39:
518:
534:
315:
and district Police force of 1,786 men. On 1 August 1919, the Levy and
Gendarmerie Orders were published in which the control of the Levies, and the duties of the Inspecting Officer of the Levies, who were limited to inspection and administration, were defined. This put the Levies under the control of three different people: the Inspecting Officer, the Political Officer of the Area, and the Local Administrative Commandant. The budget was dealt with by the Inspecting Officer, except in the Northern Iraqi Provinces of
684:
Levies received full pay up to and including 2 May. Those who were to be discharged on that day received pay and a ration allowance for 28 days terminal leave; plus a civilian clothing allowance and a free railway pass to their homes. Those Levies receiving vocational training had their current rates of pay and allowances continue until the end of their training.
683:
The
British offered financial compensation, vocational training, and resettlement in civilian life to members of the RAF Levies. Those members with 15 or more years of service were pensioned off. Those with less than 15 years were given a gratuity of one month pay for each year of service. Also, the
503:
Following abortive negotiations through
Assyrian officers, British troops were brought in from Egypt to take over the guard and garrison duties of the Levies. Assyrian civilian and religious leaders issued a statement urging all ranks of the Levies to continue in "loyal and obedient service" until a
222:
was recruited first from the Arabs who had joined the Iraqi Levies and later from the general Arab population (Beth-Kamala). Eventually the Levies enlisted mainly
Assyrian soldiers with British officers. The unit initially defended the northern frontiers of the Province of Mosul when Turkey claimed
314:
In 1919 the force changed names twice, first to the
Militia and then in July to the Iraq Levies when Iraq became a British Mandate. On 12 August 1919, the force became known as the "Arab and Kurdish Levies." Also in 1919 the Iraq Levies were split into a strike force of 3,075 men, based in Baquba,
499:
On 1 June 1932 the Levies presented a signed memorial to their commanding officer stating that "all the men had decided to cease serving as from 1st July." The reason was
Britain had "failed adequately to ensure the future of the Assyrian nation after the termination of their mandate over Iraq."
487:
In 1920 During Iraqi revolt the Arabs alongside kurdish and turkmen tribes attacked assyrian refugee camps where assyrian forces managed to defeat the rebels where
Assyrians were excellent fighters having great experience in battle because they successfully fought against ottomans and Kurds and
431:, and those serving could not re-engage. A 1922 treaty between Great Britain and Iraq allowed for the continued existence of the Levies as "local forces of the Imperial garrison" and specified that its members were "members of the British Forces who are inhabitants of Iraq".
600:
By 1942, the Iraq Levies consisted of a
Headquarters, a Depot, Specialist Assyrian companies, 40 service companies and the 1st Parachute Company, which consisted of 75% Assyrian and 25% Kurd. The new Iraq Levies Disciplinary Code was based largely on the Indian Army Act.
643:
took over command of the Levies and Army personnel were gradually replaced by RAF personnel. During
October 1946 the Levies battalions were redesignated as wings and squadrons to conform to the RAF Regiment procedure. In December the Kurdish Squadrons in Cyprus and the
239:
where
Assyrians helped fight off Nazis in the Balkans helping Greeks and partisans free the Balkans and Assyrians force also helped liberate Italy against the fascists and Nazis. The force thereafter grew and survived until it was disbanded when control of
38:
234:
where Assyrians defeated a large force of 15.000 Iraqi nazis with British air bombings in multiple battles where Assyrians also defeated other Nazi Arabs in syria and Lebanon campaign and were also used in other theatres of the
483:
As the Assyrian force became more disciplined they rendered excellent service; during the Arab rebellion of the 1920s they displayed, under conditions of the greatest trial, steadfast loyalty to their British officers.
1553:
580:, then a British mandate, combined with the Habbaniya units to force the rebel forces to retreat to Baghdad. The Levies then recruited an additional 11,000 men, mostly Assyrians, but also some Kurds and
508:
could be responded to. The effect of this intervention was to calm concern amongst the majority of Levies, who resumed their former duties. Two hundred and fifty men were however discharged from service.
