946:. Such reported catches do not include the untold tonnes taken as bycatch from operations targeting more highly valued species. Low-flying planes are used to locate and target sizeable Australian salmon schools, and critics have cited this practice as a means by the industry to artificially inflate catch records (which would give a false impression of abundance). Australian salmon numbers have declined noticeably however, with large specimens becoming ever rarer; the fish have all but disappeared from some areas. On October 1, 2004, the
581:
55:
595:
1021:
Australia in general is beyond the scope necessary for human and animal consumption, and that they are far more valuable as a recreational fish species. The ease of catching
Australian salmon, which tend to form schools of several tonnes, has meant recreational fishers are finding fewer of these species in inshore waters during the season (the migration patterns of Australian salmon mean they come into warmer waters during the autumn).
360:
1013:. The fish are filleted before being hung on racks to dry. Recreational fishers also seek Australian salmon for their renowned mettle when hooked; the fish are a challenge to land and often jump, occasionally standing on their tails. A significant number are taken for sport. No records of total recreational catches are kept, but the year's estimated catch of Australian herring from Western Australia's
403:
33:
574:; the colours fade to a silver-white ventrally. A smattering of yellow, gray, or blackish spots embellishes the dorsal half, the spots arranged vertically or longitudinally in a series of rows. There are marked differences in subadult coloration: for example, on the flanks of juvenile Australian herring are a series of dark golden vertical bars.
636:, drifting at the mercy of the currents until the larvae develop and settle. The young Australian salmon then spend the first two to five years in sheltered coastal bays, inlets, and estuaries until they become sexually mature and begin to move into more open waters. Relatively long-lived fishes, Australian salmon may attain an age of 26 yr in
929:
Australian Salmon contains significant amounts of blood in the fillet and under the skin which if not removed results in a strong flavoured flesh that is unappealing to many consumers. However when bled immediately after capture and filleted properly to remove all traces of blood the resulting flesh
503:
A streamlined, fusiform body and large, powerful forked tail – the upper lobe of which is equal to or less than the length of the head in the eastern
Australian salmon – are indications of the fast-paced pelagic lives these fish lead. Upon dissection, the extremely large, dense gills (for maximum
1020:
Commercial fishing practices undertaken across
Australia and New Zealand have been highly criticised in various recreational fishing magazines as being excessive. Many high-profile anglers, such as those on Fishing WA, have made statements that the commercial fish catch in Western Australia and
965:
are highly regarded for their flesh when hot smoked by recreational fisherman, usually using manuka sawdust or woodchips. Australian salmon prepared in this manner are available in many New
Zealand supermarkets and fishmongers. The flesh is usually eaten hot, or broken up and used in fish pie.
920:
is principally a pelagic feeder, which however occasionally feeds from the sea bottom, demonstrating a pragmatic approach to their diet as it appears they feed on those fishes which are locally abundant such as shoals of small fish on which preys. Small kahawai below 100mm in length mainly eat
823:). The baitfish made available by the Australian salmon's herding behaviour may also be important to the reproductive success of winter-nesting birds; the decline of the Australians salmon stocks has evoked concern for these bird species, some of which – such as the
542:
The western
Australian salmon is the largest species at a maximum 96 cm (38 in) standard length (that is, excluding the caudal fin) and 10.5 kg (23 lb) in weight. The Australian herring is the smallest species at maximum 41 cm (16 in)
921:
copepods and planktonic crustaceans. This was derived from the analysis of 326 stomachs of the kahawai from
Wellington Harbour, which exhibited that the fish is a voracious carnivore which feeds mainly on fishes and to a lesser extent on planktonic crustaceans.
934:(Palinuridae) traps and other commercial and recreational fishing. The Australian salmon fetch no more than a few dollars (AU) per kilogram; nonetheless, large numbers are taken via purse seine nets (and to a lesser extent trawling, hauling,
530:
are relatively large – in the
Australian herring, the eyes are approximately one-fifth the length of the head in diameter. The large mouth is terminal, and the jaws are lined with bands of sharp villiform (brushlike)
1310:
697:, staying within the upper layers of relatively shallow (1–80 m), open and clear coastal waters (although the western Australian salmon may prefer deeper water). The turbulent
958:, setting a catch limit of 3,035 tonnes for the season. This was a 5% increase over the previous two years, despite the government's intention of lowering catch limits.
