449:
20:
3134:
1626:, has at least fourteen exclusive (i.e. not attested in other dialects) loanwords from Akkadian, including nine of which are clearly from the ancient Assyrian dialect (six of which are architectural or topographical terms). A 2011 study by Kathleen Abraham and Michael Sokoloff on 282 words previously believed to have been Aramaic loanwords in Akkadian determined that many such cases were questionable, and also found that 15 of those words were actually Akkadian loanwords in Aramaic and that the direction of the loan could not be determined in 22 cases; Abraham's and Sokoloff's conclusion was that the number of loanwords from Akkadian to Aramaic was far larger than the number of loanwords from Aramaic to Akkadian.
387:
wrath. This belief was reinforced through archaeologists in the Middle East initially not finding many remains fitting with the conventional
European image of ancient cities, with stone columns and great sculptures, beyond those of ancient Persia; Assyria and other Mesopotamian civilizations left no magnificent ruins above ground—all that remained to see were huge grass-covered mounds in the plains which travellers at times believed to simply be natural features of the landscape. Early European archaeologists in the Middle East were also for the most part more interested in confirming Biblical truth through their excavations than to spend time on new interpretations of the evidence they discovered.
3143:, p. 290: "The destruction of the Assyrian Empire did not wipe out its population. They were predominantly peasant farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carried on with agricultural life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight centuries and after various vicissitudes, these people became Christians. These Christians, and the Jewish communities scattered amongst them, not only kept alive the memory of their Assyrian predecessors but also combined them with traditions from the Bible".
1707:
visits by foreign missionaries, as can for instance be gathered from the accounts of
Horatio Postgate. Some opponents to Assyrian continuity, such as Becker, have argued that the rich Christian literature from the Sasanian period connecting with ancient Assyria was simply based on the Bible, rather than actual remembrance of ancient Assyria, despite several figures appearing in the tales, such as Esarhaddon and Sargon II, barely being mentioned in the Bible. The texts are also very much a local Assyrian phenomenon, given that the historical accounts presented in them are at odds with those of other historical writings of the Sasanian Empire.
68:
871:" and Mesopotamia as "Assyria". By the time the terms are first attested in Greek texts (in the 4th century BC), the local denizens in both the Levant and Mesopotamia had already long used both terms interchangeably for the entire region, and continued to do so well into the later Christian period. Whether the Greeks began referring to Mesopotamia as "Assyria" because they equated the region with the Assyrian Empire, long fallen by the time the term is first attested in Greek, or because they named the region after the people who lived there, the (As)syrians, is not known.
5275:
779:
5264:
694:
1539:
during the Middle
Assyrian period, this lack of linguistic policies facilitated the spread of the Aramaic language. As the most widely spoken and mutually understandable of the Semitic languages (the language group containing many of the languages spoken through the empire), Aramaic grew in importance throughout the Neo-Assyrian period and increasingly replaced the Akkadian language even within the Assyrian heartland itself. From the 9th century BC onwards, Aramaic became the
1318:
50:
1464:
1496:
1736:(1968–2003), which sought to counteract Assyrian demands for autonomy through refusing to recognize Assyrians as a third ethnic minority of the country, instead promoting Assyrians, "Syrians" and Chaldeans as separate peoples, and undercounted Assyrians in censuses; in 1977, it was made impossible to register as Assyrian in the national census and Assyrians were consequently forced to register as Arabs for fear of losing employment and ration cards.
5286:
1407:
1035:
6188:
989:. A sanctuary constructed for Mar Qardagh during this time was built directly on top of the ruins of a Neo-Assyrian temple. The legendary figure Nimrod, otherwise traditionally viewed as simply Mesopotamian, is explicitly referred to as Assyrian in many of the Sasanian-period texts and is inserted into the line of Assyrian kings. Nimrod, as well as other legendary Mesopotamian (though explicitly Assyrian in the texts) rulers, such as
357:
3281:
240:. In addition, Aramaic also replaced other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Phoenician, Arabic, Edomite, Moabite, Amorite, Ugarite, Dilmunite, and Chaldean among non-Aramean peoples without prejudicing their origins and identity. Due to assimilation efforts encouraged by Assyrian kings, fellow Semitic Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, and other non-Semitic groups such as Hittites, Hurrians, Urartians, Phrygians,
1398:", have also lobbied for recognition as a distinct group in recent times. Modern international organizations generally do not recognize Assyrians, Syriacs, Arameans and Chaldeans as members of different ethnic groups, instead, they merely consider these names alternate names and numerous church leaders have also affirmed that they belong to the same ethnic group, albeit to different Christian denominations.
6176:
1167:
61:
1702:, David Wilmshurst and Adam H. Becker, have opposed continuity between modern and ancient Assyrians, typically arguing that modern Assyrian identity only emerged in the middle to late 19th century as a consequence of interactions with foreign missionaries and/or the discovery of ancient Assyrian ruins. Wholesale opposition of Assyrian continuity is not reflected within Assyriology.
1439:
main population center in the city gradually shifted to the opposite bank of the river, which became the city today known as Mosul; ancient
Nineveh only gradually fell into ruin and eventually became open countryside. Though most of the old population centers were similarly gradually abandoned and fell into ruin some also endured. The ancient city of Arbela, today known as
1057:(published posthumously in 1836, though describing an 1820 journey). It is just possible that Rich considered "Assyrian" a geographic, rather than ethnic, term since he in a footnote on the same page also referenced the "Christians of Assyria". More clear-cut evidence of Assyrian self-identity in the 19th century can be seen in the writings of the American missionary
1535:
resettlements and deportations, changed the ethno-cultural make-up of the
Assyrian heartland, there is no evidence to suggest that the more ancient Assyrian inhabitants of the land ever disappeared or became restricted to a small elite, nor that the ethnic and cultural identity of the new settlers was anything other than "Assyrian" after one or two generations.
3290:, p. 148: "Although some authors doubt that Assyrian people could have survived from 600 BCE to the nineteenth century, many of the factors that justify recognizing Armenians, Jews, or other groups as continuously existing since ancient times also apply to the Assyrians, namely common patterns of worship, consistent self-identification, and genetic continuity".
339:". Though some religious officials and activists (particularly in the west) have promoted such identities as separate ethnic groups rather than simply religious denominational groups, they are not generally treated as such by international organizations or historians, and historically, genetically, geographically and linguistically these are all the same
3257:
799:"Aramean"). A reluctance of the overall Christian population to adopt ʾĀthorāyā as a self-designation probably derives from Assyria's portrayal in the Bible. "Assyrian" (Āthorāyā) also continuously survived as the designation for a Christian from Mosul (ancient Nineveh) and Mesopotamia in general. It is clear from the surviving sources that
3122:
734:
civilization, like any other culture and civilization, did not develop in isolation. As the
Assyrian Empire expanded and contracted, elements from regions the Assyrians conquered or traded with culturally influenced the Assyrian heartland and the Assyrians themselves. Early Assyrian culture was greatly influenced by the
3309:
1005:; a local Assyrian version of this narrative appears in some Syriac-language writings from the Sasanian period, which allege that Balaam's prophecy was remembered only through being transmitted through the ancient Assyrian kings. In some stories, explicit claims of descent are made. According to the 6th-century
1289:. In the aftermath of these events, explicit Assyrian self-identity became even more widespread and established in their communities, not only in order to unify communities in the diaspora (which often originated in different regions) but also because "Syrian" became internationally established as the
1575:
745–727 BC), the
Assyrian kings employed both Akkadian and Aramaic-language royal scribes, confirming the rise of Aramaic to a position of an official language used by the imperial administration. It is clear that Aramaic was spoken by the Assyrian royal family from at least the late 8th century
1538:
Because the
Assyrians never imposed their language on foreign peoples whose lands they conquered outside of the Assyrian heartland, there were no mechanisms in place to stop the spread of languages other than Akkadian. Beginning with the migrations of Aramaic-speaking settlers into Assyrian territory
1352:
displays symbolism which is derived from ancient
Assyria. From the second half of the 20th century to the present, Assyrians, particularly in the diaspora, have continued to promote Assyrian nationalism as a unifying force among their people. Some denominational groups have opposed being lumped in as
679:
AD 240–250, the inscriptions, temples, continued celebration of festivals and the wealth of theophoric elements (divine names) in personal names of the
Parthian period illustrate a strong continuity of traditions dating back to circa 21st century BC, and that the most important deities of old Assyria
1710:
Names clearly reminiscent of those used by Assyrians in the Neo-Assyrian Empire continued to be used at Assur throughout the post-imperial period, at least until the 3rd century AD. Some opponents to Assyrian continuity, such as David Wilmshurst, hold that ancient Assyrian names ceased being used in
1706:
considers Assyrian continuity to still be a matter of debate, but also opposes the idea that Assyrian identity only emerged in the 19th century, noting that modern Christians in northern Mesopotamia saw themselves as descendants of the ancient Assyrians long before the discovery of ancient sites and
1131:
as a self-identity, and began building a national ideology more heavily based around ancient Assyria than Christianity. This was not an isolated phenomenon: Middle Eastern nationalism, probably influenced by developments in Europe, also began to be strongly expressed in other communities during this
749:, do not appear to have been reflected in ancient Assyria. Although Assyrian accounts and artwork of warfare frequently describe and depict foreign enemies, they are not depicted with different physical features, but rather with different clothing and equipment. Assyrian accounts describe enemies as
639:
empires, further efforts were made to revitalize Assyria and the ancient great cities began to be resettled, with the predominant portion of the population remaining native Assyrian. The original Assyrian capital of Assur is in particular known to have flourished under Parthian rule. Continuity from
511:
Though the centuries that followed the fall of Assyria are characterized by a distinct lack of surviving sources from the region in comparison to previous eras, the idea that Assyria was rendered uninhabited and desolated stems from the contrast with the richly attested Neo-Assyrian period, not from
219:
The gradual extinction of Akkadian and its replacement with Akkadian influenced East Aramaic does not reflect the disappearance of the original Assyrian population; Aramaic was used not only by settlers but was also adopted by native Assyrians and Babylonians, in time even becoming used by the royal
1617:
with little resemblance to the old Akkadian language, they are not wholly without Akkadian influence. Most notably there are numerous examples of Akkadian loanwords in both ancient and modern Aramaic languages. This connection was noted already in 1974, when a study by Stephen A. Kaufman found that
1360:
have historically most often been exposed to cultural influences from Iran whereas followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church have been exposed to cultural influences from Greece. In the Syriac Orthodox Church, officials have been important part of advancing secular Assyrianism, then later reducing it
936:
Pre-modern Syriac-language sources at times identified positively with the ancient Assyrians and drew connections between the ancient empire and themselves. Most prominently, ancient Assyrian kings and figures long appeared in local folklore and literary tradition and claims of descent from ancient
523:
river, a large Assyrian palace, dubbed the "Red House" by archaeologists, continued to be used in Neo-Babylonian times, with cuneiform records there being written by people with Assyrian names, in Assyrian style, though dated to the reigns of the early Neo-Babylonian kings. These documents mention
