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soldiers who were using firearms.) Before the wheellock, the need for a lit match made stealth and concealment nearly impossible, particularly at night. Even with successful concealment, the smoke emitted by a single arquebus shot would make it quite obvious where the shot came from, at least in daylight. While with a bow or crossbow a soldier could conceivably kill silently, this was of course impossible with an explosion-driven projectile weapon, such as the arquebus. The noise of arquebuses and the ringing in the ears that it caused could also make it hard to hear shouted commands. In the long run, the weapon could make the user permanently hard of hearing. Though bows and crossbows could shoot over obstacles by firing with high-arcing ballistic trajectories they could not do so very accurately or effectively. Sir John Smythe blamed the declining effectiveness of the longbow in part on
English commanders who would place firearms at the front of their formations and bowmen at the back, where they could not see their targets and aim appropriately.
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arms including arquebuses "were superior and better tempered than those of any other nation", suggesting that such firearms were in common use among middle eastern powers by at least the mid-16th century. While the use of 12,000 arquebusiers is impressive, the firearms were not widely adopted in Iran. This is in no small part due to the reliance on light cavalry by the
Iranians. Riding a horse and operating an arquebus are incredibly difficult which helped lead to both limited use and heavy stagnation in the technology associated with firearms. These limitations aside, the Iranians still made use of firearms and Europe was very important in facilitating that as Europeans supplied Iran with firearms and sent experts to help them produce some of the firearms themselves. Iran also made use of elephant mounted arquebusiers which would give them a clear view of their targets and better mobility.
1088:, rebel troops experienced a significant defeat partially due to having a high proportion of arquebusiers in a rainstorm which rendered the weapons useless. Gunpowder also ages much faster than a bolt or an arrow, particularly if improperly stored. Also, the resources needed to make gunpowder were less universally available than the resources needed to make bolts and arrows. Finding and reusing arrows or bolts was a lot easier than doing the same with arquebus bullets. This was a useful way to reduce the cost of practice or resupply oneself if control of the battlefield after a battle was retained. A bullet must fit a barrel much more precisely than an arrow or bolt must fit a bow or crossbow, so the arquebus required more standardization and this made it harder to resupply by looting bodies of fallen soldiers. Gunpowder production was also far more dangerous than arrow or bolt production.
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deployed as gunners. These formations also made use of countermarch volley fire techniques. Firearm platoons deployed one team in front of them at the blast of a bamboo flute. They started firing after their leader fired and fired once at the blast of a trumpet, and then spread out according to their drilling pattern. Each layer could also fire once at the blowing of a horn and were supported by close-quarters troops who could advance should the need arise. To avoid self-inflicted injuries and ensure a consistent rate of fire in the heat of battle, Qi emphasized drilling in the procedure required to reload the weapon. Qi
Jiguang gave a eulogy on the effectiveness of the gun in 1560:
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people. Thus, whenever the enemy gets to within a hundred paces' distance, they are to wait until they hear a blast on the bamboo flute, at which they deploy themselves in front of the troops, with each platoon (哨) putting in front one team (隊). They wait until they hear their own leader fire a shot, and only then are they allowed to give fire. Each time the trumpet gives a blast, they fire one time, spread out in battle array according to the drilling patterns. If the trumpet keeps blasting without stopping, then they are allowed to fire all together until their fire is exhausted, and it's not necessary to divide into layers.
1046:, and was more powerful than either. The arquebus did not rely on the physical strength of the user for propulsion of the projectile, making it easier to find a suitable recruit. It also meant that, compared to an archer or crossbowman, an arquebusier lost less of his battlefield effectiveness due to fatigue, malnutrition, or sickness. The arquebusier also had the added advantage of frightening enemies (and horses) with the noise. Wind could reduce the accuracy of archery, but had much less of an effect on an arquebus. During a siege, it was also easier to fire an arquebus out of
40:
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802:(arquebuses). However, in 1514 an Ottoman army of 12,000 soldiers wielding arquebuses devastated a much larger Mamluk army. The arquebus had become a common infantry weapon by the 16th century due to its relative cheapness—a helmet, breastplate and pike cost about three and a quarter ducats while an arquebus only a little over one ducat. Another advantage of arquebuses over other equipment and weapons was its short training period. While a bow potentially took years to master, an effective arquebusier could be trained in just two weeks.
572:
197:
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Ming during a battle in 1523, the capture of the pirate Wang Zhi, who had arquebuses, in 1558, which contradicts the usage of arquebuses by the Ming army ten years earlier, and the capture of arquebuses from
Europeans by the Xu brother pirates, which later came into possession of a man named Bald Li, from whom the Ming officials captured the arquebuses. About 10,000 muskets were ordered by the Central Military Weaponry Bureau in 1558 and the firearms were used to fight off pirates.
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mechanism consisting of two parts, the match, and the lock. The lock mechanism held within a clamp a 60-to-90 cm (2-to-3 ft) long length of smoldering rope soaked in saltpeter, which was the match. Connected to the lock lever was a trigger, which lowered the match into a priming pan when squeezed, igniting the priming powder, causing a flash to travel through the touch hole, also igniting the gunpowder within the barrel, and propelling the bullet out the muzzle.
514:
1034:, depending on the powder quality. A longbow arrow by contrast was about 80 J (59 ft⋅lbf), while crossbows could vary from 100 to 200 J (74 to 148 ft⋅lbf) depending on construction. Thus, arquebuses could easily defeat armor that would be highly effective against arrows or bolts, and inflict far greater wounds on flesh. The disparity was even greater with a 16th-century heavy musket, which were 2,300 to 3,000 J (1,700 to 2,200 ft⋅lbf).
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arquebuses relatively early, the trend did not catch on for decades in Europe and by the turn of the 16th century only around 10% of
Western European infantrymen used firearms. Arquebuses were used as early as 1472 by the Portuguese at Zamora. Likewise, the Castilians used arquebuses as well in 1476. The French started adopting the arquebus in 1520. However, arquebus designs continued to develop and in 1496 Philip Monch of the Palatinate composed an illustrated
404:—by the Ottomans, the Chinese, the Japanese, and the Dutch—made the arquebus more feasible for widespread adoption by militaries. The volley fire technique transformed soldiers carrying firearms into organized firing squads with each row of soldiers firing in turn and reloading in a systematic fashion. Volley fire was implemented with cannons as early as 1388 by Ming artillerists, but volley fire with matchlocks was not implemented until 1526 when the Ottoman
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themselves. Early arquebuses tended to have a drastic recoil. They took a long time to load making them vulnerable while reloading unless using the 'continuous fire' tactic, where one line would shoot and, while the next line shot, would reload. They also tended to overheat. During repeated firing, guns could become clogged and explode, which could be dangerous to the gunner and those around him.
