Artillery - Knowledge

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different sized propellant charges with each shell, it is possible to utilize more than two trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target. If shells are fired on higher trajectories for initial volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and later volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, with the correct timing the shells will all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional methods of firing, the target area may have time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to take cover between volleys. However, guns capable of burst fire can deliver multiple rounds in a few seconds if they use the same firing data for each, and if guns in more than one location are firing on one target they can use Time on Target procedures so that all their shells arrive at the same time and target.

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second because this avoided the need to use military radio networks and the possibility of losing surprise, and the need for field telephone networks in the desert. With this technique the time of flight from each fire unit (battery or troop) to the target is taken from the range or firing tables, or the computer and each engaging fire unit subtracts its time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. An executive order to fire is given to all guns in the fire unit at the correct moment to fire. When each fire unit fires their rounds at their individual firing time all the opening rounds will reach the target area almost simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires.

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caused by the increasing effects of non-standard conditions. Indirect firing data was based on standard conditions including a specific muzzle velocity, zero wind, air temperature and density, and propellant temperature. In practice, this standard combination of conditions almost never existed, they varied throughout the day and day to day, and the greater the time of flight, the greater the inaccuracy. An added complication was the need for survey to accurately fix the coordinates of the gun position and provide accurate orientation for the guns. Of course, targets had to be accurately located, but by 1916, air photo interpretation techniques enabled this, and ground survey techniques could sometimes be used.

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progressively solve all these problems from late 1914 onwards, and by early 1918, had effective processes in place for both field and heavy artillery. These processes enabled 'map-shooting', later called 'predicted fire'; it meant that effective fire could be delivered against an accurately located target without ranging. Nevertheless, the mean point of impact was still some tens of yards from the target-centre aiming point. It was not precision fire, but it was good enough for concentrations and barrages. These processes remain in use into the 21st century with refinements to calculations enabled by computers and improved data capture about non-standard conditions.

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Beaugency, all with the support of large artillery units. When she led the assault on Paris, Joan faced stiff artillery fire, especially from the suburb of St. Denis, which ultimately led to her defeat in this battle. In April 1430, she went to battle against the Burgundians, whose support was purchased by the English. At this time, the Burgundians had the strongest and largest gunpowder arsenal among the European powers, and yet the French, under Joan of Arc's leadership, were able to beat back the Burgundians and defend themselves. As a result, most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War that Joan of Arc participated in were fought with gunpowder artillery.

2867: 3020: 4078:(perhaps originally codenamed 'VT' and later called Variable Time (VT)) were invented by the British and developed by the US and initially used against aircraft in World War II. Their ground use was delayed for fear of the enemy recovering 'blinds' (artillery shells which failed to detonate) and copying the fuze. The first proximity fuzes were designed to detonate about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts. 4445: 2364: 4866: 4233: 4316:

This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered, depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Cases and bags require totally different types of breech. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech; this is called obturation. With bagged charges, the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case, the primer is usually percussion, but electrical is also used, and

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to ammunition supply, which can vary with the nature of operations. Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level. A key difference is whether supply is 'push' or 'pull'. In the former the 'pipeline' keeps pushing ammunition into formations or units at a defined rate. In the latter units fire as tactically necessary and replenish to maintain or reach their authorised holding (which can vary), so the logistic system has to be able to cope with surge and slack.

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and ammunition. Armored SPs usually carry a useful ammunition load. Early armored SPs were mostly a "casemate" configuration, in essence an open top armored box offering only limited traverse. However, most modern armored SPs have a full enclosed armored turret, usually giving full traverse for the gun. Many SPs cannot fire without deploying stabilizers or spades, sometimes hydraulic. A few SPs are designed so that the recoil forces of the gun are transferred directly onto the ground through a baseplate. A few towed guns have been given limited self-propulsion by means of an auxiliary engine.

3435:, a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable parts of these cannons down to the nuts, bolts and screws made their mass production and repair much easier. While the Gribeauval system made for more efficient production and assembly, the carriages used were heavy and the gunners were forced to march on foot (instead of riding on the 4527: 2777: 5810:, designators and call back fire missions on his radio, or relays the data through a portable computer via an encrypted digital radio connection protected from jamming by computerized frequency hopping. A lesser known part of the team is the FAS or Field Artillery Survey team which sets up the "Gun Line" for the cannons. Today most artillery battalions use an "Aiming Circle" which allows for faster setup and more mobility. FAS teams are still used for checks and balances purposes and if a gun battery has issues with the "Aiming Circle" a FAS team will do it for them. 3786:, at over one million men, grew to be larger than the Royal Navy. Bellamy (1986), pp. 1–7, cites the percentage of casualties caused by artillery in various theaters since 1914: in the First World War, 45 percent of Russian casualties and 58 percent of British casualties on the Western Front; in the Second World War, 75 percent of British casualties in North Africa and 51 percent of Soviet casualties (61 percent in 1945) and 70 percent of German casualties on the Eastern Front; and in the Korean War, 60 percent of US casualties, including those inflicted by mortars. 4858: 2720: 2954: 5005: 4762: 2636:

transporting the artillery into combat. Two distinct forms of artillery were developed: the towed gun, used primarily to attack or defend a fixed-line; and the self-propelled gun, intended to accompany a mobile force and to provide continuous fire support and/or suppression. These influences have guided the development of artillery ordnance, systems, organizations, and operations until the present, with artillery systems capable of providing support at ranges from as little as 100 m to the intercontinental ranges of

4217:. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefits over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear, longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling) and larger explosive cores for a given caliber artillery due to less metal needing to be used to form the case of the projectile because of less force applied to the shell from the non-rifled sides of the barrel of smooth bore guns. 4071:'unrotated projectiles' (rockets) in World War II. Radar proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (time) fuzes which they replaced. Mechanical time fuzes required an accurate calculation of their running time, which was affected by non-standard conditions. With HE (requiring a burst 20 to 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground), if this was very slightly wrong the rounds would either hit the ground or burst too high. Accurate running time was less important with cargo munitions that burst much higher. 5859: 4968:, under various organisational arrangements including being part of artillery, a separate corps, even a separate service or being split between army for the field and air force for home defence. In some cases infantry and the new armoured corps also operated their own integral light anti-aircraft artillery. Home defence anti-aircraft artillery often used fixed as well as mobile mountings. Some anti-aircraft guns could also be used as field or anti-tank artillery, providing they had suitable sights. 2506: 4993:. During the 20th century, guns and howitzers have steadily merged in artillery use, making a distinction between the terms somewhat meaningless. By the end of the 20th century, true guns with calibers larger than about 60 mm have become very rare in artillery use, the main users being tanks, ships, and a few residual anti-aircraft and coastal guns. The term "cannon" is a United States generic term that includes guns, howitzers, and mortars; it is not used in other English speaking armies. 4324: 3107: 5769:, ground reconnaissance and sound-ranging. Counter-battery fire may be adjusted by some of the systems, for example the operator of an unmanned aircraft can 'follow' a battery if it moves. Defensive measures by batteries include frequently changing position or constructing defensive earthworks, the tunnels used by North Korea being an extreme example. Counter-measures include air defence against aircraft and attacking counter-battery radars physically and electronically. 4874: 2932: 3808: 3459: 11571: 9205: 5822:

each gun once the target has been accurately located—to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However, in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link.

5754:, with the objective of defeating the enemy's artillery. Typically such fire was used to suppress enemy batteries when they were or were about to interfere with the activities of friendly forces (such as to prevent enemy defensive artillery fire against an impending attack) or to systematically destroy enemy guns. In World War I the latter required air observation. The first indirect counter-battery fire was in May 1900 by an observer in a balloon. 5982: 5850: 149: 4962:, also under various organisational arrangements but typically either field artillery or a specialist branch and additional elements integral to infantry, etc., units. However, in most armies field and anti-aircraft artillery also had at least a secondary anti-tank role. After World War II anti-tank in Western armies became mostly the responsibility of infantry and armoured branches and ceased to be an artillery matter, with some exceptions. 3620: 4384: 50: 2277:. In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment". However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar". The projectiles fired are typically either " 5773: 3559: 3103:

round which consisted of a thin lead case filled with iron pellets, that broke up at the muzzle and scattered its contents in a narrow pattern. An innovation which Portugal adopted in advance of other European powers was fuse-delayed action shells, and were commonly used in 1505. Although dangerous, their effectiveness meant a sixth of all rounds used by the Portuguese in Morocco were of the fused-shell variety.

11582: 3851: 4554: 3016:(1495–1521) at least 2017 cannon were sent to Morocco for garrison defense, with more than 3000 cannon estimated to have been required during that 26-year period. An especially noticeable division between siege guns and anti-personnel guns enhanced the use and effectiveness of Portuguese firearms above contemporary powers, making cannon the most essential element in the Portuguese arsenal. 5446: 3770:. The improvements in providing and using data for non-standard conditions (propellant temperature, muzzle velocity, wind, air temperature, and barometric pressure) were developed by the major combatants throughout the war and enabled effective predicted fire. The effectiveness of this was demonstrated by the British in 1917 (at Cambrai) and by Germany the following year ( 3401: 5028:. A term first used in the 1930s when howitzers with a relatively high maximum muzzle velocities were introduced, it never became widely accepted, most armies electing to widen the definition of "gun" or "howitzer". By the 1960s, most equipment had maximum elevations up to about 70°, were multi-charge, had quite high maximum muzzle velocities and relatively long barrels. 5594: 4943: 3205: 5078: 4973:

indirect fire. Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit. In World War II they were joined by self-propelled assault guns, although other armies adopted infantry or close support tanks in armoured branch units for the same purpose, subsequently tanks generally took on the accompanying role.

5735:, fire units fire at the time less their time of flight, this works well with prearranged scheduled fire but is less satisfactory for opportunity targets because it means delaying the delivery of fire by selecting a 'safe' time that all or most fire units can achieve. It can be used with both the previous two methods. 3328:-style fortifications to be built all over Europe and in its colonies, but also had a strong integrating effect on emerging nation-states, as kings were able to use their newfound artillery superiority to force any local dukes or lords to submit to their will, setting the stage for the absolutist kingdoms to come. 4357:: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high-explosive charge. 3655:, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. Since it did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, the crew could fire as soon as the barrel returned to its resting position. In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either 2526:, although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachment Commander, and the highest number being the Coverer, the second-in-command. "Gunner" is also the lowest rank, and junior non-commissioned officers are "Bombardiers" in some artillery arms. 5879:

MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented

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Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes. Also radar is used both for determining the location of enemy artillery and mortar batteries and to determine the

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The Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by

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Once hostile batteries have been detected they may be engaged immediately by friendly artillery or later at an optimum time, depending on the tactical situation and the counter-battery policy. Air strike is another option. In some situations the task is to locate all active enemy batteries for attack

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In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons

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A variation of towed is portee, where the vehicle carries the gun which is dismounted for firing. Mortars are often carried this way. A mortar is sometimes carried in an armored vehicle and can either fire from it or be dismounted to fire from the ground. Since the early 1960s it has been possible to

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Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower

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The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These

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At the beginning of the modern artillery period, the late 19th century, many armies had three main types of artillery, in some case they were sub-branches within the artillery branch in others they were separate branches or corps. There were also other types excluding the armament fitted to warships:

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was discovered at nearly the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable, however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Widespread introduction of smokeless powder would wait until the

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However, proximity fuzes can suffer premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds. This led to 'Controlled Variable Time' (CVT) after World War II. These fuzes have a mechanical timer that switched on the radar about 5 seconds before expected impact, they also detonated on impact.

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When the Portuguese and Spanish arrived at Southeast Asia, they found that the local kingdoms were already using cannons. Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion. Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting

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established the "Divine Engine Battalion" (神机营), which specialized in various types of artillery. Light cannons and cannons with multiple volleys were developed. In a campaign to suppress a local minority rebellion near today's Burmese border, "the Ming army used a 3-line method of arquebuses/muskets

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A tactical innovation the Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults. Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister

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Supply of artillery ammunition has always been a major component of military logistics. Up until World War I some armies made artillery responsible for all forward ammunition supply because the load of small arms ammunition was trivial compared to artillery. Different armies use different approaches

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All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation (or range) and azimuth were done manually using instruments, tabulated, data of the moment, and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s. While some early calculators copied the manual method (typically

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Another innovative feature, more usually associated with 20th-century guns, was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a squeeze bore; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time

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The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber—this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in the siege and static defenses. The reduction

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burst fire, a rate of fire to deliver three rounds from each gun within 10 or 15 seconds, this reduces the number of guns and hence fire units needed, which means they may be less dispersed and have less variation in their times of flight. Smaller caliber guns, such as 105 mm, have always been

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After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a

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for tabulated data), computers use a different approach. They simulate a shell's trajectory by 'flying' it in short steps and applying data about the conditions affecting the trajectory at each step. This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell

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Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with

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Impact fuzes were, and in some armies remain, the standard fuze for HE projectiles. Their default action is normally 'superquick', some have had a 'graze' action which allows them to penetrate light cover and others have 'delay'. Delay fuzes allow the shell to penetrate the ground before exploding.

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in 1799, these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British. After the wars, several Mysore rockets were sent to England, but experiments with heavier payloads were unsuccessful. In 1804 William Congreve, considering the Mysorian rockets to have too short a range (less than 1,000

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of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers

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process is the key aspect of tactical fire control. Depending on the circumstances and national procedures it may all be undertaken in one place or may be distributed. In armies practicing control from the front, most of the process may be undertaken by a forward observer or other target acquirer.

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their fire so their shorter range is not a disadvantage. Some armies also consider infantry operated mortars to be more responsive than artillery, but this is a function of the control arrangements and not the case in all armies. However, mortars have always been used by artillery units and remain

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are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light

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True guns are characterized by long range, having a maximum elevation significantly less than 45°, a high muzzle velocity and hence a relatively long barrel, smooth bore (no rifling) and a single charge. The latter often led to fixed ammunition where the projectile is locked to the cartridge case.

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for small displacements. Self-propelled artillery is permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and is thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. It

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Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge.

