211:
does not necessarily mean that PDD-NOS is a milder disability than the other PDDs. It could simply mean that individuals who receive this diagnosis do not meet the diagnostic criteria of the other PDDs, but that there is still a pervasive developmental disorder that affects the individual in the areas of communication, socialization, and behavior.
219:
fewer intellectual deficits and are higher-functioning than autistic children, many others who fit the criteria for PDD-NOS have some autistic features but also have intellectual deficits that are so severe that it is difficult or impossible to tell whether some of the deficits come from the autism or from the severe to profound degree of
104:, PDD-NOS referred to "mild or severe pervasive deficits in the development of reciprocal social interaction and/or verbal and nonverbal communication skills, or when stereotyped behavior, interests, and/or activities are present, but the criteria are not met for a specific PDD" or for several other disorders.
210:
The diagnosis of a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified was given to individuals with difficulties in the areas of social interaction, communication, and/or stereotypic behavior patterns or interests, but who did not meet the full DSM-IV criteria for autism or another PDD. This
246:
Another group (around 25 percent) whose symptoms more closely resemble those of autism, but do not fully meet all its diagnostic signs and symptoms. This is because either the symptoms were recognized at a later age or because they were too young or have cognitive deficits that are too severe to
218:
Description of PDD-NOS merely as a "subthreshold" category without a more specific case definition poses methodological problems for research regarding the relatively heterogeneous group of people who receive this diagnosis. While it is true that children diagnosed with PDD-NOS, as a whole, show
214:
As for the other pervasive developmental disorders, the diagnosis of PDD-NOS required the involvement of a team of specialists. The individual needs to undergo a full diagnostic evaluation, including a thorough medical, social, adaptive, motor skills and communication history. Other parts of an
243:, but who completely differ from those with Asperger syndrome in terms of having a lag in language development and/or mild cognitive impairment. (The criteria for Asperger syndrome excludes a speech delay or a cognitive delay in early life.)
1292:
810:
795:
157:
It is common for individuals with PDD-NOS to have more intact social skills and a lower level of intellectual deficit than individuals with other PDDs. Characteristics of many individuals with PDD-NOS are:
652:
Walker DR, Thompson A, Zwaigenbaum L, Goldberg J, Bryson SE, Mahoney WJ, Strawbridge CP, Szatmari P (Feb 2004). "Specifying PDD-NOS: a comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autism".
250:
The biggest group (around 50 percent) consists of those who met all the diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder but whose stereotypical and repetitive behaviors were noticeably mild.
215:
assessment can be behavioral rating scales, direct behavioral observations, psychological assessment, educational assessment, communication assessment, and occupational assessment.
522:
Smith, Isaac C.; Reichow, Brian; Volkmar, Fred R. (2015). "The
Effects of DSM-5 Criteria on Number of Individuals Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review".
627:
196:
353:
223:
itself. Furthermore, some others who fit the criteria for PDD-NOS come to professional attention at a later age, compared to those diagnosed with autism.
1479:
1425:
1083:
687:
177:
Preoccupation with fantasies that interfere and that are not normal to have at a certain age depending on social, cultural and religious norms.
28:
2279:
1399:
1997:
1091:
1865:
1096:
651:
1282:
922:
1363:
1267:
1727:
1472:
1420:
441:
2076:
1373:
917:
2091:
2081:
1113:
2274:
1226:
1975:
1191:
1106:
963:
753:
720:
631:
312:
1465:
943:
854:
116:
364:
203:), which is the most common diagnostic typology used in the United States. In the still used (though deprecated)
17:
2284:
1394:
764:
32:
1828:
1368:
1277:
1216:
1038:
231:
In 2004, Walker et al. found that persons with PDD-NOS belonged to one of three very different subgroups:
2167:
1992:
1570:
1543:
1358:
1128:
993:
307:(4th, text revision ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. pp. 14, 84.
1732:
1533:
1236:
1201:
1181:
1133:
235:
A high-functioning group (around 25 percent) whose symptoms more or less overlap with that of what was
400:
1784:
1315:
1156:
1048:
912:
259:
There is no known cure for PDD-NOS, but there are interventions that can have a positive influence.