358:
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1017:; other military writers such as Humfrey Barwick and Barnabe Rich argued the opposite. An arquebus angled at 35 degrees could throw a bullet up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) or more, much farther than any archers could shoot. An arquebus shot was considered deadly at up to 400 yards (360 m) while the heavier Spanish musket was considered deadly at up to 600 yards (550 m). During the
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disciplined formation using volley fire tactics. The result was a lopsided victory with 4,000 Spanish casualties to only 1,000 dead and 700 wounded on the Dutch side. Although the battle was principally won by the decisive counterattack of the Dutch cavalry and despite the failure of the new Dutch infantry tactic in stopping the veteran
Spanish
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should enemy infantry get too close. Pikemen were used to protect the arquebusiers by the
English and the Venetians often used archers to lay down cover fire during the long reloading process. The Ottomans often supported their arquebusiers with artillery fire or placed them in fortified wagons, a tactic they borrowed from the Hussites.
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match were kept lit. This proved cumbersome to maneuver as both hands were required to hold the match during removal, one end in each hand. The procedure was so complex that a 1607 drill manual published by Jacob de Gheyn in the
Netherlands listed 28 steps just to fire and load the gun. In 1584 the Ming General
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skill made it a lot easier to outfit an army in a short amount of time as well as expand the small arms ranks. This idea of lower-skilled, lightly armoured units was the driving force in the infantry revolution that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries and allowed early modern infantries to phase out the
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The arquebus had many advantages but also severe limitations on the battlefield. This led to it often being paired up with other weaponry to mitigate these weaknesses. Qi
Jiguang from China developed systems where soldiers with traditional weaponry stayed right behind the arquebusiers to protect them
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in particular were conservatively against the incorporation of gunpowder weapons. When faced with cannons and arquebuses wielded by the
Ottomans they criticized them thus, "God curse the man who invented them, and God curse the man who fires on Muslims with them." Insults were also levied against the
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Furthermore, the amount of smoke produced by black-powder weapons was considerable, making it hard to see the enemy after a few salvos, unless there was enough wind to disperse the smoke quickly. (Conversely, this cloud of smoke also served to make it difficult for any archers to target the opposing
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It is unlike any other of the many types of fire weapons. In strength it can pierce armor. In accuracy it can strike the center of targets, even to the point of hitting the eye of a coin , and not just for exceptional shooters. ... The arquebus is such a powerful weapon and is so accurate that
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dates the first use of the arquebus by the Janissaries to no earlier than 1465. According to contemporary accounts, 400 arquebusiers served in Sultan Murad II's campaign in the 1440s when he crossed Bosporus straits and arquebuses were used in combat by the Ottomans at the second battle of Kosovo in
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I have discovered evolutionibus a method of getting the musketeers and others with guns not only to practice firing but to keep on doing so in a very effective battle order (that is to say, they do not fire at will or from behind a barrier ...). Just as soon as the first rank has fired, then by the
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composed an 11-step song to practice the procedure in rhythm: "One, clean the gun. Two, pour the powder. Three, tamp the powder down. Four, drop the pellet. Five, drive the pellet down. Six, put in paper (stopper). Seven, drive the paper down. Eight, open the flashpan cover. Nine, pour in the flash
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While matchlocks provided a crucial advantage by allowing the user to aim the firearm using both hands, it was also awkward to utilize. To avoid accidentally igniting the gunpowder the match had to be detached while loading the gun. In some instances the match would also go out, so both ends of the
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Producing an effective arquebusier required much less training than producing an effective bowman. Most archers spent their whole lives training to shoot with accuracy, but with drill and instruction, the arquebusier was able to learn his profession in months as opposed to years. This low level of
1021:, Korean officials said they were at a severe disadvantage against Japanese troops because their arquebuses "could reach beyond several hundred paces". In 1590, Smythe noted that arquebusiers and musketeers firing at such extreme distances rarely seemed to hit anything and instead decided to argue
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in the early 16th century and was used in small numbers to fight off pirates by 1548. There is, however, no exact date for its introduction and sources conflict on the time and manner in which it was introduced. Versions of the arquebus' introduction to China include the capture of firearms by the
928:
developed military formations for the effective use of arquebus equipped troops with different mixtures of troops deployed in 12-man teams. The number of arquebuses assigned to each team could vary depending on the context but theoretically in certain cases all members of the team could have been
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who, after being defeated by the firearm-using Ottomans in 1514, began extensive use of arquebuses and other firearms himself with an estimated 12,000 arquebusiers in service less than 10 years after his initial defeat by the Ottomans. According to a 1571 report by Vincentio d'Alessandri, Persian
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he says that "whether or not Nobunaga actually operated with three rotating ranks cannot be determined on the basis of reliable evidence." They claim that the version of events describing volley fire was written several years after the battle, and an earlier account says to the contrary that guns
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with a hook-like projection or lug on its under surface, useful for steadying it against battlements or other objects when firing". These "hook guns" were in their earliest forms of defensive weapons mounted on German city walls in the early 15th century. The addition of a shoulder stock, priming
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in 1600, he administered the new techniques and technologies for the first time. The Dutch marched onto the beach where the fort was located and fully utilized the countermarching tactic. By orienting all of his arquebusiers into a block, he was able to maintain a steady stream of fire out of a
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All the musketeers, when they get near the enemy are not allowed to fire early, and they're not allowed to just fire everything off in one go, whenever the enemy then approaches close, there won't be enough time to load the guns (銃裝不及), and frequently this mismanagement costs the lives of many
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with a tapul was able to absorb some musket fire due to being angled. Otherwise, most forms of armor a common soldier would wear (especially cloth, light plate, and mail) had little resistance against musket fire. Arrows, however, were relatively weaker in penetration, and heavier than bows or
1791:
Initially the Janissaries were equipped with bows, crossbows, and javelins. In the first half of the 15th century, they began to use matchlock arquebuses, although the first references to the Ottomans' use of tüfek or hand firearms of the arquebus type (1394, 1402, 1421, 1430, 1440, 1442) are
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wielded an arquebus, and one in five when accounting for the whole army, which was an unusually high proportion at the time. Although they were present on the battlefield King Mathias preferred enlisting shielded men instead due to the arquebus's low rate of fire. While the Black Army adopted
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Prior to the appearance of the serpentine lever by around 1411, handguns were fired from the chest, tucked under one arm, while the other arm maneuvered a hot pricker to the touch hole to ignite the gunpowder. The matchlock, which appeared roughly around 1475, changed this by adding a firing
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An arquebus was also significantly more dangerous to its user. The arquebusier carries a lot of gunpowder on his person and has a lit match in one hand. The same goes for the soldiers next to him. Amid the confusion, stress and fumbling of a battle, arquebusiers are potentially a danger to
614:, whose roots trace back to China, with a serpentine lever to hold matches. However it did not have the matchlock mechanism traditionally associated with the arquebus. The exact dating of the matchlock addition is disputed. The first references to the use of what may have been arquebuses (
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drill they will march to the back. The second rank either marching forward or standing still, will then fire just like the first. After that the third and following ranks will do the same. When the last rank has fired, the first will have reloaded, as the following diagram shows.
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powder. Ten, close the flashpan, and clamp the fuse. Eleven, listen for the signal, then open the flashpan cover. Aiming at the enemy, raise your gun and fire." Reloading a gun during the 16th century took anywhere from 20 seconds to a minute under the most ideal conditions.
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stock, was added to the arquebus around 1470 and the appearance of the matchlock mechanism is dated to a little before 1475. The matchlock arquebus was the first firearm equipped with a trigger mechanism. It is also considered to be the first portable shoulder-arms firearm.
