339:
1085:
soldiers who were using firearms.) Before the wheellock, the need for a lit match made stealth and concealment nearly impossible, particularly at night. Even with successful concealment, the smoke emitted by a single arquebus shot would make it quite obvious where the shot came from, at least in daylight. While with a bow or crossbow a soldier could conceivably kill silently, this was of course impossible with an explosion-driven projectile weapon, such as the arquebus. The noise of arquebuses and the ringing in the ears that it caused could also make it hard to hear shouted commands. In the long run, the weapon could make the user permanently hard of hearing. Though bows and crossbows could shoot over obstacles by firing with high-arcing ballistic trajectories they could not do so very accurately or effectively. Sir John Smythe blamed the declining effectiveness of the longbow in part on
English commanders who would place firearms at the front of their formations and bowmen at the back, where they could not see their targets and aim appropriately.
874:
arms including arquebuses "were superior and better tempered than those of any other nation", suggesting that such firearms were in common use among middle eastern powers by at least the mid-16th century. While the use of 12,000 arquebusiers is impressive, the firearms were not widely adopted in Iran. This is in no small part due to the reliance on light cavalry by the
Iranians. Riding a horse and operating an arquebus are incredibly difficult which helped lead to both limited use and heavy stagnation in the technology associated with firearms. These limitations aside, the Iranians still made use of firearms and Europe was very important in facilitating that as Europeans supplied Iran with firearms and sent experts to help them produce some of the firearms themselves. Iran also made use of elephant mounted arquebusiers which would give them a clear view of their targets and better mobility.
1077:, rebel troops experienced a significant defeat partially due to having a high proportion of arquebusiers in a rainstorm which rendered the weapons useless. Gunpowder also ages much faster than a bolt or an arrow, particularly if improperly stored. Also, the resources needed to make gunpowder were less universally available than the resources needed to make bolts and arrows. Finding and reusing arrows or bolts was a lot easier than doing the same with arquebus bullets. This was a useful way to reduce the cost of practice or resupply oneself if control of the battlefield after a battle was retained. A bullet must fit a barrel much more precisely than an arrow or bolt must fit a bow or crossbow, so the arquebus required more standardization and this made it harder to resupply by looting bodies of fallen soldiers. Gunpowder production was also far more dangerous than arrow or bolt production.
918:
deployed as gunners. These formations also made use of countermarch volley fire techniques. Firearm platoons deployed one team in front of them at the blast of a bamboo flute. They started firing after their leader fired and fired once at the blast of a trumpet, and then spread out according to their drilling pattern. Each layer could also fire once at the blowing of a horn and were supported by close-quarters troops who could advance should the need arise. To avoid self-inflicted injuries and ensure a consistent rate of fire in the heat of battle, Qi emphasized drilling in the procedure required to reload the weapon. Qi
Jiguang gave a eulogy on the effectiveness of the gun in 1560:
412:
people. Thus, whenever the enemy gets to within a hundred paces' distance, they are to wait until they hear a blast on the bamboo flute, at which they deploy themselves in front of the troops, with each platoon (哨) putting in front one team (隊). They wait until they hear their own leader fire a shot, and only then are they allowed to give fire. Each time the trumpet gives a blast, they fire one time, spread out in battle array according to the drilling patterns. If the trumpet keeps blasting without stopping, then they are allowed to fire all together until their fire is exhausted, and it's not necessary to divide into layers.
1035:, and was more powerful than either. The arquebus did not rely on the physical strength of the user for propulsion of the projectile, making it easier to find a suitable recruit. It also meant that, compared to an archer or crossbowman, an arquebusier lost less of his battlefield effectiveness due to fatigue, malnutrition, or sickness. The arquebusier also had the added advantage of frightening enemies (and horses) with the noise. Wind could reduce the accuracy of archery, but had much less of an effect on an arquebus. During a siege, it was also easier to fire an arquebus out of
29:
987:
941:
587:
791:(arquebuses). However, in 1514 an Ottoman army of 12,000 soldiers wielding arquebuses devastated a much larger Mamluk army. The arquebus had become a common infantry weapon by the 16th century due to its relative cheapness—a helmet, breastplate and pike cost about three and a quarter ducats while an arquebus only a little over one ducat. Another advantage of arquebuses over other equipment and weapons was its short training period. While a bow potentially took years to master, an effective arquebusier could be trained in just two weeks.
561:
186:
515:
911:
Ming during a battle in 1523, the capture of the pirate Wang Zhi, who had arquebuses, in 1558, which contradicts the usage of arquebuses by the Ming army ten years earlier, and the capture of arquebuses from
Europeans by the Xu brother pirates, which later came into possession of a man named Bald Li, from whom the Ming officials captured the arquebuses. About 10,000 muskets were ordered by the Central Military Weaponry Bureau in 1558 and the firearms were used to fight off pirates.
479:
541:
491:
377:
mechanism consisting of two parts, the match, and the lock. The lock mechanism held within a clamp a 60-to-90 cm (2-to-3 ft) long length of smoldering rope soaked in saltpeter, which was the match. Connected to the lock lever was a trigger, which lowered the match into a priming pan when squeezed, igniting the priming powder, causing a flash to travel through the touch hole, also igniting the gunpowder within the barrel, and propelling the bullet out the muzzle.
503:
1023:, depending on the powder quality. A longbow arrow by contrast was about 80 J (59 ft⋅lbf), while crossbows could vary from 100 to 200 J (74 to 148 ft⋅lbf) depending on construction. Thus, arquebuses could easily defeat armor that would be highly effective against arrows or bolts, and inflict far greater wounds on flesh. The disparity was even greater with a 16th-century heavy musket, which were 2,300 to 3,000 J (1,700 to 2,200 ft⋅lbf).
674:
arquebuses relatively early, the trend did not catch on for decades in Europe and by the turn of the 16th century only around 10% of
Western European infantrymen used firearms. Arquebuses were used as early as 1472 by the Portuguese at Zamora. Likewise, the Castilians used arquebuses as well in 1476. The French started adopting the arquebus in 1520. However, arquebus designs continued to develop and in 1496 Philip Monch of the Palatinate composed an illustrated
393:—by the Ottomans, the Chinese, the Japanese, and the Dutch—made the arquebus more feasible for widespread adoption by militaries. The volley fire technique transformed soldiers carrying firearms into organized firing squads with each row of soldiers firing in turn and reloading in a systematic fashion. Volley fire was implemented with cannons as early as 1388 by Ming artillerists, but volley fire with matchlocks was not implemented until 1526 when the Ottoman
573:
549:
1081:
themselves. Early arquebuses tended to have a drastic recoil. They took a long time to load making them vulnerable while reloading unless using the 'continuous fire' tactic, where one line would shoot and, while the next line shot, would reload. They also tended to overheat. During repeated firing, guns could become clogged and explode, which could be dangerous to the gunner and those around him.
347:
1282:
1006:; other military writers such as Humfrey Barwick and Barnabe Rich argued the opposite. An arquebus angled at 35 degrees could throw a bullet up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) or more, much farther than any archers could shoot. An arquebus shot was considered deadly at up to 400 yards (360 m) while the heavier Spanish musket was considered deadly at up to 600 yards (550 m). During the
355:
958:
disciplined formation using volley fire tactics. The result was a lopsided victory with 4,000 Spanish casualties to only 1,000 dead and 700 wounded on the Dutch side. Although the battle was principally won by the decisive counterattack of the Dutch cavalry and despite the failure of the new Dutch infantry tactic in stopping the veteran
Spanish
978:
should enemy infantry get too close. Pikemen were used to protect the arquebusiers by the
English and the Venetians often used archers to lay down cover fire during the long reloading process. The Ottomans often supported their arquebusiers with artillery fire or placed them in fortified wagons, a tactic they borrowed from the Hussites.
381:
match were kept lit. This proved cumbersome to maneuver as both hands were required to hold the match during removal, one end in each hand. The procedure was so complex that a 1607 drill manual published by Jacob de Gheyn in the
Netherlands listed 28 steps just to fire and load the gun. In 1584 the Ming General
1055:
skill made it a lot easier to outfit an army in a short amount of time as well as expand the small arms ranks. This idea of lower-skilled, lightly armoured units was the driving force in the infantry revolution that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries and allowed early modern infantries to phase out the
977:
The arquebus had many advantages but also severe limitations on the battlefield. This led to it often being paired up with other weaponry to mitigate these weaknesses. Qi
Jiguang from China developed systems where soldiers with traditional weaponry stayed right behind the arquebusiers to protect them
767:
in particular were conservatively against the incorporation of gunpowder weapons. When faced with cannons and arquebuses wielded by the
Ottomans they criticized them thus, "God curse the man who invented them, and God curse the man who fires on Muslims with them." Insults were also levied against the
1084:
Furthermore, the amount of smoke produced by black-powder weapons was considerable, making it hard to see the enemy after a few salvos, unless there was enough wind to disperse the smoke quickly. (Conversely, this cloud of smoke also served to make it difficult for any archers to target the opposing
922:
It is unlike any other of the many types of fire weapons. In strength it can pierce armor. In accuracy it can strike the center of targets, even to the point of hitting the eye of a coin , and not just for exceptional shooters. ... The arquebus is such a powerful weapon and is so accurate that
648:
dates the first use of the arquebus by the Janissaries to no earlier than 1465. According to contemporary accounts, 400 arquebusiers served in Sultan Murad II's campaign in the 1440s when he crossed Bosporus straits and arquebuses were used in combat by the Ottomans at the second battle of Kosovo in
442:
I have discovered evolutionibus a method of getting the musketeers and others with guns not only to practice firing but to keep on doing so in a very effective battle order (that is to say, they do not fire at will or from behind a barrier ...). Just as soon as the first rank has fired, then by the
385:
composed an 11-step song to practice the procedure in rhythm: "One, clean the gun. Two, pour the powder. Three, tamp the powder down. Four, drop the pellet. Five, drive the pellet down. Six, put in paper (stopper). Seven, drive the paper down. Eight, open the flashpan cover. Nine, pour in the flash
380:
While matchlocks provided a crucial advantage by allowing the user to aim the firearm using both hands, it was also awkward to utilize. To avoid accidentally igniting the gunpowder the match had to be detached while loading the gun. In some instances the match would also go out, so both ends of the
1054:
Producing an effective arquebusier required much less training than producing an effective bowman. Most archers spent their whole lives training to shoot with accuracy, but with drill and instruction, the arquebusier was able to learn his profession in months as opposed to years. This low level of
1010:, Korean officials said they were at a severe disadvantage against Japanese troops because their arquebuses "could reach beyond several hundred paces". In 1590, Smythe noted that arquebusiers and musketeers firing at such extreme distances rarely seemed to hit anything and instead decided to argue
910:
in the early 16th century and was used in small numbers to fight off pirates by 1548. There is, however, no exact date for its introduction and sources conflict on the time and manner in which it was introduced. Versions of the arquebus' introduction to China include the capture of firearms by the
917:
developed military formations for the effective use of arquebus equipped troops with different mixtures of troops deployed in 12-man teams. The number of arquebuses assigned to each team could vary depending on the context but theoretically in certain cases all members of the team could have been
873:
who, after being defeated by the firearm-using Ottomans in 1514, began extensive use of arquebuses and other firearms himself with an estimated 12,000 arquebusiers in service less than 10 years after his initial defeat by the Ottomans. According to a 1571 report by Vincentio d'Alessandri, Persian
860:
he says that "whether or not Nobunaga actually operated with three rotating ranks cannot be determined on the basis of reliable evidence." They claim that the version of events describing volley fire was written several years after the battle, and an earlier account says to the contrary that guns
130:
with a hook-like projection or lug on its under surface, useful for steadying it against battlements or other objects when firing". These "hook guns" were in their earliest forms of defensive weapons mounted on German city walls in the early 15th century. The addition of a shoulder stock, priming
957:
in 1600, he administered the new techniques and technologies for the first time. The Dutch marched onto the beach where the fort was located and fully utilized the countermarching tactic. By orienting all of his arquebusiers into a block, he was able to maintain a steady stream of fire out of a
411:
All the musketeers, when they get near the enemy are not allowed to fire early, and they're not allowed to just fire everything off in one go, whenever the enemy then approaches close, there won't be enough time to load the guns (銃裝不及), and frequently this mismanagement costs the lives of many
1050:
with a tapul was able to absorb some musket fire due to being angled. Otherwise, most forms of armor a common soldier would wear (especially cloth, light plate, and mail) had little resistance against musket fire. Arrows, however, were relatively weaker in penetration, and heavier than bows or
1780:
Initially the Janissaries were equipped with bows, crossbows, and javelins. In the first half of the 15th century, they began to use matchlock arquebuses, although the first references to the Ottomans' use of tüfek or hand firearms of the arquebus type (1394, 1402, 1421, 1430, 1440, 1442) are
673:
wielded an arquebus, and one in five when accounting for the whole army, which was an unusually high proportion at the time. Although they were present on the battlefield King Mathias preferred enlisting shielded men instead due to the arquebus's low rate of fire. While the Black Army adopted
376:
Prior to the appearance of the serpentine lever by around 1411, handguns were fired from the chest, tucked under one arm, while the other arm maneuvered a hot pricker to the touch hole to ignite the gunpowder. The matchlock, which appeared roughly around 1475, changed this by adding a firing
1080:
An arquebus was also significantly more dangerous to its user. The arquebusier carries a lot of gunpowder on his person and has a lit match in one hand. The same goes for the soldiers next to him. Amid the confusion, stress and fumbling of a battle, arquebusiers are potentially a danger to
603:, whose roots trace back to China, with a serpentine lever to hold matches. However it did not have the matchlock mechanism traditionally associated with the arquebus. The exact dating of the matchlock addition is disputed. The first references to the use of what may have been arquebuses (
443:
drill they will march to the back. The second rank either marching forward or standing still, will then fire just like the first. After that the third and following ranks will do the same. When the last rank has fired, the first will have reloaded, as the following diagram shows.
386:
powder. Ten, close the flashpan, and clamp the fuse. Eleven, listen for the signal, then open the flashpan cover. Aiming at the enemy, raise your gun and fire." Reloading a gun during the 16th century took anywhere from 20 seconds to a minute under the most ideal conditions.
627:
stock, was added to the arquebus around 1470 and the appearance of the matchlock mechanism is dated to a little before 1475. The matchlock arquebus was the first firearm equipped with a trigger mechanism. It is also considered to be the first portable shoulder-arms firearm.
615:
date them from 1394 to 1465. However, it is unclear whether these were arquebuses or small cannons as late as 1444, but according to Gábor Ágoston the fact that they were listed separately from cannons in mid-15th century inventories suggest they were handheld firearms.
1014:
range, claiming that English archers like the ones from the Hundred Years' War would be more effective at 200–240 yards (180–220 m) than arquebusiers or musketeers, but by that point there were no longer enough skilled archers in England to properly test his theories.
361:
359:
356:
360:
843:, India, which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510. Within ten years of its introduction upwards of three hundred thousand tanegashima were reported to have been manufactured. The tanegashima eventually became one of the most important weapons in Japan.
170:– a reference to the gun's standardized bore. The caliver allowed troops to load bullets faster since they fit their guns more easily, whereas before soldiers often had to modify their bullets into suitable fits, or even made their own prior to battle.
897:
also noted the proficiency of matchlock making by the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber.
454:
mechanism was utilized as an alternative to the matchlock as early as 1505, but was more expensive to produce at three times the cost of a matchlock and prone to breakdown, thus limiting it primarily to specialist firearms and pistols.