2147:
1657:
1389:
1206:
601:
123:. The ICD-10 equivalents also became part of its definition of autism spectrum disorder, as of the
89:) is a historic psychiatric diagnosis first defined in 1980 that has since been incorporated into
2184:
2060:
1488:
1335:
1320:
1307:
1262:
1161:
1123:
1073:
970:
220:
183:
149:, this was not always true. While some characteristics may be milder, others may be more severe.
1587:
1875:
1614:
1330:
1325:
1272:
1257:
897:
887:
44:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), (including atypical autism)
457:
2174:
1833:
1667:
892:
681:
66:
706:
702:
2142:
1677:
1642:
1619:
1577:
1501:
847:
284:
207:, it is considered "atypical autism" and "pervasive developmental disorder, unspecified".
8:
2086:
1823:
1774:
1722:
1297:
882:
814:
142:
were not met because of late age of onset, or atypical symptomatology, or both of these.
54:
328:
2179:
2096:
1965:
1797:
1699:
1682:
1607:
1196:
1003:
555:
504:
819:
573:
1955:
1905:
1712:
1647:
1553:
1538:
1415:
1340:
1241:
1166:
1013:
953:
907:
902:
760:
749:
716:
669:
665:
547:
539:
496:
488:
437:
308:
236:
49:
574:"briefing paper of the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities"
559:
508:
2112:
1565:
1446:
1231:
1148:
1138:
1101:
1033:
1008:
998:
927:
877:
661:
531:
480:
280:
2236:
2210:
1895:
1792:
1762:
1548:
1441:
1211:
1171:
1043:
840:
743:
429:
240:
108:
90:
2117:
1813:
1287:
1176:
948:
275:
269:
804:
535:
471:
Robison, John Elder (2019). "Autism prevalence and outcomes in older adults".
2268:
2205:
2157:
2050:
2045:
2024:
2015:
1980:
1910:
1885:
1870:
1717:
1524:
1221:
1186:
543:
492:
2055:
2040:
2007:
1652:
673:
551:
500:
1457:
2231:
2189:
2019:
1767:
1737:
1602:
1053:
1028:
1023:
988:
787:
2152:
2122:
1900:
1707:
1068:
1018:
168:
Uneven skill development (strengths in some areas and delays in others)
62:
58:
305:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-IV-TR
2162:
1950:
1890:
1818:
1687:
1624:
1597:
1582:
1063:
712:
484:
1987:
1753:
1662:
1592:
1528:
1519:
1118:
1058:
162:
Communication difficulties (e.g., using and understanding language)
107:
PDD-NOS was one of four disorders collapsed into the diagnosis of
2241:
1560:
700:
247:
properly identify all the symptoms of autism that they may have.
2215:
1960:
1915:
1880:
1757:
1672:
1634:
863:
799:
204:
146:
135:
124:
120:
101:
200:
112:
94:
436:. Springer reference. New York: Springer. pp. 304–309.
832:
703:"Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD)"
115:, and also was one of the five disorders classified as a
1971:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
959:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
262:
Some of the more common therapies and services include:
83:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
363:. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. Archived from
239:, while also not meeting the then current criteria for
145:
Even though PDD-NOS was considered milder than typical
708:
197:
777:
628:"ICD-10, Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)"
521:
266:
Visual and environmental supports, visual schedules
186:, excessive daydreaming interfering with daily life
2266:
515:
174:Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns
1473:
848:
524:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
428:Gray, Kylie M. (2013). "Atypical Autism". In
686:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
29:Personality disorder not otherwise specified
1487:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
1480:
1466:
1400:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
855:
841:
401:"Autism spectrum fact sheet from Illinois"
1998:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
1092:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
745:The Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorders
701:American Psychiatric Association (2000).
694:
647:
645:
643:
641:
434:Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
346:
321:
1866:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
1097:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
748:. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 91.