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date them from 1394 to 1465. However, it is unclear whether these were arquebuses or small cannons as late as 1444, but according to Gábor Ágoston the fact that they were listed separately from cannons in mid-15th century inventories suggest they were handheld firearms.
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range, claiming that English archers like the ones from the Hundred Years' War would be more effective at 200–240 yards (180–220 m) than arquebusiers or musketeers, but by that point there were no longer enough skilled archers in England to properly test his theories.
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854:, India, which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510. Within ten years of its introduction upwards of three hundred thousand tanegashima were reported to have been manufactured. The tanegashima eventually became one of the most important weapons in Japan.
181:– a reference to the gun's standardized bore. The caliver allowed troops to load bullets faster since they fit their guns more easily, whereas before soldiers often had to modify their bullets into suitable fits, or even made their own prior to battle.
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also noted the proficiency of matchlock making by the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber.
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mechanism was utilized as an alternative to the matchlock as early as 1505, but was more expensive to produce at three times the cost of a matchlock and prone to breakdown, thus limiting it primarily to specialist firearms and pistols.
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1029:
Perhaps the most important advantage of the arquebus over muscle-powered weapons like longbows was sheer power. A shot from a typical 16th-century arquebus boasted between 1,300 to 1,750 J (960 to 1,290 ft⋅lbf) of
1037:
Most high-skilled bowmen achieved a far higher rate of shot than the matchlock arquebus, which took 30–60 seconds to reload properly. The arquebus did, however, have a faster rate of fire than the most powerful
963:
pioneered the countermarch volley fire technique. After outfitting his entire army with new, standardized arms in 1599, Maurice of Nassau attempted to recapture Spanish forts built on former Dutch lands. In the
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in 1575, during which volley fire may have been implemented. However, the volley fire technique of 1575 has been called into dispute in recent years by J. S. A. Elisonas and J. P. Lamers in their translation of
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The arquebus spread further east, reaching India by 1500, Southeast Asia by 1540, and China sometime between 1523 and 1548. They were introduced to Japan in 1543 by Portuguese traders who landed by accident on
149:
The exact dating of the matchlock's appearance is disputed. It could have appeared in the Ottoman Empire as early as 1465 and in Europe a little before 1475. The heavy arquebus, which was then called a
1306:
412:. The matchlock volley fire technique was next seen in mid-16th-century China as pioneered by Qi Jiguang and in late-16th-century Japan. Qi Jiguang elaborates on his volley fire technique in the
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Once volley firing had been developed, the rate of fire and efficiency was greatly increased and the arquebus went from being a support weapon to the primary focus of most early modern armies.
900:
was considered by the Ming to have produced particularly advanced matchlocks during the 16–17th century, surpassing even Ottoman, Japanese, and European firearms. European observers of the
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since the 18th century. Its name has been ascribed to the sensation of drinking it and to its use in treating the wounded. It remains in production by various companies and is drunk as a
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Ottomans for having "brought with you this contrivance artfully devised by the Christians of Europe when they were incapable of meeting the Muslim armies on the battlefield". Similarly,
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were fired en masse. Even so, both Korean and Chinese sources note that Japanese gunners were making use of volley fire during the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598.
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The musket, essentially a large arquebus, was introduced around 1521, but fell out of favor by the mid-16th century due to the decline of armor. The term, however, remained and
1311:
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with a hook-like projection or lug on its under surface, useful for steadying it against battlements or other objects when firing". The first certain attestation of the term
1057:
An arquebus also has superior penetrating power to a bow or crossbow. Although some plate armors were bulletproof, these armors were unique, heavy, and expensive. A
980:"Musket" eventually overtook "arquebus" as the dominant term for similar firearms starting from the 1550s. Arquebuses are most often associated with matchlocks.
1081:. Once the methods were developed, powder and shot were relatively easy to mass-produce, while arrow making was a genuine craft requiring highly skilled labor.
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and using them against the enemy. Arquebusiers were also used effectively at the battle of Bashkent in 1473 when they were used in conjunction with artillery.
1104:
Arquebuse de L'Hermitage, a clear spirit made by macerating and distilling a large variety of plants, was supposedly invented in 1857 by a herbalist of the
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at close ranges rather than a single ball. Small shot did not pack the same punch as a single round ball but the shot could hit and wound multiple enemies.
727:(one thousand on horseback) were levied by the towns and outfitted at treasury expense. Their use of mounted troops was also unique to the time period. The
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was invented by the mid-16th century and then the "true" flintlock in the early 17th century, but by this time the generic term for firearms had shifted to
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became a generic descriptor for smoothbore gunpowder weapons fired from the shoulder ("shoulder arms") into the mid-19th century. At least on one occasion
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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1995). "Firearms in Central Asia and Iran During the Fifteenth Century and the Origins and Nature of Firearms Brought by Babur".
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suggesting that the Spanish arquebusiers knelt to reload, when in fact Oman never made such a claim. This is contested by Idan Sherer, who quotes
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Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
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The earliest known examples of an "arquebus" date back to 1411 in Europe and no later than 1425 in the Ottoman Empire. This early firearm was a
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saying that the arquebusiers kneeled to reload so that the second line of arquebusiers could fire without endangering those in front of them.
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firing mechanism also became a common term for the arquebus after it was added to the firearm. Later flintlock firearms were sometimes called
1692:
Geoffrey Parker (2007). "The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy".
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Friedrich Kluge, Elmar Seebold (Hrsg.): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 23. Aufl., de Gruyter: Berlin/New York 1999, pp. 52.
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in 1512. The Russian need to acquire gunpowder weaponry bears some resemblance to the situation the Iranians were in. In 1545 two thousand
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Nourbakhsh, Mohammad Reza (Farhad) (2008). "Iran's Early Encounter with Three Medieval European Inventions (875–1153 AH/1470–1740 CE)".
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mechanism in the late 15th century turned the arquebus into a handheld firearm and also the first firearm equipped with a trigger.
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of 1503, which is the earliest-recorded military conflict where arquebuses played a decisive role in the outcome of the battle.
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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
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than it was a bow and arrow. It was sometimes advocated that an arquebusier should load his weapon with multiple bullets or
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in the first half of the 16th century. Frederick Lewis Taylor claims that a kneeling volley fire may have been employed by
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol. 5: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
1851:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800".
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The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period
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Phillips, Gervase (1999). "Longbow and Hackbutt: Weapons Technology and Technology Transfer in Early Modern England".
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revolutionized musket tactics in Japan by splitting loaders and shooters and assigning three guns to a shooter at the
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173:, was introduced in the latter half of the 16th century. The name "caliver" is an English derivation from the French
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154:, was developed to better penetrate plate armor and appeared in Europe around 1521. Heavy arquebuses mounted on
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Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
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Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
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even bow and arrow cannot match it, and ... nothing is so strong as to be able to defend against it.
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Regarding Iranian use of the arquebus, much of the credit for their increase in use can be attributed to
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War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
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The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K
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Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
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The Ottomans made use of arquebuses as early as the first half of the fifteenth century. During the
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The arquebus was used in substantial numbers for the first time in Europe during the reign of King
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An arquebusier could carry more ammunition and powder than a crossbowman or longbowman could with
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Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry During the Italian Wars, 1494-1559
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Military Revolutions, Past and Present by Geoffrey Parker in Recent Themes in Military History
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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1991). "The Nature of Handguns in Mughal India: 16th and 17th Centuries".