471:
Modern Assyriology does not support the idea that the fall of Assyria also brought with it a complete eradication of the Assyrian people and their culture. Though in the past regarded as a "post-Assyrian" age, Assyriologists today consider the last period of ancient Assyrian history to be the long
183:
and a handful of inaccurate works by a few later classical authors, many Western historians prior to the early 19th century believed Assyrians (and Babylonians) to have been completely annihilated, although this was not the view in the region of Mesopotamia itself or surrounding regions, where the
1739:
Genetic testing of Assyrian populations is a relatively new field of study, but has hitherto supported continuity from Bronze and Iron Age populations and underlined the notion that Assyrians historically rarely intermarried with surrounding populations. Genetic studies conducted in 2000 and 2008
1438:
Assyrian settlements continued to be occupied into the Christian period. The ancient capital of Nineveh, for instance, became the seat of a bishop, the Bishop of Nineveh, and a church (later converted to a mosque under Islamic rule) was built on top of the ruins of an ancient Assyrian palace. The
733:
1363–912 BC), since later writings concerning the reconquests of the early Neo-Assyrian kings refer to some of their wars as liberating the Assyrian people of the cities they reconquered. Though there for much of ancient Assyria's history existed a distinct Assyrian identity, Assyrian culture and
428:
states that there will come a day when God will proclaim "Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel my heritage". The erroneous idea of complete Assyrian annihilation, despite increasing evidence to the contrary, proved to be enduring in western academia. As late as
386:
and works by classical authors, both of which described Assyria's fall as violent and comprehensive destruction. Before the 19th century, the prevalent belief in Biblically influenced western scholarship was that ancient Assyria and Babylonia had been literally annihilated due to provoking divine
1731:
Modern Assyrians consider opposition to Assyrian continuity to be offensive and associate it with other historical forms of oppression against them. Sargon Donabed, for instance, considers the use of terms such as "Chaldeans", "Syrian", "Syriacs", "Arameans", or more extremely "Arab Christians",
798:
massacres in the late 14th century. In pre-modern ecclesiastical Syriac-language (the type of Aramaic used in Christian Mesopotamian writings) sources, the typical self-designations used is suryāyā (as well as the shortened surayā), and sometimes ʾāthorāyā ("Assyrian") and ʾārāmāyā ("Aramaic" or
191:
has increasingly and successfully challenged the initial Western perception; today, Assyriologists and historians recognize that Assyrian culture, identity, language, and people clearly survived the violent fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and endured into modern times. The last period of ancient
1634:
The use of the Assyrian name by modern Assyrians has historically led to controversy and misunderstanding, not only within but also outside the Assyrian community. Discussions on the connection between the modern and ancient Assyrians have also entered into academia. In addition to support by
863:, sometimes use the shortened "Syria" for the Assyrian Empire. The consensus in modern academia is thus that "Syria" is simply a shortened form of "Assyria". The modern distinction between "Assyrian" and "Syrian" is the result of ancient Greek historians and cartographers, who designated the
789:
Though many foreign states ruled over the Assyrian heartland in the millennia following the empire's fall, there is no evidence of any large scale influx of immigrants that replaced the original population, which instead continued to make up a significant portion of the region's people until
433:
wrote that "The disappearance of the Assyrian people will always remain a unique and striking phenomenon in ancient history. Other, similar kingdoms and empires have indeed passed away, but the people have lived on ... No other land seems to have been sacked and pillaged so completely as was
1548:
The widespread adoption of the language does not indicate a wholesale replacement of the original native population; the Aramaic language was used not only by settlers but also by native Assyrians, who adopted it and its alphabetic script. The Aramaic language had entered the Assyrian royal
1313:
but ethnically identified himself as an Assyrian. In 1935, Perley wrote that "The Assyrians, although representing but one single nation as the direct heirs of the ancient Assyrian Empire … are now doctrinally divided … No one can coherently understand the Assyrians as a whole until he can
1534:
tribes began to migrate into Assyrian territory. In the first millennium BC, Aramean influence on Assyria grew greater and greater, owing to further migrations as well as mass deportations enacted by several Assyrian kings. Though the expansion of the Assyrian Empire, in combination with
1723:(also a name with ancient Assyrian connections, deriving either from Nimrud or Nimrod); both of these names are also however mentioned in the Bible. Modern Assyrian authors, such as Odisho Malko Gewargis, contend that a decrease in ancient pagan names invoking gods such as Ashur,
724:
2025–1364 BC), when distinctly Assyrian burial practices, foods and dress codes are attested and Assyrian documents appear to consider the inhabitants of Assur to be a distinct cultural group. A wider Assyrian identity appears to have spread across northern Mesopotamia under the
3266:, p. 174: "The Assyrians are the descendants of the once mighty Assyrian nation which inhabited the northern part of the country known as Iraq", "The Assyrians, who were Christians, managed to survive in the lands of their forefathers until the outbreak of the First World War".
1081:. Southgate also mentioned that the Syriac Christians themselves at this point claimed origin from the ancient Assyrians as "sons of Assour". Southgate's account thus demonstrates that modern Assyrians still claimed ancient Assyrian descent already in the early 19th century.
3131:, p. 10: "Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the area".
1451:
Although the ancient Mesopotamian pantheon ceased to be worshipped at Assur with the city's destruction in the 3rd century AD, it persisted at other localities, despite the overwhelming conversion of the region to Christianity, for much longer; the old faith persisted at
963:
long figured in local folklore and literary tradition. In large part, tales from the Sasanian period and later times were invented narratives, based on ancient Assyrian history but applied to local and current landscapes. Medieval tales written in Syriac, such as that of
758:
in ancient Assyria. What mattered for a person to be seen by others as Assyrian was mainly fulfillment of obligations (such as military service), being affiliated with the Assyrian Empire politically, and maintaining loyalty to the Assyrian king; some kings, such as
922:
1385:
advocated Syriac identity over both Assyrian and Aramean identity. More recently, many Syriac Orthodox adherents have preferred to identify themselves as "Syriac" in English (the name of their church and the liturgical language and an alternate transliteration of
1606:, though it could perhaps alternatively be attributed to political instability in the empire. The denizens of Assur and other former Assyrian population centers under Parthian rule, who clearly connected themselves to ancient Assyria, wrote and spoke Aramaic.
327:, and various smaller largely Protestant denominations. This effort has been met with both support and some minorory opposition from various religious communities; some denominations have rejected unity and promoted alternate religious identities, such as "
1353:"Assyrians" and as a result, they have founded counter-movements of their own; the so-called "name debate" is still a hotly discussed topic within Syriac Christian communities today, especially in the diaspora which lives outside the Assyrian homeland.
1732:"Kurdish Christians" and "Turkish Christians", to be harmful as they add to division and confusion in regard to identity and are "clearly reflective of modern political parlance". These views are partly attributable to the actions of the government in
1429:
In addition to continuity in self-designation and self-perception, there continued to be important continuities between ancient and contemporary Mesopotamia in terms of religion, literary culture and settlement well after the post-imperial period.
628:.{ Assyria was powerful enough to rebel twice against the Achaemenid Empire during the late 6th century BC, Assyrian troops provided heavy infantry and archers in the Achaemenid army and Assyrian agriculture provided a breadbaaket for the empire.
1711:
the Christian period and that this in turn was evidence of a lack of continuity. There is some evidence of continued use of names with explicit ancient Mesopotamian connections in the Christian period; Arabic-language records from 13th-century
3318:, p. 85: "The Assyrians are a group of Christians, also known as Nestorians, with a long history in the Middle East. From historical and archaeological evidence, it is thought that their ancestors formed part of the Mesopotamian civilization".
1219:
and a stronger association with ancient Assyria through nationalism is not a unique development in regard to the Assyrians. Greeks, for instance, due to associating the term "Hellene" with the pagan religion, overwhelmingly self-identified as
1096:(1849), Layard argued that the Christians he met in northern Mesopotamia were "descendants of the ancient Assyrians". It is possible that Layard's knowledge of them as such derived from his partnership with the local Assyrian archaeologist
278:
developed near the end of the 19th century, coinciding with increasing contacts with Europeans, increasing levels of ethnic and religious persecution, along with increased expressions nationalism in other Middle Eastern groups, such as the
145:. No archaeological, genetic, linguistic, anthropological, or written historical evidence exists of the original Assyrian and Mesopotamian population being exterminated, removed, bred out, or replaced in the aftermath of the
1691:, Mohammad Taghi Akbari, Sunder S. Papiha, Derek Frank Roberts and Dariush Farhud. Numerous scholars who themselves are of Assyrian origin, such as Efrem Yildiz, Sargon Donabed and Odisho Malko Gewargis, have also published
1635:
prominent historical Assyriologists, such as Austen Henry Layard and Sidney Smith, Assyrian continuity enjoys wide support within contemporary Assyriology. Among proponents of continuity are prominent Assyriologists such as
268:, meaning Assyrian. The academic consensus is that the modern name "Syria" originated as a shortened form of "Assyria" and applied originally only to Mesopotamian Assyria and not to the modern Levantine country of Syria.
1727:
and Sîn is hardly surprising given the Christianization of the Assyrians; similar cases of native names being increasingly replaced by Biblically derived names are also known from numerous other Christianized peoples.
753:
only in terms of their behavior, as lacking correct religious practices, and as doing wrongdoings against Assyria. All things considered, there does not appear to have been any well-developed concepts of ethnicity or
910:, mother of corruption". In a similar fashion, the term in this context was also sometimes applied to the later Muslim rulers. Though not used by the overall Syriac-speaking community in the Middle Ages, the term
1377:, Ignatius Aphrem I took an anti-Assyrian stance, which came to influence the religious mindset of the Syriac Orthodox community. The church was then called the Assyrian Apostolic Church of Antioch in the
3600:
Banoei, Mohammad Mehdi; Chaleshtori, Morteza Hashemzadeh; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Shariati, Parvin; Houshmand, Massoud; Majidizadeh, Tayebeh; Soltani, Niloofar Jahangir; Golalipour, Massoud (2008).
434:
Assyria". Just a year later, Smith had completely abandoned the idea of the Assyrians having been eradicated and recognized the persistence of Assyrians through the Christian period into the present.
3293:
668:) and other Mesopotamian gods such as Shamash, Ishtar, Sin, Adad and Tammuz. Assur may even have been the capital of its own semi-autonomous or vassal state, either under the suzerainty of the
1336:
For communities that identify themselves as Assyrian, Assyrian continuity forms a key part of their self-identity. Many modern Assyrians are named after ancient Mesopotamian figures, such as
1882:
Sargon II was for instance due to being mentioned only once in the Bible long forgotten in western scholarship and was only accepted as a real Assyrian king within Assyriology in the 1860s.
149:. Modern contemporary scholarship "almost unilaterally" supports Assyrian continuity, recognizing the modern Assyrians as the ethnic, linguistic, historical, and genetic descendants of the
390:
Though the Bible and other Hebrew texts describe the destruction of the Assyrian Empire, they do not actually claim that the Assyrian people were destroyed or replaced. The 2nd century BC
1152:
dialects. Through the promotion of an identity rooted in ancient Assyria, various communities could transcend their denominational differences and unite under one national identity.