382:
171:Unusual play with toys and other objects
1933:
1283:Multiple complex developmental disorder
741:
470:
458:"PDD-NOS Signs, Symptoms and Treatment"
14:
2267:
1364:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
638:
180:Unconventional perception of the world
1932:
1854:
1728:High-context and low-context cultures
1499:
1461:
836:
354:"Autism spectrum disorder fact sheet"
195:PDD-NOS is not a current part of the
152:
2077:Computer processing of body language
1855:
427:
2092:List of facial expression databases
2082:Emotion recognition in conversation
1114:Developmental coordination disorder
138:for the case that the criteria for
24:
2280:Neurological disorders in children
654:J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
25:
2296:
1976:Childhood disintegrative disorder
1374:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
1192:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
964:Childhood disintegrative disorder
773:
944:Pervasive developmental disorder
666:10.1097/00004583-200402000-00012
117:pervasive developmental disorder
735:
620:
594:
165:Difficulty with social behavior
1500:
1395:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
742:Bergman, Joel (Oct 29, 2019).
566:
464:
450:
421:
297:
33:Persistent depressive disorder
13:
1:
1369:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
1217:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
1107:obsessive–compulsive disorder
1039:Pathological demand avoidance
923:Societal and cultural aspects
602:"Autism and Neurodevelopment"
290:
272:and comic strip conversations
134:, a diagnosis defined in the
606:Child Study Center: Research
460:. National Autism Resources.
254:
226:
190:
7:
1993:Nonverbal learning disorder
1571:Speech-independent gestures
1544:Facial Action Coding System
1359:Autism Diagnostic Interview
1129:Sensory processing disorder
994:Autism and LGBTQ identities
10:
2301:
1733:Interpersonal relationship
1534:Body-to-body communication
1237:Tuberous sclerosis complex
1227:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
1202:MECP2 duplication syndrome
1182:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
1134:Global developmental delay
862:
26:
2275:Autism spectrum disorders
2224:
2198:
2138:
2131:
2105:
2069:
2033:
2006:
1943:
1939:
1928:
1861:
1850:
1806:
1783:
1746:
1698:
1633:
1512:
1508:
1495:
1434:
1408:
1382:
1351:
1316:Facilitated communication
1306:
1250:
1157:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
1147:
1082:
979:
936:
870:
781:
608:. Yale School of Medicine
536:10.1007/s10803-015-2423-8
100:According to the earlier
72:
48:
43:
2148:Behavioral communication
1390:Autism-spectrum quotient
1207:Neurofibromatosis type I
241:autism spectrum disorder
109:autism spectrum disorder
91:autism spectrum disorder
27:Not to be confused with
1588:Interpersonal synchrony
1489:Nonverbal communication
1321:Lancet MMR autism fraud
1263:Critical autism studies
1162:22q13 deletion syndrome
1124:Intellectual disability
1074:Emotional dysregulation
971:High-functioning autism
221:intellectual disability
184:Maladaptive daydreaming
2185:Monastic sign lexicons
1876:Emotional intelligence
1331:Rapid prompting method
1273:Double empathy problem
1258:Autism rights movement
2285:Learning disabilities
2175:Impression management
1416:Autism-related topics
980:Associated conditions
711:(4th, text revision (
67:occupational medicine
2190:Verbal communication
2143:Animal communication
2061:Targeted advertising
1578:Haptic communication
1421:Fictional characters
1149:Associated syndromes
285:occupational therapy
199:typology (as of the
2199:Non-verbal language
2087:Gesture recognition
1934:Further information
1824:Emotion recognition
1775:Silent service code
1298:Violence and autism
1084:Comorbid conditions
55:Clinical psychology
2225:Art and literature
2180:Meta-communication
2168:Passive-aggressive
2097:Sentiment analysis
1798:Non-verbal leakage
1197:Fragile X syndrome
1004:Autistic catatonia
370:on October 6, 2013
153:Signs and symptoms
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
1956:Asperger syndrome
1924:
1923:
1906:Social competence
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1648:Emotional prosody
1554:Subtle expression
1539:Facial expression
1455:
1454:
1352:Diagnostic scales
1242:Williams syndrome
1167:Angelman syndrome
1049:Special interests
1014:Autistic meltdown
954:Asperger syndrome
830:
829:
634:on March 8, 2017.