358:
1018:
Perhaps the most important advantage of the arquebus over muscle-powered weapons like longbows was sheer power. A shot from a typical 16th-century arquebus boasted between 1,300 to 1,750 J (960 to 1,290 ft⋅lbf) of
1026:
Most high-skilled bowmen achieved a far higher rate of shot than the matchlock arquebus, which took 30–60 seconds to reload properly. The arquebus did, however, have a faster rate of fire than the most powerful
952:
pioneered the countermarch volley fire technique. After outfitting his entire army with new, standardized arms in 1599, Maurice of Nassau attempted to recapture Spanish forts built on former Dutch lands. In the
851:
in 1575, during which volley fire may have been implemented. However, the volley fire technique of 1575 has been called into dispute in recent years by J. S. A. Elisonas and J. P. Lamers in their translation of
799:
The arquebus spread further east, reaching India by 1500, Southeast Asia by 1540, and China sometime between 1523 and 1548. They were introduced to Japan in 1543 by Portuguese traders who landed by accident on
138:
The exact dating of the matchlock's appearance is disputed. It could have appeared in the Ottoman Empire as early as 1465 and in Europe a little before 1475. The heavy arquebus, which was then called a
1295:
401:. The matchlock volley fire technique was next seen in mid-16th-century China as pioneered by Qi Jiguang and in late-16th-century Japan. Qi Jiguang elaborates on his volley fire technique in the
447:
Once volley firing had been developed, the rate of fire and efficiency was greatly increased and the arquebus went from being a support weapon to the primary focus of most early modern armies.
889:
was considered by the Ming to have produced particularly advanced matchlocks during the 16–17th century, surpassing even Ottoman, Japanese, and European firearms. European observers of the
1105:
since the 18th century. Its name has been ascribed to the sensation of drinking it and to its use in treating the wounded. It remains in production by various companies and is drunk as a
768:
Ottomans for having "brought with you this contrivance artfully devised by the Christians of Europe when they were incapable of meeting the Muslim armies on the battlefield". Similarly,
357:
338:
861:
were fired en masse. Even so, both Korean and Chinese sources note that Japanese gunners were making use of volley fire during the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598.
290:
The musket, essentially a large arquebus, was introduced around 1521, but fell out of favor by the mid-16th century due to the decline of armor. The term, however, remained and
1300:
211:
with a hook-like projection or lug on its under surface, useful for steadying it against battlements or other objects when firing". The first certain attestation of the term
1046:
An arquebus also has superior penetrating power to a bow or crossbow. Although some plate armors were bulletproof, these armors were unique, heavy, and expensive. A
969:"Musket" eventually overtook "arquebus" as the dominant term for similar firearms starting from the 1550s. Arquebuses are most often associated with matchlocks.
1070:. Once the methods were developed, powder and shot were relatively easy to mass-produce, while arrow making was a genuine craft requiring highly skilled labor.
4375:
657:
and using them against the enemy. Arquebusiers were also used effectively at the battle of Bashkent in 1473 when they were used in conjunction with artillery.
1093:
Arquebuse de L'Hermitage, a clear spirit made by macerating and distilling a large variety of plants, was supposedly invented in 1857 by a herbalist of the
1043:
at close ranges rather than a single ball. Small shot did not pack the same punch as a single round ball but the shot could hit and wound multiple enemies.
716:(one thousand on horseback) were levied by the towns and outfitted at treasury expense. Their use of mounted troops was also unique to the time period. The
465:
was invented by the mid-16th century and then the "true" flintlock in the early 17th century, but by this time the generic term for firearms had shifted to
294:
became a generic descriptor for smoothbore gunpowder weapons fired from the shoulder ("shoulder arms") into the mid-19th century. At least on one occasion
2674:
2226:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1995). "Firearms in Central Asia and Iran During the Fifteenth Century and the Origins and Nature of Firearms Brought by Babur".
3599:
3825:
751:
suggesting that the Spanish arquebusiers knelt to reload, when in fact Oman never made such a claim. This is contested by Idan Sherer, who quotes
2827:
Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
599:
The earliest known examples of an "arquebus" date back to 1411 in Europe and no later than 1425 in the Ottoman Empire. This early firearm was a
755:
saying that the arquebusiers kneeled to reload so that the second line of arquebusiers could fire without endangering those in front of them.
314:
firing mechanism also became a common term for the arquebus after it was added to the firearm. Later flintlock firearms were sometimes called
1681:
Geoffrey Parker (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy".
1144:
Friedrich Kluge, Elmar Seebold (Hrsg.): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 23. Aufl., de Gruyter: Berlin/New York 1999, pp. 52.
712:
in 1512. The Russian need to acquire gunpowder weaponry bears some resemblance to the situation the Iranians were in. In 1545 two thousand
1007:
2183:
Nourbakhsh, Mohammad Reza (Farhad) (2008). "Iran's Early Encounter with Three Medieval European Inventions (875–1153 AH/1470–1740 CE)".
1326:
1266:
4368:
427:
3565:
3538:
135:
mechanism in the late 15th century turned the arquebus into a handheld firearm and also the first firearm equipped with a trigger.
514:
685:
of 1503, which is the earliest-recorded military conflict where arquebuses played a decisive role in the outcome of the battle.
4557:
4500:
4384:
3972:
3909:
3514:
1228:
1710:
4361:
3977:
3495:
3477:
3459:
3431:
3348:
3303:
3261:
3218:
3191:
3166:
3148:
3084:
3048:
3005:
2973:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
2963:
2845:
2815:
2782:
2745:
2724:
2698:
2663:
2642:
2608:
2589:
2562:
1825:
1039:
than it was a bow and arrow. It was sometimes advocated that an arquebusier should load his weapon with multiple bullets or
731:
in the first half of the 16th century. Frederick Lewis Taylor claims that a kneeling volley fire may have been employed by
4179:
2547:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol. 5: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
1840:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800".
2499:
The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period
3066:
2360:
Phillips, Gervase (1999). "Longbow and Hackbutt: Weapons Technology and Technology Transfer in Early Modern England".
847:
revolutionized musket tactics in Japan by splitting loaders and shooters and assigning three guns to a shooter at the
995:
162:, was introduced in the latter half of the 16th century. The name "caliver" is an English derivation from the French
85:
4567:
826:
813:
576:
366:
3820:
143:, was developed to better penetrate plate armor and appeared in Europe around 1521. Heavy arquebuses mounted on
4337:
2253:
3589:
3392:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
3382:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
2876:
535:
3558:
894:
478:
490:
4572:
923:
even bow and arrow cannot match it, and ... nothing is so strong as to be able to defend against it.
869:
Regarding Iranian use of the arquebus, much of the credit for their increase in use can be attributed to
2872:
502:
3807:
3141:
War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
637:
3211:
The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K
2896:
4552:
3924:
2955:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
2735:
2452:
949:
435:
636:
The Ottomans made use of arquebuses as early as the first half of the fifteenth century. During the
3672:
709:
665:
The arquebus was used in substantial numbers for the first time in Europe during the reign of King
1106:
1062:
An arquebusier could carry more ammunition and powder than a crossbowman or longbowman could with
4562:
4342:
4159:
3551:
1399:
3405:
Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry During the Italian Wars, 1494-1559
3707:
3604:
2936:
1661:
Military Revolutions, Past and Present by Geoffrey Parker in Recent Themes in Military History
1184:
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1991). "The Nature of Handguns in Mughal India: 16th and 17th Centuries".
430:
theorized that by applying to firearms the same Roman counter march technique as described by
4428:
4007:
3578:
670:
890:
3652:
3594:
2524:
963:
954:
531:
966:, where firearms took on an increasingly large role in Europe in the following centuries.