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From the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, artillery is judged to have accounted for perhaps 50% of battlefield casualties. In the sixty years preceding 1914, this figure was probably as low as 10 percent. The remaining 90 percent fell to small arms, whose range and

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An implication of indirect fire and improving guns was increasing range between gun and target, this increased the time of flight and the vertex of the trajectory. The result was decreasing accuracy (the increasing distance between the target and the mean point of impact of the shells aimed at it)

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and gun as in the British system). Each cannon was named for the weight of its projectiles, giving us variants such as 4, 8, and 12, indicating the weight in pounds. The projectiles themselves included solid balls or canister containing lead bullets or other material. These canister shots acted as

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In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called "serving the gun" by the "detachment" or gun crew, constituting

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into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy which not only severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles, it also required the construction of very large engines to accumulate sufficient energy. A 1st-century BC Roman catapult launching 6.55 kg (14.4 lb)

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Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant – low temperature, high energy, non-corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Modern gun propellants are broadly

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bomblets, which arm themselves and function after a set number of rotations after having been ejected from the projectile (this produces unexploded sub-munitions, or "duds", which remain dangerous), scatterable mines, illuminating, coloured flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, chaff (foil to jam

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With the Napoleonic Wars, artillery experienced changes in both physical design and operation. Rather than being overseen by "mechanics", artillery was viewed as its own service branch with the capability of dominating the battlefield. The success of the French artillery companies was at least in

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One of the most significant effects of artillery during this period was however somewhat more indirect—by easily reducing to rubble any medieval-type fortification or city wall (some which had stood since Roman times), it abolished millennia of siege-warfare strategies and styles of fortification

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encountered gunpowder weaponry several times. When she led the French against the English at the Battle of Tourelles, in 1430, she faced heavy gunpowder fortifications, and yet her troops prevailed in that battle. In addition, she led assaults against the English-held towns of Jargeau, Meung, and

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A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the

5552:: a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement, and, by the constantly imposed stress, threat of losses and inability of enemy forces to relax or sleep, lowers their morale. 4142:

Shells can be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting

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However, a major change occurred between 1420 and 1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology, and as a result the traditional advantage that went to the

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As small smooth-bore barrels, these were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, with the first drilled bore ordnance recorded in operation near Seville in 1247. They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occasions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand.

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During medieval times, more types of artillery were developed, most notably the counterweight trebuchet. Traction trebuchets, using manpower to launch projectiles, have been used in ancient China since the 4th century as anti-personnel weapons. The much more powerful counterweight trebuchet was

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There are other recognized typifying characteristics for artillery. One such characteristic is the type of obturation used to seal the chamber and prevent gases escaping through the breech. This may use a metal cartridge case that also holds the propelling charge, a configuration called "QF" or

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However, the general switch by artillery to indirect fire before and during World War I led to a reaction in some armies. The result was accompanying or infantry guns. These were usually small, short range guns, that could be easily man-handled and used mostly for direct fire but some could use

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was used) tubes of successively smaller diameter. The tube would then be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the gun would contract although not back to its original size, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward

3095:); and howitzers that fired large stone cannonballs in an elevated arch, weighted up to 4000 pounds and could fire incendiary devices, such as a hollow iron ball filled with pitch and fuse, designed to be fired at close range and burst on contact. The most popular in Portuguese arsenals was the 2914:

and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish. However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not particularly powerful. Cannons were only useful for the

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first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension

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concept. MRSI is when a single gun fires multiple shells so all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is possible because there is more than one trajectory for a round to fly to any given target. Typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and by using

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Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging

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In NATO direct support generally means that the directly supporting artillery unit provides observers and liaison to the manoeuvre troops being supported, typically an artillery battalion or equivalent is assigned to a brigade and its batteries to the brigade's battalions. However, some armies

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and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fire emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and was greatly enhanced by the

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Physically, cannons continued to become smaller and lighter. During the Seven Years War, King Frederick II of Prussia used these advances to deploy horse artillery that could move throughout the battlefield. Frederick also introduced the reversible iron ramrod, which was much more resistant to

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to Asia. In great sieges and in sea battles, the Portuguese demonstrated a level of proficiency in the use of artillery after the beginning of the 16th century unequalled by contemporary European neighbours, in part due to the experience gained in intense fighting in Morocco, which served as a

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transmitter in the fuze to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuze which explodes the shell. The proximity fuze itself was developed by the British to increase the effectiveness of

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In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to

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considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire with ordnance mobility. However, during the modern period, the consideration of protecting the gunners also arose due to the late-19th-century introduction of the new

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A third form of artillery typing is to classify it as "light", "medium", "heavy" and various other terms. It appears to have been introduced in World War I, which spawned a very wide array of artillery in all sorts of sizes so a simple categorical system was needed. Some armies defined these

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A second characteristic is the form of propulsion. Modern equipment can either be towed or self-propelled (SP). A towed gun fires from the ground and any inherent protection is limited to a gun shield. Towing by horse teams lasted throughout World War II in some armies, but others were fully

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The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of

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has the role of providing support to other arms in combat or of attacking targets, particularly in-depth. Broadly, these effects fall into two categories, aiming either to suppress or neutralize the enemy, or to cause casualties, damage, and destruction. This is mostly achieved by delivering

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like high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a

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methods in World War I. However, indirect fire was area fire; it was and is not suitable for destroying point targets; its primary purpose is area suppression. Nevertheless, by the late 1970s precision-guided munitions started to appear, notably the US 155 mm Copperhead and its Soviet

3283:

of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefield—the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance.

5634:

is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about:

4059:

Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used

4107:

Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The latest, such as Junghan's DM84U provide options giving, superquick, delay, a choice of proximity heights of burst, time and a choice of foliage penetration depths.

5952:. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell after a preset delay. This technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuze can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944 ( 5683:

Surprise may be essential or irrelevant. It depends on what effects are required and whether or not the target is likely to move or quickly improve its protective posture. During World War II UK researchers concluded that for impact fuzed munitions the relative risk were as follows:

3287:

The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool—a

5396:

In NATO armies artillery is usually assigned a tactical mission that establishes its relationship and responsibilities to the formation or units it is assigned to. It seems that not all NATO nations use the terms and outside NATO others are probably used. The standard terms are:

5817:

of 4–8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are spotted by the FOs or to perform preplanned fires.

5758:

detecting guns firing and resecting their position from pairs of microphones or cross-observation of gun flashes using observation by human observers or opto-electronic devices, although the widespread adoption of 'flashless' propellant limited the effectiveness of the latter.

3846:

enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the mensuration process.

5680:

This is particularly the case for a smaller target requiring only a few fire units. The extent to which the process is formal or informal and makes use of computer based systems, documented norms or experience and judgement also varies widely armies and other circumstances.

4283:

divided into three classes: single-base propellants that are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants consisting of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and

3296:

is identified as the general who made cannon an effective force on the battlefield—pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. The outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry.

5880:

to the gun commander in the correct order. The number of rounds that can be delivered in MRSI depends primarily on the range to the target and the rate of fire. To allow the most shells to reach the target, the target has to be in range of the lowest propellant charge.

5059:

took two forms, railway mountings for heavy and super-heavy guns and howitzers and armored trains as "fighting vehicles" armed with light artillery in a direct fire role. Disassembled transport was also used with heavy and super heavy weapons and lasted into the 1950s.

5021:

muzzle velocities and shorter barrels than equivalent guns. All this means they can deliver fire with a steep angle of descent. Because of their multi-charge capability, their ammunition is mostly separate loading (the projectile and propellant are loaded separately).

4923:, some nations carried pack artillery on some warships, these were used and manhandled by naval (or marine) landing parties. At times, part of a ship's armament would be unshipped and mated to makeshift carriages and limbers for actions ashore, for example during the 4270:. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aiming impossible. In 1846, 3224:

in 1453 weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery" when the huge bronze cannons of

5701:

Airburst munitions significantly increase the relative risk for lying men, etc. Historically most casualties occur in the first 10–15 seconds of fire, i.e. the time needed to react and improve protective posture, however, this is less relevant if airburst is used.

5717:

then there will be different times of flight and the first rounds will be spread in time. To some extent a large concentration offsets the problem because it may mean that only one round is required from each gun and most of these could arrive in the 15 second

3714:

A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the

6572: 6550: 6532: 3530:

First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century.

4917:, a few nations treated mountain artillery as a separate branch, in others it was a speciality in another artillery branch. They used light guns or howitzers, usually designed for pack animal transport and easily broken down into small easily handled loads 5081: 5670:

how many fire units are needed and which ones they should be from those that are available (in range, with the required munitions type and quantity, not allotted to another target, have the most suitable line of fire if there is a risk to own troops or

5085: 5083: 5079: 2490:

either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based

3719:, indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1890s. In the early 1900s, Goertz in Germany developed an optical sight for azimuth laying. It quickly replaced the lining-plane; in English, it became the 'Dial Sight' (UK) or 'Panoramic Telescope' (US). 5039:"quickfiring" by some nations. The alternative does not use a metal cartridge case, the propellant being merely bagged or in combustible cases with the breech itself providing all the sealing. This is called "BL" or "breech loading" by some nations. 3574:

His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism could not withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in

3164:

already locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180 and 260 pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, measuring between 3–6 m.

2674:, designating craftsmen and manufacturers of all materials and warfare equipments (spears, swords, armor, war machines); and, for the next 250 years, the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Hence, the naming of the 5084: 2903:. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on Ceuta. Finally, hand-held firearms and riflemen appear in Morocco, in 1437, in an expedition against the people of 5035:

mounting using a "baseplate" on the ground. The projectile with its integral propelling charge was dropped down the barrel from the muzzle to hit a fixed firing pin. Since that time, a few mortars have become rifled and adopted breech loading.

3248:, King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel, giving their name to the 5054:

Two other forms of tactical propulsion were used in the first half of the 20th century: Railways or transporting the equipment by road, as two or three separate loads, with disassembly and re-assembly at the beginning and end of the journey.

2928:

defense in a siege was lost. The cannon during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before. These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time.

5794:'Field Artillery Team' is a US term and the following description and terminology applies to the US, other armies are broadly similar but differ in significant details. Modern field artillery (post–World War I) has three distinct parts: the 3631:

Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for

5943:

The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time

2780:

A depiction of an early vase-shaped cannon (shown here as the "Long-range Awe-inspiring Cannon"(威遠砲)) complete with a crude sight and an ignition port dated from around 1350 AD. The illustration is from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book

4791:

in World War II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (for example, Russia's

8676: 2405:, which fired a 4.1 kg (9.0 lb) round, with a kinetic energy of 240 kilojoules, or a 20th-century US battleship that fired a 1,225 kg (2,701 lb) projectile from its main battery with an energy level surpassing 350 3587:

that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the

5853:

Illustration of different trajectories used in MRSI: For any muzzle velocity there is a steeper (> 45°, solid line) and a lower (<45°, dashed line) trajectory. On these different trajectories, the shells have different flight

5762:

using a counter-battery fire at the appropriate moment in accordance with a plan developed by artillery intelligence staff. In other situations counter-battery fire may occur whenever a battery is located with sufficient accuracy.

4138:

The projectile is the munition or "bullet" fired downrange. This may be an explosive device. Projectiles have traditionally been classified as "shot" or "shell", the former being solid and the latter having some form of "payload".

8837: 4906:

Fortress or garrison artillery, operated a nation's fixed defences using guns, howitzers or mortars, either on land or coastal frontiers. Some had deployable elements to provide heavy artillery to the field army. In some nations

8731: 4997:

three criteria give eight possible combinations, of which guns and howitzers are but two. However, modern "howitzers" have higher velocities and longer barrels than the equivalent "guns" of the first half of the 20th century.

8651: 4055:

artillery are almost always used airburst. Airburst fuzes have to have the fuze length (running time) set on them. This is done just before firing using either a wrench or a fuze setter pre-set to the required fuze length.

4505:

within the required 'closing' distance of the target coordinates. NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK) within the

8641: 5082: 3114:

in the Jinju National Museum. These cannons were made in the mid 16th century. The closest is a "Cheonja chongtong"(천자총통, 天字銃筒), the second is a "Jija chongtong"(지자총통, 地字銃筒), and the third is a "Hyeonja chongtong"(현자총통,

8721: 5910:(developed by BAE-Systems Bofors in Sweden) is a 155 mm howitzer on a wheeled chassis which is claimed to be able to deliver up to six shells on target simultaneously from the same gun. The 120 mm twin barrel 8562: 8429: 3472:

The development of modern artillery occurred in the mid to late 19th century as a result of the convergence of various improvements in the underlying technology. Advances in metallurgy allowed for the construction of

2923:

in 1356, when the besieged English used a cannon to destroy an attacking French assault tower. By the end of the 14th century, cannon were only powerful enough to knock in roofs, and could not penetrate castle walls.

8567: 4044:

Armor or Concrete-Piercing (AP or CP) fuzes are specially hardened. During World War I and later, ricochet fire with delay or graze fuzed HE shells, fired with a flat angle of descent, was used to achieve airburst.

3687:

Indirect fire, the firing of a projectile without relying on direct line of sight between the gun and the target, possibly dates back to the 16th century. Early battlefield use of indirect fire may have occurred at

2379:

British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. This is a part of a fixed battery, meant to protect against over-land attack and to serve as coastal

4781:, but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role. 4845:

includes mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection.

2799:. With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be seen in the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon", an early example of 2537:

for administrative and operational purposes, either battalions or regiments, depending on the army. These may be grouped into brigades; the Russian army also groups some brigades into artillery divisions, and the

8477: 4303:

uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the

8910: 3885:

which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based

8701: 8507: 3666:, up to about 5 miles (8,500 m) away. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. These were rates that contemporary 5583:: directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation; or 8915: 8900: 8532: 4085:

The proximity fuze emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the U.S. Artillery's "Christmas present", and were much appreciated when they arrived during the

2521:

The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a

8527: 8439: 8414: 7772: 6300: 8895: 8872: 8472: 4311:

Ramjet-assisted, similar to rocket-assisted, but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor; it is anticipated that a ramjet-assisted 120-mm mortar shell could reach a range of 22 mi (35 km).

3425:, himself a former artillery officer, perfected the tactic of massed artillery batteries unleashed upon a critical point in his enemies' line as a prelude to a decisive infantry and cavalry assault. 5043:

mechanized with wheeled or tracked gun towing vehicles by the outbreak of that war. The size of a towing vehicle depends on the weight of the equipment and the amount of ammunition it has to carry.

8827: 8609: 8537: 8487: 5826:

precise actual strike points of rounds fired by battery and comparing that location with what was expected to compute a registration allowing future rounds to be fired with much greater accuracy.

5729:

multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI), where a single weapon or multiple individual weapons fire multiple rounds at differing trajectories so that all rounds arrive on target at the same time.

8482: 8812: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8497: 8492: 2992:

and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times. Artillery also played a decisive role in the

3429:

breakage than older wooden designs. The reversibility aspect also helped increase the rate of fire, since a soldier would no longer have to worry about what end of the ramrod they were using.

8862: 8613: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8905: 7635:, p. 223. The number given is for Land Forces only. Naval Infantry and Coastal Defense forces, Federal Border Guard Service, and Interior Troops use an additional 500+ ordnance pieces. 8088:

Schmidtchen, Volker (1977). "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit" [Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era].