640:
ancient Assyria is clear in Assur and other cities during this period, with personal names of the city's denizens greatly reflecting names used in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, such as
745:
Surviving evidence suggests that the ancient Assyrians had a relatively open definition of what it meant to be Assyrian. Modern ideas such as a person's ethnic background, or the
4614:
Naby, Eden (2006). "Assyrian Nationalism in Iraq: Survival under Religious and Ethnic Threat". In Burszta, Wojciech J.; Kamusella, Tomasz & Wojchiechowski, Sebastian (eds.).
4360:
Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (2014). "Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography: An Introduction". In Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (eds.).
1306:
228:, was itself a creation of the Assyrian Empire and its people, and with its retention of an Akkadian grammatical structure and Akkadian words and names, is distinct from the
4784:
Radner, Karen (2021). "Diglossia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire's Akkadian and Aramaic Text Production". In Jonker, Louis C.; Berlejung, Angelika & Cornelius, Izak (eds.).
1744:; this indicates that the community has historically been relatively closed owing to their religious and cultural traditions, with little intermixture with other groups.
3233:
315:, Assyrian intellectuals and authors hoped to inspire the unification of the Assyrian nation, transcending long-standing religious denominational divisions between the
4715:
Payne, Richard (2012). "Avoiding Ethnicity: Uses of the Ancient Past in Late Sasanian Northern Mesopotamia". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Payne, Richard (eds.).
244:, and Elamites deported into the Assyrian heartland are also likely to quickly have been absorbed, self-identified, and been regarded, as Assyrians. The population of
3167:"There is no reason to believe that there would be no racial or cultural continuity in Assyria since there is no evidence that the population of Assyria was removed".
1314:
distinguish that which is religion or church from that which is nation …" and even proposed uniting all Assyrians under a single patriarch of the Church of the East.
448:
382:. In the millennia following the fall of Assyria, knowledge of the ancient empire chiefly survived in western literary tradition through accounts of Assyria in the
1145:
937:
Assyrian royalty were forwarded both for figures in folklore and by actual living high-ranking members of society in northern Mesopotamia. Figures like Sargon II,
968:, for instance by and large characterize Sennacherib as an archetypical pagan king assassinated as part of a family feud, whose children convert to Christianity.
1049:
in northern Mesopotamia in the 19th century observed connections between the indigenous Christian population and the ancient Assyrians. The British traveller
6096:
1084:
Connections between the modern population and ancient Assyrians were further popularized in the west and academia by the British archaeologist and traveller
1240:
are the predominant self-designations used by Assyrians in their native language, though they are typically translated as "Assyrian" rather than "Syrian".
1720:
612:
530–522 BC) and were closely linked to a local cult dedicated to Ashur. Many individuals with clearly Assyrian names are also known from the rule of the
672:, or under direct Parthian suzerainty. Though this second golden age of Assur came to an end with the conquest, sack and destruction of the city by the
890:, which also survived as a designation for the region surrounding its last great capital, Nineveh. The reluctance of Medieval Syriac Christians to use
4657:
Novák, Mirko (2016). "Assyrians and Arameans: Modes of Cohabitation and Acculuration at Guzana (Tell Halaf)". In Aruz, Joan; Seymour, Michael (eds.).
898:
was sometimes employed in Syriac writings as a term for enemies of Christians. In this context, the term was sometimes applied to the Persians of the
617:
19:
5204:
1828:
515:
Though the Assyrian bureaucracy and governmental institutions disappeared with Assyria's fall, Assyrian population centers and culture did not. At
5052:"The Land of Syria in the Late Seventeenth Century: ʿAbd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi and Linking City and Countryside through Study, Travel, and Worship"
716:
are largely based in self-perception and self-designation. In ancient Assyria, a distinct Assyrian identity appears to have formed already in the
375:
146:
4521:
3969:
1302:
169:
4213:
Haider, Peter W. (2008). "Tradition and change in the beliefs at Assur, Nineveh and Nisibis between 300 BC and AD 300". In Kaizer, Ted (ed.).
1253:(Assyrian genocide) and various other massacres, a majority of the Assyrians have been displaced from their homeland, and today they live in
581:
Individuals with Assyrian names are attested at multiple sites in Assyria and Babylonia during the Neo-Babylonian Empire, including Babylon,
208:
gradually went extinct but other aspects of Assyrian culture, such as religion, traditions, and naming patterns, and the Akkadian influenced
4017:"Representing Greekness: French and Greek Lithographs from the Greek War of Independence (1821–1827) and the Greek-Italian War (1940–1941)"
807:
were not distinct and mutually exclusive identities, but rather interchangeable terms used to refer to the same people; the Syriac author
6218:
3734:
212:
dialects specific to Mesopotamia survived in a reduced but highly recognizable form before giving way to specifically native forms of
5988:
5243:
1254:
894:
as a self-designation could perhaps be explained by the Assyrians described in the Bible being prominent enemies of Israel; the term
5421:
378:, with most of its major population centers violently sacked and most of its territory incorporated into the fellow Mesopotamian
4498:
Makko, Aryo (2012). "Discourse, Identity and Politics: A Transnational Approach to Assyrian Identity in the Twentieth Century".
4187:
5736:
5730:
3942:
Donabed, Sargon (2019). "Persistent Perseverance: A Trajectory of Assyrian History in the Modern Age". In Rowe, Paul S. (ed.).
544:
is attested as a thriving city, but only very late in the Neo-Babylonian period, and there were attempts to revive the city of
4277:
4999:
4978:
4853:
4647:
4289:
3864:
3792:
3702:
1591:
inscribed with text in both Akkadian and Aramaic. A recorded drop in the number of cuneiform documents late in the reign of
1073:, which he himself had been using. Armenian and Georgian sources have since antiquity consistently referred to Assyrians as
5197:
965:
926:
336:
1602:
669–631 BC) could indicate a greater shift to Aramaic, often written on perishable materials like leather scrolls or
985:
and the historical Sennacherib, with his illustrious descent manifesting in Mar Qardagh's mastery of archery, hunting and
914:
did survive as a self-identity throughout the period as it was the typically used designation for a Syriac Christian from
328:
252:
between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, with Mesopotamian religion enduring among Assyrians in small pockets until the late
6071:
332:
264:, sometimes alternatively translated as "Syrian" or "Syriac", is generally accepted to derive from the ancient Akkadian
5748:
5105:
5084:
5063:
4913:
4793:
4774:
4726:
4668:
4587:
4562:
4488:
4375:
4329:
4266:
4224:
4176:
4125:
4104:
4083:
4062:
4005:
3953:
3771:
3723:
3683:
4139:
5155:
5115:
Valk, Jonathan (1 November 2020). "Crime and Punishment: Deportation in the Levant in the Age of Assyrian Hegemony".
4934:
4626:
4396:
4350:
4245:
4168:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
3841:
3813:
3662:
1545:
lingua franca, with Akkadian becoming relegated to a language of the political elite (i.e. governors and officials).
738:, a people that also lived in northern Mesopotamia, and by the culture of southern Mesopotamia, particularly that of
660:), reflecting names extant in the lafe 3rd millennium BC. The Assyrians at Assur continued to follow the traditional
5274:
4391:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
6130:
4448:
Lundgren, Svante (2023). "When the Assyrian Tragedy Became Seyfo: A Study of Swedish-Assyrian Politics of Memory".
4386:
5416:
5190:
3242:, "there are still Assyrians living in the regions of Iran and northern Iraq, and elsewhere, in the present day".
1798:
5811:
5796:
5778:
5754:
5659:
5484:
3977:
Donabed, Sargon; Mako, Shamiran (2009). "Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians".
1258:
4945:
1651:, J. A. Brinkman and Mirko Novák. Historians of other fields have also supported Assyrian continuity, such as
1181:, several prominent Aramaic-language authors and intellectuals promoted Assyrian nationalism. Among them were
6213:
5665:
5626:
5540:
5411:
4616:
3617:
1329:, once promoter of the Assyrian identity, while later rejecting it for the followers of his church after the
886:
in other contexts, particularly in relation to ancient Assyria. Ancient Assyria was typically referred to as
661:
601:. The Assyrians in Uruk apparently continued to exist as a community until the reign of the Achaemenid king
6150:
6125:
6061:
5825:
5056:
Grounded Identities: Territory and Belonging in the Medieval and Early Modern Middle East and Mediterranean
997:, sometimes play significant roles in the writings. Certain Christian texts considered the Biblical figure
770:
722–705 BC), explicitly encouraged assimilation and mixture of foreign cultures with that of Assyria.
430:
4477:
Luukko, Mikko; Van Buylaere, Greta (2017). "Languages and Writing Systems in Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3651:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East"
476:, extending from 609 BC to around AD 250 with the destruction of the semi- independent Assyrian states of
6135:
6081:
5944:
5642:
5361:
5336:
5330:
5253:
4551:
Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
4237:
Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: Antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
3164:
1808:
1480:
1357:
1266:
1161:
755:
316:
141:
in particular. Assyrian continuity and Mesopotamian heritage is a key part of the identity of the modern
4988:
Shehadeh, Lamia Rustum (2011). "The name of Syria in ancient and modern usage". In Beshara, Adel (ed.).
4786:
Multilingualism in Ancient Contexts: Perspectives from Ancient Near Eastern and Early Christian Contexts
3675:
Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism
6145:
5367:
4535:
3602:"Variation ofDAT1 VNTR Alleles and Genotypes Among Old Ethnic Groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus Region"
1833:
1672:
5790:
4696:
1103:
Towards the end of the 19th century, a so-called "religious renaissance" or "awakening" took place in
882:
is not the typical self-designation in pre-modern sources. Syriac sources did however prominently use
4321:
Islamic Manuscripts of Late Medieval Rum, 1270s-1370s: Production, Patronage and the Arts of the Book
1684:
1229:
817:
256:. Assyrian Aramaic-language sources from the Christian period predominantly use the self-designation
209:
4697:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"
1088:(1817–1894), responsible for the early excavations of several major ancient Assyrian sites, such as
1015:) were descendants of ancient Assyrian nobility who lived in the city during the time of Sargon II.
6066:
5604:
5355:
3827:
1818:
1783:
1664:
1527:
1484:
1391:
1282:
860:
783:
320:
5263:
1365:(then bishop, later patriarch between 1933 and 1957) was a part of the Assyrian Delegation to the
6155:
5689:
5677:
5550:
5449:
4718:
Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100
1699:
1116:
680:
were still worshipped at Assur more than 800 years after the Assyrian Empire had been destroyed.
67:
5051:
843:, though sometimes translated to "Syrian", is believed to derive from the ancient Akkadian term
5910:
5522:
5324:
5318:
5226:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
4407:
1813:
1768:
1476:
1366:
1326:
1310:
973:
726:
505:
324:
213:
5426:
5094:
Trolle Larsen, Mogens (2017). "The Archaeological Exploration of Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3693:
Bedford, Peter R. (2009). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire". In Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (eds.).