396:
during World War I. Now that an Iraqi Army was to be formed, the Arabs and other Muslim peoples were required to join it rather than to go to the Levies. It was decided to enlist ethnic
468:
By 1928 the Levies had become entirely Assyrian. The Marsh Arab battalion became the 7th Battalion of the Iraqi Army. The force then expanded rapidly and became known as "Shabanas", a
365:(province) and in Kurdistan, previously held by the Imperial Garrison, and generally to fill the gap until such time as the Iraq National Army is trained to undertake these duties."
660:
The RAF Levies continued its escort and guard duties into 1954; when it consisted of 1,200 Assyrians, 400 Kurds, and 400 Arabs. The RAF Levies were disbanded on 2 May 1955, and
261:
342:), a Hospital (also in Habbaniya), and numerous numbered field companies. Some of the field companies were later organized into battalions for mobile operations.
427:
in a generally Arab/Kurdish Muslim population. In July 1922 Orders were issued in which no more Arabs were to be enlisted as they were required to join the new
860:
780:
496:
In 1931 Levies and Iraqi army units were patrolling Barzan district. Government troops implied government control, which Shaykh Ahmad still wanted to avoid.
1133:
556:
encamped on the overlooking plateau. The siege was lifted by the units based at Habbaniya, including pilots from the training school, a battalion of the
1558:
1030:
867:
672:
were handed back to the Iraqi Government, although the RAF remained at Habbaniya until May 1959. Of 515 Assyrians, 195 volunteered for service in the
992:
809:
773:
985:
978:
680:
were relieved by guards from the Iraqi Army. A minor and passing event but it did signify the end of an era as now the Levies had ceased to exist.
588:"They had dug trenches and were determined on destroying the Assyrians and taking their properties and possessions. Assyrians painfully remembered
964:
931:
894:
880:
854:
847:
821:
787:
766:
175:
1533:
924:
815:
999:
The King has been graciously pleased to approve that the following be Mentioned in recognition of distinguished services in the Middle East:-
971:
874:
957:
937:
915:
887:
827:
596:
and the surrounding villages and pledged 'Never Again!' They remembered the raping and pillaging of defenseless Assyrian villagers."
517:
434:
By 1923 the ethnic composition of the Iraq Levies was 50% Assyrian, with a large minority of Kurds, plus an attached battalion of
1174:
1395:
1370:
1340:
1319:
1275:
1216:
1157:
1548:
604:
By 1943 the Iraq Levies strength stood at 166 British officers controlling 44 companies; 22 Assyrian, five Mixed Assyrian/
1528:
1018:
795:
758:
138:
277:
1463:
1538:
1523:
1298:
17:
223:
the province and massed its army across the frontiers. After 1928 the prime role of the Levies was to guard the
639:
In 1945, after the Second World War, the Levies were reduced to 60 British officers and 1,900 other ranks. The
561:
324:
1543:
1046:
557:
393:
549:
751:
412:
256:
The Iraq Levies traced their history to the Arab Scouts organized in 1915 by Major J. I. Eadie, of the
142:
542:
537:
New recruits, still wearing their own clothes, are drilled at Habbaniya during the Second World War.
1138:
1113:
1066:
950:
351:
121:
117:
407:
were prized for their discipline, loyalty, bravery and fighting skills by the British, and were
327:, where Political Officers dealt with it. Later the Levies came under their own OC Iraq Levies.
533:
1050:
621:
546:
134:
8:
735:
613:
355:
257:
713:
uniforms, though with RAF rank insignia after 1943. The most distinctive feature was a
709:
Throughout most of their history the Levies wore standard British tropical service and
577:
194:) were the first Iraqi military force established by the British in British controlled
1002:"... Lincoln Regiment - Capt. H. J. C. Thomas, MBE (64588), attached Iraq Levies ..."
1391:
1366:
1336:
1271:
1265:
1212:
1185:
1083:- Awarded to parachute company personnel that served in Albania, Italy and/or Greece.
1034:
661:
505:
420:
1360:
1240:
1093:
803:
717:
with brim turned back in the Australian style, worn with a white plume for parade.
469:
236:
159:
1118:
1061:
Three different World War Two Medals were awarded to members of the Iraq Levies.
