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764:, minister of war in the Károlyi government. Due to the full disarmament of its army, Hungary was to remain without a national defense at a time of particular vulnerability. The Hungarian self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia. During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary rapidly lost control over approx. 75% of its former pre-WW1 territories (325 411 km) without armed resistance and was subject to foreign occupation.
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the parties of the
National Council. Károlyi assembled his cabinet that day. The revolution technically didn't change Hungary's legal status, as the new government still swore an oath to the king. However, afraid of the radicalized public opinion, Károlyi asked to be relieved of his oath by the next day 1 November, which he was granted. Subsequently the government took a new oath to the Hungarian National Council.
731:). Targets of violence differed from region: apart from landowners and administrators, Jewish merchants were often targeted, especially in the east. In areas mostly inhabited by non-Magyars, unrest took an explicitly ethnic character. Unrest continued throughout November and December, and in many places order was only restored by the arrival of Czech, Romanian, Serbian or French troops.
710:, who then turned to the revolution and looted the train for weapons. Unions halted rail traffic to and from Budapest. Telephone exchanges, posts and banks were seized. Lukachich himself was arrested. At this point the National Council, still wanting to avoid a violent confrontation, had lost control. Their members slept in Hotel Astoria, uncertain of the future.
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on 16 November 1918. Károlyi, who was already Prime
Minister, would also serve as the provisional head of state. That day, both houses of parliament dissolved themselves, and an expanded Hungarian National Council was called representing local councils that sprung up throughout the country during the
739:
Although the Károlyi government initially didn't declare independence, the collapse of
Habsburg power in Austria made the distinction meaningless. On 13 November, after a similar proclamation was made for the Austrian throne, Charles issued a proclamation recognizing Hungary's right to determine the
713:
At 3 on the morning of 31 October 1918, János Hadik called up the
Emperor and notified him of his resignation. He had been Prime Minister for a mere 17 hours, the shortest tenure in Hungarian history. The Emperor relented, nominated Károlyi as Prime Minister, and asked him to form a government with
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in
January 1918 had demanded only "autonomous development" of nations). Meanwhile emerging in influence among the Entente powers had been demands by Italian-backed Czechs and the Southern Slavs. After abortive attempts to negotiate a separate peace, plans among Entente leaders increasingly favoured
577:
In a final attempt to salvage his empire, Emperor
Charles on 16 October legitimised the formation of National Councils and published the Völkermanifest, declaring federalisation of the Austrian part of the empire. This, however, only accelerated collapse: by the end of October, secession had been
540:
The revolution was brought about by widespread protests as World War I wore on, from which Mihály Károlyi emerged as the leader of the newly proclaimed First
Hungarian People's Republic. This lasted between 16 November 1918 and 21 March 1919. Supporters of Károlyi, many of whom were demobilised
574:
the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. By Summer 1918 the
Entente recognised the Czechoslovak National Council as the future government of an independent Czechoslovakia. Therefore Austro-Hungarian peace offers based on the 14 points were rejected.
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during
Wekerle's resignation, but had to return to Vienna due to the deteriorating situation) was inclined to nominate Károlyi as Prime Minister to stabilise the situation. He changed his mind following the advice of prominent Hungarian politicians like
660:. Independently, two days later, a Soldiers' Council was established by flight lieutenant Imre Csernyák. Two days afterwards, on 27 October, the National Council nominated him as chairman of the committee of the armed forces.
721:
Although the revolution in
Budapest was relatively bloodless, a wave of violence and looting swept across the countryside as returning soldiers wrecked havoc on representatives of the old order. Local administration and the
212:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
717:
István Tisza, the former prime minister, became a target of anger for the revolutionary crowds, blaming him for the war. He was assassinated the afternoon of 31 October in his villa near City Park by disgruntled soldiers.
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on the Italian front. In mid-September, the Entente broke through the Macedonian Front. Unable to halt their advance, Bulgaria capitulated on 29 September; the position of the Austrian military became untenable.
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collapsed, replaced by local National Councils and a variety of spontaneously formed paramilitaries to protect local interests. The government attempted to formalize and regulate them as the National Guard
198:
702:, which quickly became a revolutionary symbol. Over the course of the day, the Soldiers' Council took over strategic points in the city, and freed political prisoners. Notably, on the initiative of
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Romania and Italy had been promised large territorial concessions earlier in the war. However, there had been differing opinions over the future dismemberment of Austria-Hungary (the 14 points of
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was tasked to keep order in Budapest. Although he was firmly set against the National Council, his forces quickly deserted him, rendering him powerless to stop the revolution.
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form of the state and withdrawing from Hungarian affairs of state (although he did not explicitly resign). This opened the legal path to declare full independence as the
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revolution. This National Council would serve as a provisional legislature throughout Károlyi's reign, as free elections would ultimately never be held.