3650:
1475:
is a three-day fast found in all of the traditional churches of modern Assyrians, such as the
168:
in general, which were composed of both the old native Assyrian population and of neighboring
5534:
5510:
1614:
1588:
1500:
1149:
473:
443:
398:
379:
364:
307:. Through the large-scale promotion of long extant terms and promotion of identities such as
193:
4300:
3749:
6117:
6103:
6051:
6026:
6016:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5760:
5454:
1803:
1390:), some identifying as Syriac and Assyrian or Aramean interchangeably. Some members of the
1278:
1024:
271:
5285:
4679:
4216:
The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East: In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods
3909:"Rethinking Nationalism and an Appellative Conundrum: Historiography and Politics in Iraq"
1740:
support Assyrians as genetically distinct from other groups in the Middle East, with high
1373:
for the Assyrian people. The patriarchal residence was later moved to Syria and after the
8:
6192:
6076:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6021:
5939:
5701:
5610:
5528:
5516:
5464:
5459:
5299:
5279:
4619:: An Overview of Nationalisms in State-Endowed and Statless Nations, Volume II: the World
3524:
Akbari, Mohammad Taghi; Papiha, Sunder S.; Roberts, Derek Frank; Farhud, Dariush (1986).
1853:
1763:
1758:
1692:
1623:
1565:
1423:
1274:
1085:
1038:
717:
702:
237:
221:
134:
1041:(1817–1894), credited with the popularization of Assyrian continuity in western academia
878:
is thus clearly connected to "Assyrian", the more prevalent term for ancient Assyrians,
624:. The temple dedicated to Ashur in Assur was rebuilt by local Assyrians in the reign of
6091:
6011:
5932:
5905:
5622:
5248:
5132:
5038:
5030:
4892:
4884:
4832:
4824:
4753:
4598:
4515:
4465:
4419:
4093:
Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.).
4039:
3963:
3930:
3895:
3637:
3621:
3588:
3580:
3542:
3525:
3512:
1773:
1395:
1298:
1286:
1232:, when a more strong association with Ancient Greece spread among the populace. Today,
520:
275:
173:
107:
220:
administrations of Assyria and Babylonia themselves. In fact, the new language of the
6086:
6056:
5883:
5834:
5820:
5671:
5474:
5151:
5136:
5101:
5080:
5059:
5042:
4995:
4974:
4930:
4909:
4896:
4849:
4836:
4789:
4770:
4757:
4722:
4664:
4643:
4622:
4583:
4558:
4503:
4484:
4469:
4392:
4371:
4346:
4325:
4306:
4285:
4262:
4241:
4220:
4202:
4172:
4121:
4100:
4079:
4058:
4043:
4001:
3982:
3949:
3934:
3899:
3860:
3837:
3809:
3788:
3767:
3719:
3698:
3679:
3658:
3629:
3592:
3547:
1733:
1515:
1381:, a name Ignatius Aphrem I came to change to the Syrian Orthodox. In 1981, Patriarch
1370:
1362:
1322:
1270:
1065:(1844) he remarked with surprise that Armenians referred to the Syriac Christians as
1058:
1002:
960:
903:
847:("Assyrian"), which was sometimes even in ancient times rendered in the shorter form
746:
613:
402:
245:
205:
150:
104:
3641:
778:
6031:
5616:
5469:
5441:
5347:
5310:
5124:
5022:
4876:
4844:
Reade, Julian Edgeworth (2018). "Nineveh Rediscovered". In Brereton, Gareth (ed.).
4816:
4745:
4457:
4367:
4031:
3920:
3887:
3613:
3572:
3537:
1793:
1788:
1719:
in the Arabic text), a relative of a Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church named
1419:
1382:
1361:
by creating of separate "Syrian" or "Arameans" identities. For instance, Patriarch
1262:
1182:
1170:
1007:
990:
669:
421:
249:
225:
5969:
1560:
859–824 BC), given that Aramaic writings are known from a palace he built in
5959:
5784:
5574:
5568:
5431:
5406:
5386:
5213:
5145:
5095:
5074:
4989:
4968:
4924:
4716:
4658:
4637:
4573:
4552:
4478:
4361:
4340:
4319:
4256:
4235:
4214:
4166:
4135:
4115:
4094:
4073:
4052:
3995:
3943:
3925:
3908:
3852:
3831:
3803:
3782:
3761:
3713:
3673:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1619:
1550:
1472:
1374:
1337:
1330:
1112:
899:
852:
673:
636:
632:
625:
564:
497:
461:
340:
229:
142:
100:
4599:""A Kindred Sigh for Thee": British Responses to the Greek War for Independence"
196:
from the 6th century BC through to the 7th century AD when Assyria was known as
6180:
5839:
5766:
5742:
5630:
5401:
5396:
4964:
4749:
4016:
3891:
3823:
1688:
1660:
1644:
1610:
1345:
1141:
1097:
795:
425:
394:
304:
83:(top) prominently incorporates ancient Assyrian iconography, including the god
5026:
4888:
4864:
4432:
4342:
Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins
3576:
3476:
524:
officials with Assyrian titles and invoke the ancient Assyrian national deity
465:
6207:
5683:
5290:
5268:
4507:
4234:
Harper, Prudence O.; Klengel-Brandt, Evelyn; Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim (1995).
3986:
3875:
1823:
1577:
1504:
1443:, has been continuously inhabited since the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
1378:
1349:
1050:
868:
791:
80:
5949:
2509:
1675:). Other scholars supporting continuity include, among others, the linguist
811:(154–222) is for instance referred to in 4th-century Syriac translations of
5707:
4310:
4154:
3655:
Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World
3633:
1703:
1648:
1636:
1592:
1317:
1046:
693:
516:
489:
417:
383:
114:
110:
4461:
4035:
3551:
179:
Due to an initial long-standing shortage of historical sources beyond the
5954:
5592:
5586:
5223:
4278:"The Quest for Sargon, Pul and Tiglath-Pileser in the Nineteenth Century"
3802:
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo & Piazza, Alberto (1994).
1676:
1341:
1244:
1178:
1124:
1108:
1055:
Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan and on the site of Ancient Nineveh
978:
938:
930:
621:
602:
549:
525:
493:
253:
188:
165:
84:
25:
4639:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
4530:
4423:
4363:
Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography
4114:
Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Assyria in the Hebrew Bible". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3625:
3601:
3584:
3560:
3516:
49:
5920:
5915:
5713:
4828:
3760:
Butts, Aaron Michael (2017). "Assyrian Christians". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3500:
1680:
1495:
1127:
were introduced to the Assyrians in Urmia, who began to adopt the term
1069:, which Southgate associated with the English "Assyrians", rather than
949:
657:
537:
532:
in Babylonia attest to there being royally appointed governors at both
391:
154:
5034:
5010:
4804:
4255:
Hauser, Stefan R. (2017). "Post-Imperial Assyria". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3695:
The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium
6140:
5974:
5854:
5695:
5636:
3303:
1857:
1778:
1463:
1205:
981:, out to be a descendant of the legendary Biblical Mesopotamian king
808:
760:
750:
739:
709:
568:
501:
284:
201:
5166:
4820:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1406:
1034:
5925:
5898:
5871:
5859:
5844:
5598:
5545:
5128:
4880:
2218:
2216:
1741:
1541:
1531:
812:
735:
598:
485:
300:
241:
158:
5182:
4991:
The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, pioneers and identity
3715:
Assyrians in Modern Iraq: Negotiating Political and Cultural Space
1166:
929:; their legend prominently incorporates the ancient Assyrian king
563:
was revitalized, with its great temple dedicated to the lunar god
452:
Stele in the style of ancient Assyrian royal steles, inscribed in
356:
6187:
5580:
5502:
5382:
3501:"Aramaic Loanwords in Akkadian – A Reassessment of the Proposals"
3074:
3062:
3009:
2062:
1753:
1712:
1603:
1519:
1290:
1221:
1185:(1891–1926), who in 1911 published an influential article titled
1012:
856:
713:
616:, sometimes in high levels of government. A prominent example is
545:
481:
453:
413:
371:
161:
138:
88:
5076:
Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan
5015:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
3146:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2213:
1200:. The early 20th century saw an increase in the use of the term
6160:
5964:
5893:
5866:
5849:
4603:
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
4433:"Remembrance at Assur: The Case of the dated Aramaic memorials"
3599:
3482:
3245:
2961:
2191:
2189:
1861:
1715:
for instance record a man by the name Nebuchadnezzar (rendered
1683:, the genocide researcher Hannibal Travis, and the geneticists
1561:
1457:
1453:
1422:
in Iraq, has been continuously inhabited since the days of the
1120:
1089:
998:
982:
864:
698:
594:
590:
582:
560:
529:
508:
around 637 AD, and support a continuity into the present day.
233:
197:
126:
4233:
4057:. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press.
3368:
2515:
437:
5888:
5876:
5772:
3526:"Genetic differentiation among Iranian Christian communities"
3428:
3098:
2700:
2475:
2473:
1856:, there were around 20 million Assyrians. Settlers came from
1440:
1411:
1294:
1249:
1137:
1133:
1104:
994:
915:
541:
533:
477:
457:
296:
288:
280:
180:
122:
30:
2985:
2949:
2635:
2186:
859:
texts from the time of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, such as the
351:
60:
3801:
3326:
3324:
3299:
2868:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2142:
2140:
1724:
1029:
986:
586:
412:
605–562 BC) "ruled over the Assyrians in the great city of
292:
130:
118:
34:
4500:
The Assyrian Heritage: threads of continuity and influence
3997:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
3416:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3339:
3269:
3199:
3197:
2470:
1698:
Some academics, most notably the historians J.F. Coakley,
1155:
1148:, a new literary language based on the at the time spoken
4072:
Frahm, Eckart (2017). "Introduction". In E. Frahm (ed.).
3523:
3315:
2785:
2717:
2596:
2293:
2281:
2157:
2155:
1063:
Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia
921:
652:("Ashur has given a brother", a late version of the name
512:
the actual extant sources from the post-imperial period.
5147:
The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East
3618:
10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2
3452:
3321:
3221:
2671:
2659:
2608:
2572:
2385:
2383:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
906:
for instance referred to the Sasanian Empire as "filthy
260:("Syrian") alongside "Athoraya" and "Asoraya" The term
4280:. In Chavalas, Mark W.; Younger, Jr, K. Lawson (eds.).
4165:
Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017).
3735:"My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology"
3440:
3392:
3351:
3336:
3194:
3110:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2734:
2732:
2625:
2623:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2033:
2031:
2006:
2004:
1941:
1939:
1609:
Though modern Assyrian languages, most prominently the
3464:
3380:
3086:
2880:
2526:
2524:
2448:
2446:
2310:
2308:
2152:
1991:
1989:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
346:
5117:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
4846:
I am Ashurbanipal, king of the World, king of Assyria
3404:
3170:
3050:
3038:
3026:
2997:
2937:
2892:
2844:
2688:
2647:
2560:
2485:
2458:
2431:
2395:
2380:
2332:
2269:
2228:
2201:
2120:
2079:
2043:
2016:
559:
560–556 BC), who returned a cult statue to the site.
528:. Two Neo-Babylonian texts discovered at the city of
184:
name of the land and people continued to be applied.