589:
477:
454:
416:
408:
404:
397:
385:
297:
231:
224:
207:
199:
130:
1420:
1073:
907:
839:
731:
447:
203:
167:
1494:
1517:
1098:
677:
665:
339:
289:
241:
215:
198:. The Iraq Levies originated in a local armed scout force raised during the
1469:
1356:
1108:
710:
645:
640:
526:
458:
125:
1415:
1103:
739:
669:
609:
564:, and the RAF's Iraq Levies. The subsequent arrival of a relief column (
473:
462:
435:
335:
280:
in southern and central Iraq. By 1918 the Arab Scouts increased to 5,467
269:
245:
163:
1306:
1267:
Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
636:. In 1943/1944 the Iraq Levies were renamed the Royal Air Force Levies.
1390:(3rd rev. and updated ed.). London, UK: I.B. Tauris. p. 178.
1080:
714:
673:
553:
428:
293:
219:
171:
1508:
692:
Levy officer ranks were derived from ancient Assyrian military ranks:
1123:
439:
389:
354:
the mission of the Levies was defined "...to relieve the British and
320:
273:
44:
1554:
Military units and formations in Mandatory Palestine in World War II
572:
443:
377:
306:
At its height, an estimated 40,000 Assyrians served in the Levies.
265:
1049:
for Iraq was established in 1924 and was awarded to the Levies by
1498:
1439:
625:
566:
381:
362:
300:
1362:
Blood, Tears and Folly : An objective look at World War II
1021:
awarded for over fifteen years service in the Assyrian Levies.
633:
617:
605:
593:
581:
522:
331:
316:
276:, for duty under the Intelligence Department as bodyguard for
1503:
1076:- Awarded to Levies after six months service in World War II.
1069:- Awarded to Levies after 28 days of service in World War II.
629:
373:
369:
359:
285:
281:
211:
920:
649:
230:
The Levies distinguished themselves in May 1941 during the
195:
43:
Three members of the RAF Levies arrive at Liverpool aboard
1012:
272:. He recruited forty mounted Arabs from the tribes around
330:
The Levies consisted of a Headquarters (first located in
218:
who lived in the north of the country, while the nascent
1040:
1211:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. p. 59.
664:
was present along with members of the government, as
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1416:"Britain, Iraq and the Assyrians: The Nine Demands"
1335:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
488:others like Persians and azaris during world war 1
1504:A comprehensive website on the Assyrian RAF Levies
1033:with Clasp were awarded in 1922 for operations in
453:In July 1928 the Levies were transferred from the
1284:
368:Up to 1921 the Levies had consisted primarily of
1515:
1440:"The biography of brave Assyrians in Habbanyia"
1333:Arabs at War: Military effectiveness, 1948โ1991
1024:
720:
1053:for operations in Iraq between 1924 and 1936.
745:
1457:
1455:
1453:
754:were awarded to officers of the Iraq Levies.
1409:
1407:
620:. The Parachute Company was attached to the
1450:
1299:"Chronological History of the Iraq Levies"
1245:. London: Royal United Service Institution
1202:
1200:
1198:
944:
687:
676:. At 0800 hours on 3 May 1955, the Levy's
1413:
1404:
1385:
1169:
1167:
1165:
738:to eight Assyrian members in 1917 during
1355:
1270:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1206:
1019:Medals for Long Service and Good Conduct
910:was awarded to the following personnel;
842:was awarded to the following personnel;
725:
532:
516:
461:and its headquarters was transferred to
1461:
1330:
1195:
1056:
1013:Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct
846:The original Military Cross awarded to
388:had fought independently alongside the
14:
1559:IraqโUnited Kingdom military relations
1516:
1414:Stavridis, Stavros T. (8 March 2004).
1238:
1162:
612:. Eleven Assyrian companies served in
476:. Its primary duty was now to protect
358:Troops in Iraq, take over outposts in
1534:Military units and formations of Iraq
1365:. New York, New York: HarperCollins.
1320:40,000 Assyrians fought in the Levies
1263:
1225:
1158:40,000 Assyrians fought in the Levies
1041:General Service Medal with Iraq Clasp
1468:. ATOUR Publications. Archived from
949:Six members of the Iraq Levies were
206:, the force was composed mostly of
24:
25:
1570:
1509:RAF Habbaniya Association website
1488:
1331:Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2002).
