Auckland isthmus - Knowledge

1014: 1916: 390: 702: 42: 1156: 1491: 1476: 375: 62: 1744: 718: 5370: 5321: 1141: 69: 5387: 5353: 1932:(merged into Auckland City in 1940), which unlike most other counties in New Zealand, deferred most of its powers to the local road boards. Attempts to create local government on the isthmus began in 1851, hampered by extensive costs for roads and the 1860s economic downturn, however by April 1871 the 1663:

As people moved towards the suburbs, the CBD and adjacent central suburbs declined in popularity. In 1945, 38% of the Auckland workforce was based in the CBD, however by 1962 this figure had dropped to 26%. By the 1940s and 1950s, the oldest suburbs adjacent to the central city had become dilapidated

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led to the collapse of many property development companies, and much of the office space they had built was repurposed as residential apartments. Between 1991 and 2007, the population of the central city doubled, due to the wide-scale construction of apartments. Due to minimal planning requirements,

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of the inner suburbs began in the 1970s, when primarily white and educated youth moved to suburbs such as Ponsonby, seeing an urban, multi-cultural lifestyle. These populations tended to purchase houses outright, meaning Pasifika families who relied on rental houses tended to move to the peripheral

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led to the Auckland isthmus becoming a contiguous urban sprawl. In 1945, the CBD and inner city suburbs had a population of 68,000, however due to suburbanisation the population fell over the next 50 years, only recovering to 1945 levels by the mid-2000s. As Auckland city sprawled outwards from the

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The increase of motorways, the opening of the Harbour Bridge and reliance on cars made distant areas of the Auckland region more accessible, fueling a process of urban sprawl in Auckland. Suburban areas outside of the isthmus became more popular choices for residents of Auckland, with areas such as

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Hopkins, Jenni L.; Smid, Elaine R.; Eccles, Jennifer D.; Hayes, Josh L.; Hayward, Bruce W.; McGee, Lucy E.; van Wijk, Kasper; Wilson, Thomas M.; Cronin, Shane J.; Leonard, Graham S.; Lindsay, Jan M.; Németh, Karoly; Smith, Ian E. M. (3 July 2021). "Auckland Volcanic Field magmatism, volcanism, and

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specialising in subjects such as tourism and hospitality became common in central Auckland. By the mid-2000s, the population of the Auckland CBD was significantly more transient than most other areas of New Zealand, due to the large number of students, international tourists and domestic tourists.

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Road boards were the first local government on the isthmus in the 1850s and 1860s outside of the colonial city, which were established due to a lack of central government funding for road improvements. By 1883, there were 69 road districts across Auckland, however as the population of the isthmus

1697:. Council-funded multi-storey flats had begun to be built in the central suburbs by 1954, however the wide-scale plans for demolition of older housing stock never went ahead. During this period, many areas of the CBD that had previously been housing areas were re-developed as commercial premises. 1796:

Since the 1990s, measures to combat urban sprawl have been undertaken by the Auckland councils, especially developing medium and high density housing around urban centres and public transport nodes. Public transport usage, which had been falling since the 1950s, stagnated and reached its lowest

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on the Waitematā Harbour, closer to the new settlement of Auckland. Dual ports were created on either side of the isthmus for the European settlement: the Port of Auckland on the Waitematā Harbour, and the Port of Onehunga on the Manukau Harbour, separated by nine kilometres. In 1841, the Crown

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The western edge of the isthmus forms the border between the Northern electricity network (serving West Auckland, the North Shore and the northern Auckland Region) and the Auckland network. Power consumers within the Auckland network are able to vote for the trustees of

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Due to the length of the Northland Peninsula, there are significant tidal differences between the two harbours that border the isthmus. After high tide reaches the Waitematā Harbour, it takes approximately 3.5 hours for high tide to reach the Manukau Harbour.

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in the 1920s also led to major concreting and sealing projects on the streets of the isthmus. In the 1930s, the eastern suburbs of the Auckland isthmus were connected to the central city after the construction the Westfield Deviation (now known as the

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Volcanism has influenced the geography of the isthmus, creating unique forested areas and swamplands. Underneath much of the isthmus are lava caves formed from eruptions such as Maungawhau / Mount Eden (circa 28,000 years ago). Known as Ngā Ana Wai to

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to cross the isthmus (the Tāmaki River crossing known as Te Tō Waka, and the Whau River as Te Tōangawaka). Through early European settler history, canals were variously considered at either portage, however by the 1910s these projects were abandoned.

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amalgamated with the city due to the improved services and infrastructure offered by the council. From 1904, a stronger focus on amalgamating surrounding areas called the Greater Auckland scheme was undertaken, inspired by similar movements in

945:), and within a generation Ngāti Pāoa almost outnumbered Ngāti Whātua on the isthmus. While Ngāti Whātua and Ngāti Pāoa peacefully co-exited at first, an incident during a sharking expedition which led to the death of Tarahawaiki (father of 1442:

had also been developed as state housing projects. The land the Ōrākei public housing estate was constructed on was Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei land, which between 1886 and 1950 was either sold by individuals to the Crown or taken through the

2599: 937:. During this period, the isthmus began to be reforested, due to the relatively small population of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei. In the 1780s, Te Tahuri, a chieftainess of Te Taou gifted land on the Western shore of the Tāmaki River to 3243: 1562:

and Freemans Bay, while effectively creating a barrier around the Auckland CBD cutting it off from the surrounding neighbourhoods. The construction of the Central Motorway Junction caused businesses to relocate away from

1089:, a collection of retired British and Irish soldiers, to serve as a buffer against a perceived threat of war from the south. Onehunga on the Manukau Harbour became a major port town, facilitating trade with Manukau-based 1676:

migrants tended to settle in these inner city suburbs, while Māori tended to live near the Auckland city limits outside of the isthmus. Pasifika immigrants typically came from the countries associated with the

1402:). Between 1915 and 1940 most of the northern and central areas of the isthmus became urbanised, with the areas of Mount Albert, Avondale, Ellerslie and Onehunga joining the Auckland metropolitan sprawl. The 307:, and by the mid-20th century the isthmus was almost completely urbanised. Originally organised as a variety of fractured land boards, boroughs and cities, the entire isthmus was amalgamated into a single 3143:

Abrahim, Ghada MS; Parker, Robin J.; Horrocks, Mark (2013). "Pollen core assemblages as indicator of Polynesian and European impact on the vegetation cover of Auckland Isthmus catchment, New Zealand".

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Davidson, Janet; Leach, Foss; Burtenshaw, Mike; Harris, Graham (2006). "Subterranean Storage Pits for Kumara (Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.): Ethnographic, Archaeological and Experimental".

2906: 976:), causing a great number of deaths. This incident marked the beginning of a period of time when the isthmus was most deserted, when Tāmaki Māori sheltered in regions away from the threat of 1813:

and the eastern isthmus suburbs, to alleviate the congestion problems faced by Auckland. The proposal was eventually dropped, as motorways began to fall out of favour in public opinion. The

549:, which are estimated to have erupted 145,000 and 161,000 years ago respectively). The volcanic activity caused much of the land on the isthmus to be formed from volcanic rock, such as the 4969: 1041:, the first Governor of New Zealand, as a location for the capital of the colony to develop. This location became the modern city of Auