3245:
1884:
483:
66:
1198:
1870:
1752:
1350:
1342:
855:
1776:
2439:
published data of seven neighboring populations (n = 482). Coalescence-based analyses suggest that the population size in this region rapidly increased after the Last
Glacial Maximum ca. 18 kya. We find that the lowest genetic distance in this dataset is between modern Armenians and the ancient individuals, as also reflected in both network analyses and discriminant analysis of principal components.
156:
1305:(451), in which a united Christian army consisting of Armenians, Georgians, and Caucasian Albanians clashed with the Sassanid army, many of the Armenian nobles retreated to impassable mountains and forests in several provinces, including Artsakh, which became a center for resistance against Sassanid Iran. From the 5th to the 7th centuries Artsakh was ruled by the
834:. Its northern part also comprised the principality of Koght and it is possible that the princes of Koght were the original owners of Artsakh. Under the rule of Caucasian Albania, Artsakh, while often referred to, was not a recognized political entity. By the 9th century it comprised a number of small political units ruled by the
695:(Trtu in Classical Armenian sources), which flow eastward and eventually join the Kura. The medieval Kingdom of Artsakh (1000–1261) encompassed the entire territory of the classical province and also included Gardman-Parisos to the north and the cantons of Sodk and Gegharkunik of Syunik, located on the shores of
338:
Based on the putative attestations of
Artsakh as Urtekhe and Orchistene, historian Babken Harutyunyan hypothesizes that the initial vowel in Artsakh was originally an "o" sound (the vowel sounds "o" and "u" are not distinguished in cuneiform) that later underwent a vowel shift to an "a" sound, which
2442:
A total of 19 archaeological sites are represented, covering large parts of
Armenia as well as Artsakh (Figure 1), and estimated to be between 300–7800 years old based on contextual dating of artifacts. This time span is accompanied by at least seven well-defined cultural transitions: Neolithic,
2438:
To shed light on the maternal genetic history of the region, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes of 52 ancient skeletons from present-day
Armenia and Artsakh spanning 7,800 years and combined this dataset with 206 mitochondrial genomes of modern Armenians. We also included previously
1290:
severely punished the rebelling
Armenian provinces, Artsakh included, and brought them back under the control of the Armenian monarchy. Then, in 372 he attacked the Caucasian Albanians and took back from them the neighboring province of Utik, in the process reestablishing the Kura River as the
1669:
1409:
consolidated their rule over
Artsakh over the years; Artsakh was politically unified for three-and-a-half centuries until Hasan the Great partitioned it between two of his sons in 1182. From c. 1000 to 1266 the rulers of Khachen styled themselves "Kings of Albania" or
940:
also was part of the original proto-Armenian homeland, and that
Armenians are the direct descendants of the peoples living in the region 7800 years ago. The conclusion from the studies is that also before the bronze age the population was at the very least mostly
1185:
Strabo mentions that the land of
Orchistene, frequently identified with Artsakh, "furnishes the most cavalry" of the Armenian provinces. In the Classical Armenian sources, Artsakh is described as a strategic and fortified region. In the words of the historian
885:
of the southernmost
Armenian Plateau. According to this theory, from earliest times the Armenian Plateau was inhabited by many ethnic groups. The ethnic character of Artsakh may thus have been originally more diverse than it is now. It is worth noting that
1298:, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between the Roman and Sasanian empires. Caucasian Albania, as an ally of the Sassanids at the time, gained Armenian territories the right bank of the river Kura up to the Arax, including Artsakh, Gardman and Utik.
1178:, i.e. Artsakh and Utik. Many Armenian historians reject this view, arguing that Artsakh and Utik were ruled and populated by Armenians from the earliest days of the formation of the Armenian people. It is possible that Artsakh had earlier been part of
1190:, judging from the Classical Armenian sources, Artsakh, along with Syunik, Utik, Sasun and other remote regions of Greater Armenia, was regarded as a "wild" or "barbarous" province when compared with the center of the kingdom,
1106:
containing human and animal remains, tools, pottery and other objects have been discovered. In general, archaeological remains in
Artsakh reflect the competing influences from around 800 BC of the neighboring rival states of
1061:
and Asatur Mnatsakanyan interpret Khorenatsi's story about Aran and his descendants as an allegorical reflection of the historical Armenianness of the lands between the Kura and Arax rivers, i.e. Utik and Artsakh.
1241:), his disciples conveyed his body back to Artsakh and buried him in Amaras, which had been built by Gregory the Illuminator and Grigoris himself. Hence St Grigoris became a patron saint of Artsakh. The historian
825:
believed that Artsakh was originally a part of Syunik that was later separated and regarded as its own province. According to some Armenian scholars, Artsakh formed a principality with the adjacent canton of
890:
described Armenia (which then included also Artsakh and Utik) in the 1st century BC as "monolingual", though this does not necessarily mean that its population consisted exclusively of ethnic Armenians.
1232:
Artsakh became a major stronghold for Armenian missionaries to proclaim the Christian Gospel to neighboring countries. In 310 St Grigoris, the grandson of Grigor the Illuminator, was ordained bishop of
2543:
Our tests suggest that Armenians had no significant mixture with other populations in their recent history and have thus been genetically isolated since the end of the Bronze Age, 3000 years ago.
1393:
addressed letters "to prince of Khachen – to Armenia", being the residence of the Armenian prince Sahl Smbatian. In 852–855 Sahl Smbatian and Esayi Abu-Muse fought against the Abbasid commander
1717:
813:
The precise location of many of these cantons is not known for certain, and not all of these names are used by later Armenian authors. Some versions enumerate 13 or 14 cantons.