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theorized that by applying to firearms the same Roman counter march technique as described by
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The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
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From the Arquebus to the Breechloader: How Firearms Transformed Early Infantry Tactics
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who believes this is an overinterpretation as well as a mis-citation of a passage by
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Breefe Discourse Concerning the Force and Effect of all Manuall of Weapons of Fire….
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The bewitched gun: the introduction of the firearm in the Far East by the Portuguese
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Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
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Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
2521:
Clifford J. Rodgers (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War".
1084:
However, the arquebus was more sensitive to rain, wind, and humid weather. At the
313:
were used interchangeably to refer to the same weapon, and even referred to as an
4495:
4213:
4165:
4100:
3653:
1105:
660:
1448. Ottomans also made some use of Wagon Fortresses which they copied from the
656:
3303:
1414:(1913 reprint ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam. 1909.
196:
4364:
4335:
4297:
3876:
3808:
3186:
2903:
1031:
893:
847:
631:
109:
3343:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
2207:
4557:
4325:
4277:
4013:
4003:
3896:
3851:
3753:
3708:
3688:
2630:
Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary
2287:
Xiaodong, Yin (2008). "Western Cannons in China in the 16th–17th Centuries".
1872:
1369:
1326:
1297:
1266:
1074:
1051:
881:
755:
429:
414:
381:
185:
3052:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
2911:
2464:"Material Culture and Military History: Test-Firing Early Modern Small Arms"
1419:
1281:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–642.
112:
during the 15th century. An infantryman armed with an arquebus is called an
4485:
4444:
4282:
4257:
4207:
4148:
4120:
4066:
3881:
3771:
3643:
2384:
1405:
1062:
crossbows that required more skill and reload time than the standard bows.
1010:
918:
855:
820:
763:
759:
739:
623:
31:
2540:
The Great Revolt in Castile: A study of the Comunero movement of 1520–1521
1864:
1778:
655:
had arquebuses. Based on the earliest known contemporary written sources,
551:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4320:
4312:
4115:
4110:
4105:
3968:
3930:
3723:
3678:
3673:
3648:
1129:
816:
812:
747:
611:
445:, matchlocks could provide fire without cease. In a letter to his cousin
405:
401:
344:
238:
219:
138:
2701:
2392:
2300:
2250:
2215:
2010:
Michael C. Paul (2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia, 1550–1682".
1208:
353:
Depiction of an arquebus fired from a fork rest. Image produced in 1876.
4434:
4429:
4223:
4185:
4176:
4061:
4048:
4038:
3998:
3978:
3861:
3798:
3748:
3698:
3668:
3125:
1973:
925:
680:
of Hungary (r. 1458–1490). One in four soldiers in the infantry of the
665:
591:
583:
393:
1354:"La diffusione delle armi da fuoco nel dominio visconteo (secolo XIV)"
1341:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
973:, the battle is considered a decisive step forward in the development
4542:
4527:
4449:
4330:
4302:
4287:
4272:
4267:
4233:
4056:
4028:
3993:
3958:
3948:
3907:
3871:
3738:
3703:
3693:
3638:
1763:"Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800"
1112:, France although other sources assert it was produced in France and
1047:
780:
732:
719:
participated in the final annexation of Pskov in 1510 as well as the
619:
564:
473:
470:
462:
155:
143:
3283:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
3117:
1965:
1353:
317:. A Habsburg commander in the mid-1560s once referred to muskets as
4490:
4424:
4292:
4125:
3963:
3915:
3891:
3733:
3728:
3625:
1296: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1113:
1039:
661:
635:
559:
327:
215:
134:
105:
137:
from the 15th to 17th centuries, but it originally referred to "a
4262:
4218:
4195:
4156:
4144:
4008:
3953:
3785:
3766:
3585:
3214:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
2886:
Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
1067:
1058:
1043:
1014:
795:
775:
3104:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard",
783:
and musket-wielding infantrymen were despised in society by the
4201:
4043:
3943:
3866:
3846:
3841:
3781:
2584:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
1270:
970:
787:
784:
151:
2686:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
1330:
1151:
1149:
218:
from the 15th to 17th centuries. It originally referred to "a
3499:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
1078:
652:
480:, and flintlocks are not usually associated with arquebuses.
227:
3305:
Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
2061:
2059:
2057:
1952:
Stevenson, Cornelius (1909). "Wheel-Lock Guns and Pistols".
357:
64:
2684:
Bachrach, David Stewart (2006), Buchanan, Brenda J. (ed.),
1809:
1315:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 342.
1312:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1146:
1009:
thought that an arquebus could not match the accuracy of a
715:, were seen as integral parts of the army and one thousand
184:
The matchlock arquebus is considered the forerunner to the
163:
85:
79:
30:"Arquebusier" redirects here. For the type of cavalry, see
3524:
de Andagoya, Pascual, "Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya",
711:) appeared in 1478 in Pskov. The Russian arquebusiers, or
664:, which often involved the placing of arquebusiers in the
237:, although in this case it almost certainly referred to a
3088:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
2648:(2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
2054:
1980:
1933:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1633:
1582:
1528:
851:
1388:
1386:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1163:
1161:
3550:
Handgonnes and Matchlocks – History of firearms to 1500
3224:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
1704:
1702:
1545:
1543:
754:(1522). However, this has been called into question by
3584:
3435:
Fighting Ships Far East 2: Japan and Korea AD 612–1639
3142:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
2340:
2319:
2307:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2030:
1992:
1742:
1730:
1645:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1572:
1570:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1489:
692:
The effectiveness of the arquebus was apparent by the
2042:
1887:
1767:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1383:
1215:
1158:
651:
of 1443–1444, it was noted that Ottoman defenders in
601:
Illustration of a 1639 Ming musketry volley formation
531:
The main propellant is ignited, and much smoke ensues
97:
88:
73:
67:
3517:
Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
3054:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
2786:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
2478:
2132:
2095:
2083:
1699:
1540:
214:("hook gun"), which was applied to an assortment of
82:
2867:
The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe
2352:
2107:
1899:
1797:
1567:
1555:
1501:
1486:
842:were being produced in large numbers in Japan. The
577:
Wapenhandelingen van Roers, Musquetten ende Spiesen
61:
3302:
1474:
1173:
3463:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
3172:, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press,
3000:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
955:Diagram of a 1594 Dutch musketry volley formation
27:Type of long gun appearing in 15th century Europe
4555:
4394:
3862:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
3527:Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila
2071:
1351:
3897:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
3352:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
2908:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
2646:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
2462:Krenn, Peter; Kalaus, Paul; Hall, Bert (1995).
2461:
946:
555:Two soldiers on the left using arquebuses, 1470
3027:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
2940:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
4380:
3570:
3325:Arms and Armor in Colonial America: 1526–1783
3267:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2805:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
1930:. Recontre and Edito Service, London. p. 62.
896:powers started fielding arquebuses by 1540.
