Impact event - Knowledge

1899:). The object's air burst occurred at an altitude between 30 and 50 km (19 and 31 mi) above the ground, and about 1,500 people were injured, mainly by broken window glass shattered by the shock wave. Two were reported in serious condition; however, there were no fatalities. Initially some 3,000 buildings in six cities across the region were reported damaged due to the explosion's shock wave, a figure which rose to over 7,200 in the following weeks. The Chelyabinsk meteor was estimated to have caused over $ 30 million in damage. It is the largest recorded object to have encountered the Earth since the 1908 Tunguska event. The meteor is estimated to have an initial diameter of 17–20 metres and a mass of roughly 10,000 tonnes. On 16 October 2013, a team from Ural Federal University led by Victor Grokhovsky recovered a large fragment of the meteor from the bottom of Russia's Lake Chebarkul, about 80 km west of the city. 2483: 2100: 309: 1345: 1520: 225: 1547: 1868: 10776: 2400: 2276: 1950:(ATLAS) and identified as having a small chance of impacting Earth later that day. As it was very dim, and only identified hours before its approach, no more than the initial 4 observations covering a 39-minute period were made of the object. It is unknown if it impacted Earth or not, but no fireball was detected in either infrared or infrasound, so if it did, it would have been very small, and likely near the eastern end of its potential impact area – in the western Pacific Ocean. 1129:, no impact craters in the deep ocean have been widely accepted by the scientific community. Impacts of projectiles as large as one km in diameter are generally thought to explode before reaching the sea floor, but it is unknown what would happen if a much larger impactor struck the deep ocean. The lack of a crater, however, does not mean that an ocean impact would not have dangerous implications for humanity. Some scholars have argued that an impact event in an 8375: 10788: 1500: 2093:, such as the ATLAS system. However, current telescopes only cover part of the Earth and even more importantly cannot detect asteroids on the day-side of the planet, which is why so few of the smaller asteroids that commonly impact Earth are detected during the few hours that they would be visible. So far only four impact events have been successfully predicted, all from innocuous 2–5 m diameter asteroids and detected a few hours in advance. 1657: 31: 1376:, there should have been 22,000 or more impact craters with diameters >20 km (12 mi), about 40 impact basins with diameters about 1,000 km (620 mi), and several impact basins with diameters about 5,000 km (3,100 mi). However, hundreds of millions of years of deformation at the Earth's crust pose significant challenges to conclusively identifying impacts from this period. Only two pieces of pristine 1008: 11294: 2176: 8381: 2023: 11318: 11270: 11306: 1259:. What they reported as a circular feature later turned out to be a crater estimated to be 180 km (110 mi) in diameter. This convinced the vast majority of scientists that this extinction resulted from a point event that is most probably an extraterrestrial impact and not from increased volcanism and climate change (which would spread its main effect over a much longer time period). 11282: 398:. However, asteroids with a diameter of 20 m (66 ft), and which strike Earth approximately twice every century, produce more powerful airbursts. The 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor was estimated to be about 20 m in diameter with an airburst of around 500 kilotons, an explosion 30 times the Hiroshima bomb impact. Much larger objects may impact the solid earth and create a crater. 1729:, which fell in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) in 1959. In this case, two cameras used to photograph meteors captured images of the fireball. The images were used both to determine the location of the stones on the ground and, more significantly, to calculate for the first time an accurate orbit for a recovered meteorite. 2329:

vicinity and, consequently, to determine a reduction in the number of potentially dangerous objects for the Earth. Subsequent dynamic studies have shown that in reality the situation is more complex: the presence of Jupiter, in fact, tends to reduce the frequency of impact on the Earth of objects coming from the

1971:. Further observations with ATLAS extended the observation arc from 1 hour to 4 hours and confirmed that the asteroid orbit indeed impacted Earth in southern Africa, fully closing the loop with the fireball report and making this the third natural object confirmed to impact Earth, and the second on land after 1776:, Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario reported on his study of U.S. early warning satellite records for the preceding eight years. He identified 300 flashes caused by 1 to 10 m (3 to 33 ft) meteors in that time period and estimated the rate of Tunguska-sized events as once in 400 years. 2328:

In addition to the mass factor, its relative proximity to the inner solar system allows Jupiter to influence the distribution of minor bodies there. For a long time it was believed that these characteristics led the gas giant to expel from the system or to attract most of the wandering objects in its

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from 1963 to 1975 in the midwestern U.S. This program also observed a meteorite fall, the "Lost City" chondrite, allowing its recovery and a calculation of its orbit. Another program in Canada, the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project, ran from 1971 to 1985. It too recovered a single meteorite,

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In 2021, evidence for a probable impact 3.46 billion-years ago at Pilbara Craton has been found in the form of a 150 kilometres (93 mi) crater created by the impact of a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) asteroid (named "The Apex Asteroid") into the sea at a depth of 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) (near

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layer strongly support the impact theory. Chromium isotopic ratios are homogeneous within the earth, and therefore these isotopic anomalies exclude a volcanic origin, which has also been proposed as a cause for the iridium enrichment. Further, the chromium isotopic ratios measured in the K-T boundary

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in Alberta, Canada is estimated to be between 1,080 and 1,130 years old. The crater is approximately 36 m (118 ft) in diameter and 9 m (30 ft) deep, is heavily forested and was discovered in 2007 when a metal detector revealed fragments of meteoric iron scattered around the area.

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of the resulting crater's diameter, which is on average proportional to the diameter of the impactor. Asteroids with a 1 km (0.62 mi) diameter strike Earth every 500,000 years on average. Large collisions – with 5 km (3 mi) objects – happen approximately once every twenty million

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have been measured, so any future impacts can be predicted long before they are on their final approach to Earth. Smaller objects are too faint to observe except when they come very close and so most cannot be observed before their final approach. Current mechanisms for detecting asteroids on final

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to nearly twice the orbit of the Moon. It was estimated to be perturbed by the Moon onto a collision course with Earth on November 13. With over a month of observations, as well as precovery observations found dating back to 2009, it was found to be far less dense than a natural asteroid should be,

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reveals the presence of a 31 km wide impact crater dated at 58 million years of age, less than 10 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, scientists believe that the impactor was a metallic asteroid with a diameter in the order of 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi). The impact

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and the work of scientists such as Shoemaker demonstrated that impact cratering was by far the most widespread geological process at work on the Solar System's solid bodies. Every surveyed solid body in the Solar System was found to be cratered, and there was no reason to believe that the Earth had

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is estimated to have had a mass of roughly 1600 tons, and a diameter of 9 to 14 meters depending on its density, making it the third largest asteroid to impact Earth since 1900, after the Chelyabinsk meteor and the Tunguska event. The fireball exploded in an airburst 25.6 kilometres (15.9 mi)

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with an 8-millimeter color movie camera. In size range the object was roughly between a car and a house, and while it could have ended its life in a Hiroshima-sized blast, there was never any explosion. Analysis of the trajectory indicated that it never came much lower than 58 km (36 mi)

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Impact conditions such as asteroid size and speed, but also density and impact angle determine the kinetic energy released in an impact event. The more energy is released, the more damage is likely to occur on the ground due to the environmental effects triggered by the impact. Such effects can be

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impact provided the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects, when the comet broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994. An extrasolar impact was observed in 2013, when a massive terrestrial planet impact was detected around the star ID8 in the star

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Brown, P. G.; Assink, J. D.; Astiz, L.; Blaauw, R.; Boslough, M. B.; Borovička, J.; Brachet, N.; Brown, D.; Campbell-Brown, M.; Ceranna, L.; Cooke, W.; de Groot-Hedlin, C.; Drob, D. P.; Edwards, W.; Evers, L. G.; Garces, M.; Gill, J.; Hedlin, M.; Kingery, A.; Laske, G.; Le Pichon, A.; Mialle, P.;

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Impact craters provide evidence of past impacts on other planets in the Solar System, including possible interplanetary terrestrial impacts. Without carbon dating, other points of reference are used to estimate the timing of these impact events. Mars provides some significant evidence of possible

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in the Earth's crust. Iridium is an element that is rare on Earth but relatively abundant in many meteorites. From the amount and distribution of iridium present in the 65-million-year-old "iridium layer", the Alvarez team later estimated that an asteroid of 10 to 14 km (6 to 9 mi) must

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have determined that during the last 600 million years, the Earth has been struck by 60 objects of a diameter of 5 km (3 mi) or more. The smallest of these impactors would leave a crater almost 100 km (60 mi) across. Only three confirmed craters from that time period with that

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0.5–1 km in diameter; impacts with smaller objects would occur more frequently. Another study estimated that comets 0.3 km (0.19 mi) in diameter impact the planet once in approximately 500 years and those 1.6 km (0.99 mi) in diameter do so just once in every 6,000 years.

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In 2023, a small meteorite is believed to have crashed through the roof of a home in Trenton, New Jersey. The metallic rock was approximately 4 inches by 6 inches and weighed 4 pounds. The item was seized by police and tested for radioactivity. The object was later confirmed to be a meteorite by

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Although there is now general agreement that there was a huge impact at the end of the Cretaceous that led to the iridium enrichment of the K-T boundary layer, remnants have been found of other, smaller impacts, some nearing half the size of the Chicxulub crater, which did not result in any mass

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occurs about once a year. Such events would seem to be spectacularly obvious, but they generally go unnoticed for a number of reasons: the majority of the Earth's surface is covered by water; a good portion of the land surface is uninhabited; and the explosions generally occur at relatively high

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The energy released by an impactor depends on diameter, density, velocity, and angle. The diameter of most near-Earth asteroids that have not been studied by radar or infrared can generally only be estimated within about a factor of two, by basing it on the asteroid's brightness. The density is

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On March 19, 2013, an impact occurred on the Moon that was visible from Earth, when a boulder-sized 30 cm meteoroid slammed into the lunar surface at 90,000 km/h (25 km/s; 56,000 mph) creating a 20-meter crater. NASA has actively monitored lunar impacts since 2005, tracking

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in close succession. The first of these was on June 1 and the second the next day. A video of this, followed by a dramatic ejection of solar gas (unrelated to the impacts), can be found at the NASA website. Both of these comets evaporated before coming into contact with the surface of the Sun.

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The effect of impact events on the biosphere has been the subject of scientific debate. Several theories of impact-related mass extinction have been developed. In the past 500 million years there have been five generally accepted major mass extinctions that on average extinguished half of all

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In the early history of the Earth (about four billion years ago), bolide impacts were almost certainly common since the Solar System contained far more discrete bodies than at present. Such impacts could have included strikes by asteroids hundreds of kilometers in diameter, with explosions so

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Although no human is known to have been killed directly by an impact, over 1000 people were injured by the Chelyabinsk meteor airburst event over Russia in 2013. In 2005 it was estimated that the chance of a single person born today dying due to an impact is around 1 in 200,000. The two to

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For this reason Jupiter is the planet of the Solar System characterized by the highest frequency of impacts, which justifies its reputation as the "sweeper" or "cosmic vacuum cleaner" of the Solar System. 2009 studies suggest an impact frequency of one every 50–350 years, for an object of

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Crater Analysis Techniques Working Group; Arvidson, R. E.; Boyce, J.; Chapman, C.; Cintala, M.; Fulchignoni, M.; Moore, H.; Neukum, G.; Schultz, P.; Soderblom, L.; Strom, R.; Woronow, A.; Young, R. (1979), "Standard Techniques for Presentation and Analysis of Crater Size-Frequency Data",

1388:(in contemporary Western Australia) to search within which may potentially reveal evidence in the form of physical craters. Other methods may be used to identify impacts from this period, for example, indirect gravitational or magnetic analysis of the mantle, but may prove inconclusive. 1022:

These modified views of Earth's history did not emerge until relatively recently, chiefly due to a lack of direct observations and the difficulty in recognizing the signs of an Earth impact because of erosion and weathering. Large-scale terrestrial impacts of the sort that produced the

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was uncovered by scientists in 2014. They estimated the impact occurred at Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa) about 3.26 billion years ago and that the impactor was approximately 37–58 kilometers (23–36 miles) wide. The crater from this event, if it still exists, has not yet been found.

1648:, 45 m (148 ft) in diameter and 10 m (33 ft) deep, is thought to have been formed less than 3,500 years ago in a then-unpopulated region of western Egypt. It was found February 19, 2009 by V. de Michelle on a Google Earth image of the East Uweinat Desert, Egypt. 215:

demonstrated the deflection of an asteroid. It was the first such experiment to be carried out by humankind and was considered to be highly successful. The orbital period of the target body was changed by 32 minutes. The criterion for success was a change of more than 73 seconds.

2099: 1918:, and Ethiopia. Around roughly the time expected (2 January 3:06 UTC) an infrasound burst was detected near the center of the impact range, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. This marks the second time a natural object was identified prior to impacting earth after 2008 TC3. 1698:

estimated at 90,000 kg (200,000 lb). A more recent estimate by Tsvetkov (and others) puts the mass at around 100,000 kg (220,000 lb). It was an iron meteorite belonging to the chemical group IIAB and with a coarse octahedrite structure. More than 70

78:, there can be significant physical and biospheric consequences, as the impacting body is usually traveling at several kilometres a second (a minimum of 11.2 km/s (7.0 mi/s) for an Earth impacting body), though atmospheres mitigate many surface impacts through 2033:

and Earth, 30 days before impact. The diagram illustrates how orbit data can be used to predict impacts well in advance. Note that in this particular instance the asteroid's orbit was not known until a few hours before impact. The diagram was constructed afterwards for

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at an altitude of about 26 km (16 mi), lighting up the night like day. The meteor that produced the fireball was estimated to be about 4.6 m (15 ft) in diameter, with a weight of 180 tonnes. This blast was also featured on the Science Channel series

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where a group of iron meteorites were found, estimated as dating to 4,000–5,000 years ago. It first came to attention of Spanish authorities in 1576; in 2015, police arrested four alleged smugglers trying to steal more than a ton of protected meteorites. The

3213:"Threats From Space: a Review of U.S. Government Efforts to Track and mitigate Asteroids and Meteors (Part I and Part II) – Hearing Before the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives One Hundred Thirteenth Congress First Session" 1859:

was tracked for 20 hours as it approached Earth and as it fell through the atmosphere and impacted in Sudan. This was the first time an object was detected before it reached the atmosphere and hundreds of pieces of the meteorite were recovered from the

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somehow escaped bombardment from space. In the last few decades of the 20th century, a large number of highly modified impact craters began to be identified. The first direct observation of a major impact event occurred in 1994: the collision of the

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period 250 million years ago and killed off 90 percent of all species; life on Earth took 30 million years to recover. The cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction is still a matter of debate; the age and origin of proposed impact craters, i.e. the

4914: 1419:, dated to around 3 billion years old (3 Ga), was once thought to be the result of an impact; however, follow-up studies have not confirmed its nature as an impact structure. The Maniitsoq structure is not recognised as an impact structure by the 5204:

Davis, Donald W. (January 23, 2008). "Sub-million-year age resolution of Precambrian igneous events by thermal extraction-thermal ionization mass spectrometer Pb dating of zircon: Application to crystallization of the Sudbury impact melt sheet".

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was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects. The event served as a "wake-up call", and astronomers responded by starting programs such as

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impact; this is the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (also known as the K–T or K–Pg extinction event), which occurred 66 million years ago. There is no definitive evidence of impacts leading to the three other major mass extinctions.

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in orbit around the Sun with a certain frequency. In general, these comets travel some revolutions around the planet following unstable orbits as highly elliptical and perturbable by solar gravity. While some of them eventually recover a

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On 18 September 2021 an impact event on Mars formed a cluster of craters, the largest being 130m in diameter. On 24 December 2021 an impact created a 150m-wide crater. Debris was ejected up to 35 km (19 miles) from the impact site.