8:
4521:
4060:
4012:
3812:
848:
780:
682:
2582:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
1260:
1232:
886:
398:
219:
28:
4228:
3875:
3792:
3118:
3110:
2835:
2807:
2704:
2385:
2377:
2285:
2235:
2208:
2200:
1958:
1865:
1771:
1320:
1193:
1074:
986:
940:
1712:
From the Arquebus to the Breechloader: How Firearms Transformed Early Infantry Tactics
586:
33:
4454:
4217:
4122:
3962:
3914:
3845:
3750:
3732:
3543:
3491:
3473:
3455:
3427:
3344:
3299:
3257:
3251:
3214:
3187:
3162:
3144:
3122:
3080:
3062:
3044:
3001:
2959:
2953:
2841:
2811:
2778:
2741:
2720:
2708:
2694:
2659:
2653:
2638:
2604:
2585:
2558:
2389:
2212:
1869:
1857:
1821:
1751:
1404:
1354:
1123:
1098:
820:
747:
who believes this is an overinterpretation as well as a mis-citation of a passage by
740:
666:
560:
431:
2627:
Breefe Discourse Concerning the Force and Effect of all Manuall of Weapons of Fire….
2116:
The bewitched gun: the introduction of the firearm in the Far East by the Portuguese
1775:
4526:
4408:
4403:
4238:
4081:
4076:
4022:
3802:
3782:
3702:
3647:
3237:
3102:
2686:
2369:
2192:
1950:
1849:
1763:
1291:
732:
693:
47:
2737:
Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
2555:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
2510:
Clifford J. Rodgers (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War".
1073:
However, the arquebus was more sensitive to rain, wind, and humid weather. At the
302:
were used interchangeably to refer to the same weapon, and even referred to as an
4484:
4202:
4154:
4089:
3642:
1094:
649:
1448. Ottomans also made some use of Wagon Fortresses which they copied from the
645:
3292:
1403:(1913 reprint ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam. 1909.
185:
4353:
4324:
4286:
3865:
3797:
3175:
2892:
1020:
882:
836:
620:
98:
3332:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
2196:
4546:
4314:
4266:
4002:
3992:
3885:
3840:
3742:
3697:
3677:
2619:
Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary
2276:
Xiaodong, Yin (2008). "Western Cannons in China in the 16th–17th Centuries".
1861:
1358:
1315:
1286:
1255:
1063:
1040:
870:
744:
418:
403:
370:
174:
3041:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
2900:
2453:"Material Culture and Military History: Test-Firing Early Modern Small Arms"
1408:
1270:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–642.
101:
during the 15th century. An infantryman armed with an arquebus is called an
4474:
4433:
4271:
4246:
4196:
4137:
4109:
4055:
3870:
3760:
3632:
2373:
1394:
1051:
crossbows that required more skill and reload time than the standard bows.
999:
907:
844:
809:
752:
748:
728:
612:
20:
2529:
The Great Revolt in Castile: A study of the Comunero movement of 1520–1521
1853:
1767:
644:
had arquebuses. Based on the earliest known contemporary written sources,
540:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4309:
4301:
4104:
4099:
4094:
3957:
3919:
3712:
3667:
3662:
3637:
1118:
805:
801:
736:
600:
434:, matchlocks could provide fire without cease. In a letter to his cousin
394:
390:
333:
227:
208:
127:
2690:
2381:
2289:
2239:
2204:
1999:
Michael C. Paul (2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia, 1550–1682".
1197:
342:
Depiction of an arquebus fired from a fork rest. Image produced in 1876.
4423:
4418:
4212:
4174:
4165:
4050:
4037:
4027:
3987:
3967:
3850:
3787:
3737:
3687:
3657:
3114:
1962:
914:
669:
of Hungary (r. 1458–1490). One in four soldiers in the infantry of the
654:
580:
572:
382:
1343:"La diffusione delle armi da fuoco nel dominio visconteo (secolo XIV)"
1330:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
962:, the battle is considered a decisive step forward in the development
4531:
4516:
4438:
4319:
4291:
4276:
4261:
4256:
4222:
4045:
4017:
3982:
3947:
3937:
3896:
3860:
3727:
3692:
3682:
3627:
1752:"Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800"
1101:, France although other sources assert it was produced in France and
1036:
769:
721:
708:
participated in the final annexation of Pskov in 1510 as well as the
608:
553:
462:
459:
451:
144:
132:
3272:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
3106:
1954:
1342:
306:. A Habsburg commander in the mid-1560s once referred to muskets as
4479:
4413:
4281:
4114:
3952:
3904:
3880:
3722:
3717:
3614:
1285: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1102:
1028:
650:
624:
548:
316:
204:
123:
94:
126:
from the 15th to 17th centuries, but it originally referred to "a
4251:
4207:
4184:
4145:
4133:
3997:
3942:
3774:
3755:
3574:
3203:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
2875:
Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
1056:
1047:
1032:
1003:
784:
764:
3093:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard",
772:
and musket-wielding infantrymen were despised in society by the
4190:
4032:
3932:
3855:
3835:
3830:
3770:
2573:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
1259:
959:
776:
773:
140:
2675:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
1319:
1140:
1138:
207:
from the 15th to 17th centuries. It originally referred to "a
3488:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
1067:
641:
469:, and flintlocks are not usually associated with arquebuses.
216:
3294:
Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
2050:
2048:
2046:
1941:
Stevenson, Cornelius (1909). "Wheel-Lock Guns and Pistols".
346:
53:
2673:
Bachrach, David Stewart (2006), Buchanan, Brenda J. (ed.),
1798:
1304:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 342.
1301:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1135:
998:
thought that an arquebus could not match the accuracy of a
704:, were seen as integral parts of the army and one thousand
173:
The matchlock arquebus is considered the forerunner to the
152:
74:
68:
19:"Arquebusier" redirects here. For the type of cavalry, see
3513:
de Andagoya, Pascual, "Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya",
700:) appeared in 1478 in Pskov. The Russian arquebusiers, or
653:, which often involved the placing of arquebusiers in the
226:, although in this case it almost certainly referred to a
3077:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
2637:(2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
2043:
1969:
1922:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1622:
1571:
1517:
840:
1377:
1375:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1152:
1150:
3539:
Handgonnes and Matchlocks – History of firearms to 1500
3213:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
1693:
1691:
1534:
1532:
743:(1522). However, this has been called into question by
3573:
3424:
Fighting Ships Far East 2: Japan and Korea AD 612–1639
3131:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
2329:
2308:
2296:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2019:
1981:
1731:
1719:
1634:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1561:
1559:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1480:
1478:
681:
The effectiveness of the arquebus was apparent by the
2031:
1876:
1756:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1372:
1204:
1147:
640:
of 1443–1444, it was noted that Ottoman defenders in
590:
Illustration of a 1639 Ming musketry volley formation
520:
The main propellant is ignited, and much smoke ensues
86:
77:
62:
56:
3506:
Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
3043:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
2775:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
2467:
2121:
2084:
2072:
1688:
1529:
203:("hook gun"), which was applied to an assortment of
71:
2856:
The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe
2341:
2096:
1888:
1786:
1556:
1544:
1490:
1475:
831:were being produced in large numbers in Japan. The
566:
Wapenhandelingen van Roers, Musquetten ende Spiesen
50:
3291:
1463:
1162:
3452:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
3161:, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press,
2989:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
944:Diagram of a 1594 Dutch musketry volley formation
16:Type of long gun appearing in 15th century Europe
4544:
4383:
3851:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
3516:Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila
2060:
1340:
3886:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
3341:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
2897:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
2635:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
2451:Krenn, Peter; Kalaus, Paul; Hall, Bert (1995).
2450:
935:
544:Two soldiers on the left using arquebuses, 1470
3016:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
2929:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
4369:
3559:
3314:Arms and Armor in Colonial America: 1526–1783
3256:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2794:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
1919:. Recontre and Edito Service, London. p. 62.
885:powers started fielding arquebuses by 1540.
787:were ordered in 1489 to train in the use of
164:
3059:Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan
2919:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
2864:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
1663:. University of South Carolina Press, p. 13
198:
113:
4376:
4362:
3566:
3552:
3472:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
3249:
3236:
2902:History of Science and Technology in Islam
2837:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2501:. Brill Academic Publishing: 2003. p. 924.