1175:"ุขุบุง ุจุทุฑุณ: ุณูุญุงุฑูุจ ุงููุฑู ุงูุนุดุฑูู"
901:
833:
1462:Solomon, Solomon (Sawa) (1996).
37:
1432:
1379:
309:
139:Simko Shikak revolt (1918โ1922)
1349:
1324:
1313:
1257:
1151:
562:No. 1 Armoured Car Company RAF
13:
1:
1388:A Modern History of the Kurds
1144:
560:flown in at the last moment,
552:the base was besieged by the
472:word meaning a semi-military
425:ethnic and religious minority
1209:The Tragedy of the Assyrians
1025:King George Medal with Clasp
752:Orders of the British Empire
734:recommended and awarded the
721:Medals awarded to the Levies
394:Assyrian war of independence
248:was handed to Iraq in 1957.
7:
1549:1919 establishments in Iraq
1239:Browne, J. Gilbert (1932).
1087:
746:Order of the British Empire
616:and another four served in
413:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
1575:
1529:British colonial regiments
1495:Assyrian battle of Albania
1386:MacDowall, David (2004) .
1242:The Iraqi Levies 1915โ1932
251:
143:Simko Shikak revolt (1926)
1264:Nisan, Mordechai (1991).
1207:Stafford, R. S. (2006) .
705:Rab Khamshi: leader of 50
699:Rab Tremma: leader of 200
558:King's Own Royal Regiment
504:national petition to the
153:
148:
113:
105:
97:
89:
79:
71:
63:
55:
36:
31:
1539:Military history of Iraq
1524:History of the Assyrians
1139:Aden Protectorate Levies
696:Rab Khaila: force leader
655:
608:, ten Kurdish, and four
512:
491:
392:and Allied Forces in an
345:
1129:For similar units see:
1114:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
951:Mentioned in Dispatches
945:Mentioned in Dispatches
702:Rab Emma: leader of 100
688:Levy ranks and uniforms
545:took place. During the
262:Special Service Officer
227:bases located in Iraq.
122:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
118:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
598:
538:
530:
423:Christians, a Semitic
202:. After Iraq became a
1047:General Service Medal
991:Lance Corporal 10575
736:Cross of Saint George
726:Cross of Saint George
622:Royal Marine Commando
586:
536:
520:
1544:Iraqi revolt of 1920
1057:World War Two Medals
1009:, 23 December 1941)
861:Isaac Sulaqa Gilyana
135:Ahmed Barzani revolt
1465:The Assyrian Levies
1303:Assyrian Levies.com
1067:War Medal 1939โ1945
781:Daniel Malik Ismail
624:and were active in
543:Battle of Habbaniya
525:recruits, 1942, by
258:British Indian Army
190:(also known as the
1191:on 12 August 2018.
1134:Mesopotamia Rifles
1037:in Northern Iraq.
1031:King George Medals
539:
531:
278:political officers
129: •
1397:978-1-85043-4-160
1372:978-0-06017-000-4
1342:978-0-80323-7-339
1309:on 24 April 2009.
1277:978-0-89950-564-0
1218:978-1-59333-413-0
798:were awarded to:
761:were awarded to:
648:were returned to
550:rebellion in 1941
506:League of Nations
421:Chaldean Catholic
266:Muntafiq Division
181:
180:
16:(Redirected from
1566:
1482:
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1383:
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1353:
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1328:
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1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:. Archived from
1295:
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1252:
1250:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1193:
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1184:. Archived from
1179:
1171:
1160:
1155:
1094:RAF Iraq Command
868:Shamoon Khoshaba
804:Dawid Mar Shimun
352:Cairo Conference
260:who served as a
237:Second World War
160:Dawid Mar Shimun
101:40,000 Assyrians
41:
29:
28:
21:
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1569:
1568:
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1514:
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1472:on 22 July 2011
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1119:Simele massacre
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993:Menaz Gerwergis
970:Corporal 55416
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936:Corporal 55416
904:
836:
810:Yacouv Khoshaba
774:Shayin Giwargis
750:A total of ten
748:
728:
723:
690:
658:
541:In 1940โ41 the
515:
494:
480:bases in Iraq.