3151:"Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks – Two years ago, NASA dismissed and mocked an amateur's criticisms of its asteroids database. Now Nathan Myhrvold is back, and his papers have passed peer review" 4915:

Pedro Waterton, William R. Hyde, Jonas Tusch, Julie A. Hollis, Christopher L. Kirkland, Carson Kinney, Chris Yakymchuk, Nicholas J. Gardiner, David Zakharov, Hugo K. H. Olierook, Peter C. Lightfoot, Kristoffer Szilas (2020).

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are the result of impact events on solid objects and, as the dominant landforms on many of the System's solid objects, present the most solid evidence of prehistoric events. Notable impact events include the hypothesized

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shock waves, heat radiation, the formation of craters with associated earthquakes, and tsunamis if bodies of water are hit. Human populations are vulnerable to these effects if they live within the affected zone. Large

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warned that America is unprepared for an asteroid impact event, and has developed and released the "National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan" to better prepare. According to expert testimony in the

1438:), dated at more than 2.2 billion years ago with the impactor estimated to be around 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) wide. It is believed that, at this time, the Earth was mostly or completely frozen, commonly called the 1934:

at 6:18 UTC (11:48 local time). The sky in the region was very overcast, so only an airborne observation team was able to successfully observe it falling above the clouds. It is now thought to be a remnant of the

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provide compelling evidence of the largest impact observed to date on Mars in the form of fresh craters, the largest measuring 48.5 by 43.5 meters. It is estimated to be caused by an impactor 3 to 5 meters long.

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continually scans the MPC catalog of known asteroids, analyzing their orbits for any possible future impacts. Currently none are predicted (the single highest probability impact currently listed is ~7 m asteroid

1496:, also believed to have been caused by an asteroid 10 km across about 300 million years ago, but further studies are needed to establish that this crustal anomaly was indeed the result of an impact event. 2375:

scientists confirmed that there was another impact event on Jupiter, probably involving a small undiscovered comet or other icy body. The impactor is estimated to have been about 200–500 meters in diameter.

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In 2013, an impact between minor planets was detected around the star NGC 2547 ID 8 by Spitzer and confirmed by ground observations. Computer modelling suggests that the impact involved large asteroids or

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Ohmoto, Hiroshi; Graham, Uschi; Liu, Zi-Kui; Tsukamoto, Yuya; Watanabe, Yumiko; Hamasaki, Hiroshi; Chorney, Andrew (2021-01-16), "Discovery of a 3.46 billion-year-old impact crater in Western Australia",

2936: 308: 2937:"Earth Will Be Hit by an Asteroid with 100 Percent Certainty, Says Space-Watching Group B612 – The group of scientists and former astronauts is devoted to defending the planet from a space apocalypse" 1741:"Innisfree", in 1977. Finally, observations by the European Fireball Network, a descendant of the original Czech program that recovered Příbram, led to the discovery and orbit calculations for the 148:) have been reported, with some occurrences causing deaths, injuries, property damage, or other significant localised consequences. One of the best-known recorded events in modern times was the 374:

Stony asteroids with a diameter of 4 meters (13 ft) enter Earth's atmosphere about once a year. Asteroids with a diameter of 7 meters enter the atmosphere about every 5 years with as much

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Besides the direct effect of asteroid impacts on a planet's surface topography, global climate and life, recent studies have shown that several consecutive impacts might have an effect on the

1457:), caused the largest verified crater, a multi-ringed structure 160–300 km (100–200 mi) across, forming from an impactor approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter. 6688:"If We Blow Up an Asteroid, It Might Put Itself Back Together – Despite what Hollywood tells us, stopping an asteroid from creating an extinction-level event by blowing it up may not work" 1244:. Thus a probable candidate for the impactor is a carbonaceous asteroid, but a comet is also possible because comets are assumed to consist of material similar to carbonaceous chondrites. 160:

event is the only known such incident in modern times to result in numerous injuries. Its meteor is the largest recorded object to have encountered the Earth since the Tunguska event. The

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Garde, Adam A.; McDonald, Iain; Dyck, Brendan; Keulen, Nynke (July 2012). "Searching for giant, ancient impact structures on Earth: The Mesoarchaean Maniitsoq structure, West Greenland".

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with the deaths caused by a hail of "falling stones"; some astronomers hypothesize that this may describe an actual meteorite fall, although they find the number of deaths implausible.

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Richards, Mark A.; Alvarez, Walter; Self, Stephen; Karlstrom, Leif; Renne, Paul R.; Manga, Michael; Sprain, Courtney J.; Smit, Jan; Vanderkluysen, Loÿc; Gibson, Sally A. (2015-11-01).

1671:, Russia, in 1908. This incident involved an explosion that was probably caused by the airburst of an asteroid or comet 5 to 10 km (3.1 to 6.2 mi) above the Earth's surface, 7314: 3034: 2153: 6217:

de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R.; Mialle, P. (13 October 2016). "Homing in for New Year: impact parameters and pre-impact orbital evolution of meteoroid 2014 AA".

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off the ground, and the conclusion was that it had grazed Earth's atmosphere for about 100 seconds, then skipped back out of the atmosphere to return to its orbit around the Sun.

1472:) from a bolide approximately 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) in diameter approximately 1.849 billion years ago Debris from the event would have been scattered across the globe. 2146:, considered an asteroid collision to be the biggest threat to the planet. In June 2018, the US National Science and Technology Council warned that America is unprepared for an 1511:, 66 million years ago, believed to be the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, was caused by an asteroid estimated to be about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide. 2972: 1600:

in Argentina were produced approximately 10,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Holocene. If proved to be impact craters, they would be the first impact of the Holocene.

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El Mir, Charles; Ramesh, KT; Richardson, Derek C. (15 March 2019). "A new hybrid framework for simulating hypervelocity asteroid impacts and gravitational reaccumulation".

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scientists at The College of New Jersey, as well as meteorite expert Jerry Delaney, who previously worked at Rutgers University and the American Museum of Natural History.

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estimated that an event of such magnitude occurs about once every 300 years, though more recent analyses have suggested he may have overestimated by an order of magnitude.

1714:. There a 4 kg (8.8 lb) stone chondrite crashed through a roof and hit Ann Hodges in her living room after it bounced off her radio. She was badly bruised by the 7444: 996:

have been credited with creative as well as destructive events; it has been proposed that impacting comets delivered the Earth's water, and some have suggested that the

7412: 5007:"Earth's Oldest Asteroid Impact Found in Australia – The cataclysm, which occurred roughly 2.2 billion years ago, might have catapulted the planet out of an ice age" 4329: 2162:

would require at least five years of preparation to launch a mission to intercept an asteroid. The preferred method is to deflect rather than disrupt an asteroid.

1845:, leaving a water-filled hole and spewing gases across the surrounding area. Many residents became ill, apparently from the noxious gases shortly after the impact. 1582:

in India, approximately 52,000 years old (though a study published in 2010 gives a much greater age), which now has a flourishing semi-tropical jungle around it.

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survey from April 21 to 26, 2010 found that 31 percent of Americans believed that an asteroid will collide with Earth by 2050. A majority (61 percent) disagreed.

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have more recently verified the Raup and Sepkoski finding, but argue that it is not consistent with the characteristics expected of a Nemesis-style periodicity.

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Carter, Elizabeth; Pasek, Matthew; Smith, Tim; Kee, Terence; Hines, Peter; Howell, G. M. Edwards (August 2010). "Rapid Raman mapping of a fulgurite (Paywall)".

2946: 1963:(ZLAF9B2), a small 2–5 meter asteroid which further observations soon found had an 85% chance of impacting Earth. Soon after the impact, a fireball report from 1481: 340:

years. The last known impact of an object of 10 km (6 mi) or more in diameter was at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago.

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between the size of the object and the frequency of such events. The lunar cratering record shows that the frequency of impacts decreases as approximately the

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is an example of a crater formed by an impact capable of, based on ratio of impact to size, severely deforming a planetary-mass object. Impact craters on the

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It was not until 1903–1905 that the Barringer Crater was correctly identified as an impact crater, and it was not until as recently as 1963 that research by

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Gritsevich, M.I. The Pribram, Lost City, Innisfree, and Neuschwanstein falls: An analysis of the atmospheric trajectories. Sol Syst Res 42, 372–390 (2008).

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and observed over the next hour, and was soon found to be on a collision course with Earth. The exact location was uncertain, constrained to a line between

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and seldom make it to the ground to become meteorites. An estimated 500 meteorites reach the surface each year, but only 5 or 6 of these typically create a

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powerful that they vaporized all the Earth's oceans. It was not until this heavy bombardment slackened that life appears to have begun to evolve on Earth.

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Oberst, J.; Heinlein, D.; et al. (2004), "The multiple meteorite fall of Neuschwanstein: Circumstances of the event and meteorite search campaigns",

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de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2019). "Waiting to make an impact: A probable excess of near-Earth asteroids in 2018 LA-like orbits".

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Farnocchia, Davide; Chesley, Steven R.; Brown, Peter G.; Chodas, Paul W. (1 August 2016). "The trajectory and atmospheric impact of asteroid 2014 AA".

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Kegerreis, J. A.; Teodoro, L. F. A.; Eke, V. R.; Massey, R. J.; Catling, D. C.; Fryer, C. L.; Korycansky, D. G.; Warren, M. S.; Zahnle, K. J. (2018).

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the size of Mars; such a theory is able to explain the size and composition of the Moon, something not done by other theories of lunar formation.

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Rumpf, Clemens M.; Lewis, Hugh G.; Atkinson, Peter M. (2017-04-19). "Asteroid impact effects and their immediate hazards for human populations".

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Following the Příbram fall, other nations established automated observing programs aimed at studying infalling meteorites. One of these was the

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High structure, hypothesized to be associated with it are still controversial. The last such mass extinction led to the demise of the non-avian

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have proposed that an excess of extinction events occurs roughly every 26 million years (though many are relatively minor). This led physicist

1035:: the Barringer Crater, for example, was ascribed to a prehistoric volcanic explosion (not an unreasonable hypothesis, given that the volcanic 7686: 6011: 4167:

Müller, R.D.; Goncharov, A.; Kristi, A. (2005). "Geophysical evaluation of the enigmatic Bedout basement high, offshore northwest Australia".

1690:, then chairman of the meteorite committee of the USSR Academy of Science, to estimate the meteoroid's orbit before it encountered the Earth. 38:. The object, just 50–80 metres (150–240 feet) across, exploded 6–10 km (4–6 miles) above the surface, shattering windows hundreds of km away. 9438: 9139: 2001: 1947: 7241: 5714:

Campbell-Brown, M. D.; Hildebrand, A. (2005), "A new analysis of fireball data from the Meteorite Observation and Recovery Project (MORP)",

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on Mars is speculated by some to be evidence for a planet-sized impact on the surface of Mars between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago, while

5926: 5240: 3792: 3181: 10849: 9572: 9154: 8862: 8364: 8147: 7413:"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) – Automated Lunar and Meteor Observatory (ALaMO) – Candidate lunar impact observation database" 7383: 7322: 5662:

McCrosky, R. E.; Posen, A.; Schwartz, G.; Shao, C. Y. (1971), "Lost City meteorite: Its recovery and a comparison with other fireballs",

4844:"Mesoarchean partial melting of mafic crust and tonalite production during high-T–low-P stagnant tectonism, Akia Terrane, West Greenland" 2591: 2354: 2192: 360:

arising from earthquakes and large-scale deposit of debris can also occur within minutes of impact, thousands of kilometres from impact.

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An animation modelling the impact, and subsequent crater formation of the Chicxulub impact (University of Arizona, Space Imagery Center)

9675: 8973: 8354: 8349: 8152: 7878: 5183: 3640: 6512: 6486: 5985: 5436: 3406: 2142: 1827: 379: 288: 190: 130: 4768: 10678: 10616: 9174: 7476: 5551: 1251:. This crater is centered on the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and was discovered by Tony Camargo and Glen Penfield while working as 1000:

may have been influenced by impacting objects by bringing organic chemicals or lifeforms to the Earth's surface, a theory known as

5856: 10862: 9351: 8329: 8271: 2498:, have been observed directly by space telescopes such as Hubble and Spitzer. However, collisions in planetary systems including 195: 3565:

French, B. M. (1998). Traces of catastrophe: A handbook of shock-metamorphic effects in terrestrial meteorite impact structures.

1348:

Artist's depiction of a collision between two planetary bodies. Such an impact between the Earth and a Mars-sized object likely

1039:

stand only 48 km or 30 mi to the west). Similarly, the craters on the surface of the Moon were ascribed to volcanism.

8339: 7509:

Alvarez, L. W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980), "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction",

1985:

announced the detection of a large airburst that occurred on 18 December 2018 at 11:48 local time off the eastern coast of the

1939:

mission in 1998, and is the third time any previously unknown object – natural or artificial – was identified prior to impact.

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Alvarez, L.W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. V. (1980). "Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction".

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Probably the most convincing evidence for a worldwide catastrophe was the discovery of the crater which has since been named

344:

generally assumed, because the diameter and mass, from which density can be calculated, are also generally estimated. Due to

5608: 5094:"Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure" 5035:"Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth's oldest recognised meteorite impact structure" 1286:, leading to a large increase in the number of comets reaching the inner Solar System where they might hit Earth. Physicist 9695: 9325: 9194: 9149: 8978: 2346: 2262:

support a long-held hypothesis that this was caused by an oblique collision with a massive object twice the size of Earth.

1396:). The event caused global tsunamis. It is also coincidental to some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth, fossilized 7272: 6285:"On the Pre-impact Orbital Evolution of 2018 LA, Parent Body of the Bright Fireball Observed Over Botswana on 2018 June 2" 5840: 10250: 9690: 9589: 9214: 8344: 8324: 6844: 5828: 4401: 3819: 3070: 6581: 3519: 1578:

population to a significant meteorite impact and its aftermath. Significant examples of Pleistocene impacts include the

1480:

Two 10-kilometre sized asteroids are now believed to have struck Australia between 360 and 300 million years ago at the

10650: 9344: 8359: 8319: 8287: 8264: 7780: 7704:

Yau, Kevin; Weissman, Paul; Yeomans, Donald (1994). "Meteorite falls in China and some related human casualty events".

7576: 7151: 5758: 2895: 2446:'s Wide Field Camera 3 took images of an unusual X shape originated in the aftermath of the collision between asteroid 1200: 1095: 249: 9245: 1149:

2.5 Mya is thought to involve an object about 1 to 4 kilometres (0.62 to 2.49 mi) across but remains craterless.

9670: 9320: 8641: 3711: 2364:

happened on July 19 when a new black spot about the size of Earth was discovered in Jupiter's southern hemisphere by

1725:

have been observed with automated cameras and recovered following calculation of the impact point. The first was the

1718:. Several persons have since claimed to have been struck by "meteorites" but no verifiable meteorites have resulted. 1213: 1167: 7204: 4518: 184:

reported: "It's 100 percent certain we'll be hit , but we're not 100 percent certain when." Also in 2018, physicist

10235: 9931: 9038: 8184: 7894: 7586:

Moser, D. E.; Saffer, A.; Silber, E.; Smets, P.; Spalding, R. E.; Spurný, P.; Tagliaferri, E.; et al. (2013).

