2269:
2201:
2147:
2332:
54:
37:
89:
61:
2188:
1988. The archaeologists did their best to mobilise public opinion for the rescue of Arkaim, initially requesting a halt of the project until 1990; academicians and public figures spoke out in their defense. In March 1989 the
Praesidium of the Urals Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union formally established a scientific laboratory for the study of the ancient civilisation of Chelyabinsk Oblast. A request was made to the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation to declare the site as a protected area of historical value.
82:
269:
2268:
2542:
2200:
2551:, p. 35, The discovery in the southern Urals of a perfectly conserved city some 3,600 years old was not merely a significant archaeological event. As V. A. Shnirelman explains, it set off a chain reaction of far‐fetched speculation and extreme ethnic nationalism which sought to exploit the find for purely political purposes..
2187:
The struggle to rescue the site was difficult since the reservoir project was overseen by the then all-powerful
Ministry of Water Resources of the Soviet Union. The project was scheduled for completion in 1989, but the builders intended to hasten the construction to have it built within the spring of
2432:
visited the site in 2005, meeting in person with the chief archaeologist
Gennady Zdanovich. The visit received much attention from Russian media. They presented Arkaim as the "homeland of the majority of contemporary people in Asia, and, partly, Europe". Zdanovich reportedly presented Arkaim to the
2167:
On June 20, two students who took part in the expedition, Aleksandr
Voronkov and Aleksandr Ezril, informed the archaeologists about unusual embankments they had found in the steppe. The same evening Zdanovich announced the discovery. The latter would have proven a turning point in the debates about
2212:
with timber frames, and covered with unfired clay bricks. Within the circles, close to the bastions, sixty dwellings stood. The dwellings had hearths, cellars, wells and metallurgical furnaces. They opened towards an inner circular street paved with wood. The street was lined by a covered drainage
2280:
There were four gates, the main was the western one. The dwellings were between 110 and 180 square metres (1,200 and 1,900 square feet) in area. The dwellings of the outer ring were thirty-nine or forty, with doors opening towards the circular street. The dwellings of the inner ring numbered
2276:
The settlement covered approximately 20,000 square metres (220,000 square feet). The diameter of the enclosing wall was about 160 metres (520 feet), and its thickness was of 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16 feet). The height was 5.5 metres (18.04 feet). The settlement was surrounded with a 2-metre
2885:
2191:
In the following months the
Ministry of Water Resources rapidly lost power as the Soviet Union moved towards collapse. In April 1991 the Council of Ministers officially cancelled the construction of the reservoir and declared Arkaim a "historical and geographical museum".
2163:
region, where the construction of a reservoir had begun the previous autumn. Some archaeological sites in the area were already known, but they had yielded little and were not considered worthy of preservation. The site would have been flooded by the spring of 1988.
2479:: "...The fortified settlement of Arkaim relating to the 22nd-17th centuries B.C. is perhaps the most famous archeological monument among the so-called "Country of Cities", a "necklace" of ancient settlements on the territory of the South Urals..."
2213:
gutter with pits for water collection. At the centre of the complex was a rectangular open space. The complex had four entrances, consisting of intricately constructed passages and oriented towards the cardinal points. According to historian
2284:
Zdanovich estimates that approximately 1,500 to 2,500 people could have lived in Arkaim. Surrounding Arkaim's walls, were arable fields, 130–140 metres by 45 metres (430–460 feet by 150 feet), irrigated by a system of canals and ditches.
2154:
In the summer of 1987 a team of archaeologists headed by
Gennady Zdanovich was sent to examine the archaeological value of the valley at the confluence of the Bolshaya Karaganka and Utyaganka rivers, in the south of
2390:
regions and migrated southwards when the weather there became glacial, then spreading from
Siberia to the south and the west, eventually developing into other civilisations. According to them, all
2256:. More than twenty other structures built according to similar patterns have been found in a larger area spanning from the southern Urals' region to the north of Kazakhstan, forming the so-called "
2146:
2975:
2217:, "All the evidence suggests that the settlement had been built to a common plan, which is indicative of a society with a developed social structure and local leaders with high authority."
2184:
with horses, making apparent that the southern Urals had been a key location in the development of technology and complex civilisation. The discovery of Arkaim confirmed that assumption.
2915:
2910:
2220:
Scholars have identified the structure of Arkaim as the cities built "reproducing the model of the universe" described in ancient Indo-Aryan/Iranian spiritual literature, the
2489:
Koryakova, Ludmila; Kohl, Philip L. (2000). "Complex
Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3d to the 1st Millennia b.c.: Regional Specifics in the Light of Global Models".
2114:. The realization of its importance unprecedentedly forestalled the planned flooding of the area for a reservoir. The construction of Arkaim is attributed to the early
2970:
2331:
2094:, 8.2 km (5.10 mi) north-northwest of the village of Amursky and 2.3 km (1.43 mi) east-southeast of the village of Alexandrovsky in the
2451:
2281:
twenty-seven, arranged along the inner wall, with doors opening towards the central square, which was about 25 by 27 metres (82 by 89 feet) in area.
2054:
2018:
2446:
1216:
2955:
2945:
2905:
53:
2920:
142:
2930:
2900:
2837: (2012). "Archaeology and the National Idea in Eurasia". In Charles W. Hartley; G. Bike Yazicioğlu; Adam T. Smith (eds.).
2245:
The fortified citadel of Arkaim was previously dated to the 17th and 16th century BCE, but is currently considered to belong to
2293:
Many scholars suggest that the concentric design of the structure represents “the model of the universe” found in the city of
2025:
1997:
2236:. The foundation walls and the dwellings of the second ring are built according to what some researchers have described as '
876:
1982:
2940:
2047:
2004:
935:
2386:
and others which regard the archaeological site as the second homeland of the Indo-Europeans, who originally dwelt in
2359:
type, and ultimately the model for a new spiritual civilisation harmonised with the universe. Agencies related to the
2228:. The structure consists of three concentric rings of walls and three radial streets, possibly reflecting the city of
2869:
2850:
268:
2011:
775:
2704:
286:
1867:
1642:
1046:
2433:
president as a "possible national idea of Russia", which
Shnirelman calls a new idea of a civilisation ― the "
2406:
was born. Arkaim is designated as a "national and spiritual shrine" of Russia and has become a holy site for
2326:
2040:
1612:
881:
818:
619:
505:
2340:
2169:
1300:
803:
614:
609:
604:
499:
1617:
1112:
813:
692:
678:
659:
2366:
The discovery of Arkaim and the Land of Towns has fueled the growth of schools of thought among
Russian
2351:. After their discovery, Arkaim and the Land of Towns have been interpreted by some as the "land of the
81:
2965:
2960:
2842:
2402:
spoken of in Germanic mythology. The Russian Zoroastrian movement identifies Arkaim as the place where
955:
913:
513:
36:
2925:
1657:
1622:
1295:
599:
2950:
2935:
2379:
1917:
1807:
1627:
1158:
990:
941:
837:
639:
594:
589:
509:
2360:
1812:
1539:
649:
644:
634:
278:
1802:
1774:
1558:
1460:
1226:
1072:
696:
534:
426:
365:
320:
260:
252:
1949:
1778:
686:
682:
667:
663:
2344:
1895:
1860:
1173:
856:
808:
745:
715:
673:
653:
517:
371:
2634:"Passions about Arkaim: Russian Nationalism, the Aryans, and the Politics of Archaeology"
1041:
8:
2801:
2214:
2135:
2079:
1168:
1163:
1059:
983:
948:
871:
861:
720:
421:
416:
385:
2514:
2506:
2383:
2156:
2115:
2095:
1874:
1825:
1759:
1743:
1368:
1021:
760:
446:
351:
346:
116:
112:
2651:
2865:
2846:
2821:
2518:
2253:
2177:
2119:
2111:
2087:
1888:
1854:
1846:
1790:
1784:
1766:
1737:
1716:
1702:
1694:
1464:
1325:
1265:
1247:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1145:
1140:
969:
832:
481:
474:
467:
453:
439:
399:
378:
315:
307:
224:
209:
2123:
2813:
2498:
2257:
2106:. It was discovered in 1987 by a team of archaeologists which later came under the
2071:
1882:
1832:
1649:
1455:
1343:
1283:
1260:
1203:
1198:
1135:
1122:
1117:
1107:
780:
393:
341:
333:
326:
2131:
1963:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1903:
1839:
1818:
1796:
1381:
1270:
1193:
1102:
1035:
976:
842:
574:
559:
549:
544:
460:
432:
2394:
knowledge originated in the southern Urals. Some of them identify Arkaim as the
2429:
2208:
Arkaim was a circular stronghold consisting of two concentric bastions made of
2091:
1708:
1575:
1450:
1008:
962:
930:
866:
357:
2510:
2242:-like patterns'; the same symbol is found on various artifacts from the site.
2894:
2825:
2434:
2423:
2298:
2160:
1968:
1432:
1348:
1065:
923:
785:
539:
157:
144:
130:
2817:
755:
2173:
2127:
1587:
1425:
899:
770:
569:
564:
554:
2862:
Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC
2417:
2839:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
2411:
2301:
1563:
1549:
1513:
1221:
2680:
2633:
2477:"Legendary Arkaim, Sintashta, Emder - discoveries of our archaeologists"
2363:
have been critical of such activities relating to Arkaim's archaeology.
2304:) as described in ancient Indo-Iranian religious literature such as the
2176:
specialists had been bitterly disputing about since the 1970s. The near
750:
2371:
2107:
2103:
1526:
1440:
1318:
1083:
199:
2712:
2335:
Ritual spirals of stones made by Rodnovers in the areas around Arkaim.
2705:"Наука и неоязычество на Аркаиме (Science and Neopaganism at Arkaim)"
2403:
2375:
2367:
2229:
1729:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1470:
1338:
2804:(1998). "Archaeology and ethnic politics: the discovery of Arkaim".
2502:
2407:
2356:
2238:
1672:
1663:
1554:
1355:
1330:
1234:
725:
301:
2614:
2602:
2476:
2348:
2233:
2181:
1722:
1686:
1679:
1477:
1097:
730:
2590:
2395:
2387:
2309:
2225:
2099:
1445:
1399:
918:
735:
120:
2976:
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance
2391:
2352:
2305:
2221:
2209:
1544:
1418:
1412:
1394:
765:
740:
2180:, excavated in that decade, yielded the remains of an early
2754:
2744:
2742:
2668:
2399:
2339:
The discovery of Arkaim reinvigorated the debate about the
2294:
1936:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2272:
Arkaim site excavation and partial building reconstruction
2126:
before their split into different groups and migration to
2916:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
2778:
2766:
2739:
2727:
2864:. London and New York: Institute for the Study of Man.
2571:
2554:
2525:
2911:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
2204:
View of the Arkaim site and the surrounding landscape
2320:
2141:
2860:Jones-Bley, Karlene; Zdanovich, Gennady D. (2002).
2859:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2640:, Brill, The White Horse Press, Cambridge, p. 267.
2971:Cultural heritage monuments in Chelyabinsk Oblast
2452:History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains
2892:
2488:
2482:
2418:Vladimir Putin's visit and the "Russian idea"
2122:, which some scholars believe represents the
2048:
2475:Ural Federal University, (August 16, 2021).
2447:List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
2497:(4). University of Chicago Press: 638–642.
16:Ancient settlement of the Sintashta culture
2832:
2812:(2). UNESCO, Blackwell Publishers: 33–39.
2800:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2733:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2584:
2565:
2548:
2536:
2055:
2041:
2019:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
35:
2288:
2330:
2267:
2199:
2145:
2347:, seemingly confirming its location in
2170:original homeland of the Indo-Europeans
2893:
2702:
2195:
2026:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1998:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2649:
2638:in Inner Asia, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1999)
1983:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
2355:", the centre of a statehood of a
2005:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
2987:
2956:Indo-Iranian archaeological sites
2946:Former populated places in Russia
2906:17th-century BC disestablishments
2879:
2321:Religious movements and mysticism
2142:Discovery and salvage of the site
2656:HeritageDaily - Archaeology News
2315:
2102:, just north of the border with
2090:, situated in the steppe of the
2086:2150-1650 BCE, belonging to the
2012:Journal of Indo-European Studies
776:Bible translations into Armenian
267:
87:
80:
59:
52:
2921:1987 archaeological discoveries
2696:
2643:
2626:
2621:Jones-Bley & Zdanovich 2002
2609:Jones-Bley & Zdanovich 2002
2597:Jones-Bley & Zdanovich 2002
2414:and other religious movements.
287:List of Indo-European languages
41:Aerial view of the main citadel
2931:Archaeological sites in Russia
2901:22nd-century BC establishments
2703:Petrov, Fedor (29 June 2010).
2469:
88:
60:
1:
2457:
2327:Slavic Native Faith in Russia
2246:
2083:
1613:Proto-Indo-European mythology
882:Paleolithic continuity theory
2462:
2172:and their migrations, which
2150:Chariot model, Arkaim museum
2138:and other parts of Eurasia.
1301:Northern Black Polished Ware
500:Proto-Indo-European language
68:Shown within European Russia
7:
2632:Shnirelman, V. A., (1999).
2440:
2277:(6-foot-7-inch)-deep moat.
2263:
1618:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
71:Show map of European Russia
10:
2992:
2843:Cambridge University Press
2794:
2421:
2324:
914:Domestication of the horse
158:52.6492611°N 59.57144278°E
2941:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
2075:
1623:Historical Vedic religion
900:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
238:
230:
220:
215:
205:
194:
189:
181:
173:
136:
126:
108:
46:
34:
24:
1628:Ancient Iranian religion
991:Novotitarovskaya culture
838:Indo-European migrations
2818:10.1111/1468-0033.00146
2361:Russian Orthodox Church
1129:Northern/Eastern Steppe
163:52.6492611; 59.57144278
2336:
2289:Religious significance
2273:
2205:
2151:
2130:and from there to the
1600:Religion and mythology
1559:Medieval Scandinavians
850:Alternative and fringe
2802:Shnirelman, Victor A.
2334:
2325:Further information:
2271:
2252:-1900 BCE, period of
2203:
2149:
1950:Indo-European studies
1313:Peoples and societies
185:2 ha (4.9 acres)
2886:Google Maps location
2806:Museum International
2491:Current Anthropology
857:Anatolian hypothesis
809:Proto-Indo-Europeans
716:Hittite inscriptions
261:Indo-European topics
2428:Russia's president
2196:Structure of Arkaim
2136:Indian subcontinent
2124:proto-Indo-Iranians
2080:archaeological site
1113:Multi-cordoned ware
984:Mikhaylovka culture
872:Indigenous Aryanism
862:Armenian hypothesis
721:Hieroglyphic Luwian
154: /
21:
2845:. pp. 15–36.
2650:Milligan, Markus.
2337:
2274:
2206:
2157:Chelyabinsk Oblast
2152:
2116:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2096:Chelyabinsk Oblast
693:Proto-Indo-Iranian
679:Proto-Balto-Slavic
660:Proto-Italo-Celtic
239:Public access
117:Chelyabinsk Oblast
113:Bredinsky District
99:Show map of Russia
19:
2966:Sintashta culture
2961:Bronze Age Russia
2763:, pp. 27–28.
2677:, pp. 33–34.
2341:original homeland
2254:Sintashta culture
2232:described in the
2178:Sintashta culture
2120:Sintashta culture
2118:-speakers of the
2112:Gennady Zdanovich
2088:Sintashta culture
2078:) is a fortified
2065:
2064:
1326:Anatolian peoples
1296:Painted Grey Ware
1184:Nordic Bronze Age
833:Kurgan hypothesis
786:Old Irish glosses
751:Gaulish epigraphy
246:
245:
225:Gennady Zdanovich
210:Sintashta culture
2983:
2926:Archaeoastronomy
2875:
2856:
2836:
2829:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2711:. Archived from
2700:
2694:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2647:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2523:
2522:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2251:
2248:
2215:V. A. Shnirelman
2085:
2077:
2057:
2050:
2043:
1898:
1891:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1456:Germanic peoples
1446:Hellenic peoples
1435:
1428:
1421:
1344:Mycenaean Greeks
1333:
1261:Thraco-Cimmerian
1159:Globular Amphora
1136:Abashevo culture
1075:
1068:
1038:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
781:Tocharian script
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
402:
388:
381:
374:
360:
336:
329:
310:
271:
248:
247:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
100:
91:
90:
84:
72:
63:
62:
56:
39:
29:
22:
18:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2951:History of Ural
2936:Bronze Age Asia
2891:
2890:
2882:
2872:
2853:
2834:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2785:Shnirelman 1998
2783:
2779:
2773:Shnirelman 2012
2771:
2767:
2761:Shnirelman 2012
2759:
2755:
2749:Shnirelman 1998
2747:
2740:
2734:Shnirelman 1998
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2697:
2691:Shnirelman 2012
2687:Shnirelman 1998
2685:
2681:
2675:Shnirelman 1998
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2648:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2585:Shnirelman 1998
2583:
2572:
2566:Shnirelman 1998
2564:
2555:
2549:Shnirelman 1998
2547:
2543:
2537:Shnirelman 1998
2535:
2526:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2443:
2426:
2420:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2291:
2266:
2249:
2198:
2144:
2132:Iranian plateau
2061:
2032:
2031:
1964:Marija Gimbutas
1952:
1942:
1941:
1933:Winter solstice
1923:Horse sacrifice
1894:
1887:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1770:
1755:
1742:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1698:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1632:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1535:
1522:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1335:
1329:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1256:
1243:
1231:
1212:
1154:
1131:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1053:Northern Europe
1034:
1030:
1017:
1004:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
936:Steppe cultures
909:
902:
895:
887:
886:
877:Baltic homeland
851:
847:
843:Eurasian nomads
827:
823:
799:
791:
790:
761:Runic epigraphy
756:Latin epigraphy
711:
703:
702:
640:Proto-Anatolian
624:
579:
575:Thraco-Illyrian
560:Graeco-Phrygian
550:Graeco-Armenian
545:Graeco-Albanian
524:
502:
489:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
398:
384:
377:
370:
356:
332:
325:
306:
291:
283:
281:
162:
160:
156:
153:
148:
145:
143:
141:
140:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:Arkaim (Russia)
94:
93:
92:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
42:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2880:External links
2878:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2857:
2851:
2830:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2738:
2726:
2715:on 7 July 2017
2695:
2689:, p. 36;
2679:
2667:
2642:
2625:
2623:, p. 324.
2613:
2611:, p. 163.
2601:
2589:
2570:
2553:
2541:
2524:
2511:10.1086/317391
2503:10.1086/317391
2481:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2430:Vladimir Putin
2422:Main article:
2419:
2416:
2345:Indo-Europeans
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2290:
2287:
2265:
2262:
2197:
2194:
2143:
2140:
2092:Southern Urals
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Fire sacrifice
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:Zoroastrianism
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1576:Medieval India
1567:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1458:
1453:
1451:Italic peoples
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1227:Gandhara grave
1224:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:Middle Dnieper
1069:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1028:Eastern Europe
1025:
1024:
1012:
1011:
999:
998:
997:
996:
995:
994:
987:
973:
966:
959:
956:Dnieper–Donets
952:
945:
933:
931:Kurgan culture
928:
927:
926:
916:
904:
903:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
867:Beech argument
864:
859:
853:
852:
846:
845:
840:
835:
829:
828:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
690:
676:
671:
657:
650:Proto-Germanic
647:
645:Proto-Armenian
642:
637:
635:Proto-Albanian
631:
630:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
585:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
530:
523:
522:
521:
520:
496:
495:
488:
487:
486:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
424:
419:
413:
412:
406:
405:
404:
403:
391:
390:
389:
382:
375:
363:
362:
361:
349:
344:
339:
338:
337:
330:
318:
313:
312:
311:
298:
297:
290:
289:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
264:
263:
257:
256:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
222:
221:Archaeologists
218:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
149:59°34′17.194″E
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
110:
106:
105:
95:
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
67:
58:
57:
51:
50:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2988:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2871:9780941694834
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2852:9781107016521
2848:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2787:, p. 36.
2786:
2781:
2775:, p. 28.
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2751:, p. 38.
2750:
2745:
2743:
2736:, p. 37.
2735:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2693:, p. 27.
2692:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2599:, p. 45.
2598:
2593:
2587:, p. 35.
2586:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2568:, p. 34.
2567:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 33.
2538:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2424:Russian world
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2328:
2316:Social impact
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2258:Land of Towns
2255:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2161:Southern Ural
2158:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:J. P. Mallory
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:Reconstructed
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1433:Insular Celts
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:Indo-Iranians
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:Pontic Steppe
1085:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
992:
988:
985:
981:
980:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
924:Kurgan stelae
922:
921:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
908:
907:Pontic Steppe
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
849:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
825:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
707:
706:
698:
697:Proto-Iranian
694:
691:
688:
684:
680:
677:
675:
672:
669:
665:
661:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Daco-Thracian
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
526:
525:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:Reconstructed
491:
490:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
401:
397:
396:
395:
392:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
369:
368:
367:
364:
359:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
335:
331:
328:
324:
323:
322:
319:
317:
314:
309:
305:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
280:
275:
274:
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
250:
249:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
146:52°38′57.34″N
139:
135:
132:
131:Kazakh Steppe
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
83:
55:
45:
38:
33:
23:
2861:
2838:
2809:
2805:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2708:
2698:
2682:
2670:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2544:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2471:
2435:Russian idea
2427:
2380:Zoroastrians
2365:
2338:
2299:Indo-Iranian
2292:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2244:
2237:
2219:
2207:
2190:
2186:
2166:
2153:
2128:Central Asia
2067:
2066:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1990:Publications
1989:
1975:
1956:
1910:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:Paleo-Balkan
1765:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1693:
1692:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1605:
1588:Greater Iran
1581:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1461:Paleo-Balkan
1426:Celtiberians
1405:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1360:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1239:
1209:
1208:
1151:
1150:
1128:
1127:
1090:
1089:
1052:
1051:
1027:
1026:
1014:
1013:
1001:
1000:
942:Bug–Dniester
906:
905:
771:Gothic Bible
687:Proto-Baltic
683:Proto-Slavic
668:Proto-Italic
664:Proto-Celtic
627:
582:
570:Italo-Celtic
565:Indo-Hittite
555:Graeco-Aryan
528:Hypothetical
527:
492:
427:Paleo-Balkan
409:
366:Indo-Iranian
321:Balto-Slavic
294:
198:Late Middle
28:(in Russian)
2412:Zoroastrian
2372:Roerichians
2357:monarchical
2302:Priest king
2297:(the first
2250: 2050
2082:, dated to
1868:Continental
1861:Anglo-Saxon
1564:Middle Ages
1514:Middle Ages
1369:Indo-Aryans
1362:Indo-Aryans
1169:Bell Beaker
1164:Corded ware
1060:Corded ware
949:Sredny Stog
894:Archaeology
674:Proto-Greek
654:Proto-Norse
161: /
137:Coordinates
2895:Categories
2661:2023-05-02
2458:References
2376:Assianists
2108:leadership
2104:Kazakhstan
1976:Institutes
1896:Lithuanian
1650:Indo-Aryan
1636:Historical
1570:Indo-Aryan
1527:Tocharians
1441:Cimmerians
1319:Bronze Age
1210:South Asia
1084:Bronze Age
1022:Afanasievo
826:Mainstream
590:Vocabulary
510:Sound laws
372:Indo-Aryan
216:Site notes
200:Bronze Age
177:Settlement
2826:1350-0775
2519:146764291
2463:Citations
2404:Zoroaster
2368:Rodnovers
2295:King Yima
2230:King Yima
1911:Practices
1730:Yarsanism
1540:Albanians
1520:East Asia
1507:Scythians
1499:Phrygians
1492:Paeonians
1485:Illyrians
1471:Thracians
1388:East Asia
1339:Armenians
1266:Hallstatt
1248:Chernoles
1189:Terramare
1179:Trzciniec
1146:Sintashta
1141:Andronovo
1042:Cernavodă
1015:East Asia
970:Khvalynsk
710:Philology
620:Particles
506:Phonology
447:Liburnian
422:Tocharian
417:Anatolian
386:Nuristani
279:Languages
231:Ownership
2709:Proza.ru
2652:"Arkaim"
2441:See also
2408:Rodnover
2264:Measures
2239:swastika
2224:and the
1957:Scholars
1855:Germanic
1826:Scottish
1791:Thracian
1785:Illyrian
1779:Albanian
1767:European
1760:Armenian
1744:Ossetian
1738:Scythian
1723:Yazidism
1673:Buddhism
1664:Hinduism
1555:Norsemen
1465:Anatolia
1382:Iranians
1375:Iranians
1356:Iron Age
1331:Hittites
1284:Colchian
1277:Caucasus
1235:Iron Age
1204:Lusatian
1199:Urnfield
1123:Srubnaya
1118:Poltavka
1108:Catacomb
1047:Cucuteni
1002:Caucasus
819:Religion
804:Homeland
746:Behistun
726:Linear B
615:Numerals
610:Pronouns
535:Balkanic
482:Thracian
475:Phrygian
468:Paeonian
454:Messapic
440:Illyrian
352:Hellenic
347:Germanic
316:Armenian
308:Albanian
302:Albanoid
253:a series
251:Part of
206:Cultures
109:Location
2795:Sources
2349:Siberia
2343:of the
2234:Rigveda
2182:chariot
2159:or the
2072:Russian
1889:Latvian
1847:Cornish
1717:Kurdish
1703:Persian
1695:Iranian
1687:Sikhism
1680:Jainism
1643:Hittite
1582:Iranian
1478:Dacians
1271:Jastorf
1194:Tumulus
1174:Únětice
1103:Yamnaya
1098:Chariot
1036:Usatovo
977:Yamnaya
814:Society
798:Origins
731:Rigveda
583:Grammar
410:Extinct
400:Romance
379:Iranian
195:Periods
190:History
26:Аркаим
2868:
2849:
2833:
2824:
2719:3 July
2517:
2509:
2396:Asgard
2388:Arctic
2384:Hindus
2353:Aryans
2310:Avesta
2226:Avesta
2174:Soviet
2100:Russia
2076:Аркаим
2068:Arkaim
1904:Slavic
1883:Baltic
1833:Breton
1813:Celtic
1797:Dacian
1753:Others
1533:Europe
1406:Europe
1400:Yuezhi
1254:Europe
1241:Steppe
1152:Europe
1009:Maykop
963:Samara
919:Kurgan
736:Avesta
518:Ablaut
514:Accent
461:Mysian
433:Dacian
394:Italic
342:Celtic
334:Slavic
327:Baltic
295:Extant
234:Public
127:Region
121:Russia
20:Arkaim
2515:S2CID
2507:JSTOR
2392:Vedic
2306:Vedas
2222:Vedas
2210:adobe
1875:Norse
1840:Welsh
1819:Irish
1808:Roman
1803:Greek
1658:Vedic
1550:Slavs
1545:Balts
1419:Gauls
1413:Celts
1395:Wusun
1290:India
1066:Baden
766:Ogham
741:Homer
628:Other
605:Nouns
600:Verbs
358:Greek
2866:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2822:ISSN
2721:2017
2400:Odin
2308:and
2168:the
1937:Yule
1928:Sati
1217:BMAC
595:Root
182:Area
174:Type
2835:———
2814:doi
2499:doi
2437:".
2398:of
2260:".
2110:of
2098:of
1222:Yaz
242:Yes
2897::
2841:.
2820:.
2810:50
2808:.
2741:^
2707:.
2654:.
2636:,
2573:^
2556:^
2527:^
2513:.
2505:.
2495:41
2493:.
2410:,
2382:,
2378:,
2374:,
2370:,
2312:.
2247:c.
2134:,
2084:c.
2074::
1334:)
685:·
666:·
516:,
512:,
508::
255:on
119:,
115:,
2874:.
2855:.
2828:.
2816::
2723:.
2664:.
2521:.
2501::
2070:(
2056:e
2049:t
2042:v
1935:/
1799:)
1794:·
1788:·
1782:·
1777:(
1557:/
1463:/
1328:(
699:)
695:(
689:)
681:(
670:)
662:(
656:)
652:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
