137:
636:
Underlying /ŋ/ surfaces as when it appears at the end of a syllable. Swadesh further notes that /m/ often surfaces as or word-finally in some adjectives, but "irregular variations in writing" preclude him from settling on any further conditions for this. Additionally, it is unclear whether /n/ is
306:
According to
Swanton (1929) and Goddard (1996), Atakapa could be classified into Eastern and Western varieties. Eastern Atakapa is known from a French-Atakapa glossary with 287 entries, compiled in 1802 by Martin Duralde. The speakers interviewed by Duralde lived in the easternmost part of Atakapa
757:
Object pronouns are prefixed to verbs, while subject pronouns are suffixed. There are independent forms of each pronoun as well: in the first person singular and plural, this form appears to be distinct from either affix, but in the second and third persons, the affixes seem to be related to the
724:, and person/number (as both subject and object), which are assembled in a rather specific order. Person marking is one of the only instances of fusion within the language, fusing both person and number. Nouns have only a handful of suffixes and usually take only one suffix at a time.
672:
The typical
Atakapa syllable is of the structure CVC. Swanton (1929) observes that clusters of more than two consonants are rare in the language. From his analysis of Gatschet's data, he concludes that consonant clusters of any size are
326:. John R. Swanton worked with another two speakers near Lake Charles: Teet Verdine in 1907, and Armojean Reon in 1908. Additionally, in 1721, Jean Béranger collected a small vocabulary from captive speakers in
1033:
It is unclear whether or not a distinct class of auxiliary verbs exists in
Atakapa; the difference between a stem-plus-auxiliary construction and a two-verb-serialization construction is not well marked.
298:. These proposed families have not been proven. The similarities between Atakapa and Chitimacha, at least, may be attributable to periods of "intense contact owing to their geographic proximity."
1121:. The language has four locative suffixes, in addition to a series of locative postpositions. These suffixes and postpositions may be placed after nouns, adjectives, and demonstratives.
334:
argued that the Béranger vocabulary represented the
Akokisa language, spoken by a people who lived somewhat inland from Galveston Bay. There is little evidence to support his assertion.
2787:
2731:
2802:
1757:
640:
Consonant clusters consisting of a stop followed by a sibilant — themselves arising from vowel epenthesis — are generally contracted to /c/. For example,
1748:
2741:
2797:
2637:
637:
indeed a distinct phoneme from /ŋ/; if this is the case, argues
Swadesh, then words containing final /n/ must have arrived in a later period.
684:
Stress is "a purely mechanical function of phrase rhythm" in
Atakapa; it is generally the final syllable of a phrase that receives stress.
2782:
2772:
2736:
2777:
761:
Grammatical gender appears not to occur in
Atakapa, though evidence for it in nearby languages (e.g. Chitimacha) has been found.
2792:
1741:
1109:
With occasional exceptions, adjectives follow the nouns they describe. Adverbs follow nouns and adjectives, but precede verbs.
1761:
1312:
568:
2610:
613:
604:
159:
266:
While considered an isolate, there have been attempts to connect
Atakapa with other languages of the Southeast. In 1919
1692:
2690:
1734:
1609:
1601:
1543:
1284:
2746:
578:
1553:. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Athnology, bulletin 108. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
2812:
2140:
2109:
704:
type. This meaning that the language stacks (primarily within the verbal complex) a number of affixes to express
401:
149:
322:
collected words, sentences, and texts from two native
Atakapa speakers, Louison Huntington and Delilah Moss at
1726:
1177:
Swanton (1919) asserts that noun incorporation is present in
Atakapa, but he provides no examples of this.
536:
410:
2458:
1079:
590:
378:
2695:
2076:
732:
620:
529:
522:
426:
1581:. Los Angeles: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI), pp. 23–24.
2705:
2556:
2538:
2201:
1784:
1053:
387:
898:
However, the reflexive form may be a circumfix rather than a prefix: Kaufman cites the example of
2807:
1586:
548:
323:
1279:(First paperback ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 344.
347:
Atakapa has five vowels as presented in Swadesh (1946). Vowel length is contrastive in Atakapa.
2532:
2490:
2299:
2265:
1983:
697:
693:
2700:
2646:
2565:
2543:
2184:
2066:
1688:
728:
721:
497:
488:
252:, after their word for "the people"). The language became extinct in the early 20th century.