3573:
1845:
1313:. Furthermore, the Armenian rulers of Artsakh began to play a considerable role in the affairs of Caucasian Albania. In 498 in the settlement named Aghuen (in present-day
1119:. If Artsakh is to be identified with the Adakh/Urtekhini/Atakhuni of Urartian cuneiform inscriptions, then it was the target of military campaigns by two Urartian kings:
634:
1528:. Ulubabyan and Yeremyan identify Tsawdēkʻ with the canton of Sodk southeast of Lake Sevan, near Artsakh, although others place it farther away in southwestern Armenia.
1147:
invaded the region during his wars with the Achaemenids, upsetting its balance of power. In Robert H. Hewsen's view, Artsakh and neighboring Utik became a part of the
945:. Although little is known of the other people (except the Armenians) that lived in Artsakh and Utik prior to the putative 2nd-century BC where the region was part of
290:
refers to an Armenian region which he calls "Orchistene", which is also believed to be a rendering of the name Artsakh. Some early Armenian sources spell the name as
3612:
873:
are the direct physical descendants of the indigenous population of the region. Following the modern consensus among western scholars concerning the origin of the
3155:
1237:
and Caucasian Albania in the monastery of Amaras, being just 15 years old at the time. After his martyrdom by the Mazkutian king on the field of Vatnean (near
3487:
1268:. After enduring 34 years of warfare, the Armenian nobility of Artsakh and most other provinces of Armenia revolted, refusing to support the Armenian king
307:
writes of the name's origin that it "remains unknown, but perhaps it would not be out of place to think that it comes from the name of bushes and trees
3244:
655:) and was mostly mountainous and forested. Its area is estimated to have been 11,528 km. It was bordered by the following Armenian provinces:
627:
1996:
3497:
3492:
2433:
1025:
the Parthian. Khorenatsi writes that Aran's descendants formed the ruling families of the lands of Utik, Gardman, Tsawdēkʻ and Gargar, and that
2901:
2792:. Yerevan, Armenia: Scientific Council of the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. p. 20.
2174:
1729:
Some assume that Tsavdekʻ and the lands of Urdukhe and Atakhani mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions are synonyms of Artsakh, which is unlikely.
1686:
2105:
3009:
1174:) and "Phaunitis" (supposedly a copyist error for Saunities, i.e. Syunik), as well as, presumably, the lands lying in between Syunik and the
727:
719:
383:
and can be interpreted as meaning "place of grapevines, grape garden"․ Another hypothesis derives the first part of the name from the root
3148:
1701:
1674:
The name is mentioned in Urartian inscriptions as 'Ardakh', 'Urdekhe', 'Atakhuni'. The Greek historian Strabo mentions it as 'Orkhistine'
620:
1842:
739:
2604:"Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations | European Journal of Human Genetics"
961:
authors) demonstrate that some of them were not Armenian, nor Indo-European, and that they assimilated into the Armenians over time.
608:
2503:
Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 October 2015).
442:("Caucasian Albania"). The name Artsakh was repopularized among Armenians in the modern era, particularly with the emergence of the
908:
view, until the 6th–5th centuries BC the proto-Armenians lived only in the western half of the Armenian Plateau (in areas between
723:
3141:
2602:
Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre; Gasparini, Paolo; Comas, David; Xue, Yali; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Haber, Marc (2019-12-30).
1013:, who inherited "the plain of Albania and the mountainous region of the same plain" from the Arax River up to the fortress of
2581:
1932:
1812:
1245:
wrote that "... every year the people of that places and cantons gathers there for the festive commemoration of his valor".
221:
1626:
1221:
mentioned the princes of Utik and Sodk (which probably comprised Artsakh) among the sixteen Armenian princes who escorted
2400:
3341:
2662:
2443:
Chalcolithic, Kura-Araxes, Trialeti-Vanadzor 2, Lchashen-Metsamor, Urartian and Armenian Classical/Medieval (Figure 1).
1135:
After the fall of Urartu (6th century BC), most of the region south of the Kura River came under the domination of the
588:
2797:
2285:
2248:
2158:
2060:
1953:
1770:
1561:
303:
Many different proposed etymologies and interpretations of the name Artsakh exist. The 19th-century Armenian scholar
984:), which was mentioned by 7th-century grammarian Stepanos Syunetsi in his earliest record of the Armenian dialects․
248:
kingdoms and principalities to maintain its autonomy following the Turkic invasions of the 11th to 14th centuries.
2118:
Today, most Armenians use the term Artsakh interchangeably with the term Karabakh in Armenian, Russian and English.
2078:"Land for Peace in Nagorny Karabakh? Political Geographies and Public Attitudes Inside a Contested De Facto State"
3335:
3112:
3181:
3092:] (in Armenian). Vol. II. Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of History. p. 156.
1612:
1148:
958:
446:. Artsakh is used by Armenians as a synonym for Karabagh and was used in the official name of the unrecognized
324:
210:
46:
3165:
1458:
932:
somewhat later than the central parts of the Armenian Plateau (as late as the 2nd century BC, as a result of
2489:
1053:. The latter author identifies Aran as the founder of the original ruling dynasty of Caucasian Albania, the
377:(indicating placenames). According to this hypothesis, the name Artsakh developed from the unattested form *
2963:
2202:
1663:
1045:) on account of his good manners. This story is repeated by later medieval Armenian historians, including
343:. On the basis of this assumption, linguist Lusine Margaryan proposes a connection with the Armenian word
3414:
3209:
2487:. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians" in Samuelian, Thomas J. (Ed.),
598:
510:
493:
463:
1502:). He considers it possible that it refers to a mountain (possibly Mount Vardenis) rather than a region.
3617:
3409:
3293:
3193:
3034:. Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia, Antelias, Lebanon: Kevork Melidi Netsi Literary Award. p. 60.
1984:
1214:
925:
730:. The city of Tigranakert, which was first excavated in 2005, is believed to have been founded by King
664:
593:
399:
160:
2425:
846:
in the south. Only in the 13th century did these two states merge into one – the Kingdom of Artsakh.