5006: 4918:"Geodynamic Implications of Synchronous Norite and TTG Formation in the 3 Ga Maniitsoq Norite Belt, West Greenland" 2379:

Later minor impacts were observed by amateur astronomers in 2010, 2012, 2016, and 2017; one impact was observed by

2210:

is the largest visible crater in the Solar System. The Moon provides similar evidence of massive impacts, with the

2047: 212: 6614: 5572: 4841: 1365:

The leading theory of the Moon's origin is the giant impact theory, which postulates that Earth was once hit by a

931:

estimated the rate of Earth impacts, concluding that an event about the size of the nuclear weapon that destroyed

10842: 10282: 9779: 9752: 9383: 8855: 6716:"Consequences of Giant Impacts on Early Uranus for Rotation, Internal Structure, Debris, and Atmospheric Erosion" 5899: 3545: 3493: 3150: 2586: 1768:

Many impact events occur without being observed by anyone on the ground. Between 1975 and 1992, American missile

928: 17: 5149: 3974:

Dypvik, Henning; Burchell, Mark; Claeys, Philippe. "Impacts into Marine and Icy Environments: A Short Review in

3752: 1488:, creating a 400-kilometre impact zone. According to evidence found in 2015, it is the largest ever recorded. A 1087:

generated temperatures exceeding 2,370 °C, the highest known to have occurred on the surface of the Earth.

352:

with asteroid impacts averaging around 17 km/s on the Earth. The most probable impact angle is 45 degrees.

11338: 9640: 7172: 6219: 5465: 4245:

Shukolyukov, A.; Lugmair, G. W. (1998), "Isotopic Evidence for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Impactor and Its Type",

5479:

Yau, K.; Weissman, P.; Yeomans, D. (1994), "Meteorite Falls in China and Some Related Human Casualty Events",

4708:"Mesoarchean exhumation of the Akia terrane and a common Neoarchean tectonothermal history for West Greenland" 2309:, and because of its large mass it has a vast sphere of gravitational influence, the region of space where an 10030: 9936: 9388: 8809: 8545: 8540: 8445: 7932: 7773: 4769:

N. J. Gardiner, C. L. Kirkland, J. Hollis, K. Szilas, A. Steenfelt, C. Yakymchuk, H. Heide-Jørgensen (2019).

2815:

Hughes, Jonathan J.; Berv, Jacob S.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Sargis, Eric J.; Field, Daniel J. (2021-10-11).

2749: 1489: 1393: 7290: 6687: 4981: 3212: 11363: 11211: 10683: 10080: 9980: 9235: 9159: 8935: 8752: 8580: 8565: 8485: 8430: 8245: 7872: 7848: 7842: 7691: 2647: 2350: 2133:

reported "It's 100 per cent certain we’ll be hit , but we're not 100 per cent certain when." Also in 2018,

2109:

Ground based telescopes can only detect objects approaching on the night-side of the planet, away from the

1749: 263: 241: 110: 1083:

though only Chicxulub, the largest of the three, has been consistently considered. The impact that caused

224: 10946: 10814: 10563: 9762: 9712: 8701: 8600: 8425: 8410: 5159: 3731:

Hodych, J.P.; G.R.Dunning (1992). "Did the Manicouagan impact trigger end-of-Triassic mass extinction?".

3423: 2914: 2462: 2432: 2251: 2211: 2180: 1788: 1772:

picked up 136 major explosions in the upper atmosphere. In the November 21, 2002, edition of the journal

1279: 7110:

Roulston, M.S.; Ahrens, T (March 1997). "Impact Mechanics and Frequency of SL9-Type Events on Jupiter".

6271: 1263:

extinctions, and there is no clear linkage between an impact and any other incident of mass extinction.

1031:, east of Flagstaff, Arizona, are rare. Instead, it was widely thought that cratering was the result of 11373: 11353: 11260: 10835: 10223: 10075: 10050: 9460: 9204: 9179: 8848: 8804: 8595: 8590: 8550: 8510: 8200: 8113: 7927: 7899: 6543: 6407: 6045: 5799: 4705: 4010:

Gault, D. E.; Sonnet, C. P.; Wedekind, J. A. (1979). "Tsunami Generation by Pelagic Planetoid Impact".

2641: – Roughly circular ring or plateau, possibly discontinuous, surrounding an impact crater's center 2341: 2058: 2017: 1896: 1446: 229: 161: 7187: 2482: 1826:

County, Norway. Although initial witness reports stated that the resultant fireball was equivalent to

10693: 10626: 10469: 10201: 10196: 10070: 9900: 9742: 9529: 9255: 9080: 8951: 8871: 8585: 8420: 8205: 8131: 8125: 8119: 7921: 6350: 6289: 5876: 2817:"Ecological selectivity and the evolution of mammalian substrate preference across the K–Pg boundary" 2526: 2424: 2372: 2361: 2147: 2124: 1757: 1733: 1465: 1408: 300: 208: 7533: 7344: 3996: 3597: 1930:

suggesting that it was most likely an unidentified artificial satellite. As predicted, it fell over

1508: 981:

Impacts have had, during the history of the Earth, a significant geological and climatic influence.

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similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth.

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across) as they are easily seen from a long distance. Over 95% of them are already known and their

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to suggest that these extinctions could be due to a hypothetical companion star to the Sun called

10794: 10363: 10218: 9514: 8956: 8691: 8560: 8490: 8172: 7092: 1968: 1797: 1784: 1769: 1667:

One of the best-known recorded impacts in modern times was the Tunguska event, which occurred in

1141:, which can cause destruction both at sea and on land along the coast, but this is disputed. The 1062:

Based on crater formation rates determined from the Earth's closest celestial partner, the Moon,

989: 170: 8530: 7647:

Smit, J.; Hertogen, J. (1980), "An extraterrestrial event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",

4123:

Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008), "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time",

3687: 1098:, and may have contributed to Mars' lack of current magnetic field. An impact event may cause a 137:, leading to their dominance and, in turn, setting in place conditions for the eventual rise of 11343: 10809: 10643: 10590: 10484: 10307: 10152: 9510: 9315: 8895: 8794: 8671: 8535: 8450: 8215: 7957: 7860: 7528: 6845:"Quasi-Hilda Comet 147P/Kushida-Muramatsu: Another long temporary satellite capture by Jupiter" 5930: 3592: 3220: 2575: 2443: 2403: 2297: 2279: 1819: 1726: 1691: 1679: 1620:

in Estonia (~2,700 years old) were apparently produced by objects that broke up before impact.

1373: 1344: 1241: 1115: 1052: 1043: 1011: 280: 200: 173:

and confirmed by ground observations. Impact events have been a plot and background element in

3182:"Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks – Relevant Comments" 2887: 2881: 2073:, which is due to pass earth in September 2095 with only a 5% predicted chance of impacting). 10213: 10025: 9487: 9448: 9119: 8815: 8799: 8747: 8179: 8090: 7972: 7967: 7949: 7706: 7391: 6961: 5811: 5154: 5039: 4961: 4895: 4822: 4749: 4686: 4623: 3983: 2552: 2394: 2357:(LONEOS) and several others which have drastically increased the rate of asteroid discovery. 1990: 1838: 1831: 1715: 1420: 1076: 551: 349: 345: 318:

Frequency of small asteroids roughly 1 to 20 meters in diameter impacting Earth's atmosphere.

283:, which would have occurred early in the history of the Earth–Moon system, and the confirmed 237: 94:'s solid objects and present the strongest empirical evidence for their frequency and scale. 6873: 6829: 6430: 6242: 5771: 5727: 5390: 4660: 4577: 4452: 4180: 3832: 3242: 1686:, Soviet Union. It was during daytime hours and was witnessed by many people, which allowed 11368: 10917: 10578: 10375: 10277: 10142: 10104: 9854: 9658: 9552: 9240: 9103: 9033: 8465: 8014: 7977: 7715: 7658: 7601: 7520: 7121: 7057: 7000: 6933: 6869: 6825: 6794: 6737: 6652: 6426: 6369: 6308: 6238: 6191: 5767: 5723: 5671: 5633: 5584: 5488: 5440: 5293: 5214: 5105: 5048: 4929: 4855: 4842:

C. Yakymchuk, C. L. Kirkland, J. A. Hollis, J. Kendrick, N. J. Gardiner, K. Szilas (2020).

4782: 4719: 4656: 4573: 4484: 4460: 4448: 4348: 4254: 4176: 4071: 4034: 3932: 3867: 3828: 3740: 3655: 3584: 3454: 3403: 3253: 3118: 3008: 2828: 2781: 2745: 2702: 2602: 2532: 2371:. Thermal infrared analysis showed it was warm and spectroscopic methods detected ammonia. 2258:

form significant surface features. Models developed in 2018 to explain the unusual spin of

1485: 1332: 332: 255: 134: 102: 6582:"Update to Determine the Feasibility of Enhancing the Search and Characterization of NEOs" 5179: 8: 11322: 10827: 10719: 10499: 10370: 10292: 9890: 9836: 9784: 9747: 9737: 9443: 9144: 9110: 9023: 8400: 7866: 7754: 5092:

Erickson, T.M.; Kirkland, C.L.; Timms, N.E.; Cavosie, A.J.; Davison, T.M. (21 Jan 2020).

4523: 4386: 3812:"Antipodal Hotspots and Bipolar Catastrophes: Were Oceanic Large-body Impacts the Cause?" 3811: 2977: 2543: 2407: 2050: 1986: 1954: 1907: 1439: 1416: 1349: 1327: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1192: 1126: 1036: 259: 106: 51: 7719: 7662: 7605: 7524: 7484: 7125: 7061: 7004: 6937: 6798: 6741: 6656: 6373: 6312: 6195: 5852: 5675: 5637: 5588: 5514: 5492: 5297: 5218: 5109: 5052: 4933: 4859: 4786: 4723: 4488: 4352: 4258: 4075: 4038: 3936: 3871: 3744: 3659: 3588: 3458: 3257: 3122: 2832: 2785: 2706: 2158:

to better prepare. According to expert testimony in the United States Congress in 2013,

1925:

was detected orbiting Earth on a highly eccentric orbit, taking it from well within the

1546: 11310: 11298: 10422: 10417: 10395: 10380: 10272: 10060: 10040: 9990: 9953: 9943: 9794: 9631: 8711: 8616: 7944: 7727: 7674: 7635: 7554: 7270:

Hubble finds that a bizarre X-shaped intruder is linked to an unseen asteroid collision

7217: 7073: 7047: 7016: 6990: 6949: 6923: 6885: 6859: 6763: 6727: 6692: 6668: 6442: 6416: 6387: 6359: 6326: 6298: 6254: 6228: 6135: 5780: 5739: 5697: 5500: 5377:

Antón, Susan C.; Swisher, Iii, Carl C. (2004). "Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa".

5359: 5314: 5281: 5126: 5093: 5069: 5034: 5011: 4883: 4810: 4737: 4674: 4500: 4366: 4338: 4227: 4145: 4087: 3956: 3896: 3855: 3679: 3618: 3470: 3279: 3186: 3155: 2857: 2816: 2726: 2692: 2638: 2499: 2322: 2187:

data provides evidence of a massive impact event on the Moon some 4.3 billion years ago

1892: 1711: 1597: 577: 157: 71: 8515: 8475: 6813: 2793: 2428: 1867: 1125:

While numerous impact craters have been confirmed on land or in the shallow seas over

673:

Based on density of 2600 kg/m, speed of 17 km/s, and an impact angle of 45°

194:

that an asteroid collision was the biggest threat to the planet. In June 2018, the US

11226: 10936: 10870: 10655: 10556: 10351: 10159: 10124: 10085: 10035: 9926: 9910: 9653: 9616: 9594: 9579: 9562: 9480: 9130: 9010: 8966: 8930: 8910: 8764: 8570: 8520: 8505: 8405: 8240: 8220: 8008: 7987: 7830: 7824: 7731: 7627: 7588:"A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors" 7572: 7566: 7546: 7511: 7362: 6782: 6755: 6672: 6446: 6391: 6330: 6258: 6162: 5743: 5701: 5319: 5131: 5074: 4887: 4814: 4771:"Building Mesoarchaean crust upon Eoarchaean roots: the Akia Terrane, West Greenland" 4741: 4678: 4504: 4419: 4361: 4307: 4270: 4219: 4150: 4056: 3948: 3901: 3883: 3856:"Anomalous K-Pg–aged seafloor attributed to impact-induced mid-ocean ridge magmatism" 3671: 3610: 3301: 3283: 3265: 2891: 2862: 2844: 2797: 2718: 2611: 2381: 2365: 2243: 2039: 1623: 1579: 1519: 1435: 1427: 1275: 1103: 1080: 1047: 710: 79: 8500: 7558: 7035: 6911: 6889: 6767: 5091: 4868: 4843: 4732: 4707: 4231: 4091: 3622: 3323: 3302:"The Frequency and Consequences of Cosmic Impacts Since the Demise of the Dinosaurs" 2730: 1523:

The Hiawatha impact crater in Greenland is buried under more than a kilometre of ice

11274: 11158: 11152: 10954: 10858: 10804: 10739: 10568: 10546: 10390: 10358: 10346: 10322: 9948: 9895: 9885: 9844: 9774: 9769: 9498: 9406: 8905: 8789: 8661: 8495: 8440: 8435: 8167: 7998: 7938: 7723: 7678: 7666: 7649: 7639: 7617: 7609: 7592: 7538: 7129: 7112: 7077: 7065: 7020: 7008: 6953: 6941: 6877: 6814:"Temporary Satellite Capture and Orbital Evolution of Comet P/Helin-Roman-Crockett" 6745: 6660: 6643: 6434: 6377: 6316: 6246: 6199: 6182: 5775: 5731: 5687: 5679: 5496: 5386: 5309: 5301: 5222: 5121: 5113: 5064: 5056: 4947: 4937: 4873: 4863: 4800: 4790: 4727: 4664: 4611: 4601: 4581: 4492: 4456: 4370: 4356: 4327:

Adrian L. Melott & Richard K. Bambach; Bambach (2010), "Nemesis Reconsidered",

4262: 4211: 4184: 4140: 4132: 4079: 3960: 3940: 3891: 3875: 3836: 3796: 3748: 3683: 3663: 3602: 3474: 3462: 3269: 3261: 3126: 3109: 2852: 2836: 2789: 2710: 2596: 2569: 2520: 2310: 2215: 2038:

In the late 20th and early 21st century scientists put in place measures to detect

1936: 1926: 1777: 1551: 1528: 1493: 1248: 1091: 1084: 1068: 1024: 993: 924: 589: 369: 284: 275: 233: 87: 55: 7542: 7343:

Kramer, Miriam; May 22, Space com Staff Writer |; ET, 2013 12:09pm (22 May 2013).

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years before they are due to impact. This works well for larger asteroids (> 1

11057: 10633: 10474: 10045: 9905: 9821: 9809: 9789: 9685: 9475: 9455: 9378: 9281: 9230: 8961: 8769: 8757: 8646: 8480: 8162: 8157: 7757:

Estimates crater size and other effects of a specified body colliding with Earth.

7345:"Moon Crash Scene Investigation Tonight: See Telescope Views of Meteorite Impact" 7276: 6664: 6203: 5860: 5612: 5605: 4382: 4266: 4057:"Impacts, volcanism and mass extinction: random coincidence or cause and effect?" 3768:"The Hottest Known Temperature On Earth Was Caused By An Ancient Asteroid Strike" 3410: 3131: 3104: 3100: 2581: 2537: 2431:, the latest impactor to actually make contact with the Sun was the "supercomet" 2231: 2207: 2203: 2137: 2130: 1809: 1753: 1613: 1604: 1450: 1381: 1111: 1107: 997: 271: 185: 181: 174: 122: 10775: 4706:

C. L. Kirkland, C. Yakymchuk, J. Hollis, H. Heide-Jørgensen, M. Danišík (2018).

4326: 3071:"America Isn't Ready to Handle a Catastrophic Asteroid Impact, New Report Warns" 2283: 2004:

a few hours before it impacted the Caribbean Sea near Puerto Rico in June 2019.