8857: 8419: 5973:

are likely to be caught in the open; even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position.

5047:

carry lighter towed guns and most mortars by helicopter. Even before that, they were parachuted or landed by glider from the time of the first airborne trials in the USSR in the 1930s.

3260:—projections at the side of the cannon as an integral part of the cast—allowed the barrel to be fixed to a more movable base, and also made raising or lowering the barrel much easier. 3444:, was most effective when fired at shoulder-height across a flat, open area. The ball would tear through the ranks of the enemy or bounce along the ground breaking legs and ankles. 5104:(155 mm AUF1) Self-propelled Guns, 40th Regiment d' Artillerie, with IFOR markings are parked at Hekon base, near Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in support of Operation Joint Endeavor 8661: 5080: 3842:

equivalent that had success in Indian service. These relied on laser designation to 'illuminate' the target that the shell homed onto. However, in the early 21st century, the

2474:

Over the course of military history, projectiles were manufactured from a wide variety of materials, into a wide variety of shapes, using many different methods in which to

7580: 8807: 5722:

able to deliver three rounds in 15 seconds, larger calibers firing fixed rounds could also do it but it was not until the 1970s that a multi-charge 155 mm howitzer,

4577:: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications. 3595:

What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "

5365:

although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range also mean that mortars are most suited to

3320:

was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.

2602:, or by destroying enemy positions, equipment, and vehicles. Non-lethal munitions, notably smoke, can also suppress or neutralize the enemy by obscuring their view. 7731:, p. 248. Syria, Egypt's strategic partner in the past wars against Israel, uses 3 440+ artillery pieces, and is the 11th ranking artillery user in the World. 3144:, guns (cannons), and other fire-works. In all aspects the Javanese were considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it. In 1513, the 8751: 8242: 4369:: Ammunition with live primer, greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder), and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use. 3881:. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms. This term also came to include 2375: 3981:

filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze". Broadly there are four main types:

11377: 7776: 6308: 5624:: that degrades the performance of a target below the level needed to fulfill its mission. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire. 2241:

Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. Since the introduction of

8636: 8599: 7871: 7822:

Hu, Xin Jun; Wang, Hang Yu (September 2013). "Effectiveness Calculation of Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Shooting Method Based on Monte Carlo Method".

4777:

to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the

4064:

and gears, and Dixi used centrifugal force and balls. From about 1980, electronic time fuzes started replacing mechanical ones for use with cargo munitions.

2384:

Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known

8736: 8706: 8656: 8603: 4800:) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit. 3555:

as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.

8771: 8756: 8746: 8716: 8671: 4223:: A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization, guidance or gliding. 2891:. While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely 4893:, first formed as regular units in the late 18th century, with the role of supporting cavalry, they were distinguished by the entire crew being mounted. 8761: 8686: 8666: 8646: 5929:

Two-round MRSI firings were a popular artillery demonstration in the 1960s, where well trained detachments could show off their skills for spectators.

5373:

while rockets are mostly used for the latter. However, lighter rockets may be used for direct fire support. These rules of thumb apply to NATO armies.

3300:

Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were in use by the 15th century. The development of specialized pieces—shipboard artillery, howitzers and

8766: 8741: 8696: 8681: 5589:: placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit. 4040:

anti-tank shells). At least one nuclear shell and its non-nuclear spotting version also used a multi-deck mechanical time fuze fitted into its base.

3901:. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber guided projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction. 5069:

categories by bands of calibers. Different bands were used for different types of weapons—field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and coastal guns.

9540: 8726: 4506: 4542:

Artillery types can be categorised in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements.

4067:

Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British

4047:

HE shells can be fitted with other fuzes. Airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of

9730: 8434: 5433:

achieve this by placing the assigned artillery units under command of the directly supported formation. Nevertheless, the batteries' fire can be

2789:

Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century

8920: 8817: 8711: 6848: 5628:

The tactical purposes also include various "mission verbs", a rapidly expanding subject with the modern concept of "effects based operations".

3935:) and the provision of fuzes, detonators and warheads at the point where artillery troops will assemble the charge, projectile, bomb or shell. 3539:

independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but it was Armstrong's gun that was first to see widespread use during the Crimean War. The

7197:

exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pp. 863–70

3244:

weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460

10444: 9975: 4297:

enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional 'push' from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base.

2339:

and meteorological, and in some armies, provision of these are the responsibility of the artillery arm. The majority of combat deaths in the

7086:

Bastable, Marshall J. (1992). "From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880".

6175: 6091: 5956:), proximity fuzed artillery shells have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These employ a miniature, low powered 5926:

program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability. It is unclear how many fire control computers have the necessary capabilities.

4629:: Large-caliber artillery that have limited mobility with indirect firing trajectory, which was used to bombard targets at long distances. 6959: 4593:

is a type of small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Camel mounted swivel guns called

7230: 7210: 4467:, the guns have to be part of a system that enables them to attack targets invisible to them, in accordance with the combined arms plan. 4174: 8297: 7695:, p. 33. The total is composed of 6 270+ ordnance used by the US Army, Army Reserve and National Guard with 1 867 used by the USMC. 11449: 9241: 8542: 7157: 6640:

The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508

3647:

of 1897. The gun used cased ammunition, was breech-loading, had modern sights, and a self-contained firing mechanism. It was the first

3012:

proving ground for artillery and its practical application, and made Portugal a forerunner in gunnery for decades. During the reign of

6282: 5568:

These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century, although their definitions have evolved and will continue to do so, lack of

4899:, the main artillery arm of the field army, using either guns, howitzers, or mortars. In World War II this branch again started using 2486:

delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, encompassing some of the most complex and advanced technologies in use today.

9735: 8852: 8822: 8424: 7528: 7510: 6121: 4611:

simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern

4279:

advent of the double-base powders, which combine nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin to produce powerful, smokeless, stable propellant.

3453: 6356: 4051:, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo munitions—for example, shrapnel, illumination, and smoke. The larger calibers of 11386: 11064: 8449: 5089: 1139: 3000:

was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon, imported from Flanders, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460.

8572: 7577: 3711:

for indirect fire by describing, "all the essentials of aiming points, crest clearance, and corrections to fire by an observer".

2771: 1571: 2331:) emerged, primarily for artillery. These are usually utilized by one or more of the artillery arms. The widespread adoption of 10420: 8691: 7422: 4236: 3496: 2853: 8274: 5709:

ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is

4550:

The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Types of artillery:

3256:

in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture, while the development of

8776: 8502: 8193: 8166: 8009: 7974: 7932: 7561: 7394: 7368: 7343: 7316: 7294: 7274: 6709: 6682: 6621: 6508: 6479: 6366: 6265: 6133: 3518: 2876: 2320:

artillery; in others these have been separate arms, and with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility.

5667:, whether adjustment is permissible or surprise essential, the need for special procedures such as precision or danger close 3726:, they were the first to apply the theory in practice in 1899, although they had to improvise without a lining-plane sight. 2238:

vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower.

9372: 8409: 7006: 6824: 6596: 5350:

the enemy". This NATO definition makes artillery a supporting arm although not all NATO armies agree with this logic. The

3432: 7474: 4122: 3551:

and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of

11524: 10019: 9970: 8877: 8867: 5863: 5544:: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. 5108:

List of countries in order of amount of artillery (only conventional barrel ordnance is given, in use with land forces):

5096: 4535: 3099:, a 5 cm, one pounder bronze breech-loading cannon that weighted 150 kg with an effective range of 600 meters. 1927: 195: 4032:

Most artillery fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor-piercing shells and for squash head (

114: 11336: 9950: 9945: 9694: 9350: 8832: 7175: 5338:

Artillery is used in a variety of roles depending on its type and caliber. The general role of artillery is to provide

4955:

few rockets) and used direct not indirect fire, in the 1950s and 1960s both started to make extensive use of missiles:

3637: 2514: 2122: 1900: 510: 8239: 8230: 5862:

Animation showing how six shots of different elevation, speed and timing can be used to hit a target at the same time

3421:

part due to the presence of specially trained artillery officers leading and coordinating during the chaos of battle.

86: 8327: 7447: 7412:. Percin supports his claim with hundreds of items of battlefield correspondence from all parts of the Western Front. 7070: 6573:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6551:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6533:

Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures

6158: 4431: 4203:" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used. 3904: 3380:

yards) developed rockets in numerous sizes with ranges up to 3,000 yards and eventually utilizing iron casing as the

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Some armed forces use the term "gunners" for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery.

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Video: Inside shrieking shrapnel. Hear the great sound of shrapnel's – Finnish field artillery fire video year 2013

4793: 3908: 3193: 2907:. It is clear these weapons had developed into several different forms, from small guns to large artillery pieces. 1654: 6657:

A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa

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Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java : society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750–1830

2762:

invented in the eastern Mediterranean region in the 12th century, with the earliest definite attestation in 1187.

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An estimated 75,000 French soldiers were casualties of friendly artillery fire in the four years of World War I.

2993: 1999: 1637: 1424: 244: 93: 6934: 4687:: Typically muzzle-loaded, short-barreled, high-trajectory weapons designed primarily for an indirect-fire role. 3722:

The British halfheartedly experimented with indirect fire techniques since the 1890s, but with the onset of the

10385: 9830: 9283: 9234: 9072: 4409: 3760: 3499:

was awarded a contract by the government to design a new piece of artillery. Production started in 1855 at the

2965: 1763: 71: 10014: 8043:

Ordway, Frederick I (July 1970). "History of Astronautics Symposium: Mar Del Plata, Argentina, October 1969".

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massive shotguns, peppering the target with hundreds of projectiles at close range. The solid balls, known as

9813: 8459: 3152:"with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in 3007:, as it was a necessary tool that allowed the Portuguese to face overwhelming odds both on land and sea from 2180: 1627: 7889: 6726: 4840:

or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an

3027:

The three major classes of Portuguese artillery were anti-personnel guns with a high borelength (including:

11558: 11268: 10524: 10125: 10076: 9498: 9367: 9077: 8628: 6031: 5891:-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least 25 km (16 mi) away), Germany's 5357:

Unlike rockets, guns (or howitzers as some armies still call them) and mortars are suitable for delivering

5013: 4616: 4143:

shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time.

3854: 3466: 3372: 2675: 2610: 2117: 816: 576: 100: 6655: 5380:, because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are usually an integral part of 4787:: Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (for example, the 4191:: Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that 2690: 11611: 11368: 11273: 11046: 10948: 10415: 10265: 9835: 9704: 9552: 8376: 5895:(which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least 17 km (11 mi) away), Slovakia's 4733:

by land and/or at sea. Some guns were suitable for the dual roles of anti-aircraft and anti-tank warfare.

3716: 3169: 2881: 2539: 2127: 1314: 1111: 982: 520: 8142: 7812:

The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment, Brigadier AL Pemberton, 1950, The War Office, pg 129

6445:

DeVries, K: The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry By and Against Joan or Arc During the Hundred Years' War. 1996

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designs, a lack of engineering knowledge rendered these even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders.

11616: 11479: 11454: 9907: 9818: 9789: 9190: 9082: 8802: 8797: 8590: 6744:. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–28. 6257: 5597: 4405: 4294: 4037: 4033: 3652: 3552: 3356: 2866: 2620: 1591: 67: 38: 17: 4104:

height of burst options, and impact. Some offered a go/no-go functional test through the fuze setter.

3644: 3624: 82: 11119: 10627: 10504: 9965: 9955: 9933: 9801: 9747: 9605: 9562: 9227: 6342: 5385: 4444: 3843: 3368: 3185: 3145: 2820:. By the late 14th century, Chinese rebels used organized artillery and cavalry to push Mongols out. 2363: 1701: 1209: 553: 427: 261: 6840: 4723:: Guns designed for direct fire to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles. 3263: 11402: 11293: 11248: 11008: 10891: 10282: 10255: 10235: 10117: 10009: 9997: 9992: 9117: 8940: 8371: 8366: 6041: 5969: 4829: 4710: 4394: 4158: 3767: 3500: 2625: 2235: 2152: 2019: 1566: 1259: 1072: 920: 7831: 6471: 5915: 5500:. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other 5462:

There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an

4928: 4363:: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display. 4232: 3019: 11539: 11225: 9709: 9478: 9384: 8391: 8361: 8263: 6186: 6001:

around the world incorporate an artillery piece that was used in the war or battle commemorated.

5907: 4965: 4726: 4632: 4398: 4068: 3995: 3783: 3344: 2940: 2870: 2530: 2448: 2105: 2087: 1843: 1402: 1324: 1269: 1149: 862: 525: 404: 60: 7553: 7547: 4865: 3897:, preferring the term "missilery", though some modern artillery units employ surface-to-surface 2293:

were also used. "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a component of

11514: 10896: 10749: 10432: 10380: 10367: 10250: 10201: 10174: 9982: 9777: 9622: 9468: 9323: 9030: 7088: 6969: 5001:

There is no generally accepted minimum muzzle velocity or barrel length associated with a gun.

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in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably

2245:

and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannon, and in contemporary usage, usually refers to

1972: 1947: 1669: 1581: 1454: 1329: 925: 902: 328: 227: 7872:"Hungary purchases a brutal military beast that can eliminate targets from over 60 kilometres" 7227: 7207: 6672: 6586: 5437:

onto a single target, as can the fire of units in range and with the other tactical missions.

4755:: Large-caliber weapons that are mounted on, transported by and fired from specially-designed 4495:

Logistic services: to provide combat supplies, particularly ammunition, and equipment support.

3172:

actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery

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This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the

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and the actual guns themselves. The forward observer observes the target using tools such as

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to propel the projectile to the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, which means it

4016: 3887: 3697: 3616:

down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities.