402:" or "Second Syunik" after the neighboring province. Medieval Armenian authors also referred to it as
3271:
3227:
2192:
1405:), the main stronghold of the Armenians of Artsakh. The descendants of Sahl Smbatian through his son
443:
3032:
The Relations between the Armenian and Georgian Churches: According to the Armenian Sources, 300–610
2887:
2280:. University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies. Chico, CA: Scholars Press. pp. 50–54.
572:
2724:
2387:
Bunak B. Anthropological makeup of the Caucasus / / Vestn. State. Museum of Georgia. T. XIII. 1946.
2240:
2077:
1991:
1713:
742:(Armenian: Գյուտական, known as the "Royal Village") became of great importance as the residence of
362:
182:
28:
2999:
821:
It is not certain how Artsakh was administered as a sub-national political entity within Armenia.
3329:
2747:(Պատմութիւն Տանն Սիսական), transl. A. A. Abrahamian, Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh, 1986, pp. 73, 278.
1423:
1415:
1397:. The latter 28 times unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Ktich Castle (situated near modern-day
1382:
1362:
1354:
1222:
942:
675:
was its only clear boundary with Syunik. To its east and southeast laid the lowlands between the
541:
405:
340:
237:
3004:
2576:
2505:"Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations"
1989:[On the question of the territory of Artsakh, Eastern region of Armenia and Kharabagh].
1166:) expanded his state in all directions at the expense of his neighbors, conquering the lands of
896:
3519:
1280:
to the Armenian throne and defeating the Sassanid invaders with Roman assistance, the Armenian
734:
of Armenia in the 1st century BC, although conceivably it could also have been founded by King
707:
176:
3325:
3277:
2849:
2761:
1419:
1333:, which would arrange relations between the nobility (landlords), clergy and village people.
1050:
746:(467–510 AD), the last King of Caucasian Albania. During early medieval times, the castle of
557:
3477:
3133:
1287:
1264:
The second half of the 4th century saw a series of wars between the Kingdom of Armenia and
1242:
562:
2273:
8:
3347:
3319:
3065:
2044:
1920:
1144:
878:
603:
447:
82:
20:
1381:, revolted against Arab rule and established two independent principalities in Artsakh:
3511:
3309:
3261:
2765:. Translated by Charles Dowsett. London: Oxford University Press, 1961, pp. 3–4, 7, 24.
2628:
2603:
2529:
2504:
2168:
2097:
1837:
1680:
1462:
1411:
1358:
1295:
1179:
863:
731:
648:
536:
472:
282:
241:
229:
130:
2714:
1321:), an Albanian church assembly was held, in the presence of the nobility and princes (
3544:
3299:
3287:
3203:
3061:
2793:
2740:
2720:
2710:
2658:
2633:
2534:
2371:
2281:
2244:
2154:
2056:
1928:
1808:
1800:
1766:
1618:
1608:
1557:
1373:
was dominated by the Arab Caliphates. In the early 9th century two Armenian princes,
1302:
1234:
1140:
1042:
1030:
998:
969:
859:
526:
433:
197:
171:
117:
2886:(1966). "Հայոց պատմություն․ առաջին հատոր" [History of Armenia, Volume One].
2101:
1875:[On the issue of the etymology of the placenames 'Artsakh' and 'Gharabagh']
482:
3539:
3221:
3199:
3189:
2623:
2615:
2571:
2524:
2516:
2484:
2269:
2089:
1948:
1748:
1659:
1446:
1402:
1318:
1314:
1253:
1152:
1087:
1058:
1046:
1034:
981:
973:
946:
905:
567:
320:
65:
3315:
3265:
3185:
3081:
2883:
2652:
2228:
2142:
2093:
1849:
1602:
1454:
1438:
1390:
1265:
1249:
1202:
1187:
968:, from at least the 9th century, the population of Artsakh had a strong Armenian
874:
822:
760:
715:
652:
304:
245:
225:
1418:
in the 1260s. The principality eventually split into smaller parts known as the
280:, which some scholars identify with Artsakh. When speaking about Armenia in his
3465:
3455:
3303:
2866:
2188:
1398:
1394:
1378:
1370:
1277:
1197:
1095:
1010:
950:
692:
672:
24:
3051:. Translation and notes by Ye. Ter-Minasian. Yerevan 1989, sec. 6, p. 252-258.
2873:, English transl. by N. Garsoian, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983. IV.50; V.12.
3606:
3588:
3575:
3470:
3460:
3369:
2958:
2408:
1765:(in Armenian). Yerevan: M. Varandean Publishing House. pp. 9–10, 12–13.
1549:
1450:
1374:
1273:
312:
1622:
3399:
2924:
2637:
2538:
1442:
1427:
1326:
1218:
1210:
1071:
1070:
In 1968, Soviet archaeologists discovered a fragment of a jawbone of a pre-
1002:
954:
901:
743:
680:
676:
668:
2619:
2520:
688:
2426:"Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus"
1175:
1091:
965:
772:
86:
1349:
1248:
In the 5th century, Christian culture flourished in Artsakh. Around 410
1090:. Other sites of archaeological interest are located in the vicinity of
3549:
3524:
3419:
3404:
1499:
1431:
1310:
1156:
1120:
1099:
1079:
1054:
933:
909:
835:
831:
735:
696:
684:
316:
99:
3116:
1700:
Hakobyan, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1986).
1341:
3384:
3217:
1406:
1306:
1269:
1075:
1022:
1014:
917:
870:
738:(123–55 BC). Later, in the Caucasian Albanian period, the village of
1604:
The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geo-Politics of Nagorno-Karabagh
398:
In the Middle Ages, Artsakh was occasionally referred to as "Little
3529:
3394:
3379:
3281:
3213:
3044:
1282:
1167:
937:
921:
882:
777:
531:
202:
854:
3559:
3534:
3482:
3439:
3389:
3374:
3233:
1699:
1601:
Chorbajian, Levon; Mutafian, Claude; Donabédian, Patrick (1994).