3209:
3182:
2916:
2904:
2856:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2729:
2620:
2584:
2548:
2536:
2497:
2363:
2320:
2252:
2240:
2167:
2108:
2091:
2028:
2001:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1671:, Aryo Makko and Joshua J. Mark (contributor of the
3945:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
2521:
2443:
2419:
2407:
2305:
1986:
1916:
1895:
1173:(1891–1926), a prominent early Assyrian nationalist
4660:Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age
4476:
3068:
3020:
2351:
2073:
1974:
1514:727–722 BC). The weight is inscribed in both
1018:
5167:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality"
4621:. Bygoszcz: School of Humanities and Journalism.
4408:"The Assyrian heartland in the Achaemenid period"
4302:History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine
4164:
3165:Assyrian Academic Society: Summary of the Lecture
2973:
2967:
1951:
1192:, in which he pointed out the connection between
1011:, twelve of the noble families of Karka (ancient
6205:
4359:
2711:
1829:List of ethnic Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Syriacs
1053:(1787–1821) referenced "Assyrian Christians" in
192:Assyrian history is now regarded to be the long
4736:Petrosian, Vahram (2006). "Assyrians in Iraq".
3498:
3302:, p. 218: "They are Christian and are possibly
3104:
3080:
688:
376:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
16:Continuity between ancient and modern Assyrians
5150:. London: East & West Publishing Limited.
3857:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
3561:"Race and Ethnicity in Mesopotamian Antiquity"
1228:) up until nationalism around the time of the
1196:and "Assyrian" and argued for the adoption of
683:
571:whose mother was an Assyrian from that city. (
99:is the study of continuity between the modern
5198:
5093:
3499:Abraham, Kathleen; Sokoloff, Michael (2011).
2991:
2222:
1576:BC onwards, given that Tiglath-Pileser's son
1297:. Some Assyrians who were not members of the
773:
23:Assyrians celebrating the annual festival of
5222:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
4014:
3979:Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand
3657:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415.
2874:
1401:
1301:also embraced Assyrian nationalism, such as
374:fell in the late 7th century BC through the
4430:
3976:
2955:
2602:
2479:
664:, worshipping Ashur (at this time known as
519:, one of the largest settlements along the
438:Post-imperial Assyria in modern Assyriology
5205:
5191:
5143:
4767:Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction
4520:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3422:
3374:
1305:(1901–1979), who in 1933 helped found the
4862:
4735:
4345:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4324:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
4000:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3924:
3850:
3836:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3833:Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World
3822:
3808:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3718:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3541:
3203:
2665:
2641:
2195:
352:Early assumption of Assyrian annihilation
113:, religious, and linguistic minority in
4987:
4663:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4596:
4447:
4275:
4240:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4185:
3805:The History and Geography of Human Genes
3711:
3678:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3398:
3362:
3306:descendants of their ancient namesakes".
2943:
2886:
2161:
2131:
1629:
1494:
1462:
1405:
1316:
1309:and religiously identified himself as a
1165:
1144:. This time also saw the development of
1033:
1030:19th century identities and developments
920:
777:
692:
447:
355:
18:
4865:"The Terms "Assyria" and "Syria" Again"
4694:
4677:
4384:
4317:
3941:
3906:
3780:
3692:
3558:
3446:
3434:
3345:
3116:
3092:
3003:
2898:
2862:
2578:
2413:
2146:
2085:
2010:
1622:, an Aramaic dialect today mainly used
1467:Map of modern Assyrian Aramaic dialects
1456:until at least the 10th century and at
1433:
1156:Contemporary identities and name debate
6206:
5164:
5072:
5049:
4783:
4764:
4642:(2nd ed.). Jefferson: McFarland.
4579:: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran
4550:
4254:
4212:
4113:
4092:
4050:
3993:
3873:
3671:
3648:
3470:
3386:
3330:
3287:
3275:
3056:
3044:
3032:
2850:
2694:
2653:
2590:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2503:
2491:
2464:
2437:
2425:
2401:
2389:
2345:
2326:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2234:
2207:
2056:
2037:
540:, another Assyrian site in the north.
87:(bottom left) and the star of the god
5186:
5008:
4963:
4943:
4922:
4843:
4802:
4714:
4656:
4635:
4571:
4497:
4405:
4298:
4071:
3759:
3732:
3410:
3251:
3227:
3215:
3188:
3140:
3128:
2979:
2931:
2910:
2838:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2723:
2682:
2629:
2614:
2452:
2374:
2357:
2314:
2263:
2246:
2180:
2114:
2102:
1995:
1980:
1968:
1945:
1910:
1204:as a self-identity. Also used as the
1107:, Iran. Perhaps partly encouraged by
5171:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
5114:
4903:
4704:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
4684:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
4613:
4528:
4338:
4195:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
4147:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
4134:
3742:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
3458:
3263:
3239:
3176:
3152:
2022:
1190:? How is Our Nation to Be Raised Up?
1119:missionary efforts, the concepts of
966:Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs
927:Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs
918:(ancient Nineveh) and its vicinity.
5212:
5079:. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
4788:. Stellenbosch: African Sun Media.
4769:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3697:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1695:in support of Assyrian continuity.
1211:, perhaps inspired by the Armenian
1132:time, such as among the Armenians,
959:681–669 BC), Ashurbanipal and
347:Assyrians after the Assyrian Empire
13:
6219:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
5100:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
4946:"A Name Chaldeans Forgot: Assyria"
4929:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
4575:Memory and Identity in the Syriac
4557:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
4483:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
4388:The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic
4261:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
4120:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
4099:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
4078:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
3766:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
3530:American Journal of Human Genetics
1460:until as late as the 18th century.
500:, or to the end of Sassanid ruled
14:
6230:
4944:Salem, Chris (24 December 2020).
925:A medieval icon depicting Saints
835:, which also occurs in the forms
620:, who served as the secretary of
319:, its 17th century offshoot, the
6186:
6174:
6131:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
5284:
5273:
5262:
1876:
1587:727–722 BC) owned a set of
1293:of the newly created country of
902:; the 4th-century Syriac writer
66:
59:
48:
4869:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4848:. London: Thames & Hudson.
4721:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
4412:Pallas. Revue d'études antiques
4186:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002).
4024:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
3787:. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons.
3491:
3158:
2968:Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017
1867:
1597:
1582:
1570:
1555:
1549:administration by the reign of
1509:
1019:Modern identity and nationalism
954:
943:
782:Photograph of a portion of the
765:
747:Roman idea of legal citizenship
705:king, accompanied by attendants
607:
573:
554:
407:
5797:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
5660:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
5011:"Notes on "The Assyrian Tree""
4450:Genocide Studies International
4431:Livingstone, Alasdair (2009).
3069:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
3021:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
2074:Luukko & Van Buylaere 2017
1846:
424:as "king of Assyria", and the
1:
5541:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4617:Nationalisms Across the Globe
4437:Studia Orientalia Electronica
1889:
1325:(patriarch 1933–1957) of the
730:
721:
676:
662:ancient Mesopotamian religion
460:in the 2nd century AD (under
6151:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
6126:Assyrian Democratic Movement
4385:Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974).
4284:. Edinburgh: A&C Black.
4276:Holloway, Steven W. (2003).
3926:10.1080/14608944.2012.733208
3880:Altorientalische Forschungen
3155:, pp. 276–277, 419–420.
2712:Kalimi & Richardson 2014
1414:(ancient Arbela), today the
1307:Assyrian National Federation
1061:(1812–1894). In Southgate's
689:Development and distinctions
7:
6136:Assyrian Universal Alliance
5362:Assyrian Church of the East
5337:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
5331:Assyrian Evangelical Church
5254:Terms for Syriac Christians
4973:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4923:Saggs, Henry W. F. (1984).
4597:Morrison, Susannah (2018).
4015:Efstathiadou, Anna (2011).
3105:Abraham & Sokoloff 2011
3081:Abraham & Sokoloff 2011
1809:Assyrian Church of the East
1747:
1503:once belonging to the king
1490:
1481:Assyrian Church of the East
1446:
1369:in 1919, which asked for a
1358:Assyrian Church of the East
1243:Today, as a consequence of
1162:Terms for Syriac Christians
684:Identity in ancient Assyria
420:refers to the Persian king
317:Assyrian Church of the East
147:fall of the Assyrian Empire
10:
6235:
6146:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
5368:Ancient Church of the East
5144:Wilmshurst, David (2011).
5054:. In Tamari, Steve (ed.).
4926:The Might That Was Assyria
4863:Rollinger, Robert (2006).
4750:10.1163/157338406777979322
4536:World History Encyclopedia
4201:(1): 77–95. Archived from
4153:(1): 69–70. Archived from
3892:10.1524/aofo.1993.20.1.134
3874:Dalley, Stephanie (1993).
3505:Archiv für Orientforschung
3300:Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994
1834:Nationalist historiography
1679:, the political scientist
1673:World History Encyclopedia
1418:capital of the autonomous
1159:
1022:
774:Pre-modern self-identities
648:("Ashur judges") and even
441:
6169:
6116:
5987:
5819:
5810:
5723:
5652:
5559:
5500:
5483:
5440:
5381:
5346:
5309:
5298:
5260:
5231:
5220:
5073:Travis, Hannibal (2010).
5027:10.1017/S0041977X00102599
4803:Reade, Julian E. (1998).
4680:"Assyrians after Assyria"
4636:Nisan, Mordechai (2002).
4299:Hitti, Philip K. (1951).
4282:Mesopotamia and the Bible
4051:Filoni, Fernando (2017).
3994:Düring, Bleda S. (2020).
3748:(1): 1–23. Archived from
3733:Biggs, Robert D. (2005).
3577:10.1080/00438240500509843
3254:, pp. 47, 51, 68–70.
1873:Later "Syriac", see below
1685:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
1402:Other forms of continuity
1311:Syriac Orthodox Christian
1230:Greek War of Independence
971:The 7th-century Assyrian
464:rule) by the local ruler
274:centered on a desire for
214:Eastern Rite Christianity
5666:Muslim conquest of Syria
5356:Chaldean Catholic Church
4970:Edessa: The Blessed City
4805:"Greco-Parthian Nineveh"
4529:Mark, Joshua J. (2018).
4318:Jackson, Cailah (2020).
3907:Donabed, Sargon (2012).
3781:Cameron, Averil (2009).
3672:Becker, Adam H. (2015).
3649:Becker, Adam H. (2008).
3559:Bahrani, Zainab (2006).
1839:
1819:Chaldean Catholic Church
1784:History of the Assyrians
1528:Late Bronze Age collapse
1485:Chaldean Catholic Church
1392:Chaldean Catholic Church
977:made the titular saint,
429:1925, the Assyriologist
321:Chaldean Catholic Church
153:-speaking population of
6193:Christianity portal
6156:Syriac Military Council
5755:Massacres of Diyarbekir
5690:Principality of Antioch
5643:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
5450:Assyrian folk/pop music
3712:Benjamen, Alda (2022).
2956:Donabed & Mako 2009
2603:Donabed & Mako 2009
1094:Nineveh and its Remains
1001:to have prophesied the
137:in general and ancient
5911:Al-Hasakah Governorate
5749:Massacres of Badr Khan
5523:Middle Assyrian Empire
5325:Syriac Catholic Church
5319:Syriac Orthodox Church
5165:Yildiz, Efrem (1999).