1830:, scientific analysis places the force of the blast at anywhere from 100 to 500 54:

causing measurable effects. Impact events have been found to regularly occur in

11010: 10926: 10611: 10551: 10536: 10489: 10385: 10331: 10191: 9849: 9826: 9799: 9717: 9707: 9609: 9604: 9470: 9421: 9074: 9028: 8716: 8676: 8651: 8636: 8455: 8415: 7854: 7836: 7818: 7269: 6750: 6715: 6382: 6345: 6321: 6284: 5117: 5060: 4615: 4585: 4188: 3840: 3414: 3041: 2973:"Stephen Hawking feared race of 'superhumans' able to manipulate their own DNA" 2368: 2235: 1742: 1722: 1687: 1683: 1661: 1631: 1608: 1431: 1426:

In 2020, scientists discovered the world's oldest confirmed impact crater, the

1385: 1320: 1217: 1196: 1142: 734: 690: 592: 463: 412: 375: 336: 149: 35: 8470: 7069: 7012: 6945: 6893: 6537: 6250: 5793: 5735: 4942: 4917: 4795: 4770: 4496: 4215: 4116: 4083: 2614: – Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth 2605: – Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth 11332: 11221: 11019: 10754: 10638: 10595: 10541: 10529: 10514: 10504: 10427: 10341: 10317: 10312: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10092: 9680: 9621: 9584: 9536: 9299: 9047: 8915: 8779: 8656: 8575: 8298: 8225: 7735: 6759: 6166: 6131:"Size of Blast and Number of Injuries Are Seen as Rare for a Rock From Space" 6106: 4603: 4551:"Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast" 4105: 3952: 3887: 3523: 3498: 3440: 3404:

A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota

3324:"Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards" 2848: 2722: 2495: 2247: 2219: 1888: 1861: 1842: 1461: 1287: 1271: 1267: 1146: 1028: 913: 696: 83: 9336: 9066: 8827: 8256: 7749: 6981:

Horner, J.; Jones, B.W. (2008). "Jupiter: Friend or foe? I: the asteroids".

6513:"Experts: Metallic object that crashed into New Jersey home was a meteorite" 6216: 5692: 5683: 5650: 3641:"Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation" 3360: 3274: 2399: 2275: 1710:

A case of a human injured by a space rock occurred on November 30, 1954, in

11286: 11138: 11133: 10966: 10931: 10879: 10780: 10714: 10446: 10432: 10287: 10097: 10055: 9958: 9804: 9702: 9648: 9557: 9416: 9286: 9169: 9086: 8991: 8784: 8706: 8696: 7631: 7550: 7133: 6157:

Beatty, J. Kelly (February–March 2014). "Russian Fireball Fragment Found".

5323: 5305: 5135: 5078: 4643:

Wolf U. Reimold, Ludovic Ferrière, Alex Deutsch, Christian Koeberl (2014).

4223: 4154: 4136: 3905: 3879: 3716: 3675: 3614: 3520:"The First Discovered Asteroid of 2014 Collides With The Earth – An Update" 3319: 2866: 2801: 2659: 2502:, while long speculated, have only recently begun to be observed directly. 2457:

Around March 27, 2012, based on evidence, there were signs of an impact on

2306: 2255: 1641: 1637: 1617: 1574: 1454: 1397: 1366: 1252: 1236: 1232:

at levels tens of thousands times normal levels were found with the above.

1119: 1099: 1063: 917: 637: 91: 5952: 5160:

Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton

4274: 2333:, while it increases it in the case of asteroids and short period comets. 1871:

Trail left by the exploding Chelyabinsk meteor as it passed over the city.

1308:

An impact event is commonly seen as a scenario that would bring about the

11231: 11117: 11050: 11029: 11024: 10902: 10759: 10302: 10297: 10134: 10119: 9995: 9970: 9599: 9519: 9426: 9411: 8555: 8460: 8374: 7760: 5624:

Ceplecha, Z. (1961), "Multiple fall of Příbram meteorites photographed",

4025:

Melosh, H. J. (2003). "Impact-generated tsunamis: An over-rated hazard".

3636: 3004:"Stephen Hawking left us bold predictions on AI, superhumans, and aliens" 2808: 2714: 2507: 2239: 2046:

impacting Earth, along with the locations at which they will impact. The

1884: 1561: 1541: 1377: 1224:

explosions, has also been found in the same layer at more than 30 sites.

1221: 1138: 727: 476: 456: 395: 357: 10441: 7613: 6068:"Meteorite-caused emergency situation regime over in Chelyabinsk region" 3358: 3105:"An empirical examination of WISE/NEOWISE asteroid analysis and results" 1675:

an estimated 80 million trees over 2,150 km (830 sq mi).

936:

altitude, resulting in a huge flash and thunderclap but no real damage.

10912: 10709: 10524: 10494: 10479: 10267: 10255: 10015: 9877: 9503: 9250: 9209: 9189: 9184: 9092: 8721: 8621: 7765: 7622: 6346:"Pre-airburst Orbital Evolution of Earth's Impactor 2018 LA: An Update" 6344:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (26 July 2018).

6283:

de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (18 June 2018).

5829:

Satellite Study Establishes Frequency of Megaton-sized Asteroid Impacts

5592: 5282:"A large impact crater beneath Hiawatha Glacier in northwest Greenland" 4952: 4878: 4805: 4669: 4644: 2653: 2632: 2523: – Orbital insertion of an asteroid around a larger planetary body 2330: 2223: 2090: 2053:(MPC) is the global clearing house for information on asteroid orbits. 1915: 1815: 1704: 1283: 1046:

conclusively proved this hypothesis. The findings of late 20th-century

1001: 909: 493: 391: 114: 6404: 6343: 6282: 5226: 4645:"Impact controversies: Impact recognition criteria and related issues" 2840: 1499: 973:

are the only known objects to be detected before impacting the Earth.

144:

Throughout recorded history, hundreds of Earth impacts (and exploding

11241: 11236: 11184: 11099: 11094: 11089: 10892: 10887: 10451: 10240: 10169: 10114: 10109: 9975: 9816: 9722: 9465: 9291: 9060: 8925: 8920: 8686: 8681: 8666: 8235: 8230: 7670: 6555: 5904: 5513:

USGS Meteoritical Society, Bulletin database, Gebel Kamil Crater ...

4519:"Giant space rock made Earth's ocean boil but also helped early life" 3944: 3667: 3466: 2941: 2447: 2436: 2411: 2134: 2081: 2077: 2064: 2043: 1931: 1756:

from the U.S. Southwest to Canada. It was filmed by a tourist at the

1695: 1184: 1032: 1015: 932: 743: 472: 444: 387: 109:. Impact events also appear to have played a significant role in the 67: 47: 8840: 3921:"Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact" 3443:"Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: assessing the hazard" 3442: 3384:"New evidence comet or asteroid impact was last straw for dinosaurs" 2572: – Effects of astronomic impacts on crusts of moons and planets 2410:

clearly shows the slow evolution of the debris coming from asteroid

1656: 1220:(coesite), which is normally associated with large impact events or 1216:

has been found worldwide at 100 different sites. Multidirectionally

1110:

of the impact. The Chicxulub impact may have increased volcanism at

908:

Objects with a diameter less than 1 m (3.3 ft) are called

129:, 66 million years ago, is believed to not only be the cause of the 113:. Impacts may have helped deliver the building blocks for life (the 30: 11191: 11179: 11084: 10984: 10744: 10729: 10260: 10245: 10147: 9985: 9433: 9053: 8885: 8063: 8052: 8041: 8030: 8019: 7904: 6732: 6619: 6615:"Asteroids are stronger, harder to destroy than previously thought" 6421: 6364: 6303: 6233: 6075: 3441:

Clark R. Chapman & David Morrison; Morrison (January 6, 1994),

2697: 2487: 2451: 1964: 1850: 1630:

A Chinese record states that 10,000 people were killed in the 1490

1591: 1565: 1404: 1180: 1007: 966: 942: 166: 117:

theory relies on this premise). Impacts have been suggested as the

101:

since its formation. Major impact events have significantly shaped

59: 8380: 7052: 6995: 6928: 6864: 5405:"Four arrested in Argentina smuggling more than ton of meteorites" 4343: 2175: 1229: 11174: 11148: 11109: 11045: 10976: 10897: 10724: 10573: 10410: 10400: 10208: 10020: 9732: 9727: 9097: 8731: 8726: 8631: 8626: 8099: 8003: 7992: 7982: 7962: 6516: 6490: 3793:"Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field" 3075: 2915:"Smash! Aftermath of Colossal Impact Spotted Around Sunlike Star" 2662: – Measure for the hazard from asteroids and comets, 0 to 10 2325:, others crash on the planet or, more rarely, on its satellites. 2302: 2227: 2222:

is another example of a crater formed by a massive impact event.

2030: 1997: 1959: 1943: 1922: 1903: 1875:

On 15 February 2013, an asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere over

1814:

On 7 June 2006, a meteor was observed striking a location in the

1761: 1678:

In February 1947, another large bolide impacted the Earth in the

1672: 1668: 1555: 1208: 1204: 1199:; and nuclear chemists Frank Asaro and Helen V. Michael from the 1171: 1159: 1056: 970: 962: 958: 953: 895: 680:

Stony asteroids that impact sedimentary rock and create a crater

518: 383: 153: 2022: 10734: 10660: 9164: 8890: 8210: 7568:

When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time

6909: 5962: 2259: 2184: 1911: 1880: 1876: 1469: 1176: 390:

is reduced to just 5 kilotons. These ordinarily explode in the

145: 6487:"Possible meteorite crashes into New Jersey home, no injuries" 6461:"Breakthrough: UH team successfully locates incoming asteroid" 4467: 3035:"National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan" 2113:. Roughly half of impacts occur on the day-side of the planet. 920:

large enough to be recovered and be made known to scientists.

97:

Impact events appear to have played a significant role in the

11005: 10959: 10405: 10164: 2317: 2085: 2026: 1848:

On 7 October 2008, an approximately 4 meter asteroid labeled

1823: 1700: 1645: 1256: 1130: 899: 723: 566: 452: 138: 75: 63: 6179: 5259:"Potential asteroid impact identified in western Queensland" 4602:

Wolf U. Reimold, Roger L. Gibson, Christian Koeberl (2013).

3918: 3224:(Hearings held 19 March 2013 and 10 April 2013). p. 147 2486:

Asteroid collision led to the building of planets near star

2154:

National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan

1607:("Field of Heaven") refers to an area bordering Argentina's 1407:), in South Africa near a geological formation known as the 11142: 10749: 8084: 3753:

10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0051:DTMITE>2.3.CO;2

3052: 2458: 2414:, assumed to be due to a collision with a smaller asteroid. 2159: 2054: 1982: 1834:

TNT equivalent, around three percent of Hiroshima's yield.

1225: 1163: 985: 747: 204: 11281: 10857: 6783:"Gravitational Spheres of the Major Planets, Moon and Sun" 5552:"In Siberia in 1908, a huge explosion came out of nowhere" 2656: – Efforts to study asteroids that might impact Earth 7508: 6713: 6038:"Meteorite explodes over Russia, more than 1,000 injured" 6012:"Exploding Meteorite Injures A Thousand People In Russia" 5661: 4330:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

3712:"Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction" 3574: 2419: 2170: 2110: 1323:

with an impact event listed as the most likely to occur.

1134: 540: 331:

Small objects frequently collide with Earth. There is an

323: 7315:"NASA Announces Brightest Lunar Explosion Ever Recorded" 6609: 5713: 4473: 1752:

was witnessed by many people as it moved north over the

207:

would require at least five years of preparation before

4567: 4439:

Canup, Robin M. (2004). "Dynamics of Lunar Formation".

4125:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3206: 3204: 2814: 2643:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2622:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2607:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2548:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1748:

On August 10, 1972, a meteor which became known as the

1492:

was also identified in 2015 to the north, on the upper

1235:

Anomalies in chromium isotopic ratios found within the

1162:. One of the largest mass extinctions to have affected 1079:, and all three have been suspected of being linked to 7584: 6640: 4122: 2418:

In 1998, two comets were observed plunging toward the

287:

66 million years ago, believed to be the cause of the

11258: 9568:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

6912:"Jupiter – friend or foe? III: the Oort cloud comets" 6707: 6589:

Near-Earth Object Science Definition Team Report 2017

5954:Метеоритный дождь над Уралом: пострадали 1200 человек 5515:

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=52031

4166: 3359:

Robert Marcus; H. Jay Melosh; Gareth Collins (2010).

1240:

are similar to the chromium isotopic ratios found in

9494:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

6574: 5898:

Arutunyan, Anna; Bennetts, Marc (15 February 2013).

5755: 5241:"World's largest asteroid impact found in Australia" 5033:

Erikson, Timmons M.; et al. (21 January 2020).

3854:

Byrnes, Joseph S.; Karlstrom, Leif (February 2018).

3413:– Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – 3201: 2529: – Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hits 1297: 1282:

periodically disrupting the orbits of comets in the

1212:

have collided with Earth. This iridium layer at the

7205:

Amateur astronomer spots Earth-size scar on Jupiter

7173:"Mystery impact leaves Earth-sized mark on Jupiter" 5342:

The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

5032: 4201: 4009: 3095: 3093: 2076:Currently prediction is mainly based on cataloging 1094:at a planet's core responsible for maintaining the 70:and have minimal effect. When large objects impact 7703: 5478: 4244: 3759: 2682: 2546: – Large impact craters with uplifted centres 7033: 6980: 5897: 5376: 3730: 2767: 2765: 2678: 2676: 1902:On 1 January 2014, a 3-meter (10 foot) asteroid, 1796:, with several witness reports from residents in 1783:In the dark morning hours of January 18, 2000, a 1403:Evidence of a massive impact, (named S2; "S" for 402:Stony asteroid impacts that generate an airburst 11330: 10622:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 7477:"Nasa space probes document big impacts on Mars" 7291:"NASA Mars Weathercam Helps Find Big New Crater" 4424:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4402:"Public sees a future full of promise and peril" 3973: 3175: 3173: 3090: 2540: – Planetary defense nonprofit organization 2165: 2000:, an approximately 4m asteroid, was detected by 7148:"Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter" 6173: 5927:"Meteor falls in Russia, 700 injured by blasts" 5900:"Meteor in central Russia injures at least 500" 5853:First-Ever Asteroid Tracked From Space to Earth 4438: 4238: 4027:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstract 4012:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstract 3853: 3799:on December 30, 2013 – via www.wired.com. 3372:(solution using 2600kg/m^3, 17km/s, 45 degrees) 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3144: 3142: 3064: 3062: 2561: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk 1694:is a massive fall with the overall size of the 1449:, which occurred around 2 billion years ago in 10520:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 7342: 7109: 7090: 6910:Horner, J.; Jones, B.W.; Chambers, J. (2010). 6634: 6603: 6465:Institute for Astronomy – University of Hawaii 5527:"Tunguska event | Summary, Cause, & Facts" 5172: 3381: 3236: 3028: 3026: 2970: 2930: 2928: 2762: 2673: 2650: – Hazardous near-Earth asteroid or comet 2555: – Database of impact structures on Earth 254:Major impact events have significantly shaped 10843: 9525:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 9366: 9352: 8856: 8832: 8286: 8272: 7781: 7188:"All Eyepieces on Jupiter After a Big Impact" 6679: 6128: 6035: 5983: 4441:Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics 3803: 3363:. Imperial College London / Purdue University 3295: 3293: 3170: 2997: 2995: 2966: 2964: 2282:'s scar on Jupiter (dark area near Jupiter's 2011: 1948:Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System 211:could be launched. On 26 September 2022, the 7646: 6966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6337: 6276: 6102:"Asteroid impacts – How to avert Armageddon" 5280:Kjær, Kurt H.; et al. (November 2018). 5273: 4998: 4966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4827:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4628:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3635: 3337: 3210: 3139: 3059: 2746:"Terrestrial Impact Craters, Second Edition" 1203:discovered unusually high concentrations of 121:. They have also been implicated in several 9573:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 7367:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7036:"Jupiter – friend or foe? II: the Centaurs" 6210: 6060: 5945: 5026: 4510: 4312:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4288:Penfield, December 2019 Glen (2019-12-01). 4003: 3976:Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice 3299: 3023: 2925: 2908: 2906: 2743: 2635: – Multi-telescope astronomical survey 2592:List of possible impact structures on Earth 2355:Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search 2313:can take place under favorable conditions. 2193:List of largest craters in the Solar System 1839:meteor crashed near the village of Carancas 244:hover over a structure to show its details) 10850: 10836: 9676:Climate change and civilizational collapse 9359: 9345: 8863: 8849: 8279: 8265: 7788: 7774: 7279:, www.spacetelescope.org October 13, 2010. 6780: 5184:Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory 4561: 4407:. Archived from the original on 2011-02-04 4383:"Twenty ways the world could end suddenly" 4160: 3522:. NASA/JPL. 3 January 2014. Archived from 3290: 3068: 2992: 2961: 2118: 976: 7621: 7532: 7288: 7140: 7051: 6994: 6927: 6863: 6749: 6731: 6539:How Does NASA Spot a Near-Earth Asteroid? 6420: 6381: 6363: 6320: 6302: 6232: 5779: 5691: 5651:https://doi.org/10.1134/S003809460805002X 5423:"Henbury Meteorites Conservation Reserve" 5313: 5125: 5068: 4951: 4941: 4877: 4867: 4804: 4794: 4775:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 4731: 4668: 4516: 4360: 4342: 4195: 4144: 4054: 4050: 4048: 3895: 3629: 3596: 3273: 3130: 3001: 2971:Stanley-Becker, Isaac (15 October 2018). 2856: 2696: 2599: – Atmospheric explosion of a meteor 2089:approach rely on wide-field ground based 1475: 969:, and the suspected artificial satellite 10679:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 10617:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 7795: 7084: 6811: 5623: 5085: 4287: 4018: 3809: 3099: 2903: 2886:, Helix Books (Addison-Wesley), p. 2772:Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows". 2744:Koeberl, Christian; Sharpton, Virgil L. 2481: 2398: 2274: 2174: 2021: 1866: 1655: 1545: 1518: 1498: 1343: 1114:and has been proposed to have triggered 1006: 322: 223: 219: 29: 7761:Exploring North American Impact Craters 7185: 6842: 6685: 6398: 5570: 5391:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144024 5338:"Handaxe and Tektites from Bose, China" 3765: 3375: 3318: 3306:Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars 2578: – Hypothesized astronomical event 1803: 1651: 1430:, caused by an impact that occurred in 1319:published a list of 20 possible sudden 988:'s existence is widely attributed to a 196:National Science and Technology Council 14: 11331: 7564: 6686:Andrews, Robin George (8 March 2019). 6156: 5986:"Meteorite Hits Russia, Causing Panic" 5865: 5841:Norway Impact Gentler Than Atomic Bomb 5564: 5004: 4461:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082201.113457 4204:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 4045: 4024: 3300:Paine, Michael; Peiser, Benny (2002). 2771: 2629: – Logarithmic scale in astronomy 2620: – Space-based infrared telescope 2171:Evidence of massive past impact events 1921:Nearly two years later, on October 3, 1707:) of material survived the collision. 1380:are believed to remain from this era: 90:are dominant landforms on many of the 10831: 9340: 9266:Planetary Defense Coordination Office 9261:Space Situational Awareness Programme 8870: 8844: 8831: 8260: 7769: 7684: 7381: 7040:International Journal of Astrobiology 6983:International Journal of Astrobiology 6916:International Journal of Astrobiology 5549: 5203: 5197: 5005:Kornel, Katherine (21 January 2020). 4597: 4595: 4531:from the original on 19 December 2023 3397: 3312: 3179: 3148: 3032: 3002:Haldevang, Max de (14 October 2018). 2934: 2879: 2627:Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale 2477: 2150:, and has developed and released the 2042:, and predict the dates and times of 1738:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 1152: 327:A bolide undergoing atmospheric entry 294: 289:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 131:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 27:Collision of two astronomical objects 9696:Tipping points in the climate system 7474: 7442: 7319:National Geographic Society Newsroom 5812:"Collisions with Near Earth Objects" 5360:"Asia's oldest axe tools discovered" 5279: 4618:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4517:Achenbach, Joel (19 December 2023). 4064:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 3790: 3069:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (21 June 2018). 2912: 2347:Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research 2206:is the largest confirmed impact and 1616:in Australia (~5,000 years old) and 990:huge impact early in Earth's history 902:= 17 km/s; and an angle of 45° 380:the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima 9691:Extinction risk from climate change 9590:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 8148:Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth 5843:(Sky & Telescope June 16, 2006) 5759:Meteoritics & Planetary Science 4608:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 4570:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 4169:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3820:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3428:Supplementary published information 3382:Robert Sanders (February 7, 2013). 3328:Journal of Evolution and Technology 1837:On 15 September 2007, a chondritic 1384:(in contemporary South Africa) and 58:, though the most frequent involve 24: 10651:List of fictional doomsday devices 8153:Asteroid close approaches to Earth 7728:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x 7502: 7475:Amos, Jonathan (27 October 2022). 7152:National Space Science Data Center 6129:Kenneth Chang (15 February 2013). 6036:Andrey Kuzmin (16 February 2013). 5929:. Associated Press. Archived from 5781:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00062.x 5626:Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechoslovakia 5501:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb01101.x 5261:. Geoscience Australia. 2015-03-17 5180:"Deep Impact – The Vredefort Dome" 5142: 4974: 4908: 4835: 4762: 4699: 4636: 4592: 2442:In 2010, between January and May, 2305:is the most massive planet in the 2265: 2143:Brief Answers to the Big Questions 1201:University of California, Berkeley 394:and most or all of the solids are 260:formation of the Earth–Moon system 250:List of impact structures on Earth 209:a mission to intercept an asteroid 191:Brief Answers to the Big Questions 107:formation of the Earth–Moon system 105:, and have been implicated in the 25: 11385: 9671:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 7743: 7242:"A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ" 7186:Overbye, Dennis (July 22, 2009). 6556:"Sentry: Earth Impact Monitoring" 6009: 4649:Meteoritics and Planetary Science 2794:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76 1298:Sociological and cultural effects 1067:size or greater have been found: 348:, the minimum impact velocity is 11316: 11304: 11292: 11280: 11268: 10787: 10786: 10774: 9932:Decline in amphibian populations 8379: 8373: 8185:Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit 7895:2002 Eastern Mediterranean event 7468: 7436: 7405: 7375: 7336: 7307: 7282: 7263: 7234: 7210: 7198: 7179: 7165: 7103: 7093:"Jupiter: Our Cosmic Protector?" 7034:Horner, J.; Jones, B.W. (2009). 7027: 6974: 6903: 6836: 6805: 6774: 6548: 6531: 6505: 6479: 6453: 6265: 6150: 6122: 6094: 6029: 6003: 4362:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00913.x 2494:Collisions between galaxies, or 2388: 2098: 2048:International Astronomical Union 1339: 1018:impacts have affected the Earth. 307: 258:, having been implicated in the 213:Double Asteroid Redirection Test 10283:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 9780:Land surface effects on climate 9753:Human impact on the environment 9384:Future of an expanding universe 7571:, New York: Thames and Hudson, 7295:NASA's Mars Exploration Program 5977: 5919: 5891: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5804: 5787: 5749: 5707: 5655: 5643: 5617: 5599: 5543: 5519: 5507: 5472: 5454: 5429: 5415: 5397: 5370: 5352: 5330: 5251: 5233: 4869:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105615 4733:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.06.004 4543: 4432: 4394: 4376: 4320: 4281: 4098: 3967: 3912: 3847: 3784: 3724: 3704: 3568: 3559: 3538: 3512: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3434: 3180:Chang, Kenneth (14 June 2018). 3149:Chang, Kenneth (14 June 2018). 2587:List of impact craters on Earth 2198:interplanetary collisions. The 1942:On 22 January 2018, an object, 1887:during its passage through the 1883:and exploded above the city of 1828:the Hiroshima nuclear explosion 1532:would have had global effects. 1372:According to the theory of the 992:. Impact events earlier in the 7443:Marshall, Spaceflight Center. 6220:Astrophysics and Space Science 6159:Australian Sky & Telescope 6078:. 5 March 2013. Archived from 5571:Gallant, Roy (February 1996). 3810:Hagstrum, Jonathan T. (2005). 3766:Dvorsky, George (2017-09-17). 3502:. 25 October 2005. p. 56. 3361:"Earth Impact Effects Program" 2935:Homer, Aaron (28 April 2018). 2913:Wall, Mike (August 28, 2014). 2873: 2737: 2470:hundreds of candidate events. 2435:on August 30, 1979. (See also 2423:According to a theory by NASA 2234:such as Engelier and Gerin on 1914:, the central Atlantic Ocean, 1535: 1360: 523:31.9 km (105,000 ft) 501:36.3 km (119,000 ft) 34:Damage to trees caused by the 13: 1: 10229:Interpretations of Revelation 10031:Cosmological phase transition 9937:Decline in insect populations 9389:Ultimate fate of the universe 8810:Lunar and Planetary Institute 8642:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary 7933:2012 United Kingdom meteoroid 7543:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095 7445:"List of lunar impact events" 5379:Annual Review of Anthropology 3607:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095 2750:Lunar and Planetary Institute 2667: 2166:Elsewhere in the Solar System 1394:Marble Bar, Western Australia 1214:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary 600:16.5 km (54,000 ft) 571:22.4 km (73,000 ft) 545:26.4 km (87,000 ft) 188:considered in his final book 99:evolution of the Solar System 11212:Potentially hazardous object 10684:Future of Humanity Institute 10081:Potentially hazardous object 9981:Interplanetary contamination 9236:Japan Spaceguard Association 8979:Earth-crossing minor planets 8936:Potentially hazardous object 8246:Potentially hazardous object 7755:Earth Impact Effects Program 7692:National Geographic Magazine 7321:. 2013-05-17. Archived from 6852:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6665:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.032 6204:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.056 5984:Marson, James; Gautam Naik. 5831:(SpaceRef November 20, 2002) 4267:10.1126/science.282.5390.927 3546:"Small-Body Database Lookup" 3266:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90009-5 3211:U.S.Congress (Spring 2013). 3132:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.004 2685:Geophysical Research Letters 2648:Potentially hazardous object 2351:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking 1750:1972 Great Daylight Fireball 1514: 1255:for the Mexican oil company 1207:in a specific layer of rock 1096:magnetic field of the planet 877:1,000 m (3,300 ft) 662:0.58 km (1,900 ft) 642:3.6 km (12,000 ft) 620:8.7 km (29,000 ft) 363: 264:evolutionary history of life 156:, Russia, in 1908. The 2013 111:evolutionary history of life 7: 10564:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 9713:Global terrestrial stilling 9326:Fiction about impact events 8702:Planar deformation features 7565:Benton, Michael J. (2003), 6882:10.1051/0004-6361:200810321 6843:Ohtsuka, Katsuhito (2008). 6439:10.1051/0004-6361/201834313 6072:Russia Beyond The Headlines 2513: 2463:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2316:Jupiter is able to capture 1789:Whitehorse, Yukon Territory 1585: 1183:and coincided with a large 940:four-meter-sized asteroids 10: 11390: 10076:Asteroid impact prediction 10051:Heat death of the universe 9461:Mutual assured destruction 8805:Impact Field Studies Group 8201:Asteroid impact prediction 7900:2007 Carancas impact event 6818:Astronomy and Astrophysics 6408:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5118:10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7 5061:10.1038/s41467-019-13985-7 4922:Frontiers in Earth Science 4616:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.014 4586:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.04.026 4189:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.014 3841:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.020 2827:(21). Wiley: 14540–14554. 