1238:
1226:
1191:
1116:
1112:
1103:
869:
Anthropological studies show that the current Artsakh (Karabakh)
839:
747:
703:
660:
327:. Another scholar proposed that Artsakh consists of the elements
2788:
Balayan, Vahram (2005). Zovig Balian, Gayane Hairapetyan (ed.).
2601:
3429:
2852:. Translated by C. J. F. Dowsett, London 1961. 1.17, 2.11 2.14.
1832:
1525:
1495:
1124:
1108:
913:
887:
287:
257:
1951:(1972). "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study".
949:, Hewsen argues that some names of those tribes (mentioned by
702:
Important places in Artsakh (mostly fortified towns) included
3554:
2153:] (in Armenian). Vol. 9. Yerevan. pp. 246–250.
1986:Արցախի, Հայոց Արևելից կողմերի և Ղարաբաղի տարածքի հարցի շուրջը
1414:", but they stopped using the royal title after the death of
1386:
1171:
1136:
1083:
843:
361:
in the plural accusative case), meaning 'grapevine', and the
3163:
2311:
2309:
1872:«Արցախ» և «Ղարաբաղ» տեղանունների ստուգաբանության հարցի շուրջ
1600:
936:
conquests). While genetical studies claimed and proved that
3434:
3424:
3067:
A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries
2553:
2551:
1963:
James H . Tashijian... derives the Armenian name from ard (
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1435:
1276:. According to Pavstos Buzand, after bringing Arshak's son
1182:
in the 4th–2nd centuries BC rather than under Median rule.
1006:
929:
827:
711:
687:
province of Armenia. Artsakh's two largest rivers were the
656:
411:
233:
2818:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2055:] (in Russian). Moscow: Akademkniga. pp. 22, 50.
2053:
Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia
1710:
Dictionary of Toponymy of Armenia and Adjacent Territories
437:
427:
421:
415:
403:
390:
384:
378:
356:
344:
2306:
1638:
Artsakh sometimes called Little Siunik or Second Siunik,
750:
served for a considerable time as the center of Artsakh.
2548:
2049:Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье
2022:
2010:
1901:
1570:
155:
2806:
2683:
2671:
2502:
2453:
2451:
1524:
Ulubabyan believes "Gargar" to be an error in place of
1229:, where he would be enthroned the Patriach of Armenia.
23:. For the instrumental folk song by Ara Gevorgyan, see
1494:
and places it to the southwest of Arquqiu (modern-day
900:, the proto-Armenians had settled as far north as the
372:
366:
350:
187:
163:(left) and Artsakh (right) until the early 9th century
2830:
2709:
2490:
Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity
2276:. In Samuelian, Thomas J.; Stone, Michael E. (eds.).
2123:
1971:, i.e. ałt), a classical Armenian word for «black»...
1556:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 102.
758:
According to the anonymous 7th-century Armenian work
311:, in accordance with the land's forested character".
2979:
2448:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2294:
2239:] (in Armenian). Translated by Tʻosunyan, G. B.
2209:
1426:. Subsequently, Artsakh existed as a vassal of the
1155:came to power in Armenia. Strabo reports that King
1017:(located on the Kura), and was appointed governor (
1005:, a descendant of the legendary Armenian patriarch
924:) and came to Artsakh and adjacent regions such as
647:Artsakh was located on the easternmost edge of the
2076:Toal, Gerard; O'Loughlin, John (5 November 2013).
2075:
1706:Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան
2755:
2753:
2572:"ARMENIA and IRAN i. Armina, Achaemenid province"
1759:History of Artsakh from the beginning to our days
1515:for an outline of other attempts at an etymology.
3604:
3115:. Historyarmenia.org. 2011-02-22. Archived from
2871:The Epic Histories Attributed to P'awstos Buzand
2778:. Georgetown University Press 1963, pp. 257–258.
1799:
1291:boundary between Armenia and Caucasian Albania.
450:(also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic).
3613:Provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
2900:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan. p. 146.
2657:(2nd ed.). Richmond: Curzon. p. 182.
2383:
2381:
2043:
1037:) was named so after Aran, since he was called
232:. From the 7th to 9th centuries, it fell under
2750:
1805:Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts
1668:(in Armenian). Vol. 2. Yerevan. pp.
1256:. Later, more schools were opened in Artsakh.
295:
3149:
1662:(1976). "Artsʻakh". In Simonyan, Abel (ed.).
879:Indo-European natives of the Armenian Plateau
628:
2401:"A genetic atlas of human admixture history"
2378:
1259:
764:("Geography") Artsakh comprised 12 cantons (
240:and around the year 1000 was proclaimed the
2580:. Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 417–418.
2203:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing
1982:
335:(a Classical Armenian word for "black").
3156:
3142:
3008:. Vol. I, Fasc. 4. pp. 806–810.
2760:The History of the Caucasian Albanians by
2264:
2262:
2260:
2173:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1793:
1754:Արցախի պատմությունը սկզբից մինչև մեր օրերը
1685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
635:
621:
64:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2824:
2812:
2768:
2694:
2627:
2528:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2241:Yerevan State University Publishing House
2028:
2016:
1907:
1868:
1747:
1658:
1512:
1074:human dating back possibly to the Middle
3060:
2997:
2731:
2187:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1348:
1340:
1196:
877:, they represent a fusion of the mostly
853:
671:formed its southern boundary, while the
319:of Armenia (190–159 BC), founder of the
236:control. In 821, it formed the Armenian
154:
3332:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822)
3113:"ԱԲԲԱՍՅԱՆՆԵՐ | History of Armenia"
2836:
2787:
2723:Cambridge, Massachusetts & London:
2644:
2569:
2339:
2327:
2257:
2227:
315:connects Artsakh with the name of King
220:until 387 AD, when it was made part of
16:Province in Armenia from 189BC to 387AD
3605:
3029:
2985:
2855:
2848:The History of Caucasian Albanians by
2776:Studies in Christian Caucasian History
2677:
2650:
2557:
2463:
2457:
2420:
2418:
2351:
2315:
2300:
2268:
2215:
2199:Armenia according to "Ashkharhatsoyts"
2129:
1947:
1807:. Weisbaden: L. Reichert. p. 96.