673:
is thought – due to females retaining both ripe and unripe eggs – to be "partial spawners"; that is, they may spawn over a long period with no real peaks. In contrast,
504:
oxygen extraction) and large proportion of red aerobic muscle in the 'fillets' is further evidence of a fast-paced pelagic life. The first (spinous, with 9 spines)
547:(that is, from the snout to the middle of the caudal fin's fork) and 800 g (28 oz). Australian salmon share a passing resemblance to the unrelated
201:
729:. Adults undertake seasonal migrations over vast distances, moving into deeper water during winter months. The evolutionary history of the species of
476:
1142:
1477:
1503:
512:, the former being confluent with, but noticeably higher than the much longer soft dorsal fin (with 15–19 rays), itself much longer than the
1307:
1451:
1490:
287:
Relatively long-lived fish, Australian salmon are a favoured target of recreational fishers, and both commercial and traditional
1062:
776:
worms eaten. The
Australian salmon are very fast swimmers, and are sometimes seen mingling with ostensibly similar species of
1495:
338:
Four recognised species are in this genus. The ranges of the species may overlap to some extent, but can be described as:
736:
Australian salmon form immense schools with hundreds to thousands of individuals, as both adults and juveniles. They are
681:
are thought to be "serial batch spawners", completing their spawning season after a series of small "burst" spawnings.
612:
Although their reproduction is poorly studied, Australian salmon are all known to be "pelagic spawners"; that is, they
1564:
947:
616:
in open water during the austral spring, releasing a large number of tiny (1 mm in diameter), smooth spherical
1526:
1508:
799:
relationship between the
Australian salmon and the birds is noted to be especially strong in such species as the
1152:
1076:
930:
is white, neutral flavoured and excellent to eat. What is not sold for human consumption is used as bait for
733:
has been shaped by changes to oceanographic conditions and land-bridges that occurred during glacial cycles.
580:
212:
651:
and spawning in freshwater are not correct; this may be due to confusion with sea-run specimens of exotic
1579:
1412:
1399:
330:. They are also caught by skilled fishermen along the southern coastline of Australia by beach seining.
1417:
1177:
1531:
1518:
1035:
54:
1574:
1098:
955:
415:
1339:
816:
121:
1482:
791:
by co-operatively bullying baitfish up to the surface; this herding technique is exploited by
985:, fish in subsistence and customary capacities. The fish were (and are) caught with lines of
808:
795:
which are quickly attracted to, and feed upon, the foaming mass of fish at the surface. This
190:
555:), locally known as "kingfish", with which larger Australian salmon are sometimes confused.
1438:
1386:
1212:
1138:
1058:
548:
372:
299:
8:
902:
781:
386:
269:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1229:
1216:
850:
832:
800:
447:
366:
169:
140:
49:
594:
1425:
1377:
1326:
1147:
1120:
1096:
1071:
866:
394:
1288:
1255:
1110:
890:
660:
490:
471:
433:
250:
1430:
1293:
1276:
1260:
1243:
938:, and trap nets) annually; the reported 2002–2003 commercial New Zealand catch of
1314:
1202:
1014:
613:
523:
1391:
970:
288:
1404:
1362:
1010:
559:
453:
437:
409:
322:(Scombridae) fisheries. These species are all taken in great numbers by way of
311:
157:
96:
1115:
837:
Aside from seabirds, the
Australian salmon are also important in the diets of
1548:
1173:
1031:
617:
307:
1124:
931:
882:
842:
796:
690:
536:
509:
149:
1204:
Aspects of the evolutionary history of a pair of fish species (Arripidae:
1464:
1371:
1002:
874:
757:
652:
633:
544:
323:
277:
257:
234:
106:
284:
settlers after their superficial resemblance to the salmoniform fishes.