5097:A Companion to Assyria
5050:Tamari, Steve (2019).
5009:Smith, Sidney (1926).
4904:Roux, Georges (1992).
4765:Radner, Karen (2015).
4695:Parpola, Simo (2004).
4678:Parpola, Simo (1999).
4572:Minov, Sergey (2020).
4554:A Companion to Assyria
4480:A Companion to Assyria
4406:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995).
4258:A Companion to Assyria
4171:. New York: Berghahn.
4140:"Reply to John Joseph"
4117:A Companion to Assyria
4096:A Companion to Assyria
4075:A Companion to Assyria
3876:"Nineveh after 612 BC"
3851:Deutscher, G. (2009).
3763:A Companion to Assyria
1814:Syriac Orthodox Church
1769:Middle Assyrian Empire
1523:
1477:Syriac Orthodox Church
1468:
1426:
1367:Paris Peace Conference
1333:
1327:Syriac Orthodox Church
1174:
1146:Literary Urmia Aramaic
1042:
974:History of Mar Qardagh
933:
786:
727:Middle Assyrian Empire
706:
644:("command of Ashur"),
468:
367:
325:Syriac Orthodox Church
37:
5779:Independence movement
5535:Post-imperial Assyria
5511:Early Assyrian period
4994:. Oxford: Routledge.
4738:Iran and the Caucasus
4462:10.3138/GSI-2022-0002
4305:. London: MacMillan.
4036:10.1353/mgs.2011.0023
3204:Crone & Cook 1977
1864:, among other places.
1852:At the height of the
1630:Academia and politics
1615:Neo-Aramaic languages
1498:
1466:
1409:
1320:
1169:
1045:Early travellers and
1037:
924:
781:
696:
451:
444:Post-imperial Assyria
380:Neo-Babylonian Empire
359:
22:
6214:Assyrian nationalism
5455:Music of Mesopotamia
5402:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
5397:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
4339:Jupp, James (2001).
3859:. Oxford: Elsevier.
2794:, pp. 187, 191.
2726:, pp. 205, 217.
1804:Assyrian nationalism
1501:Assyrian lion weight
1434:Assyrian settlements
1177:In the years before
1025:Assyrian nationalism
567:being rebuilt under
474:post-imperial period
272:Assyrian nationalism
194:post-imperial period
133:) and the people of
5761:Rise of nationalism
5702:Jalayirid Sultanate
5529:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5517:Old Assyrian period
5460:Syriac sacral music
5280:Aramean-Syriac flag
5239:Assyrian continuity
3913:National Identities
3461:, pp. 527–528.
3377:, pp. 413–416.
3278:, pp. 148–151.
2685:, pp. 600–601.
2644:, pp. 285–287.
2302:, pp. 135–136.
2290:, pp. 560–561.
2225:, pp. 583–584.
2198:, pp. 143–144.
1854:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1764:Old Assyrian Empire
1759:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1653:Richard Nelson Frye
1624:liturgical language
1566:Tiglath-Pileser III
1526:In the wake of the
1499:Line drawing of an
1424:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1187:Who are the Syrians
1086:Austen Henry Layard
1039:Austen Henry Layard
861:Çineköy inscription
784:Çineköy inscription
718:Old Assyrian period
238:Canaanite languages
236:which replaced the
222:Neo-Assyrian Empire
204:, during which the
135:Ancient Mesopotamia
97:Assyrian continuity
26:Kha b-Nisan (Akitu)
6181:History portal
5623:Church of the East
5412:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
5249:Chaldean Catholics
4188:"We Are Assyrians"
4054:The Church in Iraq
3483:Banoei et al. 2008
3316:Akbari et al. 1986
3230:, p. 297-317.
3083:, pp. 22, 59.
2992:Trolle Larsen 2017
2617:, p. 600-601.
2516:Harper et al. 1995
2223:Trolle Larsen 2017
1774:Achaemenid Assyria
1524:
1469:
1427:
1334:
1299:Church of the East
1215:. The adoption of
1175:
1043:
948:705–681 BC),
934:
787:
707:
469:
368:
276:self-determination
174:Assyrian heartland
164:specifically, and
38:
6201:
6200:
6112:
6111:
5828:
5806:
5805:
5773:Assyrian genocide
5672:Abbasid Caliphate
5494:
5377:
5376:
5244:Assyrian diaspora
5058:. Leiden: BRILL.
5001:978-0-415-61504-4
4980:978-0-19-821545-5
4908:. Penguin Books.
4855:978-0-500-48039-7
4649:978-0-7864-1375-1
4582:. Leiden: BRILL.
4577:Cave of Treasures
4291:978-1-84127-252-8
4219:. Leiden: BRILL.
3866:978-0-08-087774-7
3794:978-1-4051-9833-2
3704:978-0-19-537158-1
3565:World Archaeology
3179:, pp. 69–70.
2875:Efstathiadou 2011
2581:, pp. 56–57.
2149:, pp. 16–17.
2025:, p. 77-103.
1721:Philoxenus Nemrud
1687:, Paolo Menozzi,
1564:. By the time of
1363:Ignatius Aphrem I
1356:Followers of the
1348:, and the modern
1323:Ignatius Aphrem I
1059:Horatio Southgate
1003:Star of Bethlehem
961:Shamash-shum-ukin
904:Ephrem the Syrian
697:Glazed tile from
614:Achaemenid Empire
403:Nebuchadnezzar II
246:Upper Mesopotamia
206:Akkadian language
117:(particularly in
6226:
6191:
6190:
6179:
6178:
6177:
5824:
5817:
5816:
5791:Post-Saddam Iraq
5617:Nestorian schism
5611:Christianization
5583:(132 BCE–244 CE)
5577:(247 BCE–224 CE)
5537:(609 BCE–240 CE)
5498:
5497:
5488:
5348:East Syriac Rite
5311:West Syriac Rite
5307:
5306:
5288:
5277:
5266:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5161:
5140:
5111:
5090:
5069:
5046:
5005:
4984:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4940:
4919:
4900:
4859:
4840:
4799:
4780:
4761:
4732:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4674:
4653:
4632:
4610:
4593:
4568:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4525:
4519:
4511:
4494:
4473:
4444:
4427:
4402:
4381:
4368:Brill Publishers
4356:
4335:
4314:
4295:
4272:
4251:
4230:
4209:
4207:
4192:
4182:
4161:
4159:
4144:
4136:Frye, Richard N.
4131:
4110:
4089:
4068:
4047:
4021:
4011:
3990:
3973:
3967:
3959:
3938:
3928:
3903:
3870:
3847:
3828:Cook, Michael A.
3819:
3798:
3777:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3729:
3708:
3689:
3668:
3645:
3596:
3555:
3545:
3520:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3333:, p. 16-19.
3328:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2958:, p. 80-81.
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2480:Livingstone 2009
2477:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1949:
1943:
1914:
1908:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1850:
1794:Assyrian cuisine
1789:Assyrian culture
1601:
1599:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1559:
1557:
1530:around 1200 BC,
1513:
1511:
1420:Kurdistan Region
1383:Ignatius Zakka I
1183:Freydun Atturaya
1171:Freydun Atturaya
1117:Russian Orthodox
1008:History of Karka
958:
956:
947:
945:
769:
767:
732:
723:
678:
670:Kingdom of Hatra
654:Aššur-aḫu-iddina
611:
609:
577:
575:
558:
556:
506:Islamic Conquest
411:
409:
397:states that the
226:Imperial Aramaic
70:
63:
52:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6165:
6108:
5983:
5960:Mardin Province
5823:
5802:
5785:Simele massacre
5719:
5648:
5613:(1st to 3rd c.)
5595:(64 BCE–637 CE)
5589:(66 BCE–217 CE)
5575:Parthian Empire
5569:Seleucid Empire
5561:
5555:
5551:Assyrian tribes
5519:(2025–1364 BCE)
5513:(2600–2025 BCE)
5492:
5490:
5487:
5479:
5436:
5389:
5373:
5342:
5301:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5258:
5227:
5216:
5214:Assyrian people
5211:
5181:
5158:
5108:
5087:
5066:
5002:
4981:
4965:Segal, Judah B.
4954:
4952:
4937:
4916:
4856:
4821:10.2307/4200453
4796:
4777:
4729:
4699:
4671:
4650:
4629:
4590:
4565:
4541:
4539:
4513:
4512:
4491:
4418:(43): 239–254.
4399:
4378:
4353:
4332:
4292:
4269:
4248:
4227:
4205:
4190:
4179:
4157:
4142:
4128:
4107:
4086:
4065:
4019:
4008:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3867:
3844:
3824:Crone, Patricia
3816:
3795:
3774:
3752:
3737:
3726:
3705:
3686:
3665:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3423:Wilmshurst 2011
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3375:Wilmshurst 2011
3373:
3369:
3361:
3352:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:, p. 5–22.
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1952:
1944:
1917:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1750:
1669:Mordechai Nisan
1657:Philip K. Hitti
1641:Robert D. Biggs
1632:
1620:Syriac language
1596:
1581:
1569:
1554:
1551:Shalmaneser III
1508:
1493:
1473:Fast of Nineveh
1449:
1436:
1404:
1375:Simele massacre
1331:Simele massacre
1269:, Denmark, the
1257:communities in
1164:
1158:
1032:
1027:
1021:
953:
942:
900:Sasanian Empire
776:
764:
691:
686:
674:Sasanian Empire
626:Cyrus the Great
618:Pan-Ashur-lumur
606:
572:
553:
498:Sassanid Empire
456:and erected in
446:
440:
406:
361:Fall of Nineveh
354:
349:
341:Assyrian people
230:Western Aramaic
143:Assyrian people
103:, a recognised
101:Assyrian people
94:
93:
92:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
64:
55:
54:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6232:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6183:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6087:United Kingdom
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5840:Nineveh Plains
5831:
5829:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5767:Adana massacre
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5743:Schism of 1552
5740:
5737:Ottoman Empire
5734:
5731:Safavid Empire
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5678:Emirs of Mosul
5675:
5669:
5663:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5525:(1363–912 BCE)
5520:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5495:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5304:
5296:
5295:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5180:
5179:
5162:
5156:
5141:
5129:10.1086/710485
5112:
5107:978-1118325247
5106:
5091:
5086:978-1594604362
5085:
5070:
5065:978-9004385337
5064:
5047:
5006:
5000:
4985:
4979:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4920:
4915:978-0140125238
4914:
4901:
4889:10.1086/511103
4881:10.1086/511103
4875:(4): 283–287.
4860:
4854:
4841:
4800:
4795:978-1991201164
4794:
4781:
4776:978-0198715900
4775:
4762:
4733:
4728:978-1409427094
4727:
4712:
4692:
4675:
4670:978-1588396068
4669:
4654:
4648:
4633:
4627:
4611:
4594:
4589:978-9004445505
4588:
4569:
4564:978-1118325247
4563:
4548:
4526:
4495:
4490:978-1118325247
4489:
4474:
4445:
4428:
4403:
4397:
4382:
4377:978-9004265615
4376:
4357:
4351:
4336:
4331:978-1474451505
4330:
4315:
4296:
4290:
4273:
4268:978-1118325247
4267:
4252:
4246:
4231:
4226:978-9004167353
4225:
4210:
4208:on 2003-04-21.