1607:. London: Zed Books. pp. 52, 59.
1585:
1548:
1294:In 387, according to the terms of the
70:Location of Artsakh (green) in Armenia
3137:
2998:Chaumont, M. L. (December 15, 1985).
2705:
2703:
2395:
2393:
2362:
2360:
2039:
2037:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1821:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1345:Political map of the Caucasus c. 900.
260:kings mention a land or lands called
196:
2108:from the original on 30 October 2022
2069:
1919:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1596:
1594:
1389:. At the time the Byzantine emperor
1252:opened the first Armenian school at
1041:(meaning "soft, tender, amiable" in
992:
3080:
2882:
2496:
2415:
2141:
1361:) during the reign of Grand Prince
13:
2700:
2608:European Journal of Human Genetics
2595:
2509:European Journal of Human Genetics
2390:
2357:
2045:Shnirel'man, Viktor Aleksandrovich
2034:
1927:. London: Unwin Hyman. p. x.
1855:
1712:] (in Armenian). Vol. 1.
1693:
1643:
1336:
838:, including the principalities of
14:
3629:
3049:About Vartan and the Armenian War
3030:Babian, Archbishop Gorun (2001).
2654:The kingdom of Armenia: a history
2570:Schmitt, R. (December 15, 1986).
2436:from the original on 2020-02-04.
1734:
1591:
1209:In 301, Armenia was converted to
803:Sisakan Vostan or Sisakan-i-Kotak
768:, variations on spelling exist):
3243:
3200:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)
1925:The Armenians: A People in Exile
1130:
1065:
683:, which at one point formed the
481:
395:, meaning 'rocky, mountainous'.
224:, a subject principality of the
3336:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3316:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
3105:
3096:
3074:
3054:
3038:
3023:
3012:from the original on 2022-01-09
2991:
2970:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2918:
2907:from the original on 2022-05-23
2876:
2842:
2781:
2584:from the original on 2022-07-11
2563:
2221:
2181:
2135:
2082:Territory, Politics, Governance
1999:from the original on 2023-09-23
1976:
1941:
1913:
1890:from the original on 2022-07-12
1720:from the original on 2022-07-12
1629:from the original on 2023-09-23
1518:
1505:
1161:
256:Cuneiform inscriptions left by
3182:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
2889:Երկերի ժողովածու․ առաջին հատոր
2201:] (in Armenian). Yerevan:
1967:, i.e. art) «field» and aghd (
1542:
1480:
1369:In the 7th–9th centuries, the
1057:. Armenian historians such as
558:Khamsa / Melikdoms of Karabakh
410:or, together with neighboring
1:
3070:. Cambridge: Heffer and Sons.
2976:Movses Kaghankatsvatsi, 1.18.
2194:Հայաստանը ըստ «Աշխարհացոյց»-ի
1535:
1498:on the southeastern coast of
1486:Igor Diakonoff instead reads
1459:Russo-Persian War (1804-1813)
1457:following the outcome of the
1164: 189 – 159 BC
997:The early Armenian historian
881:(including Artsakh), and the
849:
214:
105:
53:
19:For the former republic, see
2964:National Geographic Magazine
2961:. "The Rebirth of Armenia,"
2745:History of the House Sisakan
2094:10.1080/21622671.2013.842184
1954:Revue des Études Arméniennes
1665:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
1420:Khamsa Melikdoms of Karabakh
1151:only after 189 BC, when the
667:to the southwest. The river
453:
438:
428:
422:
416:
404:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
357:
345:
7:
3210:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3102:Movses Kaghankatvatsi, 1.26
2894:Collected Works, Volume One
2368:Этническая одонтология СССР
1983:Harutyunyan, B. H. (1994).
1554:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
1422:, ruled by branches of the
972:. Its people spoke a local
599:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
351:
244:, one of the last medieval
188:
10:
3634:
3294:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
1869:Margaryan, Lusine (2020).
1473:
1325:) of Artsakh and the king
1215:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
987:
904:by the 7th century BC. In
858:Fragment of a fresco with
753:
594:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
331:("field" in Armenian) and
286:, the classical historian
18:
3508:
3448:
3357:
3350:(1991–2023, unrecognized)
3328:(Beglarians, Israelians,
3272:Principality of Hamamshen
3252:
3241:
3172:
2929:The Conversion of Armenia
2493:, Chico: 1982, pp. 27–40.
2278:Medieval Armenian Culture
1803:; Kashkai, S. M. (1981).
1260:Loss to Caucasian Albania
1217:. The Armenian historian
1170:(previously ruled by the
816:
651:(the eastern part of the
444:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
426:("the eastern regions"),
355:in modern pronunciation,
296:
175:
149:
145:
141:
127:
114:
96:
92:
78:
74:
63:
52:
44:
36:
2725:Harvard University Press
2716:History of the Armenians
2193:
2146:
1992:Patma-Banasirakan Handes
1985:
1871:
1753:
1714:Yerevan State University
1705:
1468:
1453:, until it was ceded to
679:and Arax rivers and the
29:Artsakh (disambiguation)
2274:"The Kingdom of Arc'ax"
1424:House of Hasan-Jalalyan
1355:Principality of Khachen
1223:Gregory the Illuminator
1205:, 4th–2nd centuries BC
1029:(the Armenian name for
542:Principality of Khachen
341:Indo-European languages
251:
238:principality of Khachen
3509:Other provinces under
3449:Other Armenian regions
3296:(Kiurikians, 979–1118)
3164:Historical states and
2949:Pavstos Buzand, III.6.