1456:
1208:) on either side of a biogeographic barrier in Southern Australian seas
1097:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
898:
824:
777:
745:
694:
648:
517:
505:
265:
1469:
990:
765:
737:
698:
390:
382:
230:
66:
1333:
1356:
1186:
1040:
986:
935:
838:
741:
726:
722:
710:
513:
429:
319:
86:
1443:
1006:
792:
773:
761:
753:
714:
295:
291:
273:
428:
From western Victoria to New Zealand, including the islands of
359:
281:
280:
of perch-like fishes. Australian salmon were named so by early
261:
76:
961:
In New Zealand, Australian salmon and in particular northern
943:
862:
749:
718:
702:
625:
621:
532:
402:
327:
760:(the latter comprising the bulk of the juvenile diets). The
725:, as well as sheltered bays with soft bottoms carpeted with
32:
998:
994:
769:
706:
629:
973:
of New Zealand, to whom the fish are known by their name
527:
1137:
1057:
1277:"Food and feeding of Kahawai (Teleostei: Arripididae)"
1244:"Food and feeding of Kahawai (Teleostei: Arripididae)"
1281:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1248:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1017:
estuary beginning May, 1974, was 68,000 individuals.
717:
are also frequented, and some species may also enter
379:
ruff, tommy ruff, Australian ruff, Australian herring
787:
Together with the carangids, Australian salmon feed
276:
of the Northern Hemisphere, but belong to the order
1141:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1061:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
570:, and steel-blue to grayish- or greenish-black in
516:(which has three spines and 9–10 soft rays). The
1546:
272:, just as Australian herring are not related to
764:is also sampled to some extent, with primarily
562:; dorsal colours range from dark blue-green in
422:Australian salmon, eastern Australian salmon,
1230:Kahawai – Letter to Marine Conservation Unit
643:All species are oceanic spawners. Reports of
489:New Zealand, west to Lord Howe, Norfolk, and
1200:
463:Western Australia to Victoria and Tasmania
260:, Australian salmon are not related to the
780:, such as trevally; this is an example of
740:and feed primarily on small fish, such as
31:
1292:
1259:
1114:
539:runs along the upper sides of the body.
1172:
1030:
924:
659:), or anadromous populations of native
1547:
1338:
1337:
1274:
1241:
1099:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
1519:5507f6f0-4fd2-43f2-9946-87b8cae8547a
1131:
1090:
520:is situated in a thoracic position.
333:
1051:
249:. They are the only members of the
13:
721:. Juveniles inhabit estuaries and
624:droplets. The eggs (and later the
229:is a genus of marine fishes from
14:
1591:
948:New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries
1143:"Genera in the family Arripidae"
628:), which possess an unsegmented
593:
579:
401:
358:
53:
1320:
607:
1301:
1268:
1235:
1223:
1194:
1166:
1153:California Academy of Sciences
1077:California Academy of Sciences
498:
1:
1294:10.1080/00288330.1971.9515382
1261:10.1080/00288330.1971.9515382
1024:
640:and 7–9 yr in other species.
861:); several species of large
7:
483:northern kahawai, Kermadec
10:
1596:
684:
1346:
1232:www.option4.co.nz (2004).
1116:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
558:All species are strongly
460:western Australian salmon
175:
168:
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1565:Marine fish of Australia
1317:www.forestandbird.org.nz
1308:Best Fish Guide: Kahawai
1190:. December 2012 version.
1176:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1034:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
956:Quota Management System
912:
887:Carcharhinus brachyurus
294:. They are also common
871:Carcharodon carcharias
508:originates behind the
1139:Eschmeyer, William N.
1059:Eschmeyer, William N.
1044:. March 2006 version.
879:Carcharhinus obscurus
809:fluttering shearwater
632:, become part of the
191:Brisout de Barneville
1275:Baker, Alan (1971).
1242:Baker, Alan (1971).
1201:Glenn Moore (2012).