2228:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2182:
2054:
1975:
1928:
1804:
1186:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
783:(1547–1616). Eventually the Mamluks under
3503:
3470:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
3444:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
3024:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords
2891:
1940:
1672:Geoffrey Parker (2008), footnote 4, p. 21
1347:Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar
1341:Bargigia, Fabio; Romanoni, Fabio (2017).
972:
428:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
3449:
3439:
3421:
3329:
3311:
3282:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
3021:
2672:
2434:
2432:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2399:
2359:
2275:
2127:
1697:
1523:
1314:
1290:
1254:
985:
939:
585:
571:
559:
547:
539:
353:
345:
337:
184:
27:
3512:
3269:
3200:
3174:
3156:
3138:
3128:
3029:
2998:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
2882:
2733:
2624:
2579:
2570:
2552:
2531:. New York: Octagon Books. p. 325.
2347:
2335:
2314:
2302:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2025:
1987:
1839:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1647:
1628:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1511:
1457:
1445:
1215:
1156:
552:Early matchlocks as illustrated in the
155:ball of about 100 grams (3.5 oz).
122:was applied to many different forms of
4545:
3973:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3910:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3743:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
3485:
3467:
3442:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
3402:
3356:
3338:
3319:
3289:
3226:
3013:
2916:
2824:
2791:
2772:
2763:
2753:
2632:
2598:
2440:A right exelent and pleasaunt dialogue
2255:Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty
2090:
2078:
2037:
1835:
1833:
1792:
1538:
1433:
1421:
1400:Webster's New International Dictionary
1381:
1088:
327:
4357:
3978:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
3547:
3279:
3253:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3244:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
3242:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3208:
3074:
3056:
3038:
2951:
2926:
2885:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830
2873:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys."
2861:
2853:
2833:
2714:
2655:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
2651:
2473:
2429:
2412:
2396:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
1894:
1565:
1550:
1484:
1469:
1179:
1177:
1168:
981:
720:eventually became skilled hereditary
215:dates back to 1364, when the lord of
3411:
3364:
3229:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
2995:
2986:
2972:
2801:
2544:
2225:
2102:
2066:
1499:
1183:
3813:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
3373:
3180:Science & Civilisation in China
3159:Science & Civilisation in China
2934:
2616:
2353:
1943:Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum
1882:
1830:
906:The arquebus was introduced to the
688:In Russia, a small arquebus called
436:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
13:
3092:
2766:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
2717:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
2685:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
2169:
2014:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529
1174:
1031:, a shorter learning curve than a
994:Sixteenth-century military writer
14:
4584:
3532:
2633:Benton, Captain James G. (1862).
1002:in the hands of a highly skilled
877:
564:Musketeer from Jacob van Gheyn's
438:, on 8 December 1594, he wrote:
189:A "double arquebus", 15th century
3367:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000–1500
3330:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
3324:(Canadian ed.), Weldon Owen
3231:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
3061:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
3032:Renaissance War Galley 1470–1590
1715:. Piers Platt. 10 December 2015.
1280:
1229:"Smoothbore Musketry - ScotWars"
808:in the region controlled by the
724:farmers rather than conscripts.
676:Buch der Strynt un(d) Buchsse(n)
513:
501:
489:
477:
350:A serpentine matchlock mechanism
97:that appeared in Europe and the
46:
3450:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
3416:, University of Wisconsin Press
3129:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
2517:
2512:The Journal of Military History
2504:
2491:
2479:
2444:
2320:
2269:
2246:
2219:
2108:
2006:
1993:
1934:
1909:
1906:Vajna-Naday, Warhistory. p. 40.
1900:
1810:
1743:
1703:
1675:
1666:
1653:
1387:
1334:
990:Early arquebuses, the hook guns
812:. By 1550, arquebuses known as
234:has at times been known as the
197:is derived from the Dutch word
112:is derived from the Dutch word
4338:Category:Early modern firearms
3846:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3817:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
3186:, Cambridge University Press,
3079:, Cambridge University Press,
2945:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2840:, Cambridge University Press,
2777:, Cambridge University Press,
2719:, Cambridge University Press,
2584:, Princeton University Press,
2557:, Cambridge University Press,
1308:
1274:
1248:
1221:
1097:in the Hermitage Monastery in
484:Placing the weapon on its rest
180:
1:
4558:15th-century military history
3803:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3783:Belton M1777 repeating musket
3414:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
3274:, Utah State University Press
3270:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
3133:, University of Chicago Press
3000:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
2877:Geological Society of America
2740:, Swindon: English Heritage,
2571:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
2538:
1685:., Vol. 71, No. 2. pp. 333–40
854:The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga
536:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
496:Aiming, finger on the trigger
158:A standardized arquebus, the
32:17th-century arquebus at the
4385:Artillery of the Middle Ages
3929:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
3504:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
3376:Warfare in Pre-British India
3312:Peterson, Harold L. (1965),
3284:, Greenwood Publishing Group
2921:, Cambridge University Press
936:European arquebus formations
727:Arquebuses were used in the
7:
4070:Medieval large calibre guns
3718:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3688:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
3490:, Harper Perennial (2006),
3298:, Boston: David R. Godine,
2996:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
2987:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
2834:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
2012:Taylor, Frederick. (1921).
2003:, Vol. 68, No. 1. pp. 24–25
2001:Journal of Military History
1820:, saqu Books, 2006, p. 129
1683:Journal of Military History
1112:
1008:Japanese Invasions of Korea
856:by Ota Gyuichi. In Lamers'
678:on guns and "harquebuses".
631:
623:, probably inspired by the
508:The lock ignites the primer
10:
4589:
3808:M1696 French common musket
3440:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
3422:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
3412:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
3250:Partington, J. R. (1999),
2773:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
2625:Barwick, Humphrey (1594),
2523:
2114:Rainer Daehnhardt (1994).
1659:Ed Donald A Yerxa (2008).
804:(種子島), an island south of
758:
594:
529:
525:
331:
18:
4509:
4493:
4447:
4391:
4333:
4300:
4237:
4151:Byzantine rocket launcher
4131:
4069:
3925:Breech-loading swivel gun
3894:
3769:
3738:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
3613:
3585:
3359:New Principles of Gunnery
3357:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
3320:Petzal, David E. (2014),
3209:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
3139:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
2991:, Oxford University Press
2935:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
2883:Harding, Richard (1999),
2768:, Oxford University Press
2459:(in English and French).
2423:Barwick, Humfrey (1594).
2197:10.1080/00210860802246242
779:, even until the time of
697:
660:
285:
3761:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3708:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3673:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3633:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
3468:Wagner, John A. (2006),
3157:Needham, Joseph (1980),
3075:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
3022:Nagayama, Kōkan (1997),
2975:Journal of Asian History
2917:Hobson, John M. (2004),
2514:, Vol. 57, No. 2. p. 257
2405:Sir John Smythe (1590).
1842:Journal of World History
1129:
901:
4568:Renaissance-era weapons
4343:Category:Early firearms
4160:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
3201:Nicolle, David (1990),
3057:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
3039:Liang, Jieming (2006),
3034:, Osprey Publisher Ltd.
3030:Konstam, Angus (2002),
2941:Encyclopædia Britannica
2754:Cowley, Robert (1993),
2734:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
2715:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
2599:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
2580:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2553:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
2545:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
2457:Material Culture Review
1750:Ágoston, Gábor (2011).
1327:Encyclopædia Britannica
1267:Encyclopædia Britannica
864:
839:based on firearms from
794:
397:utilized it during the
118:("hook gun"). The term
3747:Shou Chong hand cannon
3605:History of the firearm
3527:– via Wikisource
3486:Watson, Peter (2006),
3454:, Brill Academic Pub,
3399:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
3389:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
3339:Purton, Peter (2010),
3095:Technology and Culture
2871:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005.
2825:Easton, S. C. (1952),
2792:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
2764:Cressy, David (2013),
2679:Technology and Culture
2601:The Renaissance at War
2438:Rich, Barnabe (1574).