2940:Pavstos Buzand, III.5.
2370:(in Russian). Moscow:
1490:as a declined form of
1366:
1353:Royal Standard of the
1346:
1331:Constitution of Aghven
1206:
866:
744:Vachagan III the Pious
663:to the northeast, and
420:("East" in Armenian),
164:
27:. For other uses, see
3326:Melikdoms of Karabakh
3278:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
2620:10.1038/ejhg.2015.206
2521:10.1038/ejhg.2015.206
1352:
1344:
1200:
1051:Movses Kaghankatvatsi
857:
830:. Conceivably it was
158:
3478:Armenian Mesopotamia
3338:(1921, unrecognized)
3312:(Khachen, 1000–1261)
3173:Independent Armenian
3005:Encyclopædia Iranica
2577:Encyclopædia Iranica
2374:. 1979. p. 135.
1921:Lang, David Marshall
1286:(supreme commander)
1141:Achaemenian Persians
1082:near the village of
980:(today known as the
897:Encyclopædia Iranica
673:Hakari/Aghavno River
563:Province of Karabakh
436:regions") or simply
429:Aghuanitsʻ koghmankʻ
423:Arewelitsʻ koghmankʻ
98:• Conquered by
3585: /
3234:Republic of Armenia
3228:Republic of Armenia
2727:. pp. 139–140.
2651:Chahin, M. (2001).
2318:, pp. 100–103.
1881:Banber Matenadarani
1588:, pp. 118–121.
1145:Alexander the Great
1001:tells of a certain
448:Republic of Artsakh
21:Republic of Artsakh
3512:Tigranes the Great
3310:Kingdom of Artsakh
3262:Satrapy of Armenia
3253:Minor or dependent
3166:regions of Armenia
3090:History of Armenia
3062:Minorsky, Vladimir
2762:Movsēs Dasxuranc'i
2721:Thomson, Robert W.
2560:, pp. 10, 58.
2189:Yeremyan, Suren T.
1848:2022-07-14 at the
1801:Diakonoff, Igor M.
1463:Treaty of Gulistan
1461:and the following
1367:
1359:Kingdom of Artsakh
1347:
1327:Vachagan the Pious
1296:Peace of Acilisene
1288:Mushegh Mamikonian
1207:
1149:Kingdom of Armenia
1143:until 331 BC when
1139:, followed by the
978:Artsakhian dialect
867:
864:Dadivank Monastery
862:inscribed text in
842:in the center and
732:Tigranes the Great
537:Kingdom of Artsakh
527:Satrapy of Albania
434:Caucasian Albanian
242:Kingdom of Artsakh
230:Peace of Acilisene
211:Kingdom of Armenia
198:[ɑɾˈtsʰɑχ]
165:
131:Kingdom of Artsakh
47:Kingdom of Armenia
3618:Caucasian Albania
3589:40.067°N 46.933°E
3568:
3567:
3300:Kingdom of Syunik
3288:Kingdom of Vanand
3086:Հայոց պատմություն
2850:Movses Dasxuranci
2827:, pp. 12–13.
2774:Cyril Toumanoff.
2741:Stepanos Orbelian
2711:Moses Khorenats'i
2680:, pp. 85–86.
2432:. June 29, 2017.
2270:Hewsen, Robert H.
1949:Hewsen, Robert H.
1934:978-0-04-956010-9
1814:978-3-88226-119-6
1749:Ulubabyan, Bagrat
1550:Hewsen, Robert H.
1416:Hasan Jalal Dawla
1363:Hasan Jalal Dawla
1303:Battle of Avarayr
1031:Caucasian Albania
999:Movses Khorenatsi
993:Traditional views
970:national identity
894:According to the
645:
644:
604:Independent state
589:Autonomous oblast
222:Caucasian Albania
186:
153:
152:
118:Caucasian Albania
3625:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3363:of Armenia Major
3247:
3196:, 553 BC–428 AD)
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2719:. Translated by
2707:
2698:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2532:
2500:
2494:
2485:Hewsen, Robert H
2482:
2461:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2407:. Archived from
2397:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2243:. pp. 5–6.
2229:Alishan, Ghevond
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2147:Երկերի ժողովածու
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1878:
1866:
1853:
1830:
1819:
1818:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1775:. Archived from
1764:
1745:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1484:
1412:Kings of Artsakh
1403:Nagorno-Karabakh
1319:Nagorno-Karabakh
1309:noble family of
1165:
1163:
1153:Artaxiad dynasty
1102:, where ancient
1088:Nagorno-Karabakh
1059:Bagrat Ulubabyan
1047:Stephen Orbelian
982:Karabakh dialect
974:Eastern Armenian
947:Artaxiad Armenia
649:Armenian Plateau
637:
630:
623:
573:Russian Karabakh
568:Karabakh Khanate
550:Early Modern Age
485:
458:
457:
441:
431:
425:
419:
409:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
360:
354:
348:
321:Artaxiad dynasty
299:
298:
246:eastern Armenian
228:, following the
219:
216:
201:) was the tenth
200:
195:
191:
181:
179:
116:• Ceded to
110:
107:
68:
58:
55:
34:
33:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3510:
3504:
3444:
3362:
3353:
3330:Hasan-Jalalians
3255:Armenian states
3254:
3248:
3239:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3079:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2790:Artsakh History
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2758:
2751:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2501:
2497:
2483:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2430:Current Biology
2424:
2423:
2416:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:Collected works
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2109:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:(29): 349–350.
1876:
1873:
1867:
1856:
1850:Wayback Machine
1831:
1822:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1735:
1723:
1721:
1716:. p. 506.
