. B is false. Thus, A is false." The similar fallacy of
1207:
418:
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that have well-established names and mathematical notations due to their significance in mathematics and other scientific fields.
198:
differently from an appeal to popular opinion itself, as an attempt to rouse the "emotions and enthusiasms of the multitude".
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271:, with every person in power being guilty in some way. How on earth can we buy the generally held propaganda that the
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argues that appeals to popular opinion can be logically valid in some cases, such as in political dialogue within a
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278:"Everyone loves <A actor>. <A actor> must be nowhere near as talented as the devoted and serious
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In some circumstances, a person may argue that the fact that Y people believe X to be true implies that X is
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which is based on claiming a truth or affirming something is good or correct because many people think so.
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and that probably means that they didn't have nearly as much talent as <Y band>, which didn't
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There is no formal definition of what makes a function a special function; instead, the term
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argument, that something that is unpopular must be flawed, is also a form of this fallacy.
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believe that incorrect expressions are incorrect regardless of how many people use them.
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is defined by consensus. Functions generally considered to be special functions include
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drinking milk and water like everyone else, or will you wake up and drink my product?"
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19:"Appeal to the people" redirects here. For the Japanese communist document, see
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Y=most people, a given quantity of people, people of a particular demographic.
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On
Reasoning and Argument: Essays in Informal Logic and on Critical Thinking
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2006:
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841:
Bad
Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy
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1972:
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2014:
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645:(5th ed.). Socorro, N.M.: Advanced Reasoning Forum. p. 76.
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205:
2176:
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369:
50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong: Elvis' Gold
Records, Volume 2
26:"Ad populum" redirects here. For the Catholic liturgical term, see
989:
890:
660:
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1278:
450:
50:
1127:
1055:
1011:. Handbook of the History of Logic. North-Holland. p. 561.
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613:(2nd ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company. pp. 127–128.
563:
2597:
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reversal is—on whether or not X and/or Y is currently popular.
1241:"Philosophy 103: Introduction to Logic: Argumentum Ad Populum"
1074:"The Appeal to Popularity and Presumption by Common Knowledge"
2587:
46:
275:
is imperialistic and totalitarian? Clearly, it must not be."
579:"Falacia ad populum: definiciĂłn, caracterĂsticas, ejemplos"
548:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 61–62.
1112:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 66–7.
839:. In Arp, Robert; Barbone, Steven; Bruce, Michael (eds.).
1080:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 266.
741:
1007:. In Gabbay, D.M.; Pelletier, F.J.; Woods, J. (eds.).
1038:
Informal Logic: A Handbook for
Critical Argumentation
897:
773:
Fallacies and
Pitfalls of Language: The Language Trap
602:
600:
1134:
667:
597:
16:Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
220:. This line of thought is closely related to the
2630:
1154:"Editing Tips: Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism"
776:. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 145–6.
1076:. In Hansen, Hans V.; Pinto, Robert C. (eds.).
700:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 162.
1387:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1078:Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings
2299:
1392:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
1262:
1005:"A History of the Fallacies in Western Logic"
639:Epstein, Richard L.; Rooney, Michael (2017).
638:
534:
532:
282:that aren't so popular like <B actor>."
864:
862:
860:
606:
1276:
1225:"Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to Numbers)"
1025:
939:
875:. University Press of America. p. 20.
843:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 112–114.
811:. Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
192:
137:
121:
38:
2306:
2292:
1269:
1255:
1067:
1065:
1040:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84.
529:
419:Hurting the feelings of the Chinese people
2313:
1970:
967:
961:
914:
912:
872:Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide
868:
857:
830:
828:
634:
632:
630:
235:X=a statement that can be true or false.
2123:
1009:Logic: A History of its Central Concepts
804:
798:
686:
684:
682:
1071:
1062:
940:Rescher, Nicholas; Schagrin, Morton L.
933:
762:
760:
758:
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2631:
1237:, Excelsior College Online Writing Lab
1169:
1140:
1100:
1031:
918:
909:
903:
834:
825:
747:
724:Critical Thinking: An Appeal to Reason
720:
690:
673:
627:
607:Conway, David; Munson, Ronald (1997).