3584: 3580: 3474: 2911: 2858: 2825: 2742: 2554: 2550: 2534: 2313: 1561: 1494: 1447: 1096: 1059: 1022: 940: 892: 776: 586: 379: 283: 7161: 6459: 5526:: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. 3515:, which marked the birth of modern artillery. Three of its features particularly stand out. 2565: 11411: 11129: 10856: 10792: 10744: 10684: 10612: 10142: 9867: 9647: 9293: 8399: 8285:

Video: Forensic and archaeological interpretation of artillery shell fragments and shrapnel

6814: 5789: 5745: 5538:: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action. 5450: 4882: 4841: 4797: 4646: 4526: 3932: 3436: 3409: 3245: 3013: 2997: 2977: 2776: 2714: 2432: 1952: 1854: 1711: 1706: 1524: 1489: 1224: 1039: 897: 833: 687: 657: 234: 31: 8258: 7532: 7514: 6776: 6754: 4090:. They were also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles in the Pacific against 8: 11586: 11021: 10978: 10873: 10659: 10649: 10597: 10499: 10489: 10439: 10410: 9784: 9405: 9400: 9288: 9010: 8001: 6870: 6460: 6026: 6016: 5953: 5892: 5858: 5705:

There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability:

5512: 5009: 4959: 4706: 4087: 2475: 2425: 2368: 1803: 1788: 1664: 1551: 1529: 1504: 1464: 1374: 1184: 1084: 1034: 801: 791: 756: 548: 538: 288: 212: 8291: 7596: 4483:

Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack;

3003:

The able use of artillery supported to a large measure the expansion and defense of the

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In the 20th century, target acquisition devices (such as radar) and techniques (such as

11606: 11288: 11104: 11016: 10983: 10849: 10824: 10724: 10709: 10694: 10654: 10622: 10494: 10345: 10304: 10093: 9535: 9328: 9015: 8975: 8945: 8344: 8076: 8068: 7960: 7835: 7121: 7113: 6416: 5990: 5653:

what types of munitions, including their fuzing, are to be used and in what quantities;

4803: 4348: 4117: 3985: 3839: 3825: 3693: 3563: 3149: 2710: 2606: 2595: 2586: 2304:

that customarily operates such engines. In some armies, the artillery arm has operated

2281:" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid). Historically, variants of solid shot including 2246: 2137: 1992: 1912: 1833: 1778: 1753: 1674: 1620: 1586: 1517: 1434: 1344: 1249: 1194: 1079: 1044: 997: 872: 843: 796: 734: 709: 543: 337: 256: 107: 4655:: Lightweight guns that can be disassembled and transported through difficult terrain. 2719: 11519: 11429: 11109: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11056: 10988: 10958: 10938: 10587: 10529: 10352: 10213: 10105: 10081: 10071: 10026: 9742: 9699: 9642: 9567: 9333: 9092: 9067: 9062: 8995: 8970: 8595: 8240:

What sort of forensic information can be derived from the analysis of shell fragments

8199: 8189: 8172: 8162: 8117: 8097: 8080: 8060: 8027: 8015: 8005: 7980: 7970: 7938: 7928: 7839: 7557: 7443: 7390: 7364: 7339: 7312: 7290: 7270: 7125: 7105: 7066: 6820: 6705: 6678: 6617: 6592: 6504: 6500: 6475: 6467: 6408: 6362: 6261: 6211: 6154: 6129: 6021: 6011: 5945: 5896: 5883:

Examples of guns with a rate of fire that makes them suitable for MRSI includes UK's

5814: 5813:

The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each

5807: 5008:

A British 60-pounder (5-inch (130 mm)) gun at full recoil, in action during the

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Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways:

4240: 4127: 4061: 3989: 3957: 3882: 3771: 3667: 3360: 3352: 3340: 3293: 3128:

artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or

3004: 2989: 2984:

in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons. The

2953: 2936: 2920: 2694: 2637: 2616: 2523: 2479: 2317: 2309: 2173: 2082: 2029: 1932: 1922: 1917: 1887: 1870: 1865: 1838: 1783: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1459: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1339: 1309: 1199: 1169: 1164: 1154: 1144: 1134: 1049: 1002: 972: 811: 604: 581: 515: 11238: 8217: 7462: 5507:

NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes:

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Specialist services: produce data to support the production of accurate firing data;

4320:

is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.

3643:

The first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the

2142: 11359: 11327: 11263: 11243: 11089: 11041: 10943: 10928: 10883: 10839: 10834: 10807: 10669: 10639: 10607: 10577: 10567: 10325: 10260: 10112: 10054: 9928: 9882: 9872: 9752: 9684: 9664: 9357: 9278: 9273: 9208: 9147: 9112: 9102: 9035: 8990: 8985: 8950: 8444: 8313: 8052: 7962:

The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History

7827: 7193: 7097: 6400: 6086: 5986: 5919: 5795: 5024:

That leaves six combinations of the three criteria, some of which have been termed

5004: 4900: 4761: 4736: 4583:

was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller

4574: 4154: 4007: 3974: 3893:

The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal

3878: 3763: 3548: 3536: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3289: 3230: 2829: 2817: 2733:

Mechanical systems used for throwing ammunition in ancient warfare, also known as "

2546: 2491: 2389: 2274: 2147: 2112: 2044: 1937: 1875: 1768: 1696: 1689: 1546: 1479: 1429: 1419: 1294: 1214: 1174: 1159: 1121: 1106: 977: 962: 915: 823: 781: 724: 719: 677: 500: 477: 369: 293: 222: 205: 6389:

Rogers, Clifford J. (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War".

4857: 4693:: Typically breech-loaded, capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel. 4178:

radars) and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions.

3692:

in July 1759, when the Russian artillery fired over the tops of trees, and at the

11534: 11529: 11200: 11195: 11114: 11094: 10923: 10844: 10829: 10775: 10734: 10602: 10340: 10272: 10066: 9582: 9520: 9510: 9483: 9448: 9132: 9000: 8582: 8246: 8234: 7584: 7234: 7214: 7139: 6699: 6076: 5923: 5377: 5031: 4990: 4924: 4920: 4896: 4890: 4833: 4828:

Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and

4807: 4770: 4740: 4684: 4640: 4626: 4460: 4214: 4097: 3924: 3894: 3870: 3829: 3633: 3492: 3481: 3385: 3381: 3301: 3271:(caliber 890 mm), cast in 1586 in Moscow. It is the largest bombard in the world. 3161: 2957: 2800: 2689:(art of shooting), coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery, 2590: 2483: 2468: 2456: 2452: 2440: 2340: 2258: 2228: 1957: 1942: 1860: 1816: 1758: 1414: 1409: 1299: 1289: 1204: 1179: 1116: 957: 887: 877: 729: 714: 637: 609: 399: 394: 374: 217: 6301:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 5342:—"the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy, 11509: 11484: 11350: 11278: 11175: 11134: 11124: 11099: 11036: 10993: 10861: 10802: 10797: 10770: 10699: 10674: 10617: 10473: 10373: 10132: 9940: 9674: 9493: 9443: 9152: 9107: 9097: 9057: 8279: 6081: 5949: 5872: 5835: 5558:: placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point. 5548: 5496: 4821: 4620: 4317: 4284: 4271: 4167:: shrapnel, star, incendiary and flechette (a more modern version of shrapnel). 4075: 4048: 3969: 3834: 3811: 3663: 3656: 3276: 2985: 2981: 2961: 2734: 2402: 2328: 2212: 2197: 2132: 1880: 1304: 1264: 1242: 1229: 1219: 1189: 1101: 1054: 857: 848: 739: 692: 672: 662: 632: 599: 487: 444: 409: 384: 251: 184: 8284: 4486:

Computation of firing data – to deliver fire from a fire unit onto its target;

4323: 3977:

are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its

2594:

high-explosive munitions to suppress, or inflict casualties on the enemy from

2505: 11600: 11489: 11258: 10968: 10933: 10819: 10812: 10780: 10729: 10704: 10679: 10461: 10427: 10333: 10196: 10169: 10150: 9862: 9669: 9505: 9345: 9318: 9185: 9175: 9122: 9045: 9025: 8887: 8188:. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 8121: 8064: 7289:

Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions; Perret, Brian; Cassell 2000;

7109: 6455: 6412: 6061: 5871:

Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) is a modern version of the earlier

5600: 5453: 5025: 4935: 4788: 4756: 4720: 4714: 4672: 4643:: Mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include: 4464: 4275: 4052: 3689: 3682: 3547:

and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's

3512: 3504: 3304:—was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel 2837: 2813: 2510: 2436: 2352: 2332: 2324: 2282: 2216: 1979: 1967: 1823: 1743: 1659: 1642: 1499: 1354: 1334: 1012: 1007: 987: 967: 882: 853: 828: 704: 682: 667: 642: 482: 389: 347: 342: 239: 8203: 8101: 8019: 7984: 7942: 7179: 6185:. Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Engineering. Archived from 3544: 2629: 2609:

or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto

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Portuguese artillery on display at the Military Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.

2841: 2790: 2670: 2641: 2599: 2570: 2428: 2348: 2224: 2166: 2092: 2072: 2067: 1962: 1907: 1541: 1536: 1359: 1274: 1017: 751: 652: 449: 333: 153: 6933:

Durant, Frederick C. III; Fought, Stephen Oliver; Guilmartin, John F. Jr.

3978: 3106: 11494: 11170: 10953: 10759: 10689: 10390: 10137: 9857: 9652: 9595: 9530: 9515: 9438: 9020: 9005: 8176: 6810: 5751: 5056: 4873: 4752: 4662: 4612: 4608: 4557: 4195:

forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having

4019: 3749: 3730: 3660: 3567: 3488: 3389: 3268: 2946: 2795: 2725: 2653: 2578: 2574: 2444: 2413: 2344: 2301: 2077: 1828: 1793: 1632: 1319: 1284: 992: 935: 838: 622: 323: 318: 8269:

French artillery and its ammunition. 14th to the end of the 19th century

7423:(3 August 2017) Fort Sill working to install new digital imaging program 6841:"NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages - Explosive Shells" 5532:: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms. 4480:

Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets;

4351:

or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.

3807: 3608:

against the outward forces that the gun's firing exerted on the barrel.

3458: 2931: 2234:

developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern

11210: 11026: 10451: 9892: 9767: 9762: 8072: 7117: 6912: 6420: 6056: 5900: 5803: 5618:: delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable; and 5413:. These tactical missions are in the context of the command authority: 4778: 4690: 4604: 4590: 4584: 4501: 4334: 4300: 4255: 4247: 4210: 4192: 4022: 3952: 3947: 3821:

artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an

3818: 3604: 3576: 3523: 3441: 3249: 3241: 3141: 2666: 2665:

Another suggestion is that it originates from the 13th century and the

2417: 2406: 2398: 2294: 2286: 2278: 2201: 2034: 2004: 1726: 1090: 11504: 8252: 7853: 6894:

Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV,

5981: 4709:: Guns, usually mobile, designed primarily for direct fire to destroy 2463:. Artillery used by naval forces has also changed significantly, with 11180: 11153: 10582: 10299: 10088: 10002: 9987: 9825: 9659: 9428: 6964: 6728:

A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries

6066: 5938: 5101: 4986: 4982: 4658: 4452: 4305: 4026: 4011: 4002: 3874: 3822: 3648: 3540: 3364: 3226: 3177: 3173: 3168:

Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which

3111: 2746: 2460: 2393: 2336: 2305: 2290: 2250: 2242: 2024: 1848: 1798: 1748: 1738: 1733: 1598: 1389: 1384: 1349: 472: 308: 148: 8056: 7101: 6404: 5849: 4383: 3619: 2809:) and reached Europe in the 13th century, in a very limited manner. 2443:

as transportation. These land versions of artillery were dwarfed by

49: 11499: 11160: 10714: 10562: 10100: 9877: 9808: 9600: 9453: 9411: 9268: 9250: 9219: 8786: 7997: 7439: 5888: 5777: 5604: 5456: 5381: 4730: 4696: 4668: 4594: 4560: 4327:

Battleship ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard a United States

4199:, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a " 4092: 3920: 3866: 3723: 3508: 3422: 3413: 3257: 2904: 2750: 2738: 2679: 2385: 2254: 2208: 2205: 2039: 2014: 1647: 1279: 1254: 867: 422: 364: 276: 161: 8222: 5772: 5765:

Modern counter-battery target acquisition uses unmanned aircraft,

10911: 10901: 10719: 10664: 10357: 10320: 10243: 10225: 10208: 10191: 9842: 9796: 9637: 9610: 9463: 9458: 9433: 9303: 9170: 9142: 9137: 9052: 8030:(January 1929). "The Development of Artillery in the Great War". 7897: 7893: 6254:

Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic

6071: 6046: 6036: 4811: 4774: 4744: 4274:(also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive 4196: 3928: 3898: 3558: 3477: 3462: 3343:. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the 3325: 3129: 3008: 2960:. Very heavy 15th-C bronze muzzle-loading cannon of type used by 2658: 2644:, with the possible exception of artillery reconnaissance teams. 2569:

Artillery illuminating ammunition used in a shooting exercise on

2464: 2049: 2009: 1773: 1607: 1603: 945: 930: 806: 467: 462: 432: 351: 313: 6245: 5776:

Modern artillery ammunition. Caliber 155 mm as used by the

4340:

Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:

2803:. These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the 11215: 11144: 10963: 10918: 10572: 10557: 10049: 9689: 9572: 9313: 9308: 8336: 8290: 8116:. International Aeronautic Federation: 262. January–June 1977. 4671:: Capable of high-angle fire, they are most often employed for 4568: 4266:

Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was

4161:

and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.

3862: 3766:

pioneered armour and artillery cooperation at the breakthrough

3589: 3209: 2916: 2887:

In 1415, the Portuguese invaded the Mediterranean port town of

2833: 2640:. The only combat in which artillery is unable to take part is 2421: 2231: 2211:. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach 1556: 952: 769: 505: 8268: 5922:(Finland), is capable of 7 + 7 shells MRSI. The United States 5656:

when the targets should be attacked and possibly for how long;

4553: 3919:

One of the most important roles of logistics is the supply of

11474: 10973: 10514: 10509: 9847: 9772: 6762: 6331:

Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth century Morocco, 1400–1492.

5957: 5884: 5723: 4571:: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory. 4538:

during a direct fire mission in a live fire exercise in 2010.

3850: 3670: 3613: 3217: 3157: 2888: 2816:

adopted the Chinese artillery and used it effectively in the

2220: 1027: 563: 558: 7854:"Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact, adjustable simulation" 2753:, are also referred to by military historians as artillery. 9960: 9423: 9418: 6051: 5911: 5650:

the proximity of and risks to own troops or non-combatants;

4700: 3998: 3942: 3938:

A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components:

3777:

Major General J.B.A. Bailey, British Army (retired) wrote:

3700:

fired shrapnel indirectly against advancing French troops.

3324:

building. This led, among other things, to a frenzy of new

3153: 303: 298: 157: 8305: 5985:

An artillery piece in the monument commemorating the 1864

5564:: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position. 5445: 3923:

as a primary type of artillery consumable, their storage (

3275:

The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to

3204: 3180:, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used 2652:

The word as used in the current context originated in the

2632:, with a range almost as long as that of field artillery. 2545:

The term "artillery" also designates a combat arm of most

10552: 10544: 9254: 7773:"In a changing world, Finland's artillery stays the same" 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 4681:: Capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel. 3400: 2988:

brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate

2968:, showing ornate decoration. Taken by The Land Feb 07 at 176: 7297:: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action. 6283:"1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur" 5593: 4927:, during the First World War the guns from the stricken 4489:

Fire units: guns, launchers or mortars grouped together;

3861:

Weapons covered by the term 'modern artillery' include "

3782:

accuracy had come to rival those of artillery. ... The

2910:

The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the

8301:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 189–235. 8259:

Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars

5576:

is an omission. Broadly they can be defined as either:

5449:

A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States

4796:

system) is often self-propelled, (allowing it to avoid

2557:

of the national armed forces that operate the weapons.