2374:10.1353/tech.1999.0150
2362:Technology and Culture
991:
973:Use with other weapons
945:
933:
835:seem to have utilized
638:Ottoman–Hungarian wars
591:
583:
569:
557:
545:
445:
424:
373:
351:
343:
199:
190:
165:
114:
37:
4193:rocket arrow launcher
4187:rocket arrow launcher
4171:Fire crow rocket bomb
3798:Che Dian Chong musket
3683:Huo Chong hand cannon
3519:, The Hakluyt Society
3426:, Osprey Publishing,
3403:Sherer, Idan (2017),
3374:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
3290:Perrin, Noel (1979),
3280:Pauly, Roger (2004),
3227:Norris, John (2003),
3014:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
2854:Eltis, David (1998),
2658:, Sutton Publishing,
2652:Brown, G. I. (1998),
2525:Seaver, Henry Latimer
1917:A History of Weaponry
1854:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005
1768:10.1353/kri.2011.0018
989:
943:
920:
671:Black Army of Hungary
589:
575:
563:
551:
543:
440:
409:
364:
349:
341:
188:
31:
4180:Hale rocket launcher
3871:Spanish M1752 musket
3751:Tanegashima arquebus
3653:English horse pistol
3595:History of gunpowder
3365:Rose, Susan (2002),
3322:The Total Gun Manual
2952:Kelly, Jack (2004),
2927:Janin, Hunt (2013),
2862:Grant, R.G. (2011),
2802:Earl, Brian (1978),
2603:, Cassell & Co,
2485:E. G. Heath (1973).
964:early modern warfare
955:Battle of Nieuwpoort
710:conquest of Smolensk
532:History of gunpowder
4522:Medieval technology
4199:(Chinese petroleum)
4090:Dardanelles bombard
4061:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
4013:Obusier de vaisseau
2893:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2887:, UCL Press Limited
2691:10.1353/tech.0.0051
2617:Bak, J. M. (1982),
1245:Smoothbore Musketry
1089:Cultural references
849:Battle of Nagashino
781:Miguel de Cervantes
683:Battle of Cerignola
389:The development of
328:Mechanism and usage
4573:Turkish inventions
4229:Thunder crash bomb
3876:Springfield musket
3793:Charleville musket
3693:Istinggar arquebus
3184:The Gunpowder Epic
2808:Trevithick Society
2804:Cornish Explosives
2425:A Breefe Discourse
2407:Certain Discourses
2258:, 10 November 2014
1915:Courtlandt Canby:
1885:, pp. 125–40.
1580:, pp. 176–75.
1235:on 27 October 2012
1075:Battle of Villalar
992:
982:Comparison to bows
946:
789:al-bunduq al-rasas
592:
584:
570:
558:
546:
374:
352:
344:
191:
151:. These carried a
38:
4540:
4539:
4455:Pumhart von Steyr
4351:
4350:
4239:Firing mechanisms
4218:Petroleum naphtha
4123:Pumhart von Steyr
4086:Byzantine bombard
3988:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3788:Brown Bess musket
3497:978-0-06-093564-1
3479:978-0-313-32736-0
3461:978-90-04-16821-3
3433:978-1-84176-478-8
3394:Technikgeschichte
3384:Technikgeschichte
3350:978-1-84383-449-6
3343:, Boydell Press,
3305:978-0-87923-773-8
3263:978-0-8018-5954-0
3238:Partington, J. R.
3220:978-0-313-33733-8
3193:978-0-521-30358-3
3182:, vol. V:7:
3168:978-0-521-08573-1
3150:978-0-07-052584-9
3086:978-0-521-60954-8
3050:978-981-05-5380-7
3007:978-0-8108-5503-8
2965:978-0-465-03718-6
2879:on 25 March 2004.
2847:978-0-521-43519-2
2829:, Basil Blackwell
2817:978-0-904040-13-5
2784:978-0-521-79158-8
2756:Experience of War
2747:978-1-85074-718-5
2726:978-0-521-82274-9
2700:978-0-7546-5259-5
2665:978-0-7509-1878-7
2644:978-1-57747-079-3
2610:978-0-304-35270-8
2591:978-0-691-13597-7
2564:978-0-521-60391-1
1826:978-0-86356-740-7
1816:Godfrey Goodwin:
1526:, pp. 12–14.
1292:Chambers, Ephraim
1099:Saint-Genis-Laval
950:Maurice of Nassau
741:Battle of Bicocca
667:Matthias Corvinus
655:protective wagons
432:Aelianus Tacticus
365:Demonstration of
362:
308:double arquebuses
4580:
4553:European weapons
4527:Medieval warfare
4378:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4023:Pierrier a boite
3756:Toradar arquebus
3703:Jiaozhi arquebus
3628:Bajozutsu pistol
3568:
3561:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3508:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
3500:
3482:
3464:
3445:
3436:
3417:
3408:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3353:
3335:
3325:
3316:
3308:
3297:
3285:
3275:
3266:
3245:
3232:
3223:
3205:
3196:
3171:
3153:
3134:
3125:
3089:
3071:
3053:
3035:
3026:
3018:
3010:
2992:
2982:
2968:
2948:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2888:
2867:
2858:
2850:
2830:
2820:
2806:, Cornwall: The
2797:
2787:
2769:
2759:
2750:
2729:
2711:
2668:
2648:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2594:
2576:
2567:
2549:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1837:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1807:, p. xxvii.
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1261:"Arquebus"
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1231:. Archived from
1225:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1142:
931:
895:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
739:as early as the
733:Prospero Colonna
699:
579:arquebus of the
517:
505:
493:
481:
422:
399:Battle of Mohács
363:
220:Bernabò Visconti
202:
175:flintlock musket
168:
117:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
65:
64:
59:
58:
55:
52:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4505:
4489:
4485:Dardanelles Gun
4443:
4429:Perrier à boîte
4387:
4382:
4352:
4347:
4329:
4296:
4233:
4203:Mysorean rocket
4155:Congreve rocket
4127:
4065:
3890:
3765:
3643:Combination gun
3609:
3581:
3579:thermal weapons
3572:
3535:
3522:
3520:
3498:
3480:
3462:
3434:
3351:
3306:
3264:
3221:
3194:
3176:Needham, Joseph
3169:
3151:
3143:, McGraw-Hill,
3107:10.2307/3105275
3087:
3069:
3051:
3008:
2966:
2958:, Basic Books,
2907:
2905:
2866:, DK Publishing
2848:
2818:
2785:
2748:
2727:
2701:
2666:
2645:
2611:
2592:
2565:
2541:
2536:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2497:Alan Williams.
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2224:
2220:
2185:Iranian Studies
2181:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2055:Partington 1999
2053:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1976:Partington 1999
1974:
1970:
1955:10.2307/3793657
1939:
1935:
1929:Partington 1999
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1838:
1831:
1818:The Janissaries
1815:
1811:
1805:Partington 1999
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1762:(2): 281–319 .
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1339:
1335:
1321:"Caliver"
1313:
1309:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1205:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1115:
1095:Marist Brothers
1091:
984:
975:
938:
932:
927:
904:
883:Southeast Asian
880:
867:
837:snap matchlocks
797:
761:
663:
646:Godfrey Goodwin
634:
597:
538:
528:
521:
518:
509:
506:
497:
494:
485:
482:
473:Firing sequence
423:
416:
354:
336:
330:
304:arquebus musket
288:
183:
149:arquebus à croc
93:) is a form of
87:
67:
61:
49:
45:
34:Château de Foix
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4586:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Early firearms
4560:
4555:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4325:Wujing Zongyao
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4287:Snap matchlock
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4168:(rocket arrow)
4163:
4162:(flamethrower)
4157:
4152:
4149:
4142:
4140:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Potzdam musket
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Jazayer musket
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:Historiography
3597:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3575:Early firearms
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3533:External links
3531:
3530:
3529:
3510:
3501:
3496:
3483:
3478:
3465:
3460:
3447:
3437:
3432:
3419:
3409:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3336:
3334:, Notion Press
3327:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3247:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3206:
3198:
3192:
3172:
3167:
3154:
3149:
3136:
3126:
3101:(3): 594–605,
3090:
3085:
3072:
3068:978-8791114120
3067:
3054:
3049:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2993:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2949:
2932:
2924:
2914:
2889:
2880:
2869:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2831:
2822:
2816:
2799:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2731:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2596:
2590:
2577:
2568:
2563:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2487:Bow versus Gun
2478:
2476:, p. 186.