798:were ordered in 1489 to train in the use of
175:
3070:Tanegashima: The Arrival of Europe in Japan
2930:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
2875:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
1674:. University of South Carolina Press, p. 13
209:
124:
4387:
4373:
3577:
3563:
3483:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
3260:
3247:
2913:History of Science and Technology in Islam
2848:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2512:. Brill Academic Publishing: 2003. p. 924.
2239:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2193:
2065:
1986:
1939:
1815:
1197:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
794:(1547–1616). Eventually the Mamluks under
3514:
3481:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
3455:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
3035:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords
2902:
1951:
1683:Geoffrey Parker (2008), footnote 4, p. 21
1358:Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar
1352:Bargigia, Fabio; Romanoni, Fabio (2017).
983:
439:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
3460:
3450:
3432:
3340:
3322:
3293:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
3032:
2683:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2412:
2410:
2370:
2286:
2138:
1708:
1534:
1325:
1301:
1265:
996:
950:
596:
582:
570:
558:
550:
364:
356:
348:
195:
38:
3523:
3280:
3211:
3185:
3167:
3149:
3139:
3040:
3009:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
2893:
2744:
2635:
2590:
2581:
2563:
2542:. New York: Octagon Books. p. 325.
2358:
2346:
2325:
2313:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2036:
1998:
1850:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1658:
1639:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1522:
1468:
1456:
1226:
1167:
563:Early matchlocks as illustrated in the
166:ball of about 100 grams (3.5 oz).
133:was applied to many different forms of
14:
4556:
3984:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3921:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3754:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
3496:
3478:
3453:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
3413:
3367:
3349:
3330:
3300:
3237:
3024:
2927:
2835:
2802:
2783:
2774:
2764:
2643:
2609:
2451:A right exelent and pleasaunt dialogue
2266:Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty
2101:
2089:
2048:
1846:
1844:
1803:
1549:
1444:
1432:
1411:Webster's New International Dictionary
1392:
1099:
338:
4368:
3989:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
3558:
3290:
3264:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3255:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
3253:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
3219:
3085:
3067:
3049:
2962:
2937:
2896:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830
2884:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys."
2872:
2864:
2844:
2725:
2666:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
2662:
2484:
2440:
2423:
2407:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
1905:
1576:
1561:
1495:
1480:
1190:
1188:
1179:
992:
731:eventually became skilled hereditary
226:dates back to 1364, when the lord of
3422:
3375:
3240:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
3006:
2997:
2983:
2812:
2555:
2236:
2113:
2077:
1510:
1194:
3824:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
3384:
3191:Science & Civilisation in China
3170:Science & Civilisation in China
2945:
2627:
2364:
1954:Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum
1893:
1841:
917:The arquebus was introduced to the
699:In Russia, a small arquebus called
447:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
24:
3103:
2777:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
2728:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
2696:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
2180:
2025:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529
1185:
1042:, a shorter learning curve than a
1005:Sixteenth-century military writer
25:
4595:
3543:
2644:Benton, Captain James G. (1862).
1013:in the hands of a highly skilled
888:
575:Musketeer from Jacob van Gheyn's
449:, on 8 December 1594, he wrote:
200:A "double arquebus", 15th century
3378:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000–1500
3341:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
3335:(Canadian ed.), Weldon Owen
3242:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
3072:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
3043:Renaissance War Galley 1470–1590
1726:. Piers Platt. 10 December 2015.
1291:
1240:"Smoothbore Musketry - ScotWars"
819:in the region controlled by the
735:farmers rather than conscripts.
687:Buch der Strynt un(d) Buchsse(n)
524:
512:
500:
488:
361:A serpentine matchlock mechanism
108:that appeared in Europe and the
57:
3461:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
3427:, University of Wisconsin Press
3140:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
2528:
2523:The Journal of Military History
2515:
2502:
2490:
2455:
2331:
2280:
2257:
2230:
2119:
2017:
2004:
1945:
1920:
1917:Vajna-Naday, Warhistory. p. 40.
1911:
1821:
1754:
1714:
1686:
1677:
1664:
1398:
1345:
1001:Early arquebuses, the hook guns
823:. By 1550, arquebuses known as
245:has at times been known as the
208:is derived from the Dutch word
123:is derived from the Dutch word
4349:Category:Early modern firearms
3857:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3828:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
3197:, Cambridge University Press,
3090:, Cambridge University Press,
2956:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2851:, Cambridge University Press,
2788:, Cambridge University Press,
2730:, Cambridge University Press,
2595:, Princeton University Press,
2568:, Cambridge University Press,
1319:
1285:
1259:
1232:
1108:in the Hermitage Monastery in
495:Placing the weapon on its rest
191:
13:
1:
4569:15th-century military history
3814:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3794:Belton M1777 repeating musket
3425:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
3285:, Utah State University Press
3281:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
3144:, University of Chicago Press
3011:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
2888:Geological Society of America
2751:, Swindon: English Heritage,
2582:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
2549:
1696:., Vol. 71, No. 2. pp. 333–40
865:The Chronicle of Oda Nobunaga
547:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
507:Aiming, finger on the trigger
169:A standardized arquebus, the
43:17th-century arquebus at the
4396:Artillery of the Middle Ages
3940:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
3515:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
3387:Warfare in Pre-British India
3323:Peterson, Harold L. (1965),
3295:, Greenwood Publishing Group
2932:, Cambridge University Press
947:European arquebus formations
738:Arquebuses were used in the
7:
4081:Medieval large calibre guns
3729:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3699:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
3501:, Harper Perennial (2006),
3309:, Boston: David R. Godine,
3007:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
2998:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
2845:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
2023:Taylor, Frederick. (1921).
2014:, Vol. 68, No. 1. pp. 24–25
2012:Journal of Military History
1831:, saqu Books, 2006, p. 129
1694:Journal of Military History
1123:
1019:Japanese Invasions of Korea
867:by Ota Gyuichi. In Lamers'
689:on guns and "harquebuses".
642:
634:, probably inspired by the
519:The lock ignites the primer
10:
4600:
3819:M1696 French common musket
3451:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
3433:Turnbull, Stephen (2003),
3423:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
3261:Partington, J. R. (1999),
2784:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
2636:Barwick, Humphrey (1594),
2534:
2125:Rainer Daehnhardt (1994).
1670:Ed Donald A Yerxa (2008).
815:(種子島), an island south of
769:
605:
540:
536:
342:
29:
4520:
4504:
4458:
4402:
4344:
4311:
4248:
4162:Byzantine rocket launcher
4142:
4080:
3936:Breech-loading swivel gun
3905:
3780:
3749:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
3624:
3596:
3370:New Principles of Gunnery
3368:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
3331:Petzal, David E. (2014),
3220:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
3150:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
3002:, Oxford University Press
2946:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
2894:Harding, Richard (1999),
2779:, Oxford University Press
2470:(in English and French).
2434:Barwick, Humfrey (1594).
2208:10.1080/00210860802246242
790:, even until the time of
708:
671:
296:
3772:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3719:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3684:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3644:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
3479:Wagner, John A. (2006),
3168:Needham, Joseph (1980),
3086:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
3033:Nagayama, Kōkan (1997),
2986:Journal of Asian History
2928:Hobson, John M. (2004),
2525:, Vol. 57, No. 2. p. 257
2416:Sir John Smythe (1590).