2392: 2295: 2289: 2270: 2190: 2122: 2018:Asteroid impact prediction 2015: 2012:Asteroid impact prediction 1841:in southeastern Peru near 1807: 1787:exploded over the city of 1660:Trees knocked over by the 1589: 1568:from the 803,000-year-old 1539: 1301: 886:13.6 km (8.5 mi) 860:700 m (2,300 ft) 843:400 m (1,300 ft) 367: 298: 247: 230:equirectangular projection 11204: 11167: 11126: 11108: 11077: 11070: 11038: 11004: 10997: 10975: 10945: 10911: 10878: 10869: 10768: 10702: 10694:Nuclear Threat Initiative 10671: 10627:List of apocalyptic films 10604: 10470:2011 end times prediction 10462: 10202:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 10197:Abomination of desolation 10133: 10071:Asteroid impact avoidance 10008: 9919: 9901:List of extinction events 9876: 9869: 9835: 9743:Environmental degradation 9639: 9630: 9545: 9530:Technological singularity 9399: 9374: 9368:Global catastrophic risks 9308: 9274: 9256:The Spaceguard Foundation 9223: 9129: 9002: 8974:Asteroid close approaches 8952:Asteroid impact avoidance 8944: 8878: 8838: 8833:Links to related articles 8740: 8609: 8388: 8371: 8312: 8294: 8288:Impact cratering on Earth 8206:Asteroid impact avoidance 8193: 8140: 8097: 8082: 7922:2009 Sulawesi superbolide 7887: 7810: 7803: 7685:Stone, R. (August 2008), 7382:Mohon, Lee (2017-02-13). 7207:, Guardian, July 21, 2009 7070:10.1017/S1473550408004357 7013:10.1017/S1473550408004187 6946:10.1017/S1473550409990346 6781:Chebotarev, G.A. (1964). 6720:The Astrophysical Journal 6560:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6351:Research Notes of the AAS 6290:Research Notes of the AAS 6251:10.1007/s10509-016-2945-3 5736:10.1007/s11038-005-0664-9 4943:10.3389/feart.2020.562062 4796:10.1007/s00410-019-1554-x 4497:10.1002/essoar.10505838.1 4216:10.1007/s00216-010-3593-z 4084:10.1080/08120090500170393 3420:, published 1 April 2019. 3386:. UC Berkeley News Center 2527:Asteroid impact avoidance 2425:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2179:Topographical map of the 2125:Asteroid impact avoidance 1927:Geocentric satellite ring 1758:Grand Teton National Park 1734:Prairie Meteorite Network 1409:Barberton Greenstone Belt 893: 835:4.6 km (2.9 mi) 818:3.8 km (2.4 mi) 784:2.4 km (1.5 mi) 702: 695: 689: 684: 672: 429: 422: 417: 411: 406: 301:Asteroid impact avoidance 10689:Future of Life Institute 10591:Resurrection of the dead 10584:Post-tribulation rapture 9966:Colony collapse disorder 9321:Fiction about meteoroids 9200:Sentinel Space Telescope 8775:William Kenneth Hartmann 8441:Clearwater East and West 8389:Confirmed≥20 km diameter 8108:Impact events on Jupiter 6751:10.3847/1538-4357/aac725 6611:Johns Hopkins University 6383:10.3847/2515-5172/aad551 6322:10.3847/2515-5172/aacc71 5953: 5855:, Wired, March 25, 2009 5795:Grand Teton Meteor Video 5716:Earth, Moon, and Planets 5611:August 31, 2009, at the 5573:"Sikhote-Alin Revisited" 4477:Ess Open Archive ePrints 3494:"The word: Torino scale" 2618:Near-Earth Object Camera 2565:Impact events in fiction 2559:Global catastrophic risk 2292:Impact events on Jupiter 1946:, was discovered by the 1770:early warning satellites 1570:Australasian strewnfield 1014:was first to prove that 869:10 km (6.2 mi) 826:300 m (980 ft) 809:250 m (820 ft) 792:200 m (660 ft) 775:150 m (490 ft) 758:130 m (430 ft) 268:origin of water on Earth 240:as of November 2017 (in 133:but acceleration of the 119:origin of water on Earth 9515:Artificial intelligence 8957:Asteroid laser ablation 8692:Ordovician meteor event 7879:Earth-grazing meteoroid 7873:Great Daylight Fireball 7843:Great Meteor Procession 7222:sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov 7091:Dennis Overbye (2009). 6874:2008A&A...489.1355O 6830:1990A&A...239..375T 6431:2019A&A...621A.137D 6243:2016Ap&SS.361..358D 5859:March 21, 2014, at the 5772:2004M&PS...39.1627O 5728:2004EM&P...95..489C 5684:10.1029/JB076i017p04090 5531:Encyclopedia Britannica 4982:"Earth Impact Database" 4661:2014M&PS...49..723R 4578:2012E&PSL.337..197G 4453:2004ARA&A..42..441C 4181:2005E&PSL.237..264M 3833:2005E&PSL.236...13H 2880:Lewis, John S. (1996), 2212:South Pole–Aitken basin 2181:South Pole–Aitken basin 2119:Current response status 1994:above Earth's surface. 1969:American Meteor Society 1798:Atlin, British Columbia 1242:carbonaceous chondrites 977:Geological significance 852:6 km (3.7 mi) 801:3 km (1.9 mi) 767:2 km (1.2 mi) 653:85 m (279 ft) 631:70 m (230 ft) 611:50 m (160 ft) 346:Earth's escape velocity 171:Spitzer Space Telescope 10644:List of disaster films 10485:Apocalyptic literature 9585:Malthusian catastrophe 9511:Synthetic intelligence 8896:Earth-grazing fireball 8795:Eugene Merle Shoemaker 8672:Late Heavy Bombardment 8216:Earth-grazing fireball 8114:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 7134:10.1006/icar.1996.5636 6074:. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 5875:. NASA. Archived from 5306:10.1126/sciadv.aar8173 4137:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 3991:Cite journal requires 3880:10.1126/sciadv.aao2994 3639:; Asphaug, E. (2001). 3221:United States Congress 3033:Staff (21 June 2018). 2576:Late Heavy Bombardment 2491: 2490:-ID8 (artist concept). 2415: 2342:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 2298:List of Jupiter events 2287: 2280:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 2188: 2035: 1906:was discovered by the 1872: 1820:Nordreisa Municipality 1680:Sikhote-Alin Mountains 1664: 1558: 1524: 1504: 1490:third, possible impact 1476:Paleozoic and Mesozoic 1447:Vredefort impact event 1374:Late Heavy Bombardment 1353: 1116:flood basalt volcanism 1053:comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 1044:Eugene Merle Shoemaker 1019: 1012:Eugene Merle Shoemaker 929:U.S. Geological Survey 586:30 m (98 ft) 560:20 m (66 ft) 534:15 m (49 ft) 512:10 m (33 ft) 328: 281:Late Heavy Bombardment 245: 201:United States Congress 162:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 39: 11339:Earth Impact Database 10026:Coronal mass ejection 9488:Electromagnetic pulse 9449:Kinetic energy weapon 8816:Traces of Catastrophe 8800:Earth Impact Database 8748:Ralph Belknap Baldwin 8091:Impact events on Mars 7973:2015 Kerala meteoroid 7968:2014 Ontario fireball 7950:Chelyabinsk meteorite 7917:Buzzard Coulee meteor 7750:Earth Impact Database 7175:. CNN. July 21, 2009. 6812:Tancredi, G. (1990). 5245:Australian Geographic 5155:Earth Impact Database 5098:Nature Communications 5040:Nature Communications 2821:Ecology and Evolution 2553:Earth Impact Database 2485: 2433:Howard-Koomen-Michels 2402: 2395:Impact events on Mars 2278: 2178: 2148:asteroid impact event 2025: 1991:Kamchatka superbolide 1889:Ural Mountains region 1870: 1659: 1590:Further information: 1572:event in Asia link a 1549: 1540:Further information: 1522: 1502: 1486:East Warburton Basins 1421:Earth Impact Database 1347: 1195:; his son, geologist 1010: 490:7 m (23 ft) 368:Further information: 326: 238:Earth Impact Database 227: 220:Impacts and the Earth 33: 10428:War of Gog and Magog 10105:Near-Earth supernova 9855:Human overpopulation 9659:Mass mortality event 9553:Anthropogenic hazard 9241:Meteoritical Society 7978:2015 Thailand bolide 7928:Sutter's Mill meteor 7797:Modern impact events 7325:on November 27, 2018 6989:(3&4): 251–261. 6227:(11): 358 (33 pp.). 5816:www.aerospaceweb.org 5550:Hogenboom, Melissa. 4848:Precambrian Research 4712:Precambrian Research 4610:. 369–370: 333–335. 4572:. 337–338: 197–210. 3931:(11–12): 1507–1520. 2883:Rain of Iron and Ice 2715:10.1002/2017gl073191 2603:Near-Earth asteroids 2533:Asteroids in fiction 2140:, in his final book 1953:On 2 June 2018, the 1804:21st-century impacts 1652:20th-century impacts 1462:Sudbury impact event 333:inverse relationship 152:, which occurred in 135:evolution of mammals 52:astronomical objects 11364:Astronomical events 10500:Blood moon prophecy 10293:Number of the Beast 9891:Holocene extinction 9837:Earth Overshoot Day 9785:Ocean acidification 9748:Habitat destruction 9738:Ecological collapse 9444:Kinetic bombardment 9379:Future of the Earth 9145:Catalina Sky Survey 7958:Braunschweig meteor 7861:Sikhote-Alin meteor 7720:1994Metic..29..864Y 7663:1980Natur.285..198S 7614:10.1038/nature12741 7606:2013Natur.503..238B 7525:1980Sci...208.1095A 7519:(4448): 1095–1108, 7126:1997Icar..126..138R 7062:2009IJAsB...8...75H 7005:2008IJAsB...7..251H 6938:2010IJAsB...9....1H 6799:1964SvA.....7..618C 6742:2018ApJ...861...52K 6657:2019Icar..321.1013E 6374:2018RNAAS...2..131D 6313:2018RNAAS...2...57D 6196:2016Icar..274..327F 5990:Wall Street Journal 5933:on 18 February 2013 5879:on 18 February 2013 5676:1971JGR....76.4090M 5638:1961BAICz..12...21C 5606:Meteorite Hits Page 5589:1996Met.....2....8G 5493:1994Metic..29..864Y 5348:on October 8, 2014. 5298:2018SciA....4.8173K 5219:2008Geo....36..383D 5110:2020NatCo..11..300E 5053:2020NatCo..11..300E 4934:2020FrEaS...8..406W 4860:2020PreR..33905615Y 4787:2019CoMP..174...20G 4724:2018PreR..314..129K 4524:The Washington Post 4489:2021esoar.10505838O 4353:2010MNRAS.407L..99M 4259:1998Sci...282..927S 4076:2005AuJES..52..725K 4039:2003LPI....34.2013M 3937:2015GSAB..127.1507R 3872:2018SciA....4.2994B 3745:1992Geo....20...51H 3660:2001Natur.412..708C 3589:1980Sci...208.1095A 3583:(4448): 1095–1108. 3526:on 11 February 2017 3459:1994Natur.367...33C 3258:1979Icar...37..467C 3123:2018Icar..314...64M 2978:The Washington Post 2833:2021EcoEv..1114540H 2786:2002SciAm.286c..76B 2774:Scientific American 2707:2017GeoRL..44.3433R 2544:Central-peak crater 2408:Wide Field Camera 3 2214:being the biggest. 2129:In April 2018, the 2051:Minor Planet Center 1987:Kamchatka Peninsula 1955:Mount Lemmon Survey 1908:Mount Lemmon Survey 1745:meteorite in 2002. 1466:Nuna supercontinent 1440:Huronian glaciation 1417:Maniitsoq structure 1328:Pew Research Center 1310:end of civilization 1304:End of civilization 1290:and paleontologist 1191:In 1980, physicist 1127:continental shelves 1037:San Francisco Peaks 1027:, locally known as 681: 403: 180:In April 2018, the 72:terrestrial planets 10863:list by death toll 10815:Doomsday scenarios 10381:Beast of the Earth 10273:Book of Revelation 10061:Virtual black hole 10041:False vacuum decay 9991:Pollinator decline 9954:Biological warfare 9944:Biotechnology risk 9795:Resource depletion 9309:Related categories 8712:Shock metamorphism 8617:Alvarez hypothesis 7945:Chelyabinsk meteor 7487:on 28 October 2022 7275:2020-11-27 at the 7246:home.earthlink.net 7097:The New York Times 6693:The New York Times 6136:The New York Times 6110:. 15 February 2013 5965:. 15 February 2013 5577:Meteorite Magazine 5012:The New York Times 4670:10.1111/maps.12284 4055:Keller G. (2005). 3548:. Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 3409:2019-04-04 at the 3187:The New York Times 3156:The New York Times 2949:on 24 January 2020 2639:Peak ring (crater) 2500:stellar collisions 2492: 2478:Extrasolar impacts 2461:. Images from the 2416: 2366:amateur astronomer 2323:heliocentric orbit 2288: 2189: 2040:Near Earth objects 2036: 1873: 1736:, operated by the 1721:A small number of 1712:Sylacauga, Alabama 1665: 1640:, discovered from 1598:Rio Cuarto craters 1559: 1525: 1505: 1354: 1321:doomsday scenarios 1170:, which ended the 1153:Biospheric effects 1020: 898:= 2600 kg/m; 679: 430:Recorded fireballs 401: 382:(approximately 16 329: 295:Frequency and risk 246: 158:Chelyabinsk meteor 125:. The prehistoric 40: 11374:Natural disasters 11354:Planetary science 11256: 11255: 11250: 11249: 11227:Geomagnetic storm 11200: 11199: 11066: 11065: 10993: 10992: 10937:Soil liquefaction 10859:Natural disasters 10825: 10824: 10656:Zombie apocalypse 10557:Postmillennialism 10352:Great Tribulation 10125:Stellar collision 10086:Near-Earth object 10036:Geomagnetic storm 10004: 10003: 9927:Biodiversity loss 9911:Genetic pollution 9865: 9864: 9654:Biodiversity loss 9617:Societal collapse 9595:Nuclear holocaust 9580:Economic collapse 9563:Doomsday argument 9481:Antimatter weapon 9334: 9333: 9275:Potential threats 8967:Ion-beam shepherd 8931:Near-Earth object 8911:Meteor procession 8872:Planetary defense 8825: 8824: 8765:Edward C. T. Chao 8254: 8253: 8241:Near-Earth object 8221:Meteor procession 8168:Meteor air bursts 8078: 8077: 8015:Winchcombe meteor 8009:2020 China bolide 7988:2017 China bolide 7657:(5762): 198–200, 7600:(7475): 238–241. 5766:(10): 1627–1641, 5670:(17): 4090–4108, 5462:"Whitecourt Star" 5247:. March 24, 2015. 5227:10.1130/G24502A.1 4290:"Unlikely Impact" 4253:(5390): 927–930, 4131:(1636): 759–765, 3654:(6848): 708–712. 3053:National Archives 2841:10.1002/ece3.8114 2612:Near-Earth object 2362:2009 impact event 2200:North Polar Basin 2029:and positions of 1981:On 8 March 2019, 1727:Příbram meteorite 1624:Whitecourt crater 1580:Lonar crater lake 1482:Western Warburton 1436:Western Australia 1428:Yarrabubba crater 1276:Richard A. Muller 1081:extinction events 1048:space exploration 916:signature with a 906: 905: 677: 676: 386:of TNT), but the 276:Impact structures 234:impact structures 80:atmospheric entry 56:planetary systems 16:(Redirected from 11381: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11285: 11284: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11264: 11159:Tropical cyclone 11153:Tornado outbreak 11075: 11074: 11002: 11001: 10955:Pyroclastic flow 10947:Volcano eruption 10876: 10875: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10829: 10828: 10790: 10789: 10781:World portal 10779: 10778: 10740:Financial crisis 10569:Nibiru cataclysm 10547:Premillennialism 10391:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 10359:Son of perdition 10347:Olivet Discourse 10323:Whore of Babylon 9949:Biological agent 9896:Human extinction 9886:Extinction event 9874: 9873: 9845:Overexploitation 9775:Land consumption 9770:Land degradation 9637: 9636: 9499:Micro black hole 9407:Chemical warfare 9361: 9354: 9347: 9338: 9337: 8906:Meteor air burst 8865: 8858: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8829: 8828: 8790:Peter H. Schultz 8753:Daniel Barringer 8662:Impact structure 8383: 8377: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8069: 8058: 8047: 8036: 8025: 7999:Kamchatka meteor 7910: 7867:Murchison meteor 7808: 7807: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7767: 7766: 7739: 7700: 7699:on July 18, 2008 7695:, archived from 7681: 7671:10.1038/285198a0 7643: 7625: 7581: 7561: 7536: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7483:. Archived from 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7456: 7450:. Archived from 7449: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7424: 7418:. Archived from 7417: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7390:. Archived from 7379: 7373: 7372: 7366: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7286: 7280: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7248:. Archived from 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7055: 7031: 7025: 7024: 6998: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6965: 6957: 6931: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6892:. Archived from 6867: 6849: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6824:(1–2): 375–380. 6809: 6803: 6802: 6787:Soviet Astronomy 6778: 6772: 6771: 6753: 6735: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6613:(4 March 2019). 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6424: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6385: 6367: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6324: 6306: 6280: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6236: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6044:. Archived from 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5873:"Russian Meteor" 5869: 5863: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5722:(1–4): 489–499, 5711: 5705: 5704: 5695: 5693:2060/19710010847 5664:J. Geophys. Res. 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5621: 5615: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5591:. Archived from 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5464:. Archived from 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5439:. Archived from 5433: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5366:. March 3, 2000. 5356: 5350: 5349: 5344:. Archived from 5334: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5292:(11): eaar8173. 5286:Science Advances 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4945: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4899: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4818: 4808: 4798: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4735: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4682: 4672: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4364: 4346: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4210:(7): 2647–2658. 4199: 4193: 4192: 4175:(1–2): 265–284. 4164: 4158: 4157: 4148: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4070:(4–5): 725–757. 4061: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3945:10.1130/B31167.1 3916: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3860:Science Advances 3851: 3845: 3844: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3795:. Archived from 3791:Grossman, Lisa. 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3720:. June 13, 2014. 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3693:on July 30, 2010 3692: 3686:. Archived from 3668:10.1038/35089010 3645: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3600: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467:10.1038/367033a0 3438: 3432: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3356: 3335: 3334: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3277: 3275:2060/19780014063 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3101:Myhrvold, Nathan 3097: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2945:. Archived from 2932: 2923: 2922: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2700: 2691:(8): 3433–3440. 