443:978-1-4419-1698-3
237:Asperger syndrome
140:autistic disorder
130:PDD-NOS included
80:
79:
38:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2292:
2136:
2135:
2113:Ray Birdwhistell
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1856:Broader concepts
1852:
1851:
1829:First impression
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1447:Sensory friendly
1383:Screening scales
1232:Timothy syndrome
1139:Verbal Dyspraxia
1102:Anxiety disorder
1034:Nonverbal autism
1009:Autistic masking
999:Autistic burnout
857:
850:
843:
834:
833:
779:
778:
767:
759:
739:
733:
732:
730:
729:
698:
692:
691:
685:
677:
649:
636:
635:
630:. Archived from
624:
618:
617:
615:
613:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
578:
570:
564:
563:
530:(8): 2541–2552.
519:
513:
512:
485:10.1002/aur.2080
468:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
430:Volkmar, Fred R.
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
408:pbisillinois.org
405:
397:
380:
379:
377:
375:
369:
358:
350:
344:
343:
341:
339:
325:
319:
318:
301:
41:
40:
21:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2246:
2237:Mimoplastic art
2220:
2211:Tactile signing
2194:
2127:
2101:
2065:
2029:
2002:
1935:
1920:
1896:Social behavior
1857:
1838:
1802:
1793:Microexpression
1779:
1763:One-bit message
1742:
1694:
1629:
1549:Microexpression
1504:
1491:
1486:
1456:
1451:
1442:Autism-friendly
1430:
1404:
1378:
1347:
1302:
1246:
1212:Noonan syndrome
1172:CHARGE syndrome
1143:
1078:
1044:Savant syndrome
981:
975:
932:
913:Pathophysiology
866:
861:
831:
826:
825:
790:
776:
771:
770:
756:
740:
736:
727:
725:
723:
699:
695:
679:
678:
650:
639:
626:
625:
621:
611:
609:
600:
599:
595:
585:
583:
576:
572:
571:
567:
520:
516:
473:Autism Research
469:
465:
456:
455:
451:
444:
426:
422:
412:
410:
403:
399:
398:
383:
373:
371:
367:
356:
352:
351:
347:
337:
335:
327:
326:
322:
315:
303:
302:
298:
293:
257:
229:
193:
155:
132:atypical autism
39:
36:
23:
22:
18:Atypical autism
15:
12:
11:
5:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2118:Charles Darwin
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Affect display
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:Social context
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1608:Pupil dilation
1605:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1435:Accommodations
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1293:TEACCH program
1290:
1288:Neurodiversity
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:Discrimination
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1251:Related issues
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Cohen syndrome
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
985:
983:
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Classic autism
940:
938:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
920:
918:Sex and gender
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
860:
859:
852:
845:
837:
828:
827:
824:
823:
807:
791:
786:
785:
783:
782:Classification
775:
774:External links
772:
769:
768:
754:
734:
721:
693:
637:
619:
593:
565:
514:
479:(3): 370–374.
463:
449:
442:
420:
381:
345:
333:firstsigns.org
320:
313:
295:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
278:
276:Speech therapy
273:
270:Social stories
267:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
244:
228:
225:
192:
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151:
78:
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52:
46:
45:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2281:
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2207:
2206:Sign language
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2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Freudian slip
2049:
2047:
2046:Lie detection
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2025:Mirror neuron
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:Limbic system
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:Rett syndrome
1979:
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1911:Social skills
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1886:People skills
1884:
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1871:Communication
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1832:
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1807:Multi-faceted
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1718:Display rules
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1688:Voice quality
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1525:Body language
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1308:Controversies
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1222:Rett syndrome
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1187:Down syndrome
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1005:
1002:
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997:
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992:
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987:
986:
984:
982:and phenomena
978:
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755:9781585623419
751:
747:
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738:
724:
722:0-89042-025-4
718:
715:) ed.).
714:
710:
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704:
697:
689:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:(2): 172–80.