1853:Journal of World History
1140:
912:
4579:Renaissance-era weapons
4354:Category:Early firearms
4171:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
3212:Nicolle, David (1990),
3068:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
3050:Liang, Jieming (2006),
3045:, Osprey Publisher Ltd.
3041:Konstam, Angus (2002),
2952:Encyclopædia Britannica
2765:Cowley, Robert (1993),
2745:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
2726:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
2610:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
2591:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2564:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
2556:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
2468:Material Culture Review
1761:Ágoston, Gábor (2011).
1338:Encyclopædia Britannica
1278:Encyclopædia Britannica
875:
850:based on firearms from
805:
408:utilized it during the
129:("hook gun"). The term
3758:Shou Chong hand cannon
3616:History of the firearm
3538:– via Wikisource
3497:Watson, Peter (2006),
3465:, Brill Academic Pub,
3410:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
3400:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
3350:Purton, Peter (2010),
3106:Technology and Culture
2882:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005.
2836:Easton, S. C. (1952),
2803:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
2775:Cressy, David (2013),
2690:Technology and Culture
2612:The Renaissance at War
2449:Rich, Barnabe (1574).
2385:10.1353/tech.1999.0150
2373:Technology and Culture
1002:
984:Use with other weapons
956:
944:
846:seem to have utilized
649:Ottoman–Hungarian wars
602:
594:
580:
568:
556:
456:
435:
384:
362:
354:
210:
201:
176:
125:
48:
4204:rocket arrow launcher
4198:rocket arrow launcher
4182:Fire crow rocket bomb
3809:Che Dian Chong musket
3694:Huo Chong hand cannon
3530:, The Hakluyt Society
3437:, Osprey Publishing,
3414:Sherer, Idan (2017),
3385:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
3301:Perrin, Noel (1979),
3291:Pauly, Roger (2004),
3238:Norris, John (2003),
3025:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
2865:Eltis, David (1998),
2669:, Sutton Publishing,
2663:Brown, G. I. (1998),
2536:Seaver, Henry Latimer
1928:A History of Weaponry
1865:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005
1779:10.1353/kri.2011.0018
1000:
954:
931:
682:Black Army of Hungary
600:
586:
574:
562:
554:
451:
420:
375:
360:
352:
199:
42:
4191:Hale rocket launcher
3882:Spanish M1752 musket
3762:Tanegashima arquebus
3664:English horse pistol
3606:History of gunpowder
3376:Rose, Susan (2002),
3333:The Total Gun Manual
2963:Kelly, Jack (2004),
2938:Janin, Hunt (2013),
2873:Grant, R.G. (2011),
2813:Earl, Brian (1978),
2614:, Cassell & Co,
2496:E. G. Heath (1973).
975:early modern warfare
966:Battle of Nieuwpoort
721:conquest of Smolensk
543:History of gunpowder
4533:Medieval technology
4210:(Chinese petroleum)
4101:Dardanelles bombard
4072:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
4024:Obusier de vaisseau
2904:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2898:, UCL Press Limited
2702:10.1353/tech.0.0051
2628:Bak, J. M. (1982),
1256:Smoothbore Musketry
1100:Cultural references
860:Battle of Nagashino
792:Miguel de Cervantes
694:Battle of Cerignola
400:The development of
339:Mechanism and usage
4584:Turkish inventions
4240:Thunder crash bomb
3887:Springfield musket
3804:Charleville musket
3704:Istinggar arquebus
3195:The Gunpowder Epic
2819:Trevithick Society
2815:Cornish Explosives
2436:A Breefe Discourse
2418:Certain Discourses
2269:, 10 November 2014
1926:Courtlandt Canby:
1896:, pp. 125–40.
1591:, pp. 176–75.
1246:on 27 October 2012
1086:Battle of Villalar
1003:
993:Comparison to bows
957:
800:al-bunduq al-rasas
603:
595:
581:
569:
557:
385:
363:
355:
202:
162:. These carried a
49:
4551:
4550:
4466:Pumhart von Steyr
4362:
4361:
4250:Firing mechanisms
4229:Petroleum naphtha
4134:Pumhart von Steyr
4097:Byzantine bombard
3999:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3799:Brown Bess musket
3508:978-0-06-093564-1
3490:978-0-313-32736-0
3472:978-90-04-16821-3
3444:978-1-84176-478-8
3405:Technikgeschichte
3395:Technikgeschichte
3361:978-1-84383-449-6
3354:, Boydell Press,
3316:978-0-87923-773-8
3274:978-0-8018-5954-0
3249:Partington, J. R.
3231:978-0-313-33733-8
3204:978-0-521-30358-3
3193:, vol. V:7:
3179:978-0-521-08573-1
3161:978-0-07-052584-9
3097:978-0-521-60954-8
3061:978-981-05-5380-7
3018:978-0-8108-5503-8
2976:978-0-465-03718-6
2890:on 25 March 2004.
2858:978-0-521-43519-2
2840:, Basil Blackwell
2828:978-0-904040-13-5
2795:978-0-521-79158-8
2767:Experience of War
2758:978-1-85074-718-5
2737:978-0-521-82274-9
2711:978-0-7546-5259-5
2676:978-0-7509-1878-7
2655:978-1-57747-079-3
2621:978-0-304-35270-8
2602:978-0-691-13597-7
2575:978-0-521-60391-1
1837:978-0-86356-740-7
1827:Godfrey Goodwin:
1537:, pp. 12–14.
1303:Chambers, Ephraim
1110:Saint-Genis-Laval
961:Maurice of Nassau
752:Battle of Bicocca
678:Matthias Corvinus
666:protective wagons
443:Aelianus Tacticus
376:Demonstration of
373:
319:double arquebuses
16:(Redirected from
4591:
4564:European weapons
4538:Medieval warfare
4389:
4382:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4034:Pierrier a boite
3767:Toradar arquebus
3714:Jiaozhi arquebus
3639:Bajozutsu pistol
3579:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3519:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
3511:
3493:
3475:
3456:
3447:
3428:
3419:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3364:
3346:
3336:
3327:
3319:
3308:
3296:
3286:
3277:
3256:
3243:
3234:
3216:
3207:
3182:
3164:
3145:
3136:
3100:
3082:
3064:
3046:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3003:
2993:
2979:
2959:
2942:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2899:
2878:
2869:
2861:
2841:
2831:
2817:, Cornwall: The
2808:
2798:
2780:
2770:
2761:
2740:
2722:
2679:
2659:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2605:
2587:
2578:
2560:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1848:
1839:
1825:
1819:
1818:, p. xxvii.