2598:
2591:
2525:
2373:
1939:
1905:
1128:, the most frequently-occurring suffix, expresses the sense of English "in" or "on," as in
701:
1274:
442:
According to Swadesh (1946), Atakapa has the consonants presented in the following chart.
8:
2710:
2549:
2507:
2447:
2426:
2220:
2156:
2099:
2047:
2032:
2005:
1973:
1789:
1087:
1082:
word order. While verbs are typically found in sentence-final position, it is common for
1042:
291:
275:
1699:
2621:
2577:
2501:
2401:
2387:
2317:
2207:
2023:
1967:
1960:
1871:
1855:
1670:
1662:
1633:
1566:
1481:
1435:
1427:
717:
506:
460:
450:
1844:
127:
2685:
2627:
2380:
2363:
2338:
2324:
2179:
2042:
2037:
1999:
1882:
1674:
1637:
1605:
1597:
1539:
1485:
1439:
1280:
1235:
1083:
475:
465:
312:
1701:
A structural and lexical comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa languages
1518:
A Structural and Lexical Comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa Languages
664:
appears, suggesting that this contraction rule ran its course in an earlier period.
155:
2767:
2715:
2660:
2653:
2571:
2512:
2433:
2352:
2310:
2275:
2233:
2214:
2189:
2150:
2129:
2123:
2086:
1993:
1891:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1802:
1654:
1625:
1473:
1419:
1091:
713:
455:
287:
233:
230:
182:
90:
70:
2518:
2475:
2468:
2345:
2331:
2281:
2195:
2170:
2093:
2059:
2053:
1950:
1916:
1816:
1778:
1240:
709:
470:
331:
319:
282:
would later provide work focusing on connections between Atakapa and Chitimacha.
271:
267:
82:
2584:
2416:
2394:
2247:
2226:
2118:
2012:
1932:
1925:
1864:
1809:
295:
279:
261:
1756:
1721:
2761:
2288:
2254:
2240:
1898:
1795:
1118:
1102:
are used to indicate the subordination of a clause to the main clause, as in
705:
360:
327:
39:
1410:
Swadesh, Morris (July 1946). "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha".
1341:
Goddard, Ives (Spring 2005). "The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast".
111:
939:
employment of the plural suffix in the accompanying adjective and/or verb
598:
372:
355:
1582:
1570:
1041:
in Swanton's work; Kaufman (2014) derives it by analogizing Atakapa and
764:
The following table of pronominal forms is presented in Swanton (1919).
1666:
1536:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
1431:
649:
482:
418:
365:
1616:
Swadesh, Morris (1946). "Phonologic Formulas for Atakapa-Chitimacha".
318:
Western Atakapa is the better-attested of the two varieties. In 1885,
558:
395:
283:
237:
120:
104:
49:
1150:
corresponds roughly to English "at," and is very commonly used with
1658:
1629:
1557:
Goddard, Ives (2005). "The indigenous languages of the Southeast".
1477:
1423:
918:
There are multiple ways to indicate a noun's plurality in Atakapa:
167:
1464:
Swanton, John R. (July 1929). "A Sketch of the Atakapa Language".
516:
245:
163:
63:
1716:
735:, as it often expresses the plurality of the noun it describes.
890:
In addition, Swanton notes the existence of a reflexive prefix
270:
proposed a Tunican language family that would include Atakapa,
136:
731:; however, reduplication of an adjectival stem tends to show
241:
215:
53:
1645:
Swanton, John R (1929). "A sketch of the Atakapa language".
206:
200:
185:
1037:
Additionally, there is no mention of the assertive suffix
166:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1691:
by Albert S. Gatschet and John R. Swanton, hosted by the
194:
959:
The full order of morphemes within the verb complex is:
1259:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 68.
1579:
The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States
1392:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 5.
1377:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 4.