4183:
4178:978-1785334986
4177:
4162:
4160:on 2020-07-11.
4132:
4127:978-1118325247
4126:
4111:
4106:978-1118325247
4105:
4090:
4085:978-1118325247
4084:
4069:
4064:978-0813229652
4063:
4048:
4030:(2): 191–218.
4012:
4007:978-1108478748
4006:
3991:
3974:
3955:978-1138649040
3954:
3939:
3919:(4): 407–431.
3904:
3886:(1): 134–147.
3871:
3865:
3848:
3842:
3820:
3814:
3799:
3793:
3784:The Byzantines
3778:
3773:978-1118325247
3772:
3757:
3755:on 2008-02-27.
3730:
3725:978-1108838795
3724:
3709:
3703:
3690:
3685:978-0226145280
3684:
3669:
3663:
3646:
3597:
3556:
3521:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3473:, p. 149.
3463:
3451:
3449:, p. 412.
3439:
3427:
3425:, p. 415.
3415:
3413:, p. 215.
3403:
3391:
3389:, p. 396.
3379:
3367:
3350:
3348:, p. 118.
3335:
3320:
3308:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3218:, p. 181.
3208:
3193:
3191:, p. 519.
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3095:, p. 164.
3085:
3073:
3071:, p. 314.
3061:
3059:, p. 190.
3049:
3047:, p. 180.
3037:
3035:, p. 147.
3025:
3023:, p. 318.
3008:
2996:
2994:, p. 584.
2984:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2934:, p. 599.
2915:
2913:, p. 604.
2903:
2891:
2879:
2877:, p. 191.
2867:
2855:
2853:, p. 328.
2843:
2841:, p. 602.
2820:
2818:, p. 217.
2808:
2806:, p. 203.
2796:
2784:
2782:, p. 208.
2767:
2765:, p. 205.
2755:
2753:, p. 209.
2743:
2741:, p. 214.
2728:
2716:
2699:
2697:, p. 241.
2687:
2670:
2668:, p. 284.
2666:Rollinger 2006
2658:
2656:, p. 113.
2646:
2642:Rollinger 2006
2634:
2632:, p. 601.
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2569:, p. 145.
2559:
2547:
2535:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2494:, p. 197.
2484:
2482:, p. 154.
2469:
2467:, p. 193.
2457:
2442:
2440:, p. 238.
2430:
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 194.
2394:
2392:, p. 230.
2379:
2377:, p. 240.
2362:
2350:
2348:, p. 229.
2331:
2319:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2278:, p. 134.
2268:
2266:, p. 286.
2251:
2249:, p. 239.
2239:
2237:, p. 560.
2227:
2212:
2210:, p. 192.
2200:
2196:Petrosian 2006
2185:
2183:, p. 603.
2166:
2151:
2136:
2119:
2117:, p. 298.
2107:
2105:, p. 600.
2090:
2078:
2076:, p. 319.
2061:
2059:, p. 149.
2042:
2040:, p. 240.
2027:
2015:
2000:
1998:, p. 290.
1985:
1973:
1950:
1948:, p. 132.
1915:
1913:, p. 605.
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Assyrian Music
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1734:Ba'athist Iraq
1693:academic works
1689:Alberto Piazza
1661:Patricia Crone
1645:H. W. F. Saggs
1631:
1628:
1611:Suret language
1492:
1489:
1448:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1403:
1400:
1346:Nebuchadnezzar
1271:United Kingdom
1157:
1154:
1113:Roman Catholic
1098:Hormuzd Rassam
1031:
1028:
1020:
1017:
818:Church History
775:
772:
690:
687:
685:
682:
439:
436:
426:Book of Isaiah
399:Neo-Babylonian
395:Book of Judith
353:
350:
348:
345:
129:and northwest
91:(bottom right)
78:
65:
58:
57:
56:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6231:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:United States
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5684:Buyid amirate
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5605:Roman Assyria
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5531:(911–609 BCE)
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5496:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5432:Syriac script
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5292:
5291:Chaldean flag
5287:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5269:Assyrian flag
5265:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5157:9781907318047
5153:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4938:
4936:9780312035112
4932:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4628:83-87653-46-2
4624:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:(2): 95–108.
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4398:0-226-62281-9
4394:
4390:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4352:0-521-80789-1
4348:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4249:
4247:0-87099-743-2
4243:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3843:9780521211338
3839:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3815:0-691-08750-4
3811:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3664:9783161494116
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:Human Biology
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3485:, p. 79.
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3401:, p. 71.
3400:
3399:Holloway 2003
3395:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3365:, p. 89.
3364:
3363:Gewargis 2002
3359:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3206:, p. 55.
3205:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3107:, p. 59.
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3006:, p. 21.
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2970:, p. ix.
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2944:Lundgren 2023
2940:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2901:, p. 11.
2900:
2895:
2889:, p. 39.
2888:
2887:Morrison 2018
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2605:, p. 81.
2604:
2599:
2593:, p. 37.
2592:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2557:, p. 81.
2556:
2551:
2545:, p. 39.
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2518:, p. 18.
2517:
2512:
2506:, p. 19.
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2455:, p. 71.
2454:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2329:, p. 20.
2328:
2323:
2317:, p. 69.
2316:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2164:, p. 17.
2163:
2162:Shehadeh 2011
2158:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2132:Benjamen 2022
2128:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2088:, p. 15.
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2013:, p. 22.
2012:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1983:, p. 10.
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1879:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Name of Syria
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1578:Shalmaneser V
1567:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1505:Shalmaneser V
1502:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1379:United States
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:Assyrian flag
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:United States
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:(1826–1910).
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Claudius Rich
1048:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
969:
967:
962:
951:
940:
932:
928:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
785:
780:
771:
762:
757:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
728:
719:
715:
711:
704:
700:
695:
681:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
578:556–539 BC).
570:
566:
562:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
445:
435:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
404:
400:
396:
393:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
362:
358:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Christianized
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
185:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
151:East Assyrian
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
90:
86:
82:
81:Assyrian flag
69:
62:
51:
36:
32:
28:
27:
21:
5708:Qara Qoyunlu
5571:(312–63 BCE)
5302:Christianity
5238:
5174:
5170:
5146:
5120:
5116:
5096:
5075:
5055:
5021:(1): 69–76.
5018:
5014:
4990:
4969:
4953:. Retrieved
4949:
4925:
4906:Ancient Iraq
4905:
4872:
4868:
4845:
4812:
4808:
4785:
4766:
4741:
4737:
4717:
4707:
4703:
4687:
4683:
4659:
4638:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4578:
4574:
4553:
4540:. Retrieved
4534:
4499:
4479:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4436:
4415:
4411:
4387:
4362:
4341:
4320:
4301:
4281:
4257:
4236:
4215:
4203:the original
4198:
4194:
4167:
4155:the original
4150:
4146:
4116:
4095:
4074:
4053:
4027:
4023:
3996:
3978:
3944:
3916:
3912:
3883:
3879:
3856:
3832:
3804:
3783:
3762:
3750:the original
3745:
3741:
3714:
3694:
3674:
3654:
3612:(1): 73–81.
3609:
3605:
3571:(1): 48–59.
3568:
3564:
3536:(1): 84–98.
3533:
3529:
3508:
3504:
3492:Bibliography
3478:
3466:
3454:
3447:Donabed 2012
3442:
3437:, Chapter 1.
3435:Jackson 2020
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3346:Donabed 2019
3311:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3117:Parpola 2004
3112:
3100:
3093:Kaufman 1974
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3004:Parpola 2004
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2946:, p. 5.
2939:
2906:
2899:Parpola 2004
2894:
2882:
2870:
2865:, p. 7.
2863:Cameron 2009
2858:
2846:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2758:
2746:
2719:
2714:, p. 5.
2690:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2579:Bahrani 2006
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2533:, p. 7.
2511:
2499:
2487:
2460:
2433:
2428:, p. 6.
2421:
2414:Parpola 1999
2409:
2397:
2360:, p. 5.
2353:
2322:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2242:
2230:
2203:
2147:Parpola 2004
2134:, p. 2.
2110:
2086:Parpola 2004
2081:
2018:
2011:Parpola 2004
1976:
1971:, p. 7.
1878:
1869:
1848:
1738:
1730:
1716:
1709:
1704:Karen Radner
1697:
1665:Michael Cook
1649:Georges Roux
1637:Simo Parpola
1633:
1608:
1593:Ashurbanipal
1589:lion weights
1547:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1470:
1450:
1437:
1428:
1415:
1410:The city of
1387:
1355:
1335:
1303:D. B. Perley
1248:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1176:
1128:
1102:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1047:missionaries
1044:
1006:
972:
970:
935:
911:
907:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
816:
804:
800:
788:
744:
708:
703:Neo-Assyrian
701:depicting a
665:
653:
649:
645:
641:
630:
580:
548:in reign of
517:Dur-Katlimmu
514:
510:
490:Beth Nuhadra
470:
431:Sidney Smith
418:Book of Ezra
389:
384:Hebrew Bible
369:
360:
312:
308:
270:
265:
261:
257:
248:was largely
218:
210:East Aramaic
186:
178:
125:, southeast
121:, northeast
115:Western Asia
96:
95:
24:
6067:New Zealand
6062:Netherlands
5826:Settlements
5739:(1555–1917)
5716:(1453–1501)
5710:(1375–1468)
5704:(1335–1432)
5698:(1258–1335)
5692:(1098–1268)
5653:Middle ages
5593:Roman Syria
5587:Syrian Wars
5224:Middle East
5177:(1): 15–30.
4609:(1): 37–55.
4542:27 February
4502:. Uppsala.
3471:Travis 2010
3387:Becker 2008
3331:Yildiz 1999
3288:Travis 2010
3276:Travis 2010
3057:Frahm 2017b
3045:Frahm 2017b
3033:Radner 2021
2851:Becker 2015
2695:Hauser 2017
2654:Tamari 2019
2591:Filoni 2017
2567:Düring 2020
2555:Michel 2017
2543:Düring 2020
2531:Radner 2015
2504:Radner 2015
2492:Haider 2008
2465:Haider 2008
2438:Hauser 2017
2426:Radner 2015
2402:Frahm 2017b
2390:Hauser 2017
2346:Hauser 2017
2327:Radner 2015
2300:Dalley 1993
2288:Frahm 2017c
2276:Dalley 1993
2235:Frahm 2017c
2208:Frahm 2017b
2057:Radner 2021
2038:Hauser 2017
1717:Bukthanaṣar
1700:John Joseph
1677:Judah Segal
1342:Sennacherib
1283:New Zealand
1245:World War I
1179:World War I
1150:Neo-Aramaic
1125:nationalism
979:Mar Qardagh
939:Sennacherib
931:Sennacherib
650:Assor-heden
646:Assor-tares
622:Cambyses II
603:Cambyses II
550:Neriglissar
494:Beth Garmai
466:Rʻuth-Assor
365:John Martin
254:Middle Ages
189:Assyriology
166:Mesopotamia
79:The modern
6208:Categories
5950:Diyarbakır
5921:Tell Tamer
5916:Al-Hasakah
5812:By country
5724:Modern era
5714:Aq Qoyunlu
5686:(945–1055)
5680:(905–1383)
5674:(750–1258)
5489:(including
5465:Folk dance
5123:: 77–103.