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1272:"Arquebus"
1263:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:. Archived from
1236:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1153:
942:
906:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
750:as early as the
744:Prospero Colonna
710:
590:arquebus of the
528:
516:
504:
492:
433:
410:Battle of Mohács
374:
231:Bernabò Visconti
213:
186:flintlock musket
179:
128:
100:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
76:
75:
70:
69:
66:
63:
21:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4516:
4500:
4496:Dardanelles Gun
4454:
4440:Perrier à boîte
4398:
4393:
4363:
4358:
4340:
4307:
4244:
4214:Mysorean rocket
4166:Congreve rocket
4138:
4076:
3901:
3776:
3654:Combination gun
3620:
3592:
3590:thermal weapons
3583:
3546:
3533:
3531:
3509:
3491:
3473:
3445:
3362:
3317:
3275:
3232:
3205:
3187:Needham, Joseph
3180:
3162:
3154:, McGraw-Hill,
3118:10.2307/3105275
3098:
3080:
3062:
3019:
2977:
2969:, Basic Books,
2918:
2916:
2877:, DK Publishing
2859:
2829:
2796:
2759:
2738:
2712:
2677:
2656:
2622:
2603:
2576:
2552:
2547:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2508:Alan Williams.
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2235:
2231:
2196:Iranian Studies
2192:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2066:Partington 1999
2064:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1987:Partington 1999
1985:
1981:
1966:10.2307/3793657
1950:
1946:
1940:Partington 1999
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1849:
1842:
1829:The Janissaries
1826:
1822:
1816:Partington 1999
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1773:(2): 281–319 .
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1669:
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1657:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1350:
1346:
1332:"Caliver"
1324:
1320:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1126:
1106:Marist Brothers
1102:
995:
986:
949:
943:
938:
915:
894:Southeast Asian
891:
878:
848:snap matchlocks
808:
772:
674:
657:Godfrey Goodwin
645:
608:
549:
539:
532:
529:
520:
517:
508:
505:
496:
493:
484:Firing sequence
434:
427:
365:
347:
341:
315:arquebus musket
299:
194:
160:arquebus à croc
104:) is a form of
98:
78:
72:
60:
56:
45:Château de Foix
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4597:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Early firearms
4571:
4566:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4336:Wujing Zongyao
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:Snap matchlock
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4179:(rocket arrow)
4174:
4173:(flamethrower)
4168:
4163:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3877:Potzdam musket
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Jazayer musket
3834:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3611:Historiography
3608:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3586:Early firearms
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3544:External links
3542:
3541:
3540:
3521:
3512:
3507:
3494:
3489:
3476:
3471:
3458:
3448:
3443:
3430:
3420:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3347:
3345:, Notion Press
3338:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3258:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3183:
3178:
3165:
3160:
3147:
3137:
3112:(3): 594–605,
3101:
3096:
3083:
3079:978-8791114120
3078:
3065:
3060:
3047:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3004:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2943:
2935:
2925:
2900:
2891:
2880:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2781:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2579:
2574:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2498:Bow versus Gun
2489:
2487:, p. 186.
2477:
2454:
2439:
2422:
2406:
2379:(3): 576–593.
2363:
2351:
2349:, p. 428.
2339:
2337:Parker 347–353
2330:
2328:, p. 172.
2318:
2316:, p. 171.
2306:
2279:
2256:
2229:
2202:(4): 549–558.
2179:
2177:, p. 181.
2167:
2165:, p. 170.
2155:
2153:, p. 354.
2143:
2131:
2118:
2116:, p. 131.
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2068:, p. 208.
2053:
2051:, p. 190.
2041:
2039:, p. 350.
2029:
2016:
2003:
2001:, p. 167.
1991:
1989:, p. 160.
1979:
1944:
1942:, p. 123.
1932:
1919:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1840:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1753:
1751:, p. 425.
1741:
1739:, p. 429.
1729:
1713:
1698:
1685:
1676:
1663:
1661:, p. 169.
1644:
1642:, p. 173.
1629:
1627:, p. 149.
1617:
1615:, p. 157.
1605:
1603:, p. 144.
1593:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1539:
1527:
1525:, p. 165.
1515:
1513:, p. 475.
1500:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1447:, p. 117.
1437:
1435:, p. 427.
1425:
1397:
1395:, p. 422.
1382:
1360:(in Italian).
1344:
1329:, ed. (1911).
1327:Chisholm, Hugh
1318:
1305:, ed. (1728).
1284:
1269:, ed. (1911).
1267:Chisholm, Hugh
1258:
1231:
1229:, p. 443.
1214:
1184:
1172:
1170:, p. 426.
1157:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1101:
1098:
1032:kinetic energy
994:
991:
985:
982:
948:
945:
936:
914:
911:
890:
889:Southeast Asia
887:
877:
874:
839:hinawaju (火縄銃)
807:
804:
771:
768:
673:
670:
644:
641:
632:shoulder stock
607:
604:
567:(16th century)
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
523:
521:
518:
511:
509:
506:
499:
497:
494:
487:
485:
425:
340:
337:
298:
295:
193:
190:
110:Ottoman Empire
47:museum, France
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4596:
4585:
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4383:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Jixiao Xinshu
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Miquelet lock
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
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4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
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4169:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:Orban bombard
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
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4063:
4060:
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4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Korean cannon
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Kabyle musket
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Jezail musket
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Java arquebus
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Howdah pistol
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2139:Nagayama 1997
2135:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2104:, p. 74.
2103:
2098:
2092:, p. 44.
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:, p. 41.
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:(1): 85–124.
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1709:Phillips 2016
1705:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1579:, p. 25.
1578:
1573:
1571:
1564:, p. 24.
1563:
1558:
1552:, p. 75.
1551:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:Peterson 1965
1531:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1498:, p. 92.
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1471:, p. 58.
1470:
1465:
1459:, p. 19.
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:public domain
1288:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1182:, p. 61.
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
978:
976:
972:
967:
962:
953:
941:
940:Jixiao Xinshu
935:
930:
927:
923:
920:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
886:
883:
882:Shah Ismail I
873:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
833:
828:
827:
822:
818:
814:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:Tonio Andrade
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
729:pishchal'niki
726:
725:pishchal'niki
722:
718:
717:pishchal'niki
714:
713:pishchal'niki
706:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
679:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
640:
637:
633:
630:In Europe, a
628:
625:
622:corps of the
621:
617:
613:
599:
593:
589:
585:
578:
573:
566:
561:
553:
548:
544:
527:
522:
515:
510:
503:
498:
491:
486:
483:
482:
481:
479:
475:
472:
467:
464:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
432:
431:
430:Jixiao Xinshu
424:
419:
417:
416:
415:Jixiao Xinshu
411:
407:
403:
398:
395:
389:
383:
382:Himeji Castle
379:
359:
351:
346:
336:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:recruited 70
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
198:
189:
187:
182:
180:
178:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
147:
145:
140:
136:
132:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
93:
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4486:Grose Bochse
4445:Ribauldequin
4409:
4403:Weapon types
4283:Muzzleloader
4258:Breechloader
4236:rocket arrow
4208:Meng Huo You
4159:rocket arrow
4149:incendiaries
4121:Grose Bochse
4067:Wankou Chong
3633:
3532:, retrieved
3526:
3516:
3498:
3480:
3462:
3452:
3434:
3424:
3415:
3407:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3386:
3377:
3369:
3351:
3342:
3332:
3324:
3304:
3292:
3282:
3263:
3252:
3239:
3221:
3213:
3194:
3190:
3169:
3151:
3141:
3109:
3105:
3087:
3069:
3051:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3008:
2999:
2989:
2985:
2965:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2929:
2917:, retrieved
2912:
2895:
2874:
2866:
2847:
2837:
2814:
2807:, WeldenOwen
2804:
2785:
2776:
2766:
2747:
2727:
2693:
2689:
2665:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2611:
2592:
2583:
2565:
2557:
2539:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2417:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2359:Andrade 2016
2354:
2347:Needham 1986
2342:
2333:
2326:Andrade 2016
2321:
2314:Andrade 2016
2309:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2271:, retrieved
2265:
2259:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2199:
2195:
2175:Andrade 2016
2170:
2163:Andrade 2016
2158:
2151:Andrade 2016
2146:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2044:
2037:Andrade 2016
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1999:Andrade 2016
1994:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1856:
1852:
1828:
1823:
1811:
1806:, p. 5.