197:
2788:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
1387:
1372:
1254:
212:
203:
191:
2803:
20th-century disestablishments in the United States
1185:Three demonstratives serve as deictics in Atakapa:
188:
943:According to Swanton (1919), a noun-forming affix
1697:
1549:Gatschet, Albert S., and Swanton, John R. (1932)
2759:
667:
660:. However, there are words in which the suffix -
141:Pre-contact distribution of the Atakapa language
677:permitted in the syllable onset, but that they
2457:
1742:
1647:International Journal of American Linguistics
1618:International Journal of American Linguistics
1466:International Journal of American Linguistics
1412:International Journal of American Linguistics
224:
27:
656:, which itself is the reduplicated form of *
2636:
936:reduplication of the accompanying adjective
1749:
1735:
1164:generally parallels English "with," as in
135:
16:Extinct language of southern United States
1758:Indigenous language families and isolates
1596:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1520:. Washington: Government Printing Office.
301:
2362:
1361:Vocabulaire de la Language des Atacapas.
752:
1644:
1615:
1556:
1515:
1463:
1409:
1340:
1310:
1196:, "this" — co-present with the speaker.
160:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2760:
1272:
1208:, still more distant from the speaker.
652:and final-vowel deletion processes in
286:later expanded the proposal by adding
2798:Languages extinct in the 20th century
1730:
1594:The languages of Native North America
1538:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1276:The Languages of Native North America
1172:
1168:("they painted themselves with red").
1048:
929:attachment to the noun of the prefix
922:attachment to the noun of the suffix
913:
1689:A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language
1551:A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language
1390:A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language
1375:A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1317:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1268:
1266:
1257:A Dictionary of the Atakapa Language
1056:is a productive process in Atakapa.
954:
902:("paint themselves"), in which both
1219:
13:
2783:Extinct languages of North America
2773:Language isolates of North America
1492:
1446:
1396:
933:(to indicate an indefinite plural)
14:
2824:
1682:
1327:
1293:
1263:
1063:(lit. "beat-die"): beat to death.
997:Aspectual suffixes: continuative
966:Locative prefixes (if applicable)
692:The Atakapa language is a mostly
619:
612:
603:
589:
577:
567:
547:
535:
528:
521:
505:
496:
487:
425:
409:
400:
386:
377:
255:
1018:Tense suffixes: past perfective
181:
1577:Hopkins, Nicholas A. (2007).
1528:
1112:
1069:(lit. "stand-come-talk"): pray.
2778:Languages of the United States
1381:
1366:
1353:
1248:
1241:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1228:
983:Infinitive or emphatic suffix
884:-ūl, -ti (with intransitives)
1:
2793:Indigenous languages of Texas
1388:Gatschet and Swanton (1932).
1373:Gatschet and Swanton (1932).
1255:Gatschet and Swanton (1932).
1212:
1142:) occurs in similar contexts.
687:
668:Syllable structure and stress
437:
1132:("they lived in villages").
1090:, to follow the verb of the
1015:Subjective pronominal suffix
337:
7:
1559:Anthropological Linguistics
1343:Anthropological Linguistics
1202:, distant from the speaker.
963:Objective pronominal prefix
240:and nearby coastal eastern
10:
2829:
1698:John Reed Swanton (1919).
1592:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
259:
2724:
2678:
2609:
2489:
2415:
2298:
2264:
2169:
2139:
2108:
2075:
2022:
1982:
1949:
1915:
1881:
1854:
1768:
1516:Swanton, John R. (1919).
1313:"Another Look at Atakapa"
1273:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
1180:
1073:
843:
788:
342:
146:
134:
118:
102:
97:
79:
69:
59:
45:
35:
26:
21:
1534:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
1078:Atakapa exhibits strict
1029:Negative (if applicable)
894:and a reciprocal prefix
727:The language is largely
294:, a hypothesis known as
1722:Atakapa Indian Language
1704:. Govt. Printing Office
1693:Portal to Texas History
1311:Kaufman, David (2014).
1117:Atakapa marks only the
1106:("she gave a horse ").
681:permitted in the coda.
324:Lake Charles, Louisiana
244:. It was spoken by the
236:native to southwestern
225:
28:
2813:Languages of Louisiana
2742:Unclassified languages
1005:, etc. (if applicable)
910:indicate reflexivity.
644:("liver") arose from *
302:Geographical variation
248:people (also known as
148:This article contains
753:Pronominal morphology
1717:Atakapa-Ishak Nation
1022:, past imperfective
976:or usitative suffix
2691:Algonquian–Wakashan
1104:tsanuk micat penene
1088:subordinate clauses
1080:subject-object-verb
951:exists in Atakapa.