989:fibre and elaborate
925:Importance to humans
549:yellowtail amberjack
300:Australasian snapper
903:Australian sea lion
851:bottlenose dolphins
817:Buller's shearwater
665:Galaxias truttaceus
316:Pseudocaranx dentex
270:Northern Hemisphere
163:J. R. Forster, 1801
40:Australian salmon (
1580:Marine fish genera
1313:2012-05-31 at the
1217:Murdoch University
1178:"Species in genus
1036:"Family Arripidae"
855:Tursiops truncatus
801:white-fronted tern
587:Arripis georgianus
448:Arripis truttaceus
367:Arripis georgianus
247:Australian herring
1542:
1541:
1340:Taxon identifiers
1148:Catalog of Fishes
1072:Catalog of Fishes
895:Carcharias taurus
496:
495:
480:
457:
419:
395:Western Australia
376:
334:Species and range
239:Australian salmon
222:
221:
216:
205:
194:
183:
144:
125:
1587:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1055:
1045:
907:Neophoca cinerea
821:Puffinus bulleri
752:(Euphausiacea),
689:All species are
661:spotted galaxias
620:made buoyant by
597:
583:
491:Kermadec Islands
475:
472:Arripis xylabion
451:
413:
405:
370:
362:
341:
340:
211:
200:
189:
181:
139:
120:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1575:Commercial fish
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1315:Wayback Machine
1306:
1302:
1273:
1269:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1199:
1195:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1136:
1132:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1056:
1052:
1027:
1015:Blackwood River
927:
915:
865:, for example;
713:waters such as
687:
610:
603:
598:
589:
584:
553:Seriola lalandi
501:
347:Scientific name
336:
164:
161:
138:
119:
52:
17:
16:Genus of fishes
12:
11:
5:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1396:
1383:
1368:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1300:
1287:(2): 291–299.
1267:
1254:(2): 291–299.
1234:
1222:
1193:
1174:Froese, Rainer
1165:
1130:
1109:(2): 001–230.
1089:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1032:Froese, Rainer
1026:
1023:
926:
923:
918:Arripis trutta
914:
911:
897:) sharks; and
813:Puffinus gavia
805:Sterna striata
686:
683:
638:Arripis trutta
609:
606:
605:
604:
599:
592:
590:
585:
578:
500:
497:
494:
493:
487:
481:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
444:
441:
440:
426:
420:
410:Arripis trutta
406:
398:
397:
380:
377:
363:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
335:
332:
312:white trevally
304:Pagrus auratus
256:. Despite the
220:
219:
218:
217:
206:
195:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
162:
158:Arripis trutta
153:
152:
146:
145:
131:
127:
126:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
97:Actinopterygii
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
922:
919:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:killer whales
840:
835:
834:
830:
829:Sterna nereis
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:(Clupeidae);
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
680:
679:A. truttaceus
676:
672:
671:A. georgianus
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
602:
596:
591:
588:
582:
577:
576:
575:
573:
572:A. truttaceus
569:
568:A. georgianus
565:
561:
560:countershaded
556:
554:
550:
546:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
510:pectoral fins
507:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
459:
455:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:J. R. Forster
412:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
369:
368:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:Distribution
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:(Mugilidae),
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
180:
179:Deuteropterus
177:
176:
174:
171:
167:
160:
159:
154:
151:
147:
142:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1347:
1322:
1303:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1225:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1146:
1133:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1070:
1064:
1053:
1039:
1019:
982:
978:
974:
968:
962:
960:
951:
939:
932:rock lobster
928:
917:
916:
906:
901:such as the
894:
886:
878:
870:
858:
854:
847:Orcinus orca
846:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
788:
786:
756:, and other
735:
730:
709:, bays, and
688:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
657:Salmo trutta
656:
644:
642:
637:
611:
608:Reproduction
600:
586:
571:
567:
563:
557:
552:
541:
537:lateral line
522:
502:
484:
470:
446:
423:
408:
373:Valenciennes
365:
337:
315:
303:
286:
253:
246:
242:
238:
225:
224:
223:
208:
197:
186:
178:
156:
150:Type species
134:
133:
116:
41:
24:
18:
1465:iNaturalist
1372:Wikispecies
899:eared seals
867:great white
758:zooplankton
746:crustaceans
738:carnivorous
653:brown trout
634:zooplankton
566:, green in
545:fork length
499:Description
350:Common Name
324:purse seine
278:Perciformes
258:common name
237:, known as
235:New Zealand
198:Lepidomegas
107:Perciformes
1549:Categories
1025:References
979:koopuuhuri
954:under its
942:was 2,900
891:sand tiger
859:T. aduncus
841:, such as
833:endangered
825:fairy tern
762:zoobenthos
727:seagrasses
695:epipelagic
649:anadromous
518:pelvic fin
506:dorsal fin
266:Salmonidae
213:Richardson
182:Gill, 1861
1570:Game fish
1560:Percoidea
1555:Arripidae
1215:thesis).