538:
61:Other names for the fallacy include:
2287:
1250:
1002:
766:
714:
679:
576:
491:These ideas are paraphrased from the
126:(Latin for 'agreement of the people')
1213:from the original on March 29, 2016.
1175:"Why Is the 'ad Populum' a Fallacy?"
753:
56:
926:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13:
1163:
376:A Hundred Authors Against Einstein
14:
2670:
1218:
577:Ayala, Maite (January 11, 2021).
470:These ideas are paraphrased from
49:for 'appeal to the people') is a
2268:
2267:
1110:The Place of Emotion in Argument
1146:
1094:
996:
485:
464:
290:is not to be confused with the
1765:Correlation implies causation
570:
475:Andrew Potter and Joseph Heath
326:
181:
131:
1:
919:Hansen, Hans (May 29, 2015).
697:A Practical Study of Argument
523:
302:
2578:Rally 'round the flag effect
2453:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
869:Van Vleet, Jacob E. (2011).
835:McCraw, Benjamin W. (2018).
472:this presentation by authors
409:Fundamental attribution bias
211:
7:
2659:Majority–minority relations
1032:Walton, Douglas N. (1989).
360:
310:
10:
2675:
2189:I'm entitled to my opinion
1072:Freeman, James B. (1995).
727:. Routledge. p. 136.
321:linguistic prescriptivists
25:
18:
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2172:
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2045:
1961:
1870:
1845:
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1448:
1439:
1377:
1343:
1299:
1290:
1183:Philosophy & Rhetoric
974:. Springer. p. 406.
968:Hitchcock, David (2017).
610:The Elements of Reasoning
545:Appeal to Popular Opinion
399:Consensus theory of truth
316:Linguistic descriptivists
244:mindless conformist drone
157:argumentum ad verecundiam
67:appeal to (common) belief
2215:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1315:Affirming the consequent
457:
2383:Cartographic propaganda
2235:Two wrongs make a right
1566:Denying the correlative
1106:"Argumentum Ad Populum"
947:Encyclopædia Britannica
805:Hinderer, Drew (2005).
351:trigonometric functions
242:"Are you going to be a
153:argument from authority
151:, and is similar to an
87:argument from consensus
2568:Propaganda of the deed
2538:New generation warfare
2488:Historical negationism
2326:Accusation in a mirror
2220:Psychologist's fallacy
2157:Argument to moderation
2147:Argument from anecdote
2097:Chronological snobbery
1721:Quoting out of context
1688:Overwhelming exception
1571:Suppressed correlative
1471:Quoting out of context
1346:quantificational logic
1320:Denying the antecedent
929:. Stanford University.
837:"Appeal to the People"
336:mathematical functions
288:chronological snobbery
264:today consists of the
193:
138:
122:
77:appeal to the majority
39:
2654:Propaganda techniques
2649:Latin logical phrases
2563:Psychological warfare
2528:Monumental propaganda
2478:Glittering generality
2458:Firehose of falsehood
2315:Propaganda techniques
2183:The Four Great Errors
2163:Argumentum ad populum
2152:Argument from silence
1856:Argumentum ad baculum
1634:Faulty generalization
1325:Argument from fallacy
493:'Baader Meinhof Gang'
477:in which they state:
194:argumentum ad populum
139:Argumentum ad populum
102:common belief fallacy
92:authority of the many
41:argumentum ad populum
2403:Demonizing the enemy
2201:Invincible ignorance
2007:Reductio ad Stalinum
1993:Reductio ad Hitlerum
1949:Wisdom of repugnance
1716:Moving the goalposts
1581:Illicit transference
1506:Begging the question
1427:Undistributed middle
1335:Mathematical fallacy
1310:Affirming a disjunct
1034:"Appeals to emotion"
1003:Woods, John (2012).
721:Tittle, Peg (2011).