768:
758:independent forms.
648:, which arose from
309:Poste des Attakapas
292:Muskogean languages
2679:Proposed groupings
1769:Language families
1244:. Merriam-Webster.
1173:Noun incorporation
1154:, "down," to form
1054:Verb serialization
1049:Verb serialization
1008:Assertive suffix:
914:Nominal morphology
767:
722:valency adjustment
307:territory, around
75:early 20th century
2755:
2754:
2737:Extinct languages
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2485:
2484:
2411:
2410:
2165:
2164:
2141:Takelma–Kalapuyan
955:Verbal morphology
888:
887:
733:dependent-marking
634:
633:
625:⟨y⟩
583:⟨š⟩
573:⟨ł⟩
541:⟨c⟩
435:
434:
313:Saint Martinville
174:
173:
156:rendering support
152:phonetic symbols.
2820:
2747:Linguistic areas
2634:
2633:
2455:
2454:
2360:
2359:
2073:
2072:
1852:
1851:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1678:
1653:(2–4): 121–149.
1641:
1587:Full text online
1574:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1490:
1489:
1472:(2/4): 121–149.
1461:
1444:
1443:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1359:Durald, Martin.
1357:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1092:principal clause
769:
766:
700:language of the
626:
623:
616:
607:
593:
584:
581:
574:
571:
551:
542:
539:
532:
525:
509:
500:
491:
445:
444:
429:
413:
404:
390:
381:
350:
349:
234:language isolate
228:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
139:
130:
114:
107:
91:Language isolate
85:
31:
19:
18:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2720:
2666:
2632:
2614:linguistic area
2613:
2605:
2494:linguistic area
2493:
2481:
2453:
2407:
2358:
2303:linguistic area
2302:
2294:
2268:linguistic area
2267:
2260:
2161:
2135:
2104:
2071:
2018:
1978:
1945:
1911:
1877:
1850:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1707:
1705:
1685:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1493:
1462:
1447:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1363:Gallatin, 1836.
1358:
1354:
1339:
1328:
1309:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1225:Sturtevant, 659
1224:
1220:
1215:
1183:
1175:
1130:nun-kin tōhulāt
1115:
1094:. The suffixes
1076:
1051:
1026:(if applicable)
1012:(if applicable)
994:(if applicable)
987:(if applicable)
980:(if applicable)
957:
916:
755:
690:
670:
624:
582:
572:
540:
440:
345:
340:
320:Albert Gatschet
304:
268:John R. Swanton
264:
258:
211:
184:
180:
154:Without proper
142:
126:
110:
103:
93:
86:
83:Language family
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:Gulf languages
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Classification
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Macro-Chibchan
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2541:
2539:Tequistlatecan
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2202:Tequistlatecan
2199:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1695:
1684:
1683:External links
1681:
1680:
1679:
1659:10.1086/463777
1642:
1630:10.1086/463901
1624:(3): 113–132.
1613:
1590:
1575:
1554:
1547:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1491:
1478:10.1086/463777
1445:
1424:10.1086/463901
1418:(3): 113–132.