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on the Italian Front. Hungarian units of the already disintegrating army flooded home, destabilising the already precarious situation on the street.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers when Mihály Károlyi was announced as prime minister of Hungary. Károlyi yielded to U.S. President
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Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Issue 3 of CHSP Hungarian authors series East European monographs
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hungarian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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streets in favour of a National Council, and demanding Károlyi as Prime Minister. On 28 October 1918 the crowd (
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and, after a brief revival of the People's Republic, the monarchy was restored, now as an independent country.
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In Hungary, on 17 October, the ruling Third Wekerle Government abolished the 1867 Compromise, retaining only a
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as the symbol of the revolution. Following its success, Hungary declared its independence. As a result,
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declared the war "lost" before Parliament. Unable to cope, Wekerle resigned on 23 October.
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Rudnytsky, Peter L.; Bokay, Antal; Giampieri-Deutsch, Patrizia (1 July 2000).
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The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923
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Demonstration in favour of the National Council in Budapest on 27 October
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The Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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The trigger point came on 30 October, when the Emperor nominated
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collapsed by July. The Central Powers likewise suffered at the
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Revolutionary soldiers wearing aster flowers, 31 October 1918
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In March 1919, the republic was itself overthrown by a
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a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article.
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Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
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A forradalmak kora: Magyarország története: 1918-1920
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with Austria. On the same day, former prime minister
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1112:. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34.
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838:Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron
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1722:Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
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835:Cornelius, Deborah S. (25 February 2017).
1086:. Social Science Monographs. p. 62.
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1844:Commune of the Working People of Estonia
1687:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1153:. Mediaworks Hungary Zrt. Archived from
1127:. Palgrave Macmillan 2008. p. 156.
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976:. Magyar Szemle Társaság. p. 344.
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1962:Aftermath of World War I in Hungary
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1498:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
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671:among them) attempted to march on
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1004:(in Hungarian). 11 February 2024
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928:in World War I
922:Ottoman Empire
894:United Kingdom
881:
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791:
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756:'s demand for
754:Woodrow Wilson
736:
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696:Vörösmarty tér
681:Géza Lukachich
621:
618:
599:Gyula Andrássy
583:personal union
571:Woodrow Wilson
554:
551:
527:Mihály Károlyi
501:
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495:Géza Lukachich
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490:Sándor Wekerle
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525:led by Count
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460:Imre Csernyák
459:
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456:József Pogány
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344:Revolutionary
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177:You can help
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101: –
100:
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95:Find sources:
89:
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73:This article
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47:
46:
41:
40:
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21:
20:
1732:March Action
1717:Iraqi Revolt
1681:
1565:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1150:
1140:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1106:Dixon J. C.
1102:
1083:
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1031:. Retrieved
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587:István Tisza
580:
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556:
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406:
382:
377:Belligerents
342:
294:Part of the
283:
268:
228:edit summary
219:
186:
183:in Hungarian
178:
146:
140:October 2021
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1797:Territories
1508:Lajtabánság
1424:Short-lived
1367:Sudetenland
1283:Pichon Line
762:Béla Linder
729:Nemzetőrség
724:gendarmerie
704:Béla Szántó
692:Gizella Tér
688:János Hadik
673:Buda Castle
646:Ernő Garami
607:homo regius
549:dissolved.
485:János Hadik
356:End of the
188:(June 2013)
1931:Categories
983:9630562707
823:References
665:Budapest's
605:was named
553:Background
475:Charles IV
451:János Hock
360:in Hungary
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1888:Reactions
1530:to Poland
1261:Diplomacy
1121:Sharp A.
1059:Routledge
769:Communist
735:Aftermath
515:Hungarian
246:talk page
45:talk page
1763:Red Week
1751:Protests
1549:to China
1543:to Italy
1534:Bukovina
1521:Cessions
1293:Vix Note
1210:Treaties
1051:(2014).
926:Bulgaria
811:See also
788:Timeline
758:pacifism
346:victory
329:Location
298:and the
222:provide
1904:Related
1660:Revolts
1528:Galicia
1393:Hungary
1350:Austria
1151:veol.hu
914:Germany
783:History
594:Gödöllő
529:in the
523:Hungary
333:Hungary
244:to the
226:in the
185:.
124:scholar
1131:
1090:
1065:
980:
946:
924:, and
920:, the
908:, and
900:, the
898:Russia
892:, the
890:France
872:
845:
620:Events
413:
339:Result
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1161:3 May
1033:4 May
1008:4 May
1002:telex
910:Japan
906:Italy
700:aster
694:(now
543:aster
206:DeepL
131:JSTOR
117:books
1163:2020
1129:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1035:2024
1010:2024
978:ISBN
944:ISBN
870:ISBN
843:ISBN
748:The
658:Pest
505:The
321:Date
220:must
218:You
199:View
103:news
648:'s
509:or
208:or
86:by
1933::
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1057:.
1026:.
1000:.
916:,
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896:,
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517::
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269:(
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147:(
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138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
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55:)
51:(
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