1707:
1698:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1644:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1571:
1564:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1455:Imperial Russia
1391:Constantine VII
1339:
1337:Medieval Period
1329:, to adopt the
1272:anymore out of
1266:Sassanid Persia
1262:
1250:Mesrop Mashtots
1203:Orontid Armenia
1180:Orontid Armenia
1160:
1133:
1068:
995:
990:
906:Robert Hewsen's
875:Armenian people
852:
823:Ghevont Alishan
819:
756:
653:Lesser Caucasus
641:
498:
474:
467:
456:
325:Greater Armenia
305:Ghevont Alishan
254:
226:Sasanian Empire
217:
193:
134:
120:
108:
102:
69:
56:
40:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3594:40.067; 46.933
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3456:Lesser Armenia
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3342:Soviet Armenia
3339:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3275:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:(1991–present)
3231:
3225:
3207:
3197:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3104:
3095:
3073:
3053:
3037:
3022:
2990:
2978:
2969:
2959:Viviano, Frank
2951:
2942:
2933:
2917:
2875:
2867:Pavstos Buzand
2854:
2841:
2829:
2825:Ulubabyan 1994
2817:
2813:Ulubabyan 1994
2805:
2798:
2780:
2767:
2749:
2730:
2699:
2695:Ulubabyan 1994
2682:
2670:
2664:978-0700714520
2663:
2643:
2614:(6): 931–936.
2594:
2562:
2547:
2515:(6): 931–936.
2495:
2462:
2447:
2414:
2411:on 2019-09-02.
2405:World ancestry
2389:
2377:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2305:
2293:
2286:
2256:
2249:
2220:
2208:
2180:
2159:
2134:
2132:, p. 308.
2122:
2088:(2): 158–182.
2068:
2061:
2033:
2031:, p. 353.
2029:Margaryan 2020
2021:
2019:, p. 352.
2017:Margaryan 2020
2009:
1975:
1957:. New Series.
1940:
1933:
1912:
1910:, p. 354.
1908:Margaryan 2020
1900:
1854:
1820:
1813:
1792:
1771:
1733:
1692:
1642:
1613:
1590:
1569:
1562:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1513:Margaryan 2020
1504:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1379:Esayi Abu-Muse
1371:South Caucasus
1338:
1335:
1301:Following the
1261:
1258:
1243:Pavstos Buzand
1132:
1129:
1086:in modern-day
1067:
1064:
994:
991:
989:
986:
966:medieval times
851:
848:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
775:
761:Ashkharatsoyts
755:
752:
643:
642:
640:
639:
632:
625:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
583:
582:
578:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
521:
520:
516:
515:
514:
513:
505:
504:
500:
499:
497:
496:
490:
487:
486:
478:
477:
469:
468:
461:
455:
452:
363:Hurro-Urartian
339:is typical of
253:
250:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
128:
125:
124:
121:
115:
112:
111:
103:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
80:
79:Historical era
76:
75:
72:
71:
61:
60:
50:
49:
42:
41:
38:
25:Artsakh (song)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Upper Armenia
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:Provinces or
3356:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:, 522–331 BC)
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3119:on 2014-02-22
3118:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2988:, p. 73.
2987:
2982:
2973:
2967:. March 2004.
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2839:, p. 32.
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2815:, p. 18.
2814:
2809:
2801:
2799:99930-2-078-8
2795:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2738:(in Armenian)
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2697:, p. 16.
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2460:, p. 58.
2459:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2354:, p. 48.
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2303:, p. 62.
2302:
2297:
2289:
2287:0-89130-642-0
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2250:5-8084-0221-2
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2218:, p. 63.
2217:
2212:
2205:. p. 41.
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2160:5-550-00407-0
2156:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2062:5-94628-118-6
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1782:on 2022-08-06
1778:
1774:
1772:5-8079-0960-7
1768:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:Ulubabyan, B.
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1563:0-226-33228-4
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Sahl Smbatian
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:war-weariness
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:Classical Era
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:burial mounds
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:culture in a
1077:
1073:
1066:Early history
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
985:
983:
979:
976:dialect, the
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
861:
856:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
814:
808:
806:Kust-i-Parnes
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
767:
763:
762:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:to the east,
658:
654:
650:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
618:
616:
615:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
584:
580:
579:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
518:
517:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
502:
501:
495:
492:
491:
489:
488:
484:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
465:
460:
459:
451:
449:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
418:
413:
408:
407:
401:
396:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
364:
359:
353:
347:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:David M. Lang
310:
306:
301:
293:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218: 189 BC
212:
208:
204:
199:
190:
184:
178:
173:
169:
162:
159:The lands of
157:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
126:
122:
119:
113:
109: 189 BC
104:
101:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
67:
62:
57: 189 BC
51:
48:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3570:
3400:Nor Shirakan
3359:
3322:, 1201–1335)
3224:, 1080–1375)
3121:. Retrieved
3117:the original
3107:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3014:. Retrieved
3003:
2993:
2981:
2972:
2962:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2928:
2925:Agathangelos
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2893:
2888:
2878:
2870:
2844:
2837:Balayan 2005
2832:
2820:
2808:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2759:
2744:
2733:
2715:
2673:
2653:
2646:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2575:
2565:
2542:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2437:
2429:
2409:the original
2404:
2367:
2347:
2342:, p. 8.
2340:Alishan 1993
2335:
2330:, p. 9.
2328:Alishan 1993
2323:
2296:
2277:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2211:
2198:
2183:
2150:
2137:
2125:
2117:
2110:. Retrieved
2085:
2081:
2071:
2052:
2048:
2024:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1995:(1–2): 265.