478:Royal Air Force
455:Colonial Office
417:Syriac Orthodox
409:Eastern Aramaic
400:in the Levies.
348:
312:
254:
232:Anglo-Iraqi War
225:Royal Air Force
204:British Mandate
200:First World War
192:Assyrian Levies
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170:
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137:
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131:Anglo-Iraqi War
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109:Assyrian Levies
85:Royal Air Force
84:
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32:Assyrian Levies
23:
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18:Assyrian Levies
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5:
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977:Private 55994
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895:Shlimon Sliwa
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1186:the original
1182:ููููุณ ููุฑุงุฑู
1181:
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1128:
1109:RAF Regiment
1060:
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948:
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886:Rab Khamshi
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826:Rab Khamshi
816:Odishu Natan
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786:Rab Khamshi
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711:battle dress
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641:RAF Regiment
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126:World War II
83:British Army
46:
26:
1249:16 November
1104:RAF Shaibah
972:Barhku Babu
875:Baijan Peko
814:Rab Tremma
808:Rab Tremma
765:Rab Khaila
740:World War I
670:RAF Shaibah
662:King Faisal
610:Marsh Arabs
592:of 1933 in
570:), part of
474:gendarmerie
436:Marsh Arabs
325:Mosul Liwas
270:Mesopotamia
246:RAF Shaibah
188:Iraq Levies
164:Agha Petros
114:Engagements
106:Nickname(s)
1518:Categories
1145:References
1081:Italy Star
1029:Dozens of
958:Malam Odai
938:Mishu Miro
916:Warda Eshu
888:Eshu Saper
828:Eshu Hamzo
802:Rab Kaila
715:slouch hat
674:Iraqi Army
576:sent from
554:Iraqi Army
547:Rashid Ali
438:and a few
429:Iraqi Army
294:Marsh Arab
220:Iraqi Army
172:Malik Yaqo
156:commanders
149:Commanders
72:Allegiance
1476:17 August
1124:Iraqforce
1017:Over 300
956:Rab Emma
930:Corporal
914:Rab Emma
879:Rab Emma
873:Rab Emma
866:Rab Emma
859:Rab Emma
853:Rab Emma
820:Rab Emma
779:Rab Emma
772:Rab Emma
614:Palestine
578:Palestine
448:Turcomans
440:Armenians
411:speaking
405:Assyrians
398:Assyrians
390:Armenians
386:Assyrians
340:Habbaniya
321:Sulaimani
274:Nasiriyeh
208:Assyrians
93:Air force
59:1921โ1955
1359:(1993).
1088:See also
1035:Rawanduz
573:Habforce
444:Mandeans
378:Turkmens
298:Assyrian
290:Turkoman
50:in 1946.
45:SS
1499:YouTube
626:Albania
567:Kingcol
470:Turkish
463:Hinaidi
457:to the
382:Shabaks
363:Vilayat
336:Hinaidi
334:, then
301:militia
264:in the
252:History
154:Notable
64:Country
1394:
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995:โ 1944
988:โ 1944
981:โ 1929
974:โ 1928
967:โ 1929
960:โ 1929
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927:โ 1928
923:65347
897:โ 1926
890:โ 1928
883:โ 1926
870:โ 1928
863:โ 1928
790:โ 1926
783:โ 1922
776:โ 1926
769:โ 1926
634:Greece
618:Cyprus
606:Yizidi
594:Simele
582:Yezidi
523:Yazidi
356:Indian
332:Baquba
317:Kirkuk
80:Branch
56:Active
47:Orbita
1421:Zinda
1189:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
794:Five
757:Five
656:1950s
630:Italy
513:1940s
492:1930s
374:Kurds
370:Arabs
360:Mosul
346:1920s
286:Kurds
282:Arabs
212:Kurds
1478:2012
1428:(2).
1392:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1251:2016
1213:ISBN
1079:The
1072:The
1065:The
1045:The
921:CQMS
906:The
838:The
796:MBEs
759:OBEs
730:The
668:and
650:Iran
632:and
521:Two
446:and
403:The
380:and
323:and
296:and
244:and
214:and
196:Iraq
186:The
98:Size
90:Type
67:Iraq
1497:at
419:or
268:in
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