7734: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7626: 6701:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

4942: 4470:

The main functions in the field artillery system are:

2996:

of 1444. Early cannon were not always reliable; King

2862:

French gunner in the 15th century, a 1904 illustration

2355:

said in a speech that artillery was "the god of war".

30:"Artilleryman" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 7686: 7363:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. 7311:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 7269:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 135. 7217:, The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II, p. 137 5844: 3703:

In 1882, Russian Lieutenant Colonel KG Guk published

3543:

shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a

2828:, these weapons became more common, initially as the 2685:

Another suggestion is that it comes from the Italian

7529:"Guided artillery missile with extremely long range" 2880:

Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's

8273:Historic films showing artillery in World War I at 7954:, The International Institute for Strategic Studies 7614: 6704:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5393:with them in many armies, including a few in NATO. 3063:); bastion guns which could batter fortifications ( 156:fire-off an artillery round with the newly fielded 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7545: 7261:Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces 6932: 8223:Cannon Artillery – The Voice of Freedom's Thunder 7531:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from 7513:. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from 7463:http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf 7176:"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder" 6968:. Karnataka, India. June 23, 2005. Archived from 3279:, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the 2723:A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the 11598: 7927:. Brassey's air power, v. 4. London: Brassey's. 6993:Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars 5388:units. This means they generally do not have to 4607:is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that 4507:SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4) 3487:After the British artillery was shown up in the 2300:By association, artillery may also refer to the 6588:Enotenplato, the Chronicle of Military Doctrine 6235: 6233: 5361:. However, they are all suitable for providing 5092:showcasing towing, turning and firing of rounds 4729:: Guns, usually mobile, designed for attacking 2662:, meaning the place where manual work is done. 2227:. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile 7549:Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs 7475:"Science Service Historical Images Collection" 7436:Enotenplato The Chronicle of Military Doctrine 7331: 4157:, coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices; 2656:. One suggestion is that it comes from French 2533:in the infantry, and are combined into larger 9235: 8321: 7922: 7045: 6174:Šotnar, Jiří; Carbol, Michal; Blaha, Martin. 6173: 5516:: delivered for the purpose of destroying or 3707:, which provided a practical method of using 3599:" method involved assembling the barrel with 3310:(known as "organ guns"), were also produced. 2478:structural/defensive works and inflict enemy 2174: 7359:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7307:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7265:Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). 7048:Weapons and Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6230: 6092:Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War 4981:The three main types of artillery "gun" are 3408:to commemorate the city's resistance to the 3367:made use of the rockets as a weapon. In the 2619:has had a significant influence on the core 2435:, artillery pieces and their crew relied on 8087: 7832:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.397-400.2459 7500:p. 262, International Aeronautic Federation 7434:Chikammadu, Ali Caleb (September 3, 2019). 7144:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History 7063:Artillery Equipments of the Napoleonic Wars 6433: 6176:"Modernization of artillery reconnaissance" 5611:Two other NATO terms also need definition: 4412:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4175:Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition 3522:Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the 9242: 9228: 8328: 8314: 8026: 7433: 7410:Le massacre de notre infanterie, 1914–1918 7358: 7306: 7264: 6670: 5659:what methods should be used, for example, 4934:formed the main artillery strength of the 3404:A 19th-century cannon, set in the wall of 3240:Bombards developed in Europe were massive 2840:. While there were many early attempts at 2181: 2167: 8159:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline 7325: 7248:Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline 6796: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6544: 6542: 6462:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium 6115: 6113: 5750:Modern counter-battery fire developed in 4810:, this is typically found on slow-flying 4477:Command: authority to allocate resources; 4432:Learn how and when to remove this message 4373: 3454:Field artillery in the American Civil War 2765: 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 11065:List of military strategies and concepts 8157:Hogg, Oliver Frederick Gillilan (1970). 7991: 7085: 6926: 6724: 6697: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6488: 6448: 6280: 5980: 5857: 5848: 5771: 5639:what effects are required, for example, 5592: 5444: 5095: 5076: 5003: 4941: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4760: 4552: 4525: 4443: 4322: 4231: 4121: 3849: 3806: 3739: 3618: 3557: 3517: 3511:, and the outcome was the revolutionary 3457: 3399: 3262: 3203: 3105: 3018: 2952: 2930: 2875: 2865: 2857: 2775: 2718: 2581:, 9 km from the photographer's position. 2564: 2504: 2374: 2362: 1140:List of military strategies and concepts 147: 7949: 7759: 7728: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7220: 7035:. Middlesex: Almark Publishing Co. Ltd. 6990: 6960:"Tipu's missile launch pad in shambles" 6653: 6611: 6494: 6454: 6251: 6239: 6119: 5783: 5739: 5470:. If it is the latter it may be either 4848: 3638:12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns 3480:guns that could fire at a much greater 3384:which were used effectively during the 3220:. A famous Turkish example used at the 2772:Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty 2549:when used organizationally to describe 2397:stones achieved a kinetic energy of 16 14: 11599: 8264:Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard 8183: 8042: 7958: 7821: 7384: 6896:Great Art of Artillery, the First Part 6809: 6557: 6539: 6388: 6110: 5697:men crouching in trenches – 1/25–1/100 5440: 4903:and later surface to surface missiles. 3229:breached the city's walls, ending the 2854:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages 2529:Batteries are roughly equivalent to a 9223: 8309: 7923:Browne, J.P.R.; Thurbon, M T (1998). 6674:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 6636: 6517: 6497:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774 6148: 5063: 3802: 3110:Three of the large Korean artillery, 2624:generation of infantry weapons using 2392:in 399 BC. Until the introduction of 11581: 9249: 8156: 7546:McNab, Chris; Hunter Keeter (2008). 7060: 7030: 6718: 6698:Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li, eds. (2012). 6691: 6126:Oxford Companion to Military History 5694:men firing from trenches – 1/15–1/50 5478:. Arranged targets may be part of a 5072: 4545: 4410:adding citations to reliable sources 4377: 3857:can be added to unguided projectiles 2577:. The illuminated mountain is Mount 2223:, and led to heavy, fairly immobile 72:adding citations to reliable sources 43: 11525:Idealism in international relations 7479:National Museum of American History 7415: 7361:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 7309:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 7267:The Dynamics of Military Revolution 6654:Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866). 6354: 5976: 5369:. Guns are used either for this or 3729:In the next 15 years leading up to 3491:as having barely changed since the 3335:can trace its heritage back to the 3318:Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima 3156:, over and above what they have in 3124:to destroy an elephant formation". 2847: 2482:. The engineering applications for 2351:were caused by artillery. In 1944, 24: 8150: 7765: 6358:Military Technologies of the World 5914:mortar system, joint developed by 5865:(Click for SVG animated with SMIL) 5845:Multiple round simultaneous impact 5494:, if the latter then it has to be 4976: 4649:: Directly support infantry units. 4451:of the 320th French Artillery, in 4246:Most forms of artillery require a 3627:, the first modern artillery piece 3160:". By the early 16th century, the 3148:led by Pati Unus sailed to attack 2358: 2204:far beyond the range and power of 25: 11628: 8211: 7799:Glossary of Terms and Definitions 7046:Haythornwaite, Philip J. (1979). 6851:from the original on May 14, 2023 5829: 4521: 4213:barrels have been used mostly by 4034:High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH) 3905:Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) 3705:Indirect Fire for Field Artillery 3216:Bombards were of value mainly in 2596:casing fragments and other debris 2401:, compared to a mid-19th-century 27:Long-ranged guns for land warfare 11580: 11570: 11569: 9204: 9203: 8253:British Artillery in World War 2 7601:National WWI Museum and Memorial 7511:"Fin-stabilized artillery shell" 7263:, London, 1986, p.16, quoted in 6149:Rihll, Tracey Elizabeth (2007). 5520:the enemy's fire support system. 4806:: Large-caliber guns mounted on 4765:Naval cannon, early 19th century 4699:: Large-caliber guns mounted on 4382: 4182: 3909:Joint terminal attack controller 3676: 3653:hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism 3292:—was introduced to remove them. 2701:published posthumously in 1572. 194: 48: 7916: 7882: 7864: 7846: 7824:Applied Mechanics and Materials 7815: 7806: 7791: 7775:(news analysis). Archived from 7589: 7570: 7539: 7521: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7467: 7456: 7427: 7402: 7378: 7352: 7300: 7283: 7253: 7240: 7200: 7186: 7168: 7150: 7132: 7079: 7054: 7039: 7024: 6999: 6984: 6952: 6905: 6888: 6863: 6833: 6787: 6769: 6747: 6735: 6664: 6647: 6630: 6605: 6579: 6439: 6427: 6392:The Journal of Military History 6382: 6355:Lee, T.W. (December 30, 2008). 6348: 6335: 4883:9.2-inch (230 mm) howitzer 3844:Global Positioning System (GPS) 2994:Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs 2459:– was theoretically capable of 59:needs additional citations for 7385:Bailey, Jonathan B.A. (2004), 7338:. Backintyme. pp. 28–33. 7335:The Evolution of Indirect Fire 6323: 6293: 6274: 6204: 6167: 6142: 4836:has a prime mover, usually an 4703:to provide mobile direct fire. 4126:Artillery can be used to fire 4111: 4096:as well as in Britain against 3355:. The wars fought between the 3199: 2966:siege of Constantinople (1453) 2509:7-person gun crew firing a US 2461:putting a satellite into orbit 13: 1: 8251:Evans, Nigel F. (2001–2007) " 8186:Field Artillery and Firepower 7552:. Osprey Publishing. p. 7387:Field artillery and firepower 7158:"The Emergence of Modern War" 6900:The Complete Art of Artillery 6591:. Lulu.com. August 23, 2019. 6212:"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet" 6120:Bellamy, Christopher (2004). 6098: 5897:155 mm SpGH ZUZANA model 2000 4227: 4038:High Explosive, Plastic (HEP) 3914: 3793:Field artillery and firepower 3395: 3196:) as their largest firearms. 3170:fought against Japan in Korea 2682:unit until the 19th century. 7950:Hackett, James, ed. (2010), 7491:p. 266, Browne & Thurbon 7421:Ms. Marie Berberea (TRADOC) 6032:Beehive anti-personnel round 5932: 5726:first gained the capability. 4877:Australian gunners, wearing 4601:as self-propelled artillery. 4512: 4455:, Belgium, September 5, 1917 3855:M1156 Precision Guidance Kit 3562:8-inch Armstrong gun during 3467:Battle of Langensalza (1866) 3373:Siege of Seringapatam (1792) 2676:Honourable Artillery Company 2647: 2467:generally replacing guns in 7: 11047:Operational manoeuvre group 8618:National Revolutionary Army 8335: 7033:French Napoleonic Artillery 6935:"Rocket and missile system" 6637:Jones, John Winter (1863). 6128:. Oxford University Press. 6004: 5800:Fire Direction Center (FDC) 5407:general support reinforcing 4946:Firing of an 18-pound gun, 4911:was a naval responsibility. 4747:, instead of shot or shell. 4295:Rocket-assisted projectiles 3433:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval 2756: 2678:, which was essentially an 2605:Fire may be directed by an 1638:Military–industrial complex 1112:Operational manoeuvre group 160:Lightweight 155-millimeter 10: 11633: 11480:Peace and conflict studies 11369:Infantry fighting vehicles 9908:Front; Russian land forces 8430:War of the Triple Alliance 8218:Naval Weapons of the World 8032:Canadian Defence Quarterly 7233:November 26, 2022, at the 7213:November 26, 2022, at the 6671:Partington, J. R. (1999). 6329:Cook, Weston F., Jr. 1993 6258:Cambridge University Press 5936: 5833: 5787: 5743: 5490:, if the former it may be 4115: 3967: 3680: 3451: 3357:British East India Company 2851: 2769: 2708: 2704: 2699:Precepts of Modern Militia 2560: 39:Artillery (disambiguation) 36: 29: 11567: 11535:International cooperation 11467: 11442: 11309: 11302: 11224: 11143: 11055: 11007: 10882: 10758: 10543: 10505:Combat information center 10482: 10403: 10313: 10042: 10035: 9966:Infantry fighting vehicle 9916: 9748:Unified combatant command 9718: 9581: 9393: 9261: 9199: 9163: 8933: 8886: 8785: 8627: 8581: 8458: 8450:Pre-20th century firearms 8390: 8352: 8343: 7576:The public NABK Brochure 7389:, Naval Institute Press, 7208:"Canon de 75 modèle 1897" 6343:Sieges of Stirling Castle 6307:. 1590–95. Archived from 5121: 5118: 4897:Field or "foot" artillery 4711:armored fighting vehicles 4207:Smoothbore/fin-stabilized 3696:, where a battery of the 3447: 3186:breech-loading swivel gun 2511:M777 Light Towed Howitzer 1702:Loss-of-strength gradient 554:Combat information center 11450:Lists of wars by country 10892:List of military tactics 10010:Self-propelled artillery 9898:Special units by nation: 9341:Protocols and structure: 8838:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8828:South African Border War 8610:Second Sino-Japanese War 8002:Pen & Sword Military 7959:Holmes, Richard (1988). 7226:Priscilla Mary Roberts, 6991:Jeffery, George (1982). 6252:Needham, Joseph (1987). 6153:. Westholme Publishing. 6103: 6042:Combustion light-gas gun 4832:. As the name suggests, 4820:: Artillery which fires 4661:: Capable of long-range 4587:than the similar falcon. 4563:self-propelled artillery 4159:high-explosive anti-tank 4146:Payloads have included: 3963: 3583:capabilities during the 3501:Elswick Ordnance Company 2540:People's Liberation Army 2236:self-propelled artillery 2020:Military science fiction 1505:Technology and equipment 921:List of military tactics 11547:International relations 11540:Crimes against humanity 10187:Other infantry weapons: 9903:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 9474:Functional specialties: 8818:Portuguese Colonial War 8298:Encyclopædia Britannica 8245:August 9, 2021, at the 8184:Bailey, J.B.A. (2004). 