1990:
1978:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1924:
1915:
1903:
1892:. Retrieved
1880:
1836:
1804:
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1758:
1728:
1722:. Retrieved
1709:
1695:
1673:
1664:
1637:
1631:. Retrieved
1603:
1553:
1544:
1520:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1428:Kara Koyunlu
1368:
1330:
1322:
1311:Arranshahiks
1300:
1293:
1281:
1263:
1247:
1231:
1219:Agathangelos
1211:Christianity
1208:
1184:
1159:of Armenia (
1134:
1080:cave complex
1072:Homo sapiens
1069:
1038:
1026:
1018:
996:
977:
963:
934:Artaxias I's
895:
893:
868:
820:
812:
765:
759:
757:
718:, Vaykunik,
701:
681:Mughan plain
646:
406:Khachʻen(kʻ)
397:
337:
332:
328:
308:
302:
291:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
206:
167:
166:
45:Province of
3592: /
3488:Mountainous
3344:(1920–1991)
3306:, 987–1170)
3284:, 908–1021)
3230:(1918–1920)
3206:, 884–1045)
2986:Hewsen 2001
2678:Hewsen 2001
2558:Hewsen 2001
2458:Hewsen 2001
2352:Hewsen 1984
2316:Hewsen 2001
2301:Hewsen 2001
2216:Hewsen 2001
2130:Hewsen 1972
2112:27 November
1586:Hewsen 2001
1365:(1214–1261)
1176:Caspian Sea
1092:Stepanakert
1055:Aranshahiks
836:Aranshahiks
773:Myus Haband
708:Tigranakert
609:Dissolution
519:Middle Ages
323:that ruled
87:Middle Ages
3607:Categories
3550:Cappadocia
3525:Atropatene
3420:Paytakaran
3405:Vaspurakan
3290:(963–1064)
3274:(790–1486)
3204:Bagratunis
3123:2012-05-06
3016:2022-07-10
2931:, 795–796.
2911:2022-07-14
2588:2022-07-10
2003:2022-07-14
1894:2022-07-12
1786:2022-07-12
1724:2022-07-12
1702:"Artsʻakh"
1633:2022-07-27
1614:1856492877
1536:References
1500:Lake Sevan
1432:Ak Koyunlu
1317:region of
1213:under the
1157:Artaxias I
1121:Sarduri II
1100:Astghashen
1021:) by King
1019:koghmnakal
910:Cappadocia
902:Kura River
850:Population
832:royal land
788:Mets Kvenk
785:Mets Arank
736:Tigranes I
728:Berdaglukh
720:Asteghblur
697:Lake Sevan
685:Paytakaran
581:Modern Age
473:History of
317:Artaxias I
194:pronounced
100:Artaxias I
3385:Turuberan
3320:Zakarians
3282:Artsrunis
3222:Lusignans
3218:Hethumids
3190:Artaxiads
3000:"ALBANIA"
2169:cite book
2145:(1989).
1838:Geography
1681:cite book
1488:Urtekhini
1447:Afsharids
1407:Atrnerseh
1315:Mardakert
1270:Arshak II
1076:Acheulean
1023:Vagharsak
1015:Hnarakert
918:Euphrates
871:Armenians
791:Harchlank
782:Berdadzor
503:Antiquity
454:Geography
283:Geography
274:Urtekhini
209:) of the
183:romanized
83:Antiquity
3530:Adiabene
3395:Corduene
3380:Arzanene
3360:Ashkhars
3266:Orontids
3214:Rubenids
3194:Arsacids
3186:Orontids
3084:(1947).
3064:(1958).
3045:Jeghishe
3010:Archived
2902:Archived
2713:(1978).
2638:26486470
2582:Archived
2539:26486470
2434:Archived
2272:(1984).
2237:Artsʻakh
2231:(1993).
2191:(1963).
2106:Archived
2102:54576963
2047:(2003).
1997:Archived
1923:(1988).
1885:Archived
1846:Archived
1751:(1994).
1718:Archived
1627:Archived
1623:31970952
1552:(2001).
1439:Safavids
1323:azgapetk
1307:Armenian
1283:sparapet
1227:Caesarea
1168:Caspiane
1043:Armenian
1027:Aghuankʻ
1009:through
959:Armenian
943:Armenian
922:Lake Van
883:Hurrians
860:Armenian
800:Parzkank
778:Vaykunik
740:Gyutakan
691:and the
532:Arminiya
494:Timeline
464:a series
462:Part of
439:Aghuankʻ
417:Arewelkʻ
380:Ortʻsakh
278:Atakhuni
258:Urartian
203:province
189:Artsʻakh
172:Armenian
133:founded
3580:46°56′E
3577:40°04′N
3560:Osroene
3545:Albania
3535:Assyria
3483:Cilicia
3440:Ayrarat
3415:Artsakh
3390:Moxoene
3375:Sophene
3348:Artsakh
2629:4820045
2530:4820045
1961:: 288.
1436:Iranian
1383:Khachen
1239:Derbent
1201:Map of
1192:Ayrarat
1113:Assyria
1096:Khojaly
988:History
938:Artsakh
840:Khachen
794:Mukhank
754:Cantons
748:Khachen
704:Parisos
661:Gardman
511:Artsakh
475:Artsakh
365:suffix
292:Ardzakh
270:Urdekhe
185::
168:Artsakh
137:1000 AD
129:•
59:–387 AD
37:Artsakh
3540:Iberia
3466:Second
3430:Gugark
3410:Syunik
3304:Siunis
3175:states
2896:]
2796:
2661:
2636:
2626:
2537:
2527:
2284:
2247:
2157:
2100:
2059:
1931:
1833:Strabo
1811:
1769:
1761:]
1672:–151.
1621:
1611:
1560:
1526:Gugark
1496:Tsovak
1451:Qajars
1449:, and
1254:Amaras
1235:Iberia
1125:Rusa I
1117:Mannai
1115:, and
1109:Urartu
1098:, and
926:Syunik
920:, and
916:, the
914:Tigris
912:, the
888:Strabo
817:Status
766:gavars
693:Tartar
689:Gargar
665:Syunik
466:on the
432:("the
400:Syunik
288:Strabo
276:, and
262:Ardakh
207:nahang
161:Syunik
123:387 AD
3555:Judea
3520:Syria
3498:Rocky
3493:Plain
3471:Third
3461:First
3088:[
2905:(PDF)
2898:(PDF)
2892:[
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