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409:
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366:
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355:
349:
334:
330:
329:"First signs"
324:
316:
314:0-89042-024-6
310:
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122:
119:(PDD) in the
118:
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110:
105:
103:
98:
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92:
88:
84:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
2041:Cold reading
2034:Applications
2008:Neuroanatomy
1970:
1653:Paralanguage
958:
898:Heritability
888:Epidemiology
809:
794:
744:
737:
726:. Retrieved
707:
696:
682:cite journal
657:
653:
632:the original
622:
610:. Retrieved
605:
596:
584:. Retrieved
580:
568:
527:
523:
517:
476:
472:
466:
452:
433:
423:
411:. Retrieved
407:
372:. Retrieved
365:the original
360:
348:
336:. Retrieved
332:
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304:
299:
261:
258:
230:
217:
213:
209:
194:
156:
144:
139:
131:
129:
106:
99:
86:
82:
81:
2020:Limbic lobe
1785:Unconscious
1768:Missed call
1738:Social norm
1713:Conventions
1603:Eye contact
1326:MMR vaccine
1054:Infodumping
1029:Monotropism
1024:Late talker
989:Alexithymia
893:Epigenetics
374:October 13,
73:Usual onset
2269:Categories
2153:Aggressive
2123:Paul Ekman
2106:Key people
2070:Technology
2056:Poker tell
1901:Social cue
1708:Chronemics
1658:Intonation
1502:Modalities
1336:Thiomersal
1278:Employment
1069:Echopraxia
1019:Hyperlexia
765:1585623415
728:2007-06-28
581:nichcy.org
291:References
76:from birth
63:pediatrics
59:psychiatry
2158:Assertive
1966:Fragile X
1951:Aprosodia
1944:Disorders
1891:Semiotics
1819:Deception
1625:Proxemics
1615:Olfaction
1598:Oculesics
1583:Imitation
1341:Chelation
1064:Echolalia
937:Diagnoses
928:Therapies
883:Diagnosis
713:DSM-IV-TR
544:0162-3257
493:1939-3806
255:Treatment
227:Subgroups
191:Diagnosis
50:Specialty
1988:Dyssemia
1834:Intimacy
1754:Emoticon
1663:Loudness
1593:Laughter
1529:Kinesics
1520:Blushing
1513:Physical
1119:Epilepsy
1059:Stimming
674:14726723
560:24217012
552:25796195
509:73503042
501:30803153
361:DSM5.org
281:Physical
97:(2013).
2242:Subtext
2163:Passive
2132:Related
1723:Habitus
1668:Prosody
1620:Posture
1561:Gesture
1426:Schools
903:History
612:3 April
586:3 April
432:(ed.).
413:3 April
338:3 April
111:in the
93:in the
87:PDD-NOS
2216:Tadoma
1961:Autism
1916:Unsaid
1881:Nunchi
1758:Smiley
1678:Stress
1673:Rhythm
1643:Affect
1635:Speech
908:Memory
878:Causes
864:Autism
822:299.80
763:
752:
719:
672:
558:
550:
542:
507:
499:
491:
440:
311:
205:ICD-10
147:autism
136:ICD-10
125:ICD-11
121:DSM-IV
102:DSM-IV
1747:Other
1409:Lists
820:299.9
805:F84.9
577:(PDF)
556:S2CID
505:S2CID
404:(PDF)
368:(PDF)
357:(PDF)
201:DSM-5
113:DSM-5
95:DSM-5
2232:Mime
1683:Tone
1566:List
871:Main
815:9-CM
761:ISBN
750:ISBN
717:ISBN
688:link
670:PMID
614:2018
588:2018
548:PMID
540:ISSN
497:PMID
489:ISSN
438:ISBN
415:2018
376:2013
340:2018
309:ISBN
283:and
811:ICD
796:ICD
662:doi
532:doi
481:doi
31:or
2271::
2018:/
1756:/
1527:/
818::
803::
800:10
705:.
684:}}
680:{{
668:.
658:43
656:.
640:^
604:.
579:.
554:.
546:.
538:.
528:45
526:.
503:.
495:.
487:.
477:12
475:.
406:.
384:^
359:.
331:.
127:.
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61:,
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1481:e
1474:t
1467:v
856:e
849:t
842:v
813:-
798:-
788:D
758:.
731:.
690:)
676:.
664::
616:.
590:.
562:.
534::
511:.
483::
446:.
417:.
378:.
342:.
317:.
85:(
35:.
20:)
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