7992:McCamley, N.J. (2004). 7332:Frank W. Sweet (2000). 7246:Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). 7237:, World War One, p. 726 6939:Encyclopædia Britannica 6725:Crawfurd, John (1856). 6495:Nicolle, David (1983). 6151:The Catapult: A History 5524:Counterpreparation fire 5371:general supporting fire 4966:Anti-aircraft artillery 4909:coast defence artillery 4727:Anti-aircraft artillery 4633:Large-calibre artillery 4209:: In modern artillery, 4069:anti-aircraft artillery 3888:anti-aircraft batteries 3784:British Royal Artillery 3625:Canon de 75 modèle 1897 3222:siege of Constantinople 2871:First Battle of Panipat 2693:. The term was used by 2497: 2447:; the largest of these 2367:French soldiers in the 2088:Wartime sexual violence 1844:Full-spectrum dominance 1655:Supply-chain management 11515:Conscientious objector 9623:Special reconnaissance 9363:Awards and decorations 9186:Civilian gun ownership 8275:europeanfilmgateway.eu 8096:(2): 153–73 (162–64). 8045:Technology and Culture 7089:Technology and Culture 7061:Wise, Terence (1979). 7031:Head, Michael (1970). 7011:www.britishbattles.com 6660:. The Hakluyt Society. 5994: 5868: 5855: 5780: 5608: 5459: 5367:direct supporting fire 5105: 5093: 5017: 4951: 4938:forces in East Africa. 4886: 4870: 4862: 4766: 4564: 4539: 4532:Finnish Defence Forces 4456: 4374:Field artillery system 4337: 4243: 4135: 4132:this 1953 nuclear test 3858: 3815: 3814:guided artillery shell 3797: 3791:J.B.A. Bailey (2004). 3752: 3628: 3571: 3533:Martin von Wahrendorff 3527: 3469: 3417: 3377:Battle of Seringapatam 3315:Kazimierz Siemienowicz 3272: 3213: 3116: 3024: 2973: 2970:Fort Nelson, Hampshire 2943: 2939:, the earliest extant 2884: 2873: 2863: 2786: 2766:Invention of gunpowder 2730: 2628:, better known as the 2582: 2535:military organizations 2518: 2424:on land were moved by 2381: 2372: 2000:Awards and decorations 1973:Peace through strength 1948:Low-intensity conflict 1582:Conscientious objector 1455:Area of responsibility 164: 10535:Torpedo Data Computer 10525:Ship gun fire-control 8863:Nicaraguan Revolution 8813:Araguaia Guerilla War 8382:Early thermal weapons 7994:Disasters Underground 7583:July 6, 2011, at the 7408:General Percin, 1921 7259:Christopher Bellamy, 7182:on February 20, 2002. 6913:"Lithuanian Art Fund" 6845:National Park Service 6731:. Bradbury and Evans. 6612:Atsushi, Ota (2006). 5984: 5963:anti-aircraft warfare 5861: 5852: 5796:Forward Observer (FO) 5775: 5767:counter-battery radar 5596: 5587:Close supporting fire 5542:Final Protective Fire 5482:. Fire may be either 5448: 5384:and, in some armies, 5359:close supporting fire 5100:Two French Army Giat 5099: 5088: 5007: 4948:Louis-Philippe Crepin 4945: 4876: 4868: 4861:Horse-drawn artillery 4860: 4764: 4647:Infantry support guns 4556: 4529: 4447: 4347:: ammunition used in 4326: 4235: 4221:Rifled/fin-stabilized 4125: 4076:radar proximity fuzes 3988:(including graze and 3865:" artillery (such as 3853: 3810: 3779: 3743: 3698:Royal Horse Artillery 3622: 3585:Industrial Revolution 3581:precision engineering 3561: 3521: 3461: 3403: 3266: 3207: 3109: 3022: 2956: 2934: 2919:, as demonstrated at 2879: 2869: 2861: 2836:. Cannon were always 2779: 2722: 2642:close-quarters combat 2568: 2542:has artillery corps. 2508: 2378: 2366: 2261:(collectively called 587:Torpedo data computer 577:Ship gun fire-control 151: 11396:Specific modern wars 11344:Vehicles and weapons 11269:Military occupations 9868:Carrier strike group 8868:Salvadoran Civil War 8435:Spanish–American War 8410:American Indian Wars 8233:May 4, 2006, at the 8161:. London: C. Hurst. 7952:The Military Balance 7826:. 397–400: 2459–63. 7535:on February 9, 2008. 7517:on February 9, 2008. 6871:"Shell | ammunition" 6816:A History of Warfare 6742:Modern Asian Studies 5790:Field artillery team 5784:Field artillery team 5746:Counter-battery fire 5740:Counter-battery fire 5713:from many dispersed 5581:Deep supporting fire 5451:11th Marine Regiment 5363:deep supporting fire 4869:Man-pulled artillery 4849:Organizational types 4798:counter-battery fire 4406:improve this section 4237:152 mm howitzer D-20 3746:15cm field howitzers 3495:, the industrialist 2998:James II of Scotland 2978:Mehmet the Conqueror 2882:Siege of Ranthambore 2715:History of gunpowder 2416:through most of the 2118:Military occupations 1953:Military engineering 1855:Unrestricted Warfare 1712:Force multiplication 605:Military manoeuvrers 68:improve this article 37:For other uses, see 32:Artilleryman (horse) 11559:Peace organizations 11022:Operations research 10500:Director (military) 10490:Fire-control system 9401:Command and control 8921:Russo-Ukrainian War 8858:Dominican Civil War 8833:Cambodian Civil War 8794:First Indochina War 7967:Viking Studio Books 7801:, NATO, AAP-6(2006) 7779:on January 22, 2013 7192:Holley states that 7140:"William Armstrong" 6260:. pp. 317–19. 6218:. September 5, 2006 6027:Barrage (artillery) 6017:Advanced Gun System 5954:Battle of the Bulge 5893:Panzerhaubitze 2000 5616:Neutralization fire 5513:Counterbattery fire 5441:Application of fire 5419:operational control 5415:operational command 5112: 5010:Battle of Gallipoli 4960:Anti-tank artillery 4707:Anti-tank artillery 4088:Battle of the Bulge 3979:High Explosive (HE) 3233:, according to Sir 2697:(died 1566) in his 2587:military operations 2369:Franco-Prussian War 1804:Penal military unit 1789:Rules of engagement 1465:Command and control 1085:Operations research 549:Director (military) 539:Fire-control system 289:Command and control 170:Part of a series on 11612:Chinese inventions 11017:Military operation 10984:Tactical objective 10495:Fire-control radar 10411:Military equipment 10353:Anti-ship missiles 9705:Electronic-warfare 9568:Military maneuvers 9553:Combat occupations 9329:Commanding officer 9289:Occupational roles 8911:Russo-Georgian War 8853:Lebanese Civil War 8823:Rhodesian Bush War 8440:Mexican Revolution 8425:American Civil War 8415:War of the Pacific 8405:Napoleonic Warfare 8028:McNaughton, Andrew 7925:Electronic Warfare 7890:"Patria hagglunds" 7878:. January 9, 2019. 7876:Daily News Hungary 7146:. October 4, 2018. 6972:on October 1, 2007 6643:. Hakluyt Society. 6570:Douglas M. Peers: 6548:Douglas M. Peers: 6530:Douglas M. Peers: 6503:. pp. 29–30. 5995: 5991:American Civil War 5869: 5856: 5808:laser rangefinders 5781: 5609: 5603:firing outside of 5502:target acquisition 5460: 5354:terms are NATO's. 5111: 5106: 5094: 5064:Caliber categories 5018: 4952: 4915:Mountain artillery 4887: 4885:during World War I 4871: 4863: 4804:Aircraft artillery 4773:: Guns mounted on 4767: 4615:in that they lack 4565: 4540: 4457: 4349:live fire training 4338: 4244: 4153:: high-explosive, 4136: 4118:Shell (projectile) 3859: 3816: 3803:Precision-guidance 3753: 3694:Battle of Waterloo 3629: 3572: 3564:American Civil War 3528: 3470: 3418: 3369:Battle of Pollilur 3353:Fourth Mysore Wars 3273: 3214: 3150:Portuguese Malacca 3117: 3025: 2980:, which conquered 2974: 2944: 2912:Hundred Years' War 2885: 2874: 2864: 2826:Hundred Years' War 2787: 2731: 2711:History of cannons 2638:ballistic missiles 2621:engineering design 2607:artillery observer 2583: 2519: 2515:War in Afghanistan 2449:large-calibre guns 2382: 2373: 1913:Counter-insurgency 1834:Command of the sea 1779:Jewish laws on war 1754:Geneva Conventions 1290:Divide and conquer 1080:Military operation 1045:Tactical objective 544:Fire-control radar 521:Electronic-warfare 165: 11617:Explosive weapons 11594: 11593: 11520:Anti-war movement 11463: 11462: 11455:Conflicts by time 11080:Counter-offensive 11070:Military campaign 10989:Target saturation 10939:Counterinsurgency 10588:International law 10530:Gun data computer 10399: 10398: 9736:Armies by country 9700:Close air support 9665:Aircraft carriers 9334:Executive officer 9217: 9216: 8929: 8928: 8873:Soviet–Afghan War 8848:Laotian Civil War 8596:Spanish Civil War 8195:978-1-59114-029-0 8168:978-0-900966-43-9 8137:Missing or empty 8090:Technikgeschichte 8011:978-1-84415-022-9 7976:978-0-670-81967-6 7934:978-1-85753-133-6 7563:978-1-84603-225-7 7481:. April 19, 2018. 7396:978-1-59114-029-0 7370:978-0-521-80079-2 7345:978-0-939479-20-7 7318:978-0-521-80079-2 7295:978-0-304-35456-6 7276:978-0-521-80079-2 7050:. Blanford Press. 7007:"Battle of Kolin" 6711:978-981-4311-96-0 6684:978-0-8018-5954-0 6623:978-90-04-15091-1 6616:. Leiden: Brill. 6576:, Routledge, 2022 6554:, Routledge, 2022 6536:, Routledge, 2022 6510:978-0-85045-511-3 6501:Osprey Publishing 6481:978-1-84176-091-9 6468:Osprey Publishing 6368:978-0-275-99536-2 6281:unknown (1590s). 6267:978-0-521-30358-3 6242:, pp. 314–16 6192:on April 17, 2018 6135:978-0-19-860696-3 6022:Artillery museums 6012:List of artillery 5887:, South Africa's 5556:Interdiction fire 5466:target or may be 5336: 5335: 5086: 5073:Modern operations 5057:Railway artillery 5012:, 1915. Photo by 4838:artillery tractor 4818:Nuclear artillery 4785:Coastal artillery 4599:Gunpowder Empires 4597:were used by the 4546:Types of ordnance 4442: 4441: 4434: 4062:centrifugal force 3883:coastal artillery 3772:Operation Michael 3768:Battle of Cambrai 3673:could not match. 3497:William Armstrong 3465:artillery at the 3361:Kingdom of Mysore 3313:The 1650 book by 3294:Gustavus Adolphus 3192:(大筒 – large size 3132:), long muskets, 3005:Portuguese Empire 2941:large-calibre gun 2937:Pumhart von Steyr 2695:Girolamo Ruscelli 2691:Niccolò Tartaglia 2617:Military doctrine 2547:military services 2492:weapons platforms 2451:ever conceived – 2388:was developed in 2191: 2190: 2083:Horses in warfare 2030:Anti-war movement 1933:Gunboat diplomacy 1923:Disaster response 1871:Philosophy of war 1866:Principles of war 1839:Deterrence theory 1784:Right of conquest 1707:Lanchester's laws 1475:Principles of war 1165:Counter-offensive 1145:Military campaign 1050:Target saturation 973:Counterinsurgency 582:Gun data computer 516:Close air support 478:Aircraft carriers 144: 143: 136: 118: 16:(Redirected from 11624: 11584: 11583: 11573: 11572: 11550: 11433: 11424: 11415: 11406: 11390: 11381: 11372: 11363: 11354: 11340: 11331: 11322: 11307: 11306: 11249:Military tactics 11090:Defence in depth 10944:Defeat in detail 10640:Armoured warfare 10578:Military science 10368:Close-in weapons 10040: 10039: 9951:Wheeled vehicles 9946:Tracked vehicles 9743:Chain of command 9406:Defense ministry 9244: 9237: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9207: 9206: 9083:Mass destruction 8991:Blunt instrument 8916:Syrian Civil War 8350: 8349: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8292:"Ordnance" 8228:Modern Artillery 8207: 8180: 8146: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8125: 8105: 8084: 8039: 8023: 7988: 7955: 7946: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7900:on April 4, 2010 7896:. Archived from 7886: 7880: 7879: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7593: 7587: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7507: 7501: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7471: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7304: 7298: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7238: 7224: 7218: 7204: 7198: 7194:Daniel Treadwell 7190: 7184: 7183: 7178:. Archived from 7172: 7166: 7165: 7164:on July 1, 2019. 7160:. Archived from 7154: 7148: 7147: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6909: 6903: 6898:, also known as 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6826:978-0-09174527-1 6807: 6794: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6598:978-0-35980699-7 6583: 6577: 6568: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6515: 6514: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6465: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6437: 6434:Schmidtchen 1977 6431: 6425: 6424: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6352: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6180: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6117: 6087:Suppressive fire 5987:Battle of Tupelo 5977:Use in monuments 5866: 5688:men standing – 1 5671:non-combatants); 5622:Suppression fire 5562:Preparation fire 5427:tactical control 5423:tactical command 5113: 5110: 5087: 4737:Rocket artillery 4437: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4386: 4378: 4155:white phosphorus 4128:nuclear warheads 4098:V-1 flying bombs 4008:proximity sensor 3895:guidance systems 3879:rocket artillery 3795: 3764:Henry Hugh Tudor 3537:Joseph Whitworth 3337:Mysorean rockets 3333:rocket artillery 3231:Byzantine Empire 3184:(国崩し – Japanese 2848:Expansion of use 2441:tracked vehicles 2433:contemporary era 2422:artillery pieces 2275:rocket artillery 2267:cannon artillery 2263:barrel artillery 2183: 2176: 2169: 1938:Humanitarian aid 1876:Security dilemma 1697:Power projection 1480:Economy of force 1460:Chain of command 1175:Defence in depth 1160:Commerce raiding 978:Defeat in detail 294:Defense ministry 198: 189: 188: 179: 167: 166: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 11632: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11563: 11544: 11530:Humanitarianism 11459: 11438: 11427: 11418: 11409: 11403:Napoleonic Wars 11400: 11384: 11378:Modern warships 11375: 11366: 11357: 11348: 11334: 11325: 11316: 11303:Other namespace 11298: 11220: 11139: 11051: 11003: 10969:Rapid dominance 10878: 10754: 10539: 10478: 10395: 10341:Naval artillery 10321:Guided missiles 10309: 10031: 9912: 9714: 9577: 9573:Combat training 9521:Security forces 9511:Military police 9449:Airborne forces 9389: 9257: 9248: 9218: 9213: 9195: 9191:Science fiction 9159: 9031:Directed-energy 8925: 8901:Afghanistan War 8882: 8781: 8623: 8583:Interwar period 8577: 8478:Austria-Hungary 8454: 8386: 8339: 8334: 8289: 8247:Wayback Machine 8235:Wayback Machine 8214: 8196: 8169: 8153: 8151:Further reading 8138: 8136: 8127: 8126: 8108: 8057:10.2307/3102202 8012: 7977: 7935: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7870: 7869: 7865: 7860:. May 30, 2017. 7852: 7851: 7847: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7758: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7585:Wayback Machine 7575: 7571: 7564: 7544: 7540: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7442:. p. 196. 