4744:(1): 138.
4710:(2): 5–22.
4443:: 151–157.
4366:. Leiden:
3981:: 71–113.
3948:. London.
3853:"Akkadian"
3411:Payne 2012
3252:Segal 1970
3228:Makko 2012
3216:Nisan 2002
3189:Hitti 1951
3141:Saggs 1984
3129:Biggs 2005
2980:Salem 2020
2932:Butts 2017
2911:Butts 2017
2839:Butts 2017
2816:Payne 2012
2804:Minov 2020
2792:Minov 2020
2780:Payne 2012
2763:Payne 2012
2751:Payne 2012
2739:Payne 2012
2724:Payne 2012
2683:Butts 2017
2630:Butts 2017
2615:Butts 2017
2453:Reade 1998
2375:Kuhrt 1995
2358:Frahm 2017
2315:Smith 1926
2264:Reade 2018
2247:Kuhrt 1995
2181:Butts 2017
2115:Makko 2012
2103:Butts 2017
1996:Saggs 1984
1981:Biggs 2005
1969:Frahm 2017
1946:Novák 2016
1911:Butts 2017
1890:References
1681:James Jupp
1321:Patriarch
1160:See also:
1023:See also:
950:Esarhaddon
658:Esarhaddon
631:Under the
442:See also:
392:apocryphal
363:(1829) by
155:Bronze Age
108:indigenous
6141:Dawronoye
6072:Palestine
6002:Australia
5975:Tur Abdin
5855:Tel Keppe
5775:(1914–20)
5763:(19th c.)
5745:(16th c.)
5733:(1508–55)
5696:Ilkhanate
5645:(502–628)
5639:(226–651)
5637:Asoristan
5607:(116–118)
5562:antiquity
5560:Classical
5493:contexts)
5390:languages
5137:225379553
5043:178173677
4955:6 January
4897:162760021
4837:191474172
4815:: 65–83.
4758:154905506
4531:"Assyria"
4516:cite book
4508:1654-630X
4470:257178308
4044:144506772
3987:1608-7526
3964:cite book
3935:145265726
3900:163383142
3593:144093611
3511:: 22–76.
3459:Naby 2006
3304:bona fide
3264:Jupp 2001
3240:Mark 2018
3177:Frye 1999
3153:Roux 1992
2023:Valk 2020
1858:Babylonia
1779:Asoristan
1396:Chaldeans
1279:Australia
1259:countries
1217:ʾāthorāyā
1206:neologism
1202:ʾāthorāyā
1198:ʾāthorāyā
1129:ʾāthorāyā
912:ʾāthorāyā
896:ʾāthorāyā
892:ʾāthorāyā
884:ʾāthorāyā
880:ʾāthorāyā
874:Although
809:Bardaisan
761:Sargon II
740:Babylonia
710:Ethnicity
642:Qib-Assor
569:Nabonidus
502:Asoristan
309:ʾĀthorāyā
285:Armenians
202:Asoristan
6118:Politics
5989:Diaspora
5970:Mazıdağı
5926:Qamishli
5899:Sanandaj
5872:Shaqlawa
5860:Bartella
5845:Qaraqosh
5821:Homeland
5619:(5th c.)
5601:(15–116)
5599:Adiabene
5546:Arameans
5501:Ancient
5475:Clothing
5417:Hertevin
5232:Identity
4967:(1970).
4424:43660582
4138:(1999).
3830:(1977).
3642:10417591
3634:18505046
3626:41465951
3585:40023594
3517:24595102
1748:See also
1742:endogamy
1542:de facto
1516:Akkadian
1491:Language
1447:Religion
1416:de facto
1371:homeland
1285:and the
1261:such as
1255:diaspora
1209:ʾasurāyā
1109:Anglican
845:assūrāyu
821:as both
813:Eusebius
801:ʾārāmāyā
751:barbaric
736:Hurrians
637:Parthian
633:Seleucid
599:Borsippa
504:and the
486:Adiabene
462:Parthian
422:Darius I
370:Ancient
337:Chaldean
335:", and "
313:ʾAsurāyā
301:Persians
266:Assūrāyu
242:Persians
170:settlers
159:Iron Age
6104:Uruguay
6097:Detroit
6052:Lebanon
6032:Germany
6027:Georgia
6017:Finland
6007:Belgium
5997:Armenia
5945:Hakkari
5799:(2014–)
5793:(2003–)
5781:(1919–)
5751:(1840s)
5581:Osroene
5503:Assyria
5491:related
5485:History
5470:Cuisine
5442:Culture
5383:Aramaic
5370:(1968–)
5364:(1692–)
5358:(1552–)
5339:(1940–)
5333:(1870–)
5327:(1662–)
4829:4200453
4311:5510718
3552:3456196
3543:1684716
1754:Assyria
1713:Rumkale
1604:papyrus
1600:
1585:
1573:
1558:
1532:Aramean
1520:Aramaic
1512:
1388:suryayā
1291:demonym
1263:Germany
1234:sūryōyō
1226:Rhōmioi
1075:Assouri
1071:Syriani
1067:Assouri
1013:Arrapha
957:
946:
876:suryāyā
857:Aramaic
837:suryāyē
833:Suryāyā
827:suryāyā
823:ārāmāyā
805:suryāyā
796:Timurid
768:
714:culture
656:, i.e.
610:
576:
557:
546:Arrapha
496:by the
482:Osroene
454:Aramaic
416:", the
414:Nineveh
410:
372:Assyria
329:Aramean
262:Suryāyā
258:Suryāyā
232:of the
187:Modern
172:in the
162:Assyria
139:Assyria
105:Semitic
89:Shamash
6161:Sutoro
6082:Sweden
6077:Russia
6057:Mexico
6047:Jordan
6042:Israel
6037:Greece
6022:France
6012:Canada
5965:Mardin
5955:Elazığ
5940:Turkey
5933:Khabur
5894:Salmas
5867:Ankawa
5850:Alqosh
5787:(1933)
5769:(1909)
5757:(1895)
5668:(630s)
5662:(630s)
5427:Mlaḥsô
5422:Senaya
5407:Turoyo
5387:Syriac
5321:(518–)
5300:Syriac
5154:
5135:
5104:
5083:
5062:
5041:
5035:607403
5033:
4998:
4977:
4950:Medium
4933:
4912:
4895:
4887:
4852:
4835:
4827:
4792:
4773:
4756:
4725:
4667:
4646:
4625:
4586:
4561:
4506:
4487:
4468:
4422:
4395:
4374:
4349:
4328:
4309:
4288:
4265:
4244:
4223:
4175:
4124:
4103:
4082:
4061:
4042:
4004:
3985:
3952:
3933:
3898:
3863:
3840:
3812:
3791:
3770:
3722:
3701:
3682:
3661:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3591:
3583:
3550:
3540:
3515:
1862:Levant
1860:, the
1613:, are
1562:Nimrud
1458:Mardin
1454:Harran
1338:Sargon
1275:Greece
1267:Sweden
1247:, the
1238:sūrāyā
1222:Romans
1194:surayē
1121:nation
1090:Nimrud
999:Balaam
983:Nimrod
908:ʾāthor
888:ʾāthor
865:Levant
853:Luwian
849:sūrāyu
841:sūrōyē
792:Mongol
699:Nimrud
595:Dilbat
591:Sippar
583:Nippur
561:Harran
542:Arbela
538:Guzana
530:Sippar
521:Khabur
333:Syriac
323:, the
303:, and
234:Levant
224:, the
198:Athura
127:Turkey
111:ethnic
5906:Syria
5889:Urmia
5877:Zakho
5133:S2CID
5039:S2CID
5031:JSTOR
4893:S2CID
4885:JSTOR
4833:S2CID
4825:JSTOR
4754:S2CID
4700:(PDF)
4466:S2CID
4420:JSTOR
4206:(PDF)
4191:(PDF)
4158:(PDF)
4143:(PDF)
4040:S2CID
4020:(PDF)
3931:S2CID
3896:S2CID
3753:(PDF)
3738:(PDF)
3638:S2CID
3622:JSTOR
3589:S2CID
3581:JSTOR
3513:JSTOR
1840:Notes
1441:Erbil
1412:Erbil
1295:Syria
1250:Sayfo
1213:Asori
1142:Turks
1138:Kurds
1134:Arabs
1105:Urmia
1092:. In
1079:Asori
995:Ninus
991:Belus
916:Mosul
869:Syria
666:Assor
534:Assur
526:Ashur
478:Assur
458:Assur
401:king
305:Turks
297:Kurds
289:Copts
281:Arabs
181:Bible
123:Syria
85:Ashur
31:Duhok
5884:Iran
5835:Iraq
5631:1552
5152:ISBN
5102:ISBN
5081:ISBN
5060:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4975:ISBN
4957:2022
4931:ISBN
4910:ISBN
4850:ISBN
4809:Iraq
4790:ISBN
4771:ISBN
4723:ISBN
4690:(2).
4665:ISBN
4644:ISBN
4623:ISBN
4584:ISBN
4559:ISBN
4544:2022
4522:link
4504:ISSN
4485:ISBN
4393:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4347:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4307:OCLC
4286:ISBN
4263:ISBN
4242:ISBN
4221:ISBN
4173:ISBN
4122:ISBN
4101:ISBN
4080:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4002:ISBN
3983:ISSN
3970:link
3950:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3838:ISBN
3810:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3680:ISBN
3659:ISBN
3630:PMID
3548:PMID
1725:Nabu
1618:the
1518:and
1483:and
1471:The
1344:and
1140:and
1123:and
1115:and
993:and
987:polo
867:as "
855:and
839:and
825:and
803:and
794:and
756:race
712:and
635:and
597:and
587:Uruk
536:and
492:and
331:", "
311:and
293:Jews
200:and
157:and
131:Iran
119:Iraq
35:Iraq
5627:410
5125:doi
5121:384
5023:doi
4877:doi
4817:doi
4746:doi
4458:doi
4441:106
4032:doi
3921:doi
3888:doi
3614:doi
3573:doi
3538:PMC
1394:, "
1236:or
1077:or
815:'s
565:Sîn
480:,
29:in
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5175:13
5173:.
5169:.
5131:.
5119:.
5037:.
5029:.
5017:.
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4948:.
4891:.
4883:.
4873:65
4871:.
4867:.
4831:.
4823:.
4813:60
4811:.
4807:.
4752:.
4742:10
4740:.
4708:18
4706:.
4702:.
4688:13
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4682:.
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2169:^
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2122:^
2093:^
2064:^
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2030:^
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1988:^
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1918:^
1897:^
1667:,
1663:,
1659:,
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