2466:
2443:
2428:
2411:
2395:
2368:(3): 576–593.
2352:
2340:
2338:, p. 428.
2328:
2326:Parker 347–353
2319:
2317:, p. 172.
2307:
2305:, p. 171.
2295:
2268:
2245:
2218:
2191:(4): 549–558.
2168:
2166:, p. 181.
2156:
2154:, p. 170.
2144:
2142:, p. 354.
2132:
2120:
2107:
2105:, p. 131.
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2057:, p. 208.
2042:
2040:, p. 190.
2030:
2028:, p. 350.
2018:
2005:
1992:
1990:, p. 167.
1980:
1978:, p. 160.
1968:
1933:
1931:, p. 123.
1921:
1908:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1829:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1742:
1740:, p. 425.
1730:
1728:, p. 429.
1718:
1702:
1687:
1674:
1665:
1652:
1650:, p. 169.
1633:
1631:, p. 173.
1618:
1616:, p. 149.
1606:
1604:, p. 157.
1594:
1592:, p. 144.
1582:
1570:
1555:
1543:
1528:
1516:
1514:, p. 165.
1504:
1502:, p. 475.
1489:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1436:, p. 117.
1426:
1424:, p. 427.
1414:
1386:
1384:, p. 422.
1371:
1349:(in Italian).
1333:
1318:, ed. (1911).
1316:Chisholm, Hugh
1307:
1294:, ed. (1728).
1273:
1258:, ed. (1911).
1256:Chisholm, Hugh
1247:
1220:
1218:, p. 443.
1203:
1173:
1161:
1159:, p. 426.
1146:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1090:
1087:
1021:kinetic energy
983:
980:
974:
971:
937:
934:
925:
903:
900:
879:
878:Southeast Asia
876:
866:
863:
828:hinawaju (火縄銃)
796:
793:
760:
757:
662:
659:
633:
630:
621:shoulder stock
596:
593:
556:(16th century)
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
512:
510:
507:
500:
498:
495:
488:
486:
483:
476:
474:
414:
329:
326:
287:
284:
182:
179:
99:Ottoman Empire
36:museum, France
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4585:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Jixiao Xinshu
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Miquelet lock
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:Orban bombard
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Korean cannon
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Kabyle musket
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Jezail musket
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Java arquebus
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Howdah pistol
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2128:Nagayama 1997
2124:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2093:, p. 74.
2092:
2087:
2081:, p. 44.
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:, p. 41.
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:(1): 85–124.
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1698:Phillips 2016
1694:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1568:, p. 25.
1567:
1562:
1560:
1553:, p. 24.
1552:
1547:
1541:, p. 75.
1540:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:Peterson 1965
1520:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1487:, p. 92.
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1460:, p. 58.
1459:
1454:
1448:, p. 19.
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1287:public domain
1277:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1171:, p. 61.
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
988:
979:
970:
967:
965:
961:
956:
951:
942:
930:
929:Jixiao Xinshu
924:
919:
916:
912:
909:
899:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
872:
871:Shah Ismail I
862:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
824:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:Tonio Andrade
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
718:pishchal'niki
715:
714:pishchal'niki
711:
707:
706:pishchal'niki
703:
702:pishchal'niki
695:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
672:
668:
658:
656:
652:
647:
643:
639:
629:
626:
622:
619:In Europe, a
617:
614:
611:corps of the
610:
606:
602:
588:
582:
578:
574:
567:
562:
555:
550:
542:
537:
533:
516:
511:
504:
499:
492:
487:
480:
475:
472:
471:
470:
468:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
421:
420:
419:Jixiao Xinshu
413:
408:
406:
405:
404:Jixiao Xinshu
400:
396:
392:
387:
384:
378:
372:
371:Himeji Castle
368:
348:
340:
335:
325:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:recruited 70
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
196:
187:
178:
176:
171:
169:
167:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
136:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
82:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4475:Grose Bochse
4434:Ribauldequin
4398:
4392:Weapon types
4272:Muzzleloader
4247:Breechloader
4225:rocket arrow
4197:Meng Huo You
4148:rocket arrow
4138:incendiaries
4110:Grose Bochse
4056:Wankou Chong
3622:
3521:, retrieved
3515:
3505:
3487:
3469:
3451:
3441:
3423:
3413:
3404:
3396:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3358:
3340:
3331:
3321:
3313:
3293:
3281:
3271:
3252:
3241:
3228:
3210:
3202:
3183:
3179:
3158:
3140:
3130:
3098:
3094:
3076:
3058:
3040:
3031:
3023:
3015:
2997:
2988:
2978:
2974:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2918:
2906:, retrieved
2901:
2884:
2863:
2855:
2836:
2826:
2803:
2796:, WeldenOwen
2793:
2774:
2765:
2755:
2736:
2716:
2682:
2678:
2654:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2600:
2581:
2572:
2554:
2546:
2528:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2406:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2348:Andrade 2016
2343:
2336:Needham 1986
2331:
2322:
2315:Andrade 2016
2310:
2303:Andrade 2016
2298:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2260:, retrieved
2254:
2248:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2188:
2184:
2164:Andrade 2016
2159:
2152:Andrade 2016
2147:
2140:Andrade 2016
2135:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2033:
2026:Andrade 2016
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1988:Andrade 2016
1983:
1971:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1845:
1841:
1817:
1812:
1800:
1795:, p. 5.
1788:
1779:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1738:Needham 1986
1733:
1726:Needham 1986
1721:
1711:
1705:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1648:Andrade 2016
1629:Andrade 2016
1614:Andrade 2016
1609:
1602:Andrade 2016
1597:
1590:Andrade 2016
1585:
1578:Andrade 2016
1573:
1546:
1519:
1512:Andrade 2016
1507:
1472:, p. 3.
1465:
1458:Ágoston 2008
1453:
1446:Ágoston 2008
1441:
1429:
1417:
1398:
1389:
1362:. Retrieved
1350:
1346:
1336:
1325:
1310:
1299:
1276:
1265:
1250:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1223:
1216:Needham 1986
1189:
1185:
1164:
1157:Needham 1986
1092:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1025:
1017:
1011:
993:
976:
968:
947:
928:
921:
913:
908:Ming dynasty
905:
881:
868:
857:
853:
845:Oda Nobunaga
832:
827:
819:
814:
810:Shimazu clan
798:
788:
762:
753:Paolo Giovio
749:Charles Oman
737:arquebusiers
729:Italian Wars
726:
717:
713:
705:
701:
689:
687:
680:
675:
664:
635:
618:
613:Ottoman army
604:
598:
565:
466:
457:
449:
446:
441:
425:
417:
410:
402:
388:
379:
375:
321:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
212:
194:
192:
172:
163:
159:
157:
148:
147:were called
137:
119:
109:
107:
102:
41:
39:
25:
21:Harquebusier
4470:Faule Grete
4465:Faule Mette
4460:Dulle Griet
4448:Famous guns
4404:Bâton à feu
4310:Huolongjing
4302:Literatures
4105:Faule Mette
4100:Faule Grete
4095:Dulle Griet
3958:Ekor lotong
3920:Baton a feu
3821:Jäger rifle
3713:Muff pistol
3668:Hand mortar
3663:Hand cannon
3638:Blunderbuss
3378:, Routledge
3369:, Routledge
2937:"explosive"
2575:, Wiley-VCH
2262:25 February
2091:Arnold 2001
2079:Arnold 2001
2038:Sherer 2017
1949:(25): 6–9.