1799:
1790:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1749:Needham 1986
1744:
1737:Needham 1986
1732:
1722:
1716:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1659:Andrade 2016
1640:Andrade 2016
1625:Andrade 2016
1620:
1613:Andrade 2016
1608:
1601:Andrade 2016
1596:
1589:Andrade 2016
1584:
1557:
1530:
1523:Andrade 2016
1518:
1483:, p. 3.
1476:
1469:Ágoston 2008
1464:
1457:Ágoston 2008
1452:
1440:
1428:
1409:
1400:
1373:. Retrieved
1361:
1357:
1347:
1336:
1321:
1310:
1287:
1276:
1261:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1234:
1227:Needham 1986
1200:
1196:
1175:
1168:Needham 1986
1103:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1004:
987:
979:
958:
939:
932:
924:
919:Ming dynasty
916:
892:
879:
868:
864:
856:Oda Nobunaga
843:
838:
830:
825:
821:Shimazu clan
809:
799:
773:
764:Paolo Giovio
760:Charles Oman
748:arquebusiers
740:Italian Wars
737:
728:
724:
716:
712:
700:
698:
691:
686:
675:
646:
629:
624:Ottoman army
615:
609:
576:
477:
468:
460:
457:
452:
436:
428:
421:
413:
399:
390:
386:
332:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
223:
205:
203:
183:
174:
170:
168:
159:
158:were called
148:
130:
120:
118:
113:
52:
50:
36:
32:Harquebusier
4481:Faule Grete
4476:Faule Mette
4471:Dulle Griet
4459:Famous guns
4415:Bâton à feu
4321:Huolongjing
4313:Literatures
4116:Faule Mette
4111:Faule Grete
4106:Dulle Griet
3969:Ekor lotong
3931:Baton a feu
3832:Jäger rifle
3724:Muff pistol
3679:Hand mortar
3674:Hand cannon
3649:Blunderbuss
3389:, Routledge
3380:, Routledge
2948:"explosive"
2586:, Wiley-VCH
2273:25 February
2102:Arnold 2001
2090:Arnold 2001
2049:Sherer 2017
1960:(25): 6–9.
1804:Petzal 2014
1792:disputable.
1550:Arnold 2001
1445:Purton 2010
1433:Purton 2010
1393:Purton 2010
1307:"ARQUEBUSS"
1250:11 February
1203:: 378–389.
1135:Tanegashima
1130:Blunderbuss
1007:John Smythe
959:In Europe,
844:tanegashima
826:tanegashima
813:Tanegashima
612:hand cannon
588:Tanegashima
437:In Europe,
406:Janissaries
402:volley fire
378:Tanegashima
345:Hand cannon
239:hand cannon
235:archibuxoli
192:Terminology
114:arquebusier
18:Arquebusier
4558:Categories
4505:By country
4435:Pot-de-fer
4430:Fauconneau
4224:Pen Huo Qi
4186:Greek fire
4177:Fire arrow
4062:Xanadu Gun
4049:Swivel gun
4039:Pot de fer
3979:Fauconneau
3669:Fire lance
2958:. Chicago.
2550:References
2485:Chase 2003
2245:: 435–46.
1906:Janin 2013
1577:Chase 2003
1562:Chase 2003
1496:Chase 2003
1481:Lidin 2002
1375:8 February
1180:Chase 2003
1052:small shot
926:Qi Jiguang
904:and later
902:Lê–Mạc War
781:musketeers
592:Edo period
541:See also:
394:Qi Jiguang
343:See also:
263:archibugio
156:war wagons
101:-k(w)ə-bəs
4543:Artillery
4528:Gunpowder
4450:Veuglaire
4331:Wubei Zhi
4303:Wheellock
4288:Snaphance
4273:Matchlock
4268:Flintlock
4234:Singijeon
4057:Veuglaire
4053:Tarasnice
4029:Organ gun
3994:Hongyipao
3959:Chongtong
3949:Carronade
3908:artillery
3872:Musketoon
3739:Pepperbox
3134:112733319
2720:111173101
2538:(1966) .
2401:108977407
2295:: 41–61.
2224:144208564
2114:Khan 2004
2078:Khan 2004
1881:143042353
1873:1527-8050
1511:Adle 2003
1370:2254-6111
1048:loopholes
1023:effective
733:tradesmen
620:Janissary
618:) by the
565:Baburnama
474:flintlock
471:snaphance
463:wheellock
323:matchlock
287:matchlock
247:harquebus
204:The word
144:matchlock
142:pan, and
119:The term
4491:Mons Meg
4425:Culverin
4410:Arquebus
4293:Snaplock
4126:Mons Meg
3974:Falconet
3964:Culverin
3926:Basilisk
3892:Wall gun
3734:Petronel
3634:Arquebus
3626:Firearms
3601:Timeline
3251:(1960),
3189:(1986),
2906:(2001),
2769:, Laurel
2393:25147360
2301:23787161
2251:44158646
2216:25597489
2027:. p. 52.
1894:Bak 1982
1787:19755686
1420:51981071
1406:"hagbut"
1209:44142632
1124:See also
1118:digestif
1114:Piedmont
1040:crossbow
937:—
898:Đại Việt
869:Japonius
701:pishchal
662:Hussites
643:Ottomans
636:crossbow
426:—
311:arquebus
291:firelock
243:arquebus
224:arquebus
220:hand-gun
216:firearms
206:arquebus
139:hand-gun
135:firearms
131:arquebus
121:arquebus
106:long gun
53:arquebus
4521:Related
4420:Bombard
4263:Doglock
4219:Naphtha
4196:Huo Che
4157:Bo-hiya
4145:rockets
4093:Basilic
4088:Bombard
4009:Lantaka
3954:Cetbang
3786:muskets
3534:21 June
3418:, Brill
3126:3105275
2919:23 July
2129:, p. 26
1974:3793657
1364:: 144.
1300::
1068:longbow
1059:cuirass
1044:longbow
971:tercios
796:Qaitbay
788:knights
776:Mamluks
770:Mamluks
705:Russian
606:Origins
537:History
275:sclopus
271:schiopo
267:haakbus
255:hackbut
251:harkbus
211:Haakbus
177:calibre
171:caliver
126:Haakbus
4512:France
4202:Hwacha
4143:Early
4044:Prangi
4019:Mortar
3944:Cannon
3906:Early
3867:Musket
3847:Jingal
3782:Rifles
3744:Pistol
3659:Dragon
3505:
3487:
3469:
3441:
3358:
3313:
3271:
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