7432: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7383: 7379: 7371: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7305: 7301: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7258: 7254: 7245: 7241: 7235:Wayback Machine 7228:"French 75 gun" 7225: 7221: 7215:Wayback Machine 7205: 7201: 7191: 7187: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7102:10.2307/3105857 7084: 7080: 7073: 7059: 7055: 7044: 7040: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6893: 6889: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6808: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6652: 6648: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6569: 6558: 6547: 6540: 6529: 6518: 6511: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6405:10.2307/2944058 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6311:on May 19, 2014 6299: 6298: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6077:Shoot-and-scoot 6007: 5979: 5950:proximity fuzes 5941: 5935: 5864: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5792: 5786: 5748: 5742: 5691:men lying – 1/3 5443: 5403:general support 5077: 5075: 5066: 4979: 4977:Equipment types 4925:Second Boer War 4921:Naval artillery 4891:Horse artillery 4851: 4834:towed artillery 4808:attack aircraft 4771:Naval artillery 4641:Field artillery 4627:Siege artillery 4548: 4536:130 mm Gun M-46 4524: 4515: 4461:field artillery 4459:Because modern 4438: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4403: 4387: 4376: 4230: 4185: 4120: 4114: 4049:proximity fuzes 3972: 3966: 3925:ammunition dump 3917: 3833:development of 3805: 3796: 3790: 3685: 3679: 3634:horse artillery 3493:Napoleonic Wars 3482:muzzle velocity 3456: 3450: 3398: 3386:Napoleonic Wars 3382:Congreve rocket 3208:Artillery with 3202: 3140:(hand cannon), 2958:Dardanelles Gun 2856: 2850: 2801:field artillery 2774: 2768: 2759: 2717: 2707: 2650: 2626:conoidal bullet 2611:map coordinates 2591:field artillery 2563: 2500: 2469:surface warfare 2457:Supergun affair 2453:Project Babylon 2361: 2359:Artillery piece 2341:Napoleonic Wars 2229:field artillery 2213:defensive walls 2187: 2158: 2157: 2108: 2098: 2097: 2063: 2055: 2054: 1995: 1985: 1984: 1958:Multilateralism 1943:Law enforcement 1903: 1893: 1892: 1861:Just war theory 1819: 1809: 1808: 1759:Geneva Protocol 1729: 1719: 1718: 1692: 1682: 1681: 1623: 1613: 1612: 1520: 1510: 1509: 1450: 1440: 1439: 1405: 1395: 1394: 1325:Network-centric 1245: 1235: 1234: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1075: 1065: 1064: 1013:Rapid dominance 918: 908: 907: 863:Electromagnetic 772: 762: 761: 748: 701: 649: 625: 615: 614: 610:Combat training 591: 568: 534:Combat systems: 530: 492: 488:Auxiliary ships 454: 414: 356: 279: 269: 268: 208: 182: 181: 180: 175: 140: 129: 123: 120: 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11630: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11592: 11591: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11510:Global studies 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11485:Peace movement 11482: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11425: 11416: 11407: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11382: 11373: 11364: 11355: 11341: 11332: 11323: 11313: 11311: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11284:Related lists: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11254:History lists: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11234:Military lists 11230: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11201:Defense policy 11198: 11196:Defense budget 11193: 11188: 11186:Public policy: 11183: 11178: 11176:United Nations 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11149: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11135:Scorched earth 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11037:Deep operation 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11013: 11011: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10899: 10894: 10888: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10785: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10764: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10750:Unconventional 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10700:Disinformation 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10615: 10610: 10608:Post-classical 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10549: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10486: 10484: 10483:Combat systems 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10474:Field hospital 10471: 10470: 10469: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10338: 10330: 10329: 10328: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10251:Shoulder-fired 10240: 10239: 10238: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10155: 10151:Service rifles 10147: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10130: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10086: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10064: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10046: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9710:Reconnaissance 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9675:Auxiliary ship 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9563:Basic training 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9494:Reconnaissance 9491: 9486: 9481: 9479:Communications 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9444:Special forces 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9360: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9247: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8966:Anti-personnel 8963: 8961:Anti-ballistic 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8791: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8762:United Kingdom 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8677:Czechoslovakia 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8607: 8593: 8587: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8563:United Kingdom 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8333: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8237: 8225: 8220: 8213: 8212:External links 8210: 8209: 8208: 8194: 8181: 8167: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8106: 8085: 8051:(3): 407–416. 8040: 8024: 8010: 7989: 7975: 7956: 7947: 7933: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7881: 7863: 7845: 7814: 7805: 7790: 7764: 7762:, p. 368. 7733: 7721: 7719:, p. 255. 7709: 7707:, p. 165. 7697: 7685: 7683:, p. 414. 7673: 7671:, p. 360. 7661: 7659:, p. 400. 7649: 7647:, p. 412. 7637: 7625: 7613: 7588: 7569: 7562: 7538: 7520: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7466: 7455: 7448: 7426: 7414: 7401: 7395: 7377: 7369: 7351: 7344: 7324: 7317: 7299: 7282: 7275: 7252: 7239: 7219: 7206:Chris Bishop, 7199: 7185: 7167: 7149: 7131: 7078: 7071: 7053: 7038: 7023: 6998: 6983: 6951: 6925: 6904: 6887: 6862: 6832: 6825: 6819:. Hutchinson. 6795: 6786: 6768: 6746: 6734: 6717: 6710: 6690: 6683: 6663: 6646: 6629: 6622: 6604: 6597: 6578: 6556: 6538: 6516: 6509: 6487: 6480: 6456:Nicolle, David 6447: 6438: 6426: 6381: 6367: 6347: 6334: 6322: 6292: 6273: 6266: 6244: 6229: 6203: 6166: 6159: 6141: 6134: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Shrapnel shell 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6003: 5978: 5975: 5937:Main article: 5934: 5931: 5908:Archer project 5873:time on target 5846: 5843: 5836:Time on target 5834:Main article: 5831: 5830:Time on target 5828: 5788:Main article: 5785: 5782: 5744:Main article: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733:time on target 5730: 5727: 5719: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5641:neutralization 5626: 5625: 5619: 5607:, Iraq in 2004 5591: 5590: 5584: 5574:counterbattery 5566: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5549:Harassing fire 5545: 5539: 5536:Defensive fire 5533: 5527: 5521: 5442: 5439: 5399:direct support 5334: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5062: 4978: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4963: 4940: 4939: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4894: 4850: 4847: 4830:self-propelled 4826: 4825: 4822:nuclear shells 4815: 4801: 4782: 4768: 4757:railway wagons 4750: 4749: 4748: 4734: 4724: 4718: 4704: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4666: 4656: 4650: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4624: 4621:automatic fire 4602: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4547: 4544: 4523: 4522:Classification 4520: 4514: 4511: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474:Communications 4440: 4439: 4390: 4388: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4318:laser ignition 4313: 4312: 4309: 4298: 4285:nitroguanidine 4272:nitrocellulose 4254:, rather than 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4204: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4168: 4162: 4116:Main article: 4113: 4110: 4030: 4029: 4014: 4005: 3993: 3970:Artillery fuze 3968:Main article: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3916: 3913: 3835:predicted fire 3812:M982 Excalibur 3804: 3801: 3788: 3681:Main article: 3678: 3675: 3664:high-explosive 3475:breech-loading 3449: 3446: 3397: 3394: 3201: 3198: 3146:Javanese fleet 2982:Constantinople 2852:Main article: 2849: 2846: 2842:breech-loading 2838:muzzle-loaders 2832:and later the 2818:great conquest 2767: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2735:engines of war 2706: 2703: 2687:arte de tirare 2649: 2646: 2562: 2559: 2499: 2496: 2403:12-pounder gun 2360: 2357: 2329:flash spotting 2302:arm of service 2217:fortifications 2198:ranged weapons 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2123:Military terms 2120: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1881:Tripwire force 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1406: 1403:Administrative 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330:New generation 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305:Fleet in being 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1246: 1243:Grand strategy 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1230:Scorched earth 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1102:Deep operation 1099: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 949: 948: 943: 938: 928: 919: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 903:Unconventional 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 851: 849:Disinformation 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 820: 819: 814: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 773: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 754: 747: 746: 745: 744: 743: 742: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 700: 699: 698: 697: 696: 695: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 648: 647: 646: 645: 640: 635: 626: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 607: 602: 600:Basic training 597: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 529: 528: 526:Reconnaissance 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 453: 452: 447: 445:Special forces 442: 437: 436: 435: 425: 420: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 355: 354: 345: 340: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 265: 264: 259: 249: 248: 247: 242: 232: 231: 230: 223:Post-classical 220: 215: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 191: 190: 172: 171: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11629: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11589: 11588: 11578: 11577: 11566: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11490:Peace process 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11466: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11441: 11431: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11413: 11408: 11404: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11388: 11383: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11365: 11361: 11356: 11352: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11032:Expeditionary 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10934:Counterattack 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10740:Psychological 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10680:Combined arms 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10462:Military base 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10363:Depth charges 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10197:Anti-tank gun 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10170:Assault rifle 10168: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10158:Battle rifles 10156: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10126:Infantry guns 10123: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10020:Anti-aircraft 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9753:General staff 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9670:Landing craft 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9319:Enlisted rank 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9238: 9233: 9231: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9210: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8956:Anti-aircraft 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8896:Yugoslav Wars 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8888:Post-Cold War 8885: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8843:Iran–Iraq War 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8767:United States 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568:United States 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Early Warfare 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8326: 8324: 8319: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8300: 8299: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8092:(in German). 8091: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7920: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7809: 7800: 7794: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7761: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7497: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7459: 7451: 7449:9780359806997 7445: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7320: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7249: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7096:(2): 213–47. 7095: 7091: 7090: 7082: 7074: 7072:9780850453362 7068: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7027: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6994: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6914: 6908: 6902:, pp. 407–16. 6901: 6897: 6891: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6793:Holmes, p. 70 6790: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6730: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6677:. JHU Press. 6676: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6574: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6442: 6436:, p. 162 6435: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6399:(2): 241–78. 