2680: 2644: 2623: 2608: 2597:Meteor air burst 2570:Impact gardening 2549: 2521:Asteroid capture 2311:asteroid capture 2102: 2072: 2070: 2069: 1977: 1962: 1937:Lunar Prospector 1858: 1856: 1855: 1794:Killer Asteroids 1778:Eugene Shoemaker 1644:image review in 1552:Barringer Crater 1529:Hiawatha Glacier 1527:Analysis of the 1509:Chicxulub impact 1507:The prehistoric 1494:Diamantina River 1464:occurred on the 1266:Paleontologists 1249:Chicxulub Crater 1168:Permian-Triassic 1112:mid-ocean ridges 1092:dynamo mechanism 1085:Mistastin crater 1025:Barringer Crater 994:history of Earth 956: 950: 948: 947: 925:Eugene Shoemaker 682: 678: 404: 400: 392:upper atmosphere 370:Meteor air burst 311: 285:Chicxulub impact 272:mass extinctions 127:Chicxulub impact 123:mass extinctions 21: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11359:Cosmic doomsday 11349:Climate forcing 11329: 11328: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11305: 11303: 11293: 11291: 11279: 11269: 11267: 11259: 11257: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11196: 11163: 11127:Cyclonic storms 11122: 11104: 11062: 11058:Limnic eruption 11034: 11008: 10989: 10977:Natural erosion 10971: 10941: 10915: 10907: 10865: 10856: 10826: 10821: 10800:Future problems 10773: 10764: 10698: 10667: 10634:Climate fiction 10600: 10475:2012 phenomenon 10458: 10364:Sheep and Goats 10251:2 Thessalonians 10129: 10046:Gamma-ray burst 10000: 9915: 9906:Genetic erosion 9861: 9831: 9822:Water pollution 9790:Ozone depletion 9686:Desertification 9626: 9541: 9476:Doomsday device 9456:Nuclear warfare 9395: 9370: 9365: 9335: 9330: 9304: 9295: 9270: 9231:B612 Foundation 9219: 9125: 8998: 8962:Gravity tractor 8940: 8874: 8869: 8834: 8826: 8821: 8770:Robert S. Dietz 8758:Barringer Medal 8736: 8647:Cryptoexplosion 8605: 8536:Puchezh-Katunki 8516:Nördlinger Ries 8384: 8378: 8369: 8335:Asia and Russia 8308: 8290: 8285: 8255: 8250: 8189: 8173:Meteorite falls 8136: 8093: 8074: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8020: 7909: 7905: 7883: 7799: 7794: 7746: 7579: 7534:10.1.1.126.8496 7505: 7503:Further reading 7500: 7490: 7488: 7473: 7469: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7397: 7395: 7384:"Lunar Impacts" 7380: 7376: 7360: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7341: 7337: 7328: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7297: 7289:mars.nasa.gov. 7287: 7283: 7277:Wayback Machine 7268: 7264: 7255: 7253: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7226: 7224: 7218:"SOHO Hotshots" 7216: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7184: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7157: 7155: 7154:. February 2005 7146: 7145: 7141: 7108: 7104: 7089: 7085: 7032: 7028: 6979: 6975: 6959: 6958: 6908: 6904: 6896: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6810: 6806: 6779: 6775: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6684: 6680: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6403: 6399: 6342: 6338: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6215: 6211: 6178: 6174: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6082:on 23 June 2013 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6048:on 6 March 2016 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5861:Wayback Machine 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5754: 5750: 5712: 5708: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5622: 5618: 5613:Wayback Machine 5604: 5600: 5569: 5565: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5533: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5477: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5375: 5371: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5162: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5090: 5086: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4959: 4958: 4913: 4909: 4893: 4892: 4840: 4836: 4820: 4819: 4767: 4763: 4747: 4746: 4704: 4700: 4684: 4683: 4641: 4637: 4621: 4620: 4600: 4593: 4566: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4511: 4472: 4468: 4437: 4433: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4381: 4377: 4337:(1): L99–L102, 4325: 4321: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4286: 4282: 4243: 4239: 4200: 4196: 4165: 4161: 4121: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4023: 4019: 4008: 4004: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3917: 3913: 3866:(2): eaao2994. 3852: 3848: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3764: 3760: 3729: 3725: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3598:10.1.1.126.8496 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3453:(6458): 33–40, 3439: 3435: 3424:PDF direct link 3411:Wayback Machine 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3357: 3338: 3317: 3313: 3298: 3291: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3147: 3140: 3103:(22 May 2018). 3098: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3067: 3060: 3046: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3000: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2969: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2933: 2926: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2878: 2874: 2813: 2809: 2770: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2742: 2738: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2642: 2621: 2606: 2582:List of bolides 2547: 2538:B612 Foundation 2516: 2480: 2450:with a smaller 2429:Zdeněk Sekanina 2397: 2391: 2300: 2294: 2273: 2268: 2266:Observed events 2232:moons of Saturn 2208:Hellas Planitia 2204:Utopia Planitia 2195: 2173: 2168: 2138:Stephen Hawking 2131:B612 Foundation 2127: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2103: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2020: 2014: 1976: 1972: 1967:arrived to the 1958: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1812: 1810:List of bolides 1806: 1754:Rocky Mountains 1723:meteorite falls 1654: 1614:Henbury craters 1605:Campo del Cielo 1594: 1588: 1564:recovered with 1550:Aerial view of 1544: 1538: 1517: 1478: 1451:Kaapvaal Craton 1382:Kaapvaal Craton 1363: 1350:formed the Moon 1342: 1306: 1300: 1292:Richard Bambach 1155: 1108:antipodal point 1064:astrogeologists 998:origins of life 979: 952: 945: 944: 941: 712: 704: 699: 686: 440: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 408: 372: 366: 321: 320: 319: 317: 312: 303: 297: 256:Earth's history 252: 222: 186:Stephen Hawking 182:B612 Foundation 175:science fiction 103:Earth's history 28: 23: 22: 18:Asteroid impact 15: 12: 11: 5: 11387: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11326: 11325: 11313: 11301: 11289: 11277: 11254: 11253: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11208: 11206: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11177: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11146: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11114: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11072: 11071:Meteorological 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11054: 11053: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11016: 11014: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10981: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10951: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10927:Seismic hazard 10923: 10921: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10855: 10854: 10847: 10840: 10832: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10795:Apocalypticism 10784: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10653: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10639:Disaster films 10636: 10631: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10614: 10612:Alien invasion 10608: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10554: 10552:Amillennialism 10549: 10539: 10537:Millenarianism 10534: 10533: 10532: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10490:Apocalypticism 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10444: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10386:Dhu al-Qarnayn 10383: 10378: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10332:Great Apostasy 10329: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10270: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10221: 10211: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10189: 10179: 10177:Last Judgement 10174: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10139: 10137: 10135:Eschatological 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10073: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9882: 9880: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9850:Overpopulation 9847: 9841: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9827:Water scarcity 9824: 9819: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9802: 9800:Sea level rise 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9763:on marine life 9760: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9718:Global warming 9715: 9710: 9708:Global dimming 9705: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9666:Cascade effect 9663: 9662: 9661: 9651: 9645: 9643: 9641:Climate change 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9560: 9555: 9549: 9547: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9471:Doomsday Clock 9468: 9463: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9422:Cyberterrorism 9419: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9364: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9123: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9075:NEAR Shoemaker 9071: 9070: 9069: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9036: 9026: 9021: 9014: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8983:Damage scales 8981: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8868: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8717:Shocked quartz 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8677:Lechatelierite 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8652:Ejecta blanket 8649: 8644: 8639: 8637:Complex crater 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8431:Chesapeake Bay 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8132:Jupiter impact 8128: 8126:Jupiter impact 8122: 8120:Jupiter impact 8116: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8061: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8006: 8004:2019 MO impact 8001: 7995: 7993:2018 LA impact 7990: 7985: 7983:WT1190F impact 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7963:2014 AA impact 7960: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7941: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7855:Chicora meteor 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7814: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7793: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7745: 7744:External links 7742: 7741: 7740: 7714:(6): 864–871. 7701: 7687:"Target earth" 7682: 7644: 7582: 7578:978-0500051160 7577: 7562: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7467: 7435: 7404: 7374: 7335: 7306: 7281: 7262: 7233: 7209: 7197: 7192:New York Times 7178: 7164: 7139: 7120:(1): 138–147. 7102: 7099:. p. WK7. 7083: 7026: 6973: 6902: 6899:on 2013-02-26. 6835: 6804: 6773: 6706: 6678: 6633: 6602: 6573: 6547: 6530: 6519:. May 11, 2023 6504: 6478: 6467:. 25 June 2019 6452: 6397: 6336: 6275: 6272:Bill Gray MPML 6264: 6209: 6172: 6161:. p. 12. 6149: 6121: 6093: 6059: 6028: 6010:Ewait, David. 6002: 5976: 5961:(in Russian). 5944: 5918: 5890: 5864: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5803: 5786: 5748: 5706: 5654: 5642: 5616: 5598: 5595:on 2010-06-12. 5563: 5542: 5518: 5506: 5487:(6): 864–871, 5471: 5468:on 2016-03-05. 5453: 5428: 5414: 5409:news.yahoo.com 5396: 5369: 5351: 5329: 5272: 5250: 5232: 5213:(5): 383–386. 5196: 5171: 5141: 5084: 5025: 4997: 4973: 4907: 4834: 4761: 4698: 4655:(5): 723–731. 4635: 4591: 4560: 4542: 4509: 4466: 4447:(1): 441–475. 4431: 4393: 4375: 4319: 4280: 4237: 4194: 4159: 4115: 4097: 4044: 4017: 4002: 3993:|journal= 3966: 3911: 3846: 3827:(1–2): 13–27. 3802: 3783: 3758: 3723: 3703: 3628: 3567: 3558: 3537: 3511: 3505: 3485: 3479: 3433: 3415:Robert DePalma 3396: 3374: 3336: 3322:(March 2002), 3311: 3289: 3252:(2): 467–474, 3235: 3200: 3169: 3138: 3089: 3058: 3042:whitehouse.gov 3022: 2991: 2960: 2924: 2902: 2897:978-0201489507 2896: 2872: 2807: 2761: 2736: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2496:galaxy mergers 2479: 2476: 2390: 2387: 2369:Anthony Wesley 2340:In July 1994, 2290:Main article: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2191:Main article: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2123:Main article: 2120: 2117: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2016:Main article: 2013: 2010: 1974: 1808:Main article: 1805: 1802: 1743:Neuschwanstein 1688:V. G. Fesenkov 1662:Tunguska blast 1653: 1650: 1632:Qingyang event 1609:Chaco Province 1587: 1584: 1537: 1534: 1516: 1513: 1477: 1474: 1432:Yilgarn Craton 1386:Pilbara Craton 1362: 1359: 1341: 1338: 1299: 1296: 1218:shocked quartz 1197:Walter Alvarez 1154: 1151: 1143:Eltanin impact 978: 975: 904: 903: 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 874: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 857: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 823: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 806: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 789: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 772: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 755: 754: 751: 740: 737: 731: 719: 718: 715: 707: 706: 701: 694: 691:Kinetic energy 688: 675: 674: 670: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 643: 640: 635: 632: 628: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 608: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 587: 583: 582: 575: 572: 569: 564: 561: 557: 556: 549: 546: 543: 538: 535: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 516: 513: 509: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 491: 487: 486: 483: 480: 475:(139,000 469: 466: 460: 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 428: 421: 416: 413:Kinetic energy 410: 376:kinetic energy 365: 362: 314: 313: 306: 305: 304: 299:Main article: 296: 293: 270:, and several 221: 218: 150:Tunguska event 84:Impact craters 36:Tunguska event 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11386: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11344:Impact events 11342: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11324: 11314: 11312: 11302: 11300: 11290: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11276: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11222:Meteor shower 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11059: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020:Coastal flood 11018: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10914: 10910: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10848: 10846: 10841: 10839: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10810:Risk analysis 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10755:Social crisis 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672:Organizations 10670: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10596:World to come 10594: 10592: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10542:Millennialism 10540: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10530:Messianic Age 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10515:Gog and Magog 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10505:Earth Changes 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10342:New Jerusalem 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10318:War in Heaven 10316: 10314: 10313:Two witnesses 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10182:Second Coming 10180: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681:Deforestation 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9622:World War III 9620: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9537:Transhumanism 9535: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400:Technological 9398: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9357: 9355: 9350: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9316:Impact events 9314: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9300:99942 Apophis 9298: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224:Organizations 9222: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:OGS Telescope 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9049: 9048:Halley Armada 9046: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Palermo scale 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916:Meteor shower 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8854: 8852: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8837: 8830: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8780:H. Jay Melosh 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657:Impact crater 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Slate Islands 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8355:South America 8353: 8351: 8350:North America 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8299:Impact crater 8297: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8226:Meteor shower 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8180:Minor planets 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8086: 8081: 8071: 8062: 8060: 8051: 8049: 8040: 8038: 8029: 8027: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7939:Novato meteor 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7784: 7779: 7777: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7457:on 2020-08-01 7453: 7446: 7439: 7425:on 2013-04-06 7421: 7414: 7408: 7394:on 2018-12-23 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7364: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7266: 7252:on 2012-08-05 7251: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6969: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6651:: 1013–1025. 