1395:
1380:
1365:
1352:
1326:
1292:
1285:
1262:
1247:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:hatyūlcō nōhik
1159:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:(occasionally
1114:
1111:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1050:
1047:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1001:, intentional
995:
990:Future suffix
988:
981:
972:Plural suffix
970:
967:
964:
956:
953:
941:
940:
937:
934:
927:
915:
912:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
838:
835:
833:
829:
828:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
754:
751:
750:
749:
743:
689:
686:
669:
666:
632:
631:
629:
627:
617:
610:
608:
601:
595:
594:
587:
585:
575:
565:
563:
561:
555:
554:
552:
545:
543:
533:
526:
519:
513:
512:
510:
503:
501:
494:
492:
485:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
439:
436:
433:
432:
430:
423:
421:
415:
414:
407:
405:
398:
392:
391:
384:
382:
375:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
344:
341:
339:
336:
303:
300:
280:Morris Swadesh
262:Gulf languages
257:
256:Classification
254:
172:
171:
158:, you may see
144:
143:
140:
132:
131:
124:
116:
115:
108:
100:
99:
98:Language codes
95:
94:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2825:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:Calusa–Tunica
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:North America
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1610:0-521-29875-X
1607:
1603:
1602:0-521-23228-7
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:0-19-509427-1
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1286:0-521-23228-7
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:locative case
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
960:
952:
950:
946:
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
921:
920:
919:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:
765:
762:
759:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:polysynthetic
695:
694:agglutinative
685:
682:
680:
676:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
630:
628:
622:
618:
615:
611:
609:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
588:
586:
580:
576:
570:
566:
564:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
546:
544:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
508:
504:
502:
499:
495:
493:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:
443:
431:
428:
424:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
408:
406:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
385:
383:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:
348:
335:
333:
329:
328:Galveston Bay
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
227:
220:
178:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
145:
138:
133:
129:
125:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
106:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:United States
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2696:Aztec–Tanoan
2659:
2652:
2647:Guanahatabey
2645:
2638:Pre-Arawakan
2620:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2533:Oto-Manguean
2531:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2491:Mesoamerican
2474:
2467:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2300:Coahuiltecan
2287:
2280:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2213:
2206:
2194:
2149:
2128:
2110:Coast Oregon
2092:
2085:
2052:
2011:
2004:
1992:
1984:Macro-Siouan
1966:
1959:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1777:
1771:and isolates
1706:. Retrieved
1700:
1650:
1646:
1621:
1617:
1593:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1535:
1529:Bibliography
1517:
1469:
1465:
1415:
1411:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1320:
1316:
1275:
1256:
1250:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1113:Case marking
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
984:
977:
973:
958:
948:
944:
942:
930:
923:
917:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
778:Independent
763:
760:
756:
745:
739:
729:head-marking
726:
691:
683:
678:
674:
671:
661:
657:
653:
645:
641:
639:
635:
441:
346:
332:John Swanton
317:
308:
305:
265:
249:
176:
175:
147:
119:
2701:Macro-Mayan
2566:Uto-Aztecan
2544:Totozoquean
2374:Coahuilteco
2185:Palaihnihan
2067:Tsimshianic
1565:(1): 1–60.
832:Indefinite
784:Subjective
746:shāk tōltōl
696:, somewhat
599:Approximant
223:, natively
162:instead of
2762:Categories
2557:Mixe–Zoque
2526:Misumalpan
2448:Chitimacha
1940:Algonquian
1906:Athabaskan
1785:Yuki–Wappo
1213:References
1158:, "below."
1086:, or even
1067:ta-wat-ten
1043:Chitimacha
900:hat-yul-šo
781:Objective
748:"good men"
742:"good man"
688:Morphology
650:epenthesis
438:Consonants
276:Chitimacha
260:See also:
2711:Tolatecan
2611:Caribbean
2599:Alagüilac
2592:Purépecha
2578:Cuitlatec
2550:Totonacan
2508:Jicaquean
2427:Muskogean
2402:Mamulique
2388:Comecrudo
2318:Karankawa
2221:Jicaquean
2208:Chimariko
2157:Kalapuyan
2100:Sahaptian
2048:Yok-Utian
2033:Chinookan
2006:Iroquoian
1974:Chimakuan
1790:Chumashan
1708:25 August
1675:143735208
1638:144473306
1486:143735208
1440:144473306
1236:"Atakapa"
969:Verb stem
789:Singular
706:locatives
702:templatic
559:Fricative
338:Phonology
284:Mary Haas
238:Louisiana
121:Glottolog
105:ISO 639-3
60:Ethnicity
50:Louisiana
2622:Arawakan
2502:Chibchan
2381:Cotoname
2339:Quinigua
2325:Maratino
2024:Penutian
1968:Wakashan
1961:Salishan
1872:Eskimoan
1856:Eskaleut
1583:Abstract
1571:25132315
1349:: 13–14.
1323:: 72–78.
1084:adjuncts
1061:pam-nima
926:("many")
812:na-, n-
740:shāk tōl
718:modality
461:Alveolar
290:and the
229:) is an
168:Help:IPA
128:atak1252
2768:Atakapa
2686:Amerind
2661:Ciguayo
2654:Macorix
2628:Cariban
2602: ?
2461: ?
2441:Atakapa
2434:Natchez
2419: ?
2366: ?
2364:Pakawan
2353:Tonkawa
2311:Aranama
2266:Pueblo
2234:Salinan
2215:Esselen
2180:Shastan
2173: ?