436:Scientific consensus
430:Reductio ad Hitlerum
389:Cognitive dissonance
149:fallacy of relevance
117:truth by association
82:appeal to the masses
72:appeal to popularity
35:argumentation theory
21:Appeal to the People
2593:Shooting and crying
2423:Emotive conjugation
2398:Cult of personality
2348:Atrocity propaganda
1934:Parade of horribles
1910:In-group favoritism
1736:Syntactic ambiguity
1379:Syllogistic fallacy
1302:propositional logic
1243:, Lander University
1235:"Bandwagon Fallacy"
446:Wisdom of the crowd
404:Conventional wisdom
176:appeal to tradition
51:fallacious argument
2553:Oversimplification
2533:Moralistic fallacy
2020:Poisoning the well
1837:Proof by assertion
1812:Texas sharpshooter
1746:Questionable cause
1683:Slothful induction
1642:Anecdotal evidence
1502:Circular reasoning
1397:Exclusive premises
1359:Illicit conversion
1171:Walton, Douglas N.
1102:Walton, Douglas N.
808:Building Arguments
750:, pp. 81, 85.
540:Walton, Douglas N.
497:True Crime Library
107:democratic fallacy
2644:Genetic fallacies
2639:Consensus reality
2626:
2625:
2518:Managing the news
2343:Appeal to emotion
2281:
2280:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2195:Ignoratio elenchi
2107:
2106:
1957:
1956:
1919:Not invented here
1624:Converse accident
1546:Correlative-based
1523:Compound question
1466:False attribution
1461:False equivalence
1435:
1434:
1156:. April 15, 2021.
1018:978-0-08-093170-8
981:978-3-319-53561-6
882:978-0-7618-5432-6
850:978-1-119-16790-7
818:978-1-59752-076-8
734:978-0-203-84161-7
707:978-0-495-60340-5
652:978-1-938421-32-7
642:Critical Thinking
424:List of fallacies
394:Consensus reality
332:Special functions
202:Douglas N. Walton
147:, specifically a
123:consensus gentium
97:bandwagon fallacy
57:Alternative names
2666:
2618:White propaganda
2573:Public relations
2548:Overcomplication
2433:False accusation
2368:Black propaganda
2358:Beautiful people
2353:Bandwagon effect
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2242:Special pleading
2121:
2120:
1982:Appeal to motive
1968:
1967:
1944:Stirring symbols
1924:Island mentality
1862:Wishful thinking
1843:
1842:
1559:Perfect solution
1536:No true Scotsman
1531:Complex question
1516:Leading question
1495:Question-begging
1481:No true Scotsman
1446:
1445:
1369:Quantifier shift
1364:Proof by example
1297:
1296:
1271:
1264:
1257:
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1212:
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768:Engel, S. Morris
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574:
568:
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536:
517:
513:
509:
499:, which states:
489:
483:
468:
355:Bessel functions
343:special function
249:"Everyone likes
196:
186:The philosopher
145:informal fallacy
141:
125:
44:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2508:Loaded language
2317:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2251:
2225:Rationalization
2168:
2115:
2103:
2041:
1963:Genetic fallacy
1953:
1866:
1841:
1816:
1740:
1731:Sorites paradox
1711:False precision
1692:
1673:Double counting
1628:
1603:
1575:
1540:
1527:Loaded question
1511:Loaded language
1490:
1431:
1373:
1339:
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1177:
1166:
1164:Further reading
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803:
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719:
715:
708:
689:
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672:
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653:
637:
628:
621:
605:
598:
588:
586:
575:
571:
556:
537:
530:
526:
521:
520:
511:
507:
495:article at the
490:
486:
469:
465:
460:
455:
363:
329:
313:
305:
222:appeal to spite
214:
184:
134:
129:
59:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
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2600:
2595:
2590:
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2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Indoctrination
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Disinformation
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Cherry picking
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Appeal to fear
2335:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
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2239:
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2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2198:
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2186:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2159:
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2149:
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2142:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2055:Accomplishment
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
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1678:False analogy
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1647:Sampling bias
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1554:False dilemma
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2613:Whataboutism
2583:Scapegoating
2543:Obscurantism
2523:Minimisation
2428:Exaggeration
2330:
2210:Naturalistic
2193:
2181:
2162:
2161:
2132:
2116:of relevance
2059:
2037:Whataboutism
2029:
2005:
1999:Godwin's law
1991:
1971:
1854:
1847:Consequences
1828:Law/Legality
1802:Single cause
1775:
1768:
1608:
1476:Loki's Wager
1456:Equivocation
1449:Equivocation
1228:
1187:
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953:December 21,
951:. Retrieved
945:
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772:
743:
723:
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696:
669:
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587:. Retrieved
585:(in Spanish)
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487:
466:
441:Social proof
428:
381:
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367:
342:
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273:Soviet Union
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32:
2608:Weasel word
2558:Plain folks
2473:Gish gallop
2463:Flag-waving
2418:Doublespeak
2413:Dog whistle
2373:Blood libel
2230:Red herring
1987:Association
1668:Conjunction
1589:Composition
1486:Reification
1402:Existential
1354:Existential
921:"Fallacies"
327:Mathematics
251:The Beatles
188:Irving Copi
182:Scholarship
132:Description
2633:Categories
2483:Half-truth
2388:Censorship
2332:Ad hominem
2206:Moralistic
2140:Sealioning
2134:Ad nauseam
2061:Ipse dixit
1973:Ad hominem
1797:Regression
1599:Ecological
1412:Four terms
1330:Masked man
990:2017930649
891:2016448028
661:2017471425
524:References
414:Groupthink
383:Ad hominem
353:, and the
347:logarithms
303:Valid uses
297:ad populum
292:ad populum
269:generation
238:Examples:
226:ad populum
112:mob appeal
2493:Ideograph
2448:Fake news
2247:Straw man
2125:Arguments
2114:fallacies
2088:Tradition
2078:Etymology
2050:Authority
2031:Tu quoque
2015:Bulverism
1785:Gambler's
1754:Animistic
1698:Ambiguity
1664:Base rate
1407:Necessity
1279:fallacies
1229:ThoughtCo
1196:0031-8213
942:"Fallacy"
589:August 1,
266:Auschwitz
212:Reversals
206:democracy
2513:Newspeak
2378:Buzzword
2273:Category
1905:Ridicule
1890:Flattery
1880:Children
1777:Post hoc
1657:McNamara
1619:Accident
1594:Division
1441:Informal
1208:Archived
1204:40237163
1173:(1980).
1128:91030515
1104:(1992).
1056:88030762
792:94019770
770:(1994).
694:(2009).
564:98031384
542:(1999).
361:See also
311:Language
255:sell out
190:defined
2503:Lawfare
2468:Framing
2363:Big lie
2092:Novelty
2067:Poverty
1929:Loyalty
1895:Novelty
1872:Emotion
1821:Appeals
1790:Inverse
1770:Cum hoc
1759:Furtive
1277:Common
583:Lifeder
451:Kayfabe
168:inverse
2598:Slogan
2177:Cliché
2112:Other
2083:Nature
2071:Wealth
1706:Accent
1292:Formal
1202:
1194:
1126:
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2588:Senbu
1939:Spite
1833:Stone
1211:(PDF)
1200:JSTOR
1178:(PDF)
458:Notes
260:"The
218:false
47:Latin
37:, an
2603:Spin
2025:Tone
1900:Pity
1885:Fear
1283:list
1192:ISSN
1124:LCCN
1114:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1052:LCCN
1042:ISBN
1013:ISBN
986:LCCN
976:ISBN
955:2019
887:LCCN
877:ISBN
845:ISBN
813:ISBN
788:LCCN
778:ISBN
729:ISBN
702:ISBN
657:LCCN
647:ISBN
615:ISBN
591:2021
560:LCCN
550:ISBN
334:are
166:The
1344:In
1300:In
178:.
33:In
2635::
2208:/
2090:/
2069:/
1917:/
1835:/
1666:/
1529:/
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1198:.
1188:13
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1064:^
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911:^
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681:^
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558:.
531:^
357:.
349:,
257:."
208:.
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1281:(
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957:.
893:.
853:.
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794:.
737:.
710:.
663:.
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593:.
566:.
155:(
45:(
30:.
23:.
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