983:kooukauka
950:included
839:cetaceans
797:commensal
782:mutualism
778:carangids
766:shellfish
723:mangroves
715:estuaries
699:surf zone
675:A. trutta
645:A. trutta
601:A. trutta
564:A. trutta
454:G. Cuvier
434:Lord Howe
391:Shark Bay
383:Gippsland
326:nets and
292:fisheries
254:Arripidae
231:Australia
209:Mulloides
117:Arripidae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
42:A. trutta
1444:46580708
1363:Q1660586
1357:Wikidata
1311:Archived
1187:FishBase
1158:20 April
1125:25543675
1082:20 April
1041:FishBase
1005:such as
831:) – are
793:seabirds
789:en masse
754:copepods
748:such as
742:pilchard
711:brackish
705:, rocky
514:anal fin
430:Tasmania
387:Victoria
328:trawling
320:mackerel
282:European
202:Thominot
170:Synonyms
113:Family:
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1483:1371061
1457:2380564
1405:Arripis
1392:Arripis
1378:Arripis
1348:Arripis
1206:Arripis
1180:Arripis
1103:Zootaxa
1065:Arripis
975:kahawai
963:kahawai
952:kahawai
940:kahawai
889:), and
815:), and
774:annelid
731:Arripis
703:beaches
691:neritic
685:Ecology
485:kahawai
456:, 1829)
438:Norfolk
424:kahawai
418:, 1801)
385:Lakes,
375:, 1831)
318:), and
298:of the
296:bycatch
274:herring
268:of the
264:family
243:kahawai
226:Arripis
187:Homodon
135:Arripis
130:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
25:Arripis
1532:268386
1516:NZOR:
1509:163128
1496:168825
1123:
981:, and
944:tonnes
883:copper
863:sharks
857:&
849:) and
772:, and
719:rivers
647:being
626:larvae
535:. The
524:Scales
479:, 1993
477:Paulin
436:, and
308:mullet
262:salmon
251:family
215:, 1843
204:, 1880
193:, 1847
143:, 1840
141:Jenyns
124:, 1893
1527:WoRMS
1478:IRMNG
1470:85301
1213:Ph.D.
1011:stone
1009:, or
1003:shell
991:hooks
971:Māori
875:dusky
770:crabs
750:krill
707:reefs
622:lipid
614:spawn
533:teeth
344:Image
289:Māori
1504:NCBI
1491:ITIS
1452:GBIF
1431:338Q
1418:2507
1413:BOLD
1160:2020
1121:PMID
1107:3882
1084:2020
1007:paua
999:wood
995:bone
987:flax
969:The
936:gill
913:Diet
693:and
677:and
630:yolk
618:eggs
528:eyes
526:and
245:and
233:and
122:Gill
1439:EoL
1426:CoL
1400:AFD
1387:ADW
1289:doi
1285:5:2
1256:doi
1252:5:2
1111:doi
993:of
909:).
881:),
873:),
827:, (
819:, (
811:, (
807:),
803:, (
701:of
667:).
663:, (
655:, (
551:, (
389:to
306:),
1551::
1529::
1506::
1493::
1480::
1467::
1454::
1441::
1428::
1415::
1402::
1389::
1374::
1359::
1283:.
1279:.
1250:.
1246:.
1184:.
1151:.
1145:.
1119:.
1105:.
1101:.
1075:.
1069:.
1038:.
1001:,
997:,
977:,
784:.
768:,
432:,
393:,
241:,
44:)
1297:.
1291::
1264:.
1258::
1219:.
1211:(
1182:"
1162:.
1127:.
1113::
1086:.
1067:"
1063:"
905:(
893:(
885:(
877:(
869:(
853:(
845:(
452:(
414:(
371:(
314:(
302:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