6650: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6493:. May 9, 2023 6492: 6488: 6482: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6108: 6107:The Economist 6103: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5553: 5546: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5443:on 2017-07-18 5442: 5438: 5432: 5425:. 2018-12-17. 5424: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4987: 4986:www.passc.net 4983: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4403: 4397: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4295: 4294:AAPG Explorer 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3985: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3500: 3499:New Scientist 3495: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3385: 3378: 3362: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320:Bostrom, Nick 3315: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3011: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2389:Other impacts 2386: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238:, Mamaldi on 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:Caloris Basin 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2060: 2059:Sentry System 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034:illustration. 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1862:Nubian Desert 1857: 1846: 1844: 1843:Lake Titicaca 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1658: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1618:Kaali craters 1615: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1533: 1530: 1521: 1512: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1453:(what is now 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434:(what is now 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1398:Stromatolites 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1340:Earth impacts 1337: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1288:Adrian Melott 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:Jack Sepkoski 1269: 1268:David M. Raup 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1253:geophysicists 1250: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:life on Earth 1161: 1150: 1148: 1147:Pacific Ocean 1144: 1140: 1137:may create a 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:Meteor Crater 1026: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 949: 937: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 914:weather radar 911: 901: 897: 892: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 875: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 841: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 824: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 807: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 790: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 773: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 756: 752: 749: 745: 741: 738: 736: 732: 729: 725: 721: 720: 716: 714: 709: 708: 698: 692: 683: 671: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 651: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 633: 630: 629: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 609: 605: 602: 599: 596: 594: 591: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 576: 573: 570: 568: 565: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 550: 547: 544: 542: 539: 536: 533: 532: 528: 525: 522: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510: 506: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 489: 488: 484: 481: 478: 474: 470: 467: 465: 461: 458: 454: 450: 449: 446: 443: 438: 437: 414: 405: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 371: 361: 359: 353: 351: 347: 341: 338: 334: 325: 316: 310: 302: 292: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 251: 243: 242:the SVG file, 239: 235: 231: 228:World map in 226: 217: 214: 210: 206: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 178: 176: 172: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 32: 19: 11323:Solar System 11217:Impact event 11216: 11205:Astronomical 11139:Thunderstorm 11134:Bomb cyclone 10998:Hydrological 10967:Volcanic ash 10932:Seismic risk 10880:Mass wasting 10772: 10715:Cyberwarfare 10433:Third Temple 10288:Lake of fire 10098:Rogue planet 10066:Impact event 10065: 10056:Proton decay 10009:Astronomical 9959:Bioterrorism 9805:Supervolcano 9703:Flood basalt 9649:Anoxic event 9558:Collapsology 9546:Sociological 9417:Cyberwarfare 9287:101955 Bennu 9170:NEO Surveyor 9118: 9109: 9102: 9087:New Horizons 9085: 9073: 9059: 9052: 9039: 9016: 9009: 9003:Space probes 8992:Torino scale 8901:Impact event 8900: 8814: 8785:Graham Ryder 8707:Shatter cone 8697:Philippinite 8546:Saint Martin 8541:Rochechouart 8446:Gosses Bluff 8401:Amelia Creek 8304:Impact event 8303: 7849:Curuçá River 7831:Great Meteor 7825:Great Meteor 7796: 7711: 7705: 7697:the original 7690: 7654: 7648: 7597: 7591: 7567: 7516: 7510: 7489:. 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Retrieved 4985: 4976: 4962:cite journal 4925: 4921: 4910: 4896:cite journal 4851: 4847: 4837: 4823:cite journal 4778: 4774: 4764: 4750:cite journal 4715: 4711: 4701: 4687:cite journal 4652: 4648: 4638: 4624:cite journal 4607: 4569: 4563: 4555:AGU Newsroom 4554: 4545: 4533:. Retrieved 4522: 4512: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4409:. Retrieved 4396: 4387: 4378: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4297:. Retrieved 4293: 4283: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4110:math.ucr.edu 4109: 4106:"extinction" 4100: 4067: 4063: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3984:cite journal 3975: 3969: 3928: 3925:GSA Bulletin 3924: 3914: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3797:the original 3786: 3775:. Retrieved 3771: 3761: 3739:(1): 51.54. 3736: 3732: 3726: 3717:Live Science 3715: 3706: 3695:. Retrieved 3688:the original 3651: 3647: 3631: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3550:. Retrieved 3540: 3528:. 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Retrieved 2739: 2688: 2684: 2660:Torino scale 2508:protoplanets 2504: 2493: 2472: 2468: 2456: 2441: 2417: 2380: 2378: 2359: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2315: 2307:Solar System 2301: 2196: 2151: 2141: 2128: 2075: 2037: 2006: 1996: 1980: 1952: 1941: 1920: 1901: 1874: 1847: 1836: 1813: 1793: 1782: 1773: 1767: 1747: 1731: 1720: 1709: 1692:Sikhote-Alin 1677: 1666: 1642:Google Earth 1638:Kamil Crater 1636: 1629: 1622: 1602: 1595: 1575:Homo erectus 1573: 1560: 1526: 1506: 1479: 1459: 1455:South Africa 1444: 1425: 1414: 1402: 1392:the site of 1390: 1371: 1364: 1355: 1331: 1325: 1314: 1307: 1265: 1261: 1246: 1237:K-T boundary 1234: 1193:Luis Alvarez 1190: 1156: 1124: 1120:Deccan Traps 1100:mantle plume 1089: 1061: 1041: 1021: 983: 980: 938: 922: 918:strewn field 907: 578: 552: 434:(1988–2018) 373: 358:seiche waves 354: 342: 330: 253: 189: 179: 143: 96: 92:Solar System 74:such as the 44:impact event 43: 41: 11369:Megatsunami 11311:Outer space 11299:Spaceflight 11232:Solar flare 11118:Megadrought 11078:Temperature 11051:Megatsunami 11030:Storm surge 11025:Flash flood 10903:Debris flow 10791:Categories 10760:Survivalism 10447:Zoroastrian 10303:Seven seals 10298:Seven bowls 10224:Historicism 10120:Solar flare 9996:Overfishing 9971:Defaunation 9758:coral reefs 9520:AI takeover 9439:Nanoweapons 9427:Cybergeddon 9412:Cyberattack 9018:Deep Impact 8879:Main topics 8581:Tookoonooka 8566:Steen River 8556:Siljan Ring 8486:Manicouagan 8471:Keurusselkä 7707:Meteoritics 7623:10125/33201 6922:(1): 1–10. 6858:(3): 1355. 6190:: 327–333. 6142:16 February 6114:16 February 6052:16 February 6021:15 February 5995:15 February 5969:15 February 5937:15 February 5911:15 February 5883:15 February 5481:Meteoritics 5385:: 271–296. 5150:"Vredefort" 4953:10023/20744 4879:10023/19439 4806:10023/18486 4718:: 129–144. 4535:19 December 3015:26 November 2984:26 November 1885:Chelyabinsk 1705:metric tons 1542:Pleistocene 1536:Pleistocene 1378:lithosphere 1361:Precambrian 1333:Smithsonian 1312:. In 2000, 1222:atomic bomb 1139:megatsunami 1077:Manicouagan 746:(0.75 711:atmospheric 439:atmospheric 11333:Categories 10913:Earthquake 10871:Geological 10720:Depression 10710:Ransomware 10525:Messianism 10495:Armageddon 10480:Apocalypse 10268:Antichrist 10256:Man of sin 10153:Three Ages 10016:Big Crunch 9878:Extinction 9870:Biological 9632:Ecological 9504:Strangelet 9251:Spaceguard 9210:Spacewatch 9190:Pan-STARRS 9185:Orbit@home 9093:OSIRIS-REx 8722:Stishovite 8622:Australite 8601:Yarrabubba 8571:Strangways 8531:Presqu'île 8506:Montagnais 8476:Lappajärvi 8426:Charlevoix 8411:Beaverhead 8406:Araguainha 8360:By country 8330:Antarctica 7491:28 October 7461:2019-01-23 7429:2013-05-27 7398:2019-01-23 7354:2019-01-23 7329:2019-01-23 7300:2019-01-23 7256:2019-01-23 7227:2019-01-23 7158:2008-08-26 6733:1803.07083 6422:1811.11845 6365:1807.08322 6358:(3): 131. 6304:1806.05164 6234:1610.01055 5557:2017-03-30 5536:2021-09-25 5447:2017-07-28 5190:2007-09-19 5165:2008-12-30 5018:22 January 4991:2020-09-30 4928:: 562062. 4854:: 105615. 4411:2014-07-11 4299:2020-08-17 3777:2017-09-17 3697:2011-12-10 3552:2022-03-16 3530:11 January 3390:2013-02-11 3367:2013-02-04 2755:2024-01-27 2698:1703.07592 2668:References 2654:Spaceguard 2633:Pan-STARRS 2427:scientist 2393:See also: 2349:(LINEAR), 2331:Oort cloud 2296:See also: 2224:Rheasilvia 2091:telescopes 1916:The Gambia 1818:valley in 1816:Reisadalen 1302:See also: 1284:Oort cloud 1002:exogenesis 910:meteoroids 726:(330 471:42.5 248:See also: 169:by NASA's 115:panspermia 88:structures 68:meteoroids 11275:Astronomy 11242:Hypernova 11237:Supernova 11185:Firestorm 11100:Heat wave 11095:Ice storm 11090:Cold wave 10893:Avalanche 10888:Landslide 10605:Fictional 10452:Saoshyant 10337:New Earth 10308:The Beast 10241:Preterism 10214:Christian 10170:Kali Yuga 10115:Micronova 10110:Hypernova 9976:Dysgenics 9817:Verneshot 9723:Hypercane 9466:Dead Hand 9246:NEOShield 9081:NEA Scout 9061:Hayabusa2 8926:Meteoroid 8921:Meteorite 8687:Moldavite 8682:Meteorite 8667:Impactite 8596:Woodleigh 8591:Vredefort 8551:Shoemaker 8511:Morokweng 8496:Mistastin 8436:Chicxulub 8340:Australia 8320:Worldwide 8236:Meteoroid 8231:Meteorite 7888:Post-2000 7736:0026-1114 7529:CiteSeerX 7349:Space.com 7053:0903.3305 6996:0806.2795 6929:0911.4381 6865:0808.2277 6760:1538-4357 6726:(1): 52. 6673:127119234 6566:25 August 6447:119538516 6392:119208392 6331:119325928 6297:(2): 57. 6259:119251345 6167:1832-0457 5905:USA Today 5744:121255827 5702:140675097 5632:: 21–46, 4888:213973363 4815:134027320 4781:(3): 20. 4742:135213870 4679:128625029 4505:234265636 4483:, Wiley, 4344:1007.0437 3953:0016-7606 3888:2375-2548 3637:Canup, R. 3593:CiteSeerX 3284:118171810 3117:: 64–97. 2942:Inquisitr 2919:Space.com 2849:2045-7758 2723:0094-8276 2448:P/2010 A2 2437:sungrazer 2412:P/2010 A2 2385:in 2020. 2183:based on 2135:physicist 2078:asteroids 2044:asteroids 1957:detected 1932:Sri Lanka 1891:at 09:13 1716:fragments 1696:meteoroid 1562:Artifacts 1515:Paleogene 1367:planetoid 1185:meteorite 1181:dinosaurs 1145:into the 1106:) at the 1104:volcanism 1069:Chicxulub 1033:volcanism 1016:meteorite 933:Hiroshima 923:The late 894:Based on 742:1.2 722:100 703:Frequency 455:(13 425:frequency 396:vaporized 388:air burst 364:Airbursts 203:in 2013, 60:asteroids 48:collision 11192:ARkStorm 11180:Wildfire 11085:Blizzard 10985:Sinkhole 10745:Pandemic 10730:Epidemic 10725:Droughts 10579:Prewrath 10510:End time 10376:Al-Qa'im 10261:Katechon 10246:2 Esdras 10236:Idealism 10219:Futurism 10148:Maitreya 10143:Buddhist 9986:Pandemic 9434:Gray goo 9133:tracking 9120:Stardust 9054:Hayabusa 8886:Asteroid 8741:Research 8586:Tunnunik 8481:Logancha 8451:Haughton 8421:Carswell 8365:Possible 8194:See also 7837:Tunguska 7819:Qingyang 7811:Pre-2000 7804:On Earth 7632:24196713 7559:16017767 7551:17783054 7481:BBC News 7363:cite web 7273:Archived 6890:14201751 6768:54498331 6620:Phys.org 6471:12 March 6415:: A137. 6076:Interfax 5857:Archived 5609:Archived 5364:BBC News 5324:30443592 5136:31964860 5079:31964860 4529:Archived 4420:cite web 4388:Discover 4308:cite web 4232:23476732 4224:20229006 4155:18198148 4092:39063747 4033:: 2013. 3906:29441360 3676:11507633 3623:16017767 3615:17783054 3407:Archived 2953:28 April 2867:34765124 2802:11857903 2731:34867206 2514:See also 2488:NGC 2547 2452:asteroid 2353:(NEAT), 2252:Herschel 2244:Odysseus 1965:Botswana 1881:fireball 1785:fireball 1684:Primorye 1592:Holocene 1586:Holocene 1566:tektites 1405:Spherule 1326:A joint 1317:magazine 1315:Discover 1166:was the 967:2022 EB5 889:440,000 883:46300 Mt 880:47000 Mt 872:190,000 866:15700 Mt 863:16100 Mt 855:100,000 705:(years) 700:diameter 687:diameter 685:Impactor 445:airburst 420:altitude 418:Airburst 409:diameter 407:Impactor 384:kilotons 167:NGC 2547 165:cluster 50:between 11261:Portals 11175:Derecho 11149:Tornado 11110:Drought 11046:Tsunami 10898:Mudflow 10805:Hazards 10703:General 10574:Rapture 10423:Messiah 10411:Sufyani 10401:Israfil 10371:Islamic 10209:Messiah 10187:1 Enoch 10021:Big Rip 9733:Ecocide 9728:Ice age 9292:2010 RF 9282:1950 DA 9175:NEOSSat 9104:Rosetta 9098:PROCYON 8945:Defense 8732:Tektite 8727:Suevite 8632:Coesite 8627:Breccia 8576:Sudbury 8526:Popigai 8521:Obolon' 8501:Mjølnir 8466:Karakul 8456:Kamensk 8416:Boltysh 8396:Acraman 8163:Bolides 8100:Jupiter 8065:2024 RW 8054:2024 BX 8043:2023 CX 8032:2022 WJ 8021:2022 EB 7906:2008 TC 7716:Bibcode 7679:4339429 7659:Bibcode 7640:4450349 7602:Bibcode 7521:Bibcode 7512:Science 7122:Bibcode 7078:8032181 7058:Bibcode 7021:8870726 7001:Bibcode 6954:1103987 6934:Bibcode 6870:Bibcode 6826:Bibcode 6795:Bibcode 6793:: 620. 6738:Bibcode 6699:9 March 6653:Bibcode 6626:4 March 6544:YouTube 6523:May 14, 6517:AP News 6497:May 10, 6491:AP News 6427:Bibcode 6370:Bibcode 6309:Bibcode 6239:Bibcode 6192:Bibcode 6086:6 March 6042:Reuters 5800:YouTube 5768:Bibcode 5724:Bibcode 5672:Bibcode 5634:Bibcode 5585:Bibcode 5489:Bibcode 5315:6235527 5294:Bibcode 5265:26 June 5215:Bibcode 5207:Geology 5127:6974607 5106:Bibcode 5070:6974607 5049:Bibcode 4930:Bibcode 4856:Bibcode 4783:Bibcode 4720:Bibcode 4657:Bibcode 4574:Bibcode 4485:Bibcode 4449:Bibcode 4371:7911150 4349:Bibcode 4275:9794759 4255:Bibcode 4247:Science 4177:Bibcode 4146:2596898 4072:Bibcode 4035:Bibcode 3961:3463018 3933:Bibcode 3897:5810608 3868:Bibcode 3829:Bibcode 3772:Gizmodo 3741:Bibcode 3733:Geology 3684:4413525 3656:Bibcode 3585:Bibcode 3577:Science 3475:4305299 3455:Bibcode 3254:Bibcode 3193:22 June 3162:22 June 3119:Bibcode 3082:22 June 3076:Gizmodo 3047:22 June 2858:8571592 2829:Bibcode 2782:Bibcode 2703:Bibcode 2303:Jupiter 2271:Jupiter 2236:Iapetus 2216:Mercury 2065:2010 RF 2031:2018 LA 1998:2019 MO 1973:2008 TC 1960:2018 LA 1944:A106fgF 1923:WT1190F 1904:2014 AA 1895:(03:13 1851:2008 TC 1762:Wyoming 1673:felling 1669:Siberia 1556:Arizona 1280:Nemesis 1205:iridium 1172:Permian 1160:species 1118:at the 1073:Popigai 1057:Jupiter 971:WT1190F 963:2019 MO 959:2018 LA 954:2014 AA 943:2008 TC 927:of the 849:2800 Mt 846:3010 Mt 838:73,000 832:1110 Mt 829:1270 Mt 821:59,000 804:36,000 787:16,000 781:71.5 Mt 770:11,000 764:31.4 Mt 717:impact 638:15.2 Mt 468:0.75 kt 451:4 432:(CNEOS) 427:(years) 423:Average 350:11 km/s 236:on the 232:of the 154:Siberia 146:bolides 10735:Famine 10661:Zombie 10463:Others 10418:Jewish 10396:Dajjal 10278:Events 10192:Daniel 10093:winter 9920:Others 9810:winter 9610:winter 9605:famine 9600:cobalt 9205:Sentry 9165:NEODyS 9155:LONEOS 9150:LINEAR 9111:Philae 9067:MASCOT 9024:HAMMER 8891:Bolide 8610:Topics 8491:Manson 8345:Europe 8325:Africa 8211:Bolide 8158:Comets 8070:impact 8059:impact 8048:impact 8037:impact 8026:impact 7911:impact 7734: 7677: 7650:Nature 7638: 7630: 7593:Nature 7575: 7557: 7549: 7531: 7113:Icarus 7076: 7019: 6952: 6888: 6766: 6758: 6671: 6644:Icarus 6595:7 July 6591:. 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