6398: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6305:The Akbarnama 6302: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6160:9781594160356 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6109: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:Light-gas gun 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5999:war memorials 5992: 5988: 5983: 5974: 5971: 5970:fragmentation 5966: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5918:(Sweden) and 5917: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530:Covering fire 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5177:United States 5176: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5070: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5026:gun howitzers 5022: 5015: 5014:Ernest Brooks 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4789:Atlantic Wall 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721:Anti-tank gun 4719: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679:Gun-howitzers 4677: 4674: 4673:indirect-fire 4670: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653:Mountain guns 4651: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4500:substituting 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465:indirect fire 4462: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4433: 4425: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4391:This section 4389: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4276:nitroglycerin 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4241:Iran–Iraq War 4238: 4234: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4183:Stabilization 4176: 4172: 4171:Base ejection 4169: 4166: 4165:Nose ejection 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4130:, as seen in 4129: 4124: 4119: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4053:anti-aircraft 4050: 4045: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3761:Major General 3757: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3709:aiming points 3706: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3683:Indirect fire 3677:Indirect fire 3674: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651:to include a 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3514: 3513:Armstrong Gun 3510: 3506: 3505:Royal Arsenal 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3212:fortification 3211: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2935:The Austrian 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915:defense of a 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:gun carriages 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2353:Joseph Stalin 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333:indirect fire 2330: 2326: 2325:sound ranging 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314:anti-aircraft 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271:gun artillery 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225:siege engines 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2010:Warrior caste 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1980:Show of force 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968:Peacebuilding 1966: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1824:Air supremacy 1822: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1764:Islamic rules 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1744:Court-martial 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1643:Arms industry 1641: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260:Broken-backed 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097:Expeditionary 1095: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 968:Counterattack 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 917: 912: 911: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 893:Psychological 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829:Combined arms 827: 825: 822: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 771: 766: 765: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 741: 738: 737: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 706: 703: 702: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 668:Fortification 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 650: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 628: 627: 624: 619: 618: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 484: 483:Landing craft 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 349: 348:Standing army 346: 344: 341: 339: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 278: 273: 272: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 240:pike and shot 238: 237: 236: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 186: 178: 174: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 138: 135: 127: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 11585: 11574: 11553: 11549:}} 11545:{{ 11432:}} 11428:{{ 11423:}} 11421:World War II 11419:{{ 11414:}} 11410:{{ 11405:}} 11401:{{ 11395: 11389:}} 11385:{{ 11380:}} 11376:{{ 11371:}} 11367:{{ 11362:}} 11358:{{ 11353:}} 11349:{{ 11343: 11339:}} 11335:{{ 11330:}} 11326:{{ 11321:}} 11317:{{ 11283: 11253: 11233: 11205: 11191:Conscription 11185: 11166:Peace treaty 11152: 10857:Subterranean 10745:Radiological 10685:Conventional 10644: 10634: 10613:Early modern 10592: 10519: 10456: 10372: 10332: 10294: 10277: 10242: 10231:Combat knife 10221:Flamethrower 10186: 10182:Sniper rifle 10149: 10138:Machine guns 10124: 10061: 9923: 9897: 9887: 9852: 9757: 9726:Organization 9679: 9633:Naval units: 9632: 9628:Signal corps 9617: 9590: 9558:Development: 9557: 9547: 9526:Border guard 9489:Intelligence 9473: 9412:Armed Forces 9410: 9379: 9340: 9298: 9078:Martial arts 9041:Depth charge 9011:Conventional 8980: 8752:Soviet Union 8629:World War II 8296: 8185: 8158: 8139:|title= 8130:cite journal 8113: 8109: 8093: 8089: 8048: 8044: 8035: 8031: 7993: 7965:. New York: 7961: 7951: 7924: 7917:Bibliography 7902:. Retrieved 7898:the original 7884: 7875: 7866: 7857: 7848: 7823: 7817: 7808: 7798: 7793: 7781:. Retrieved 7777:the original 7767: 7760:Hackett 2010 7729:Hackett 2010 7724: 7717:Hackett 2010 7712: 7705:Hackett 2010 7700: 7693:Hackett 2010 7688: 7681:Hackett 2010 7676: 7669:Hackett 2010 7664: 7657:Hackett 2010 7652: 7645:Hackett 2010 7640: 7633:Hackett 2010 7628: 7621:Hackett 2010 7616: 7604:. Retrieved 7600: 7591: 7572: 7548: 7541: 7533:the original 7523: 7515:the original 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7458: 7435: 7429: 7417: 7409: 7404: 7386: 7380: 7360: 7354: 7334: 7327: 7308: 7302: 7285: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7247: 7242: 7222: 7202: 7188: 7180:the original 7170: 7162:the original 7152: 7143: 7134: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7062: 7056: 7047: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7016:February 24, 7014:. Retrieved 7010: 7001: 6992: 6986: 6976:December 16, 6974:. Retrieved 6970:the original 6963: 6954: 6944:December 19, 6942:. Retrieved 6938: 6928: 6916:. Retrieved 6907: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6878:. Retrieved 6874: 6865: 6853:. Retrieved 6844: 6835: 6815: 6811:Keegan, John 6789: 6780: 6771: 6758: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6720: 6700: 6693: 6673: 6666: 6656: 6649: 6639: 6632: 6613: 6607: 6587: 6581: 6571: 6549: 6531: 6496: 6490: 6461: 6450: 6441: 6429: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6374:November 17, 6372:. Retrieved 6361:. Abc-Clio. 6357: 6350: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6313:. Retrieved 6309:the original 6304: 6295: 6286: 6276: 6253: 6247: 6240:Needham 1987 6222:February 28, 6220:. Retrieved 6215: 6206: 6194:. 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C. Hurst. 6918:January 28, 6470:. pp. 6122:"artillery" 5752:World War I 5665:distributed 5645:suppression 5570:suppression 5464:opportunity 5411:reinforcing 5390:concentrate 5167:South Korea 5137:North Korea 4950:(1772–1851) 4753:Railway gun 4739:: Launches 4713:with heavy 4691:Gun-mortars 4617:autoloading 4558:German Army 4502:polynomials 4252:deflagrates 4239:during the 4112:Projectiles 3750:World War I 3731:World War I 3717:German army 3668:bolt action 3623:The French 3568:Fort Fisher 3489:Crimean War 3390:War of 1812 3269:Tsar Cannon 3200:Smoothbores 3194:Tanegashima 3182:Kunikuzushi 3029:rebrodequim 3014:King Manuel 2947:Joan of Arc 2824:During the 2796:Huolongjing 2783:Huolongjing 2726:Huolongjing 2654:Middle Ages 2579:Fletschhorn 2575:Switzerland 2426:horse-drawn 2414:Middle Ages 2345:World War I 2078:War studies 1901:Non-warfare 1829:Appeasement 1794:Martial law 1633:War economy 1572:Transgender 1525:Recruitment 1285:Containment 1170:Culminating 1150:Anti-access 1073:Operational 993:Envelopment 936:Air assault 817:Air cavalry 777:Air defence 757:Information 658:Cold-region 623:Battlespace 572:Historical: 418:Land units: 324:Space force 319:Coast guard 252:Late modern 213:Prehistoric 83:"Artillery" 11601:Categories 11443:Categories 11289:War crimes 11274:Operations 11211:Government 11027:Blitzkrieg 10999:Withdrawal 10850:Underwater 10825:Amphibious 10767:Aerospace 10710:Electronic 10660:Camouflage 10655:Biological 10628:fourth-gen 10623:industrial 10452:Body armor 10440:Camouflage 10421:By country 10266:By country 10077:By country 10062:Artillery: 9976:By country 9893:Combat box 9863:Task force 9831:By country 9814:By country 9768:Field army 9763:Army group 9731:By country 9680:Air units: 9660:Submarines 9541:By country 9368:By country 9284:Technology 9093:Non-lethal 9073:Insurgency 9068:Incendiary 9063:Improvised 8996:Ceremonial 8986:Biological 8946:Amphibious 8798:Korean War 8772:Yugoslavia 8604:Republican 8528:Montenegro 7065:. Osprey. 6995:. Courier. 6875:Britannica 6466:. London: 6216:Historynet 6099:References 6057:Gun laying 5901:K9 Thunder 5804:binoculars 5715:fire units 5488:unobserved 5352:italicised 5344:neutralize 4983:field guns 4931:Königsberg 4779:battleship 4659:Field guns 4623:mechanisms 4605:Volley gun 4591:Swivel gun 4335:battleship 4301:Base bleed 4256:detonating 4248:propellant 4228:Propellant 4211:smoothbore 4193:gyroscopic 4074:The first 4025:including 4023:detonation 4020:electronic 4010:including 4001:including 3996:mechanical 3953:Propellant 3948:Projectile 3915:Ammunition 3605:mild steel 3577:metallurgy 3545:Minié ball 3524:Boshin war 3452:See also: 3442:round shot 3414:Napoleon's 3410:1799 siege 3396:Napoleonic 3250:gun barrel 3242:smoothbore 3178:naval guns 3142:Greek fire 3057:serpentina 2901:falconetes 2897:colebratas 2770:See also: 2709:See also: 2667:Old French 2630:Minié ball 2555:formations 2480:casualties 2418:modern era 2407:megajoules 2399:kilojoules 2380:artillery. 2287:chain shot 2138:War crimes 2128:Operations 2035:Foot drill 2005:Battle cry 1918:deterrence 1577:Harassment 1552:Specialism 1375:Technology 1370:Succession 1315:Liberation 1250:Asymmetric 1185:Empty fort 1091:Blitzkrieg 1060:Withdrawal 1023:Investment 802:Camouflage 797:Biological 735:Underwater 710:Amphibious 629:Aerospace 496:Air units: 473:Submarines 262:fourth-gen 257:industrial 245:napoleonic 94:newspapers 18:Artillerie 11607:Artillery 11310:Templates 11181:Mediation 11161:Alliances 11154:Diplomacy 11130:Offensive 11110:Defensive 11105:Deception 11075:Attrition 10959:Guerrilla 10907:Airbridge 10725:Loitering 10645:Artillery 10583:Diplomacy 10404:Equipment 10358:Torpedoes 10300:Land mine 10256:Anti-tank 10089:Field gun 10067:Artillery 10003:Gun truck 9988:Scout car 9826:Battalion 9719:Structure 9618:Artillery 9536:Logistics 9484:Engineers 9429:Air force 9113:Pneumatic 9103:Offensive 9036:Explosive 8981:Artillery 8971:Anti-tank 8951:Ancillary 8637:Australia 8591:Chaco War 8473:Australia 8354:Premodern 8122:0020-5168 8110:Interavia 8081:113141625 8065:0040-165X 7840:111026161 7126:112105821 7110:1097-3729 6965:The Hindu 6413:1543-7795 6287:Baburnama 6196:March 17, 6067:Paris Gun 5997:Numerous 5939:Air burst 5933:Air burst 5916:Hägglunds 5677:targeting 5661:converged 5632:Targeting 5497:predicted 5480:fire plan 5476:scheduled 5102:GCT 155mm 4987:howitzers 4879:gas masks 4697:Tank guns 4669:Howitzers 4513:Logistics 4453:Hoogstade 4393:does not 3921:munitions 3875:field gun 3840:Krasnopol 3823:explosive 3649:field gun 3645:French 75 3612:slightly 3541:cast iron 3526:(1868–69) 3277:Jan Žižka 3258:trunnions 3227:Mehmed II 3134:spingarde 3112:Chongtong 3077:basilisco 3037:falconete 2990:batteries 2893:bombardas 2812:In Asia, 2793:treatise 2747:trebuchet 2671:artillier 2648:Etymology 2598:and from 2431:. In the 2412:From the 2394:gunpowder 2318:anti-tank 2295:munitions 2291:grapeshot 2255:howitzers 2243:gunpowder 2202:munitions 2194:Artillery 2025:War novel 1928:Grey-zone 1888:War games 1849:Overmatch 1799:War crime 1749:Desertion 1739:Ceasefire 1734:Armistice 1621:Logistics 1599:Mercenary 1587:Volunteer 1518:Personnel 1490:Engineers 1435:Sociology 1390:World war 1385:Total war 1365:Strategic 1355:Religious 1340:Political 1335:Perpetual 1310:Irregular 1225:Offensive 1200:Defensive 1195:Deception 1155:Attrition 1003:Guerrilla 998:Formation 941:Airbridge 873:Loitering 787:Artillery 440:Artillery 375:Engineers 338:Irregular 309:Air force 124:June 2022 11576:Category 11500:Pacifism 11430:Cold War 11387:Aircraft 11206:Related: 11057:Strategy 11042:Maneuver 10979:Swarming 10808:Mountain 10776:Airborne 10715:Infantry 10670:Chemical 10635:By type: 10563:Strategy 10386:Missiles 10314:Sea/Air: 10283:Infantry 10244:Missiles 10101:Howitzer 9917:Vehicles 9883:Squadron 9878:Flotilla 9873:Division 9809:Regiment 9785:Division 9685:Fighters 9648:Littoral 9638:Warships 9601:Infantry 9583:Branches 9469:Reserves 9454:Commando 9358:Uniforms 9269:Military 9262:Concepts 9251:Military 9209:Category 9176:Industry 9133:Tectonic 9118:Practice 9108:Personal 9001:Chemical 8941:Aircraft 8906:Iraq War 8878:Gulf War 8787:Cold War 8777:Infantry 8757:Thailand 8657:Bulgaria 8614:Japanese 8573:Infantry 8538:Portugal 8488:Bulgaria 8468:Chemical 8377:Japanese 8372:Medieval 8243:Archived 8231:Archived 8204:51931033 8102:85351643 8020:53241739 7998:Barnsley 7985:17840438 7943:38292289 7904:April 4, 7858:GeoGebra 7783:July 24, 7606:June 22, 7581:Archived 7440:Lulu.com 7231:Archived 7211:Archived 6849:Archived 6847:. 1955. 6813:(1993). 6777:"조선왕조실록" 6755:"조선왕조실록" 6458:(2000). 6005:See also 5924:Crusader 5889:Denel G6 5778:PzH 2000 5605:Fallujah 5504:system. 5492:adjusted 5484:observed 5468:arranged 5457:howitzer 5382:infantry 5348:suppress 5297:Cameroon 5217:Pakistan 5116:Country 4812:gunships 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501:Fighters 468:Warships 423:Infantry 365:Rifleman 329:Reserves 277:Military 162:Howitzer 11587:Commons 11505:Détente 11468:Related 11360:Weapons 11328:Weapons 11294:Writers 11264:Battles 11244:Weapons 10949:Foxhole 10924:Cavalry 10912:Airdrop 10902:Airlift 10884:Tactics 10845:Surface 10735:Nuclear 10720:Lawfare 10665:Cavalry 10650:Barrage 10603:Ancient 10593:By era: 10568:Tactics 10545:Warfare 10226:Bayonet 10209:Grenade 10192:Bazooka 10133:Pistols 10082:Battery 10050:Weapons 10036:Weapons 9924:Ground: 9843:Platoon 9836:By type 9819:By type 9802:By type 9797:Brigade 9695:Command 9690:Bombers 9643:Surface 9611:Cavalry 9506:Medical 9464:Militia 9459:Frogman 9434:Marines 9373:Highest 9324:Officer 9304:Soldier 9279:History 9274:Service 9171:Arsenal 9148:Vehicle 9138:Torpedo 9098:Nuclear 9058:Hunting 9053:Firearm 8747:Romania 8707:Hungary 8697:Germany 8687:Finland 8682:Denmark 8672:Croatia 8647:Belgium 8642:Austria 8543:Romania 8503:Germany 8483:Belgium 8445:Antique 8367:Chinese 8362:African 8345:History 8337:Weapons 8073:3102202 7118:3105857 6880:May 14, 6855:May 14, 6781:History 6759:History 6421:2944058 6315:May 19, 6072:Railgun 6047:Cordite 6037:Coilgun 5815:battery 5718:window. 5472:on-call 5378:mortars 5376:Modern 5317:Hungary 5307:Morocco 5277:Finland 5247:Algeria 5170:10,774+ 5160:11,258+ 5150:17,700+ 5140:17,900+ 5119:Number 5032:Mortars 4991:mortars 4901:rockets 4794:"Bereg" 4741:rockets 4685:Mortars 4575:Bombard 4449:Cyclone 4414:removed 4399:sources 4345:Service 4215:mortars 4197:rifling 3929:arsenal 3748:during 3744:German 3690:Paltzig 3603:(later 3553:windage 3416:troops. 3375:and in 3331:Modern 3326:bastion 3302:mortars 3130:rentaka 3009:Morocco 2830:bombard 2814:Mongols 2705:History 2659:atelier 2585:During 2561:Tactics 2531:company 2524:battery 2455:of the 2437:wheeled 2371:1870–71 2310:coastal 2259:mortars 2232:cannons 2219:during 2153:Writers 2148:Weapons 2113:Battles 2062:Related 2050:Wargame 2045:Uniform 1993:Culture 1774:Perfidy 1769:Justice 1690:Science 1675:Outpost 1628:History 1608:Warrior 1604:Soldier 1592:foreign 1530:counter 1430:Service 1380:Theater 1320:Limited 1300:Endemic 1215:Nuclear 983:Foxhole 958:Cavalry 946:Airdrop 931:Airlift 916:Tactics 888:Nuclear 878:Missile 807:Cavalry 792:Barrage 770:Weapons 730:Surface 511:Command 506:Bombers 463:Frogman 433:Cavalry 390:Medical 352:Militia 334:Regular 314:Marines 228:castles 218:Ancient 206:History 185:outline 108:scholar 11579: 11279:Sieges 11216:Nation 11145:Policy 11100:Mosaic 11095:Fabian 10994:Trench 10964:Morale 10929:Charge 10919:Battle 10897:Aerial 10862:Tunnel 10803:Jungle 10798:Desert 10695:Denial 10573:Combat 10558:Battle 10428:Helmet 10374:Aerial 10305:Shells 10295:Other: 10278:Lists: 10273:Mortar 10113:Rocket 9941:Combat 9929:Ground 9853:Naval: 9653:Patrol 9394:Forces 9314:Airman 9309:Sailor 9299:Roles: 9153:Combat 9123:Ranged 9026:Deadly 8742:Poland 8737:Norway 8722:Mexico 8702:Greece 8692:France 8662:Canada 8652:Brazil 8558:Turkey 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