2151:Takelma
2143: ?
2130:Siuslaw
2112: ?
2087:Klamath
2079: ?
2077:Plateau
2043:Maiduan
2038:Wintuan
2026: ?
2000:Caddoan
1986: ?
1953: ?
1892:Tlingit
1883:Na-Dene
1838:Waikuri
1831:Timucua
1824:Kutenai
1803:Beothuk
1667:1263302
1604:(hbk);
1432:1262991
844:Plural
775:Person
772:Number
654:*kekesi
517:Plosive
476:Glottal
466:Palatal
361:Central
288:Natchez
246:Atakapa
231:extinct
226:Yukhiti
177:Atakapa
164:Unicode
71:Extinct
64:Atakapa
29:Yukhiti
22:Atakapa
2716:Waroid
2572:Xincan
2513:Lencan
2476:Calusa
2469:Tunica
2346:Solano
2332:Naolan
2276:Tanoan
2190:Pomoan
2124:Coosan
2119:Alsean
2094:Molala
2054:Yokuts
1994:Siouan
1845:Pericú
1817:Cayuse
1673:
1665:
1636:
1608:
1600:
1569:
1542:
1484:
1438:
1430:
1283:
1181:Deixis
1074:Syntax
1024:-hinst
878:hakit
864:nakit
850:yūkit
714:aspect
456:Dental
451:Labial
343:Vowels
274:, and
272:Tunica
46:Region
2725:Lists
2585:Huave
2519:Mayan
2395:Garza
2282:Keres
2248:Washo
2227:Karuk
2196:Yuman
2171:Hokan
2060:Utian
2013:Yuchi
1951:Mosan
1933:Yurok
1926:Wiyot
1917:Algic
1865:Aleut
1810:Bidai
1779:Haida
1671:S2CID
1663:JSTOR
1634:S2CID
1567:JSTOR
1482:S2CID
1436:S2CID
1428:JSTOR
896:hak-.
881:hak-
870:-tem
867:nak-
856:-tse
710:tense
642:kec-k
483:Nasal
471:Velar
373:Close
356:Front
311:(now
250:Ishak
242:Texas
54:Texas
2417:Gulf
2289:Zuni
2255:Yana
2241:Seri
1899:Eyak
1796:Adai
1710:2012
1606:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1126:-kin
1098:and
949:-nan
945:-nen
931:-šak
924:-heu
906:and
904:hat-
892:hat-
853:ic-
837:hi-
825:ha-
798:hi-
658:kesi
646:keks
419:Open
366:Back
296:Gulf
1760:of
1655:doi
1626:doi
1585:.
1474:doi
1420:doi
1192:or
1162:-ik
1156:nēp
1148:-ip
1140:-ke
1136:-ki
1096:-ne
1020:-at
992:-ti
947:or
908:-šo
822:ha
809:na
801:-ō
795:wi
679:are
675:not
396:Mid
315:).
150:IPA
112:aqp
2764::
1669:.
1661:.
1649:.
1632:.
1622:12
1620:.
1563:47
1561:.
1494:^
1480:.
1468:.
1448:^
1434:.
1426:.
1416:12
1414:.
1398:^
1347:47
1345:.
1329:^
1321:35
1319:.
1315:.
1295:^
1265:^
1238:.
1206:ma
1200:ya
1190:ha
1152:nē
1100:-n
1045:.
1039:-š
1010:-š
1003:-n
999:-k
985:-c
978:-u
974:-m
875:3
861:2
847:1
819:3
806:2
792:1
720:,
716:,
712:,
708:,
662:kš
537:ts
330:.
278:;
216:ɑː
210:,-
52:,
1750:e
1743:t
1736:v
1712:.
1677:.
1657::
1651:5
1640:.
1628::
1612:.
1589:.
1573:.
1546:.
1488:.
1476::
1470:5
1442:.
1422::
1289:.
1194:a
621:j
614:l
605:w
591:h
579:ʃ
569:ɬ
549:k
530:t
523:p
507:ŋ
498:n
489:m
427:a
411:o
402:e
388:u
379:i
219:/
213:p
207:ə
204:p
201:ə
198:k
195:æ
192:t
189:ˈ
186:ə
183:/
179:(
170:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