1793:Petzal 2014
1781:disputable.
1539:Arnold 2001
1434:Purton 2010
1422:Purton 2010
1382:Purton 2010
1296:"ARQUEBUSS"
1239:11 February
1192:: 378–389.
1124:Tanegashima
1119:Blunderbuss
996:John Smythe
948:In Europe,
833:tanegashima
815:tanegashima
802:Tanegashima
601:hand cannon
577:Tanegashima
426:In Europe,
395:Janissaries
391:volley fire
367:Tanegashima
334:Hand cannon
228:hand cannon
224:archibuxoli
181:Terminology
103:arquebusier
4547:Categories
4494:By country
4424:Pot-de-fer
4419:Fauconneau
4213:Pen Huo Qi
4175:Greek fire
4166:Fire arrow
4051:Xanadu Gun
4038:Swivel gun
4028:Pot de fer
3968:Fauconneau
3658:Fire lance
2947:. Chicago.
2539:References
2474:Chase 2003
2234:: 435–46.
1895:Janin 2013
1566:Chase 2003
1551:Chase 2003
1485:Chase 2003
1470:Lidin 2002
1364:8 February
1169:Chase 2003
1041:small shot
915:Qi Jiguang
893:and later
891:Lê–Mạc War
770:musketeers
581:Edo period
530:See also:
383:Qi Jiguang
332:See also:
252:archibugio
145:war wagons
90:-k(w)ə-bəs
4532:Artillery
4517:Gunpowder
4439:Veuglaire
4320:Wubei Zhi
4292:Wheellock
4277:Snaphance
4262:Matchlock
4257:Flintlock
4223:Singijeon
4046:Veuglaire
4042:Tarasnice
4018:Organ gun
3983:Hongyipao
3948:Chongtong
3938:Carronade
3897:artillery
3861:Musketoon
3728:Pepperbox
3123:112733319
2709:111173101
2527:(1966) .
2390:108977407
2284:: 41–61.
2213:144208564
2103:Khan 2004
2067:Khan 2004
1870:143042353
1862:1527-8050
1500:Adle 2003
1359:2254-6111
1037:loopholes
1012:effective
722:tradesmen
609:Janissary
607:) by the
554:Baburnama
463:flintlock
460:snaphance
452:wheellock
312:matchlock
276:matchlock
236:harquebus
193:The word
133:matchlock
131:pan, and
108:The term
4480:Mons Meg
4414:Culverin
4399:Arquebus
4282:Snaplock
4115:Mons Meg
3963:Falconet
3953:Culverin
3915:Basilisk
3881:Wall gun
3723:Petronel
3623:Arquebus
3615:Firearms
3590:Timeline
3240:(1960),
3178:(1986),
2895:(2001),
2758:, Laurel
2382:25147360
2290:23787161
2240:44158646
2205:25597489
2016:. p. 52.
1883:Bak 1982
1776:19755686
1409:51981071
1395:"hagbut"
1198:44142632
1113:See also
1107:digestif
1103:Piedmont
1029:crossbow
926:—
887:Đại Việt
858:Japonius
690:pishchal
651:Hussites
632:Ottomans
625:crossbow
415:—
300:arquebus
280:firelock
232:arquebus
213:arquebus
209:hand-gun
205:firearms
195:arquebus
128:hand-gun
124:firearms
120:arquebus
110:arquebus
95:long gun
42:arquebus
4510:Related
4409:Bombard
4252:Doglock
4208:Naphtha
4185:Huo Che
4146:Bo-hiya
4134:rockets
4082:Basilic
4077:Bombard
3998:Lantaka
3943:Cetbang
3775:muskets
3523:21 June
3407:, Brill
3115:3105275
2908:23 July
2118:, p. 26
1963:3793657
1353:: 144.
1289::
1057:longbow
1048:cuirass
1033:longbow
960:tercios
785:Qaitbay
777:knights
765:Mamluks
759:Mamluks
694:Russian
595:Origins
526:History
264:sclopus
260:schiopo
256:haakbus
244:hackbut
240:harkbus
200:Haakbus
166:calibre
160:caliver
115:Haakbus
4501:France
4191:Hwacha
4132:Early
4033:Prangi
4008:Mortar
3933:Cannon
3895:Early
3856:Musket
3836:Jingal
3771:Rifles
3733:Pistol
3648:Dragon
3494:
3476:
3458:
3430:
3347:
3302:
3260:
3217:
3190:
3165:
3147:
3121:
3113:
3083:
3065:
3047:
3004:
2981:: 41–5
2962:
2844:
2814:
2781:
2744:
2723:
2707:
2697:
2662:
2641:
2607:
2588:
2561:
2388:
2380:
2288:
2238:
2211:
2203:
1961:
1868:
1860:
1824:
1774:
1407:
1357:
1196:
1068:arrows
1004:archer
806:Kyūshū
774:feudal
698:пищаль
661:Europe
568:(1608)
467:musket
322:fuzees
317:fusils
310:. The
296:musket
292:musket
286:Musket
278:, and
268:tüfenk
248:hagbut
230:. The
141:musket
3119:S2CID
3111:JSTOR
2705:S2CID
2386:S2CID
2378:JSTOR
2286:JSTOR
2236:JSTOR
2209:S2CID
2201:JSTOR
1959:JSTOR
1866:S2CID
1772:S2CID
1194:JSTOR
1130:Notes
1064:bolts
902:China
821:teppō
642:Vidin
605:tüfek
272:tofak
217:Milan
4136:and
4003:Lela
3905:Abus
3773:and
3577:and
3525:2019
3492:ISBN
3474:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3300:ISBN
3258:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3002:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2910:2007
2842:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2278:Icon
2264:2017
1858:ISSN
1822:ISBN
1405:OCLC
1366:2023
1355:ISSN
1241:2013
865:Iran
823:(鉄砲)
795:Asia
763:The
534:and
458:The
450:The
298:and
153:lead
3103:doi
2687:doi
2370:doi
2193:doi
1951:doi
1850:doi
1764:doi
1066:or
1000:bow
841:Goa
825:or
735:'s
369:in
320:or
54:ɑːr
40:An
4549::
3397:44
3387:44
3117:,
3109:,
3099:29
3097:,
2979:30
2977:,
2943:.
2939:.
2899:,
2810:,
2703:,
2693:,
2683:49
2681:,
2677:,
2461:42
2455:.
2431:^
2414:^
2398:^
2384:.
2376:.
2366:40
2364:.
2282:14
2280:.
2232:56
2230:.
2207:.
2199:.
2189:41
2187:.
2171:^
2045:^
1957:.
1945:.
1864:.
1856:.
1846:25
1844:.
1832:^
1778:.
1770:.
1760:12
1758:.
1754:.
1690:^
1636:^
1621:^
1558:^
1531:^
1492:^
1477:^
1397:.
1374:^
1345:.
1324:.
1298:.
1264:.
1206:^
1190:52
1188:.
1176:^
1149:^
1137:^
1109:.
1059:.
818:,
696::
407::
324:.
282:.
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
177:.
105:.
88:AR
4377:e
4370:t
4363:v
3567:e
3560:t
3553:v
3446:.
3418:.
3326:.
3286:.
3276:.
3246:.
3233:.
3197:.
3135:.
3105::
2983:.
2969:.
2923:.
2913:.
2868:.
2821:.
2798:.
2788:.
2760:.
2730:.
2689::
2669:.
2647:.
2595:.
2463:.
2409:.
2392:.
2372::
2350:.
2292:.
2242:.
2215:.
2195::
2130:.
2069:.
1965:.
1953::
1947:7
1872:.
1852::
1766::
1700:.
1411:.
1368:.
1351:6
1243:.
1200:.
692:(
81:/
78:s
75:ə
72:b
69:ə
66:)
63:w
60:(
57:k
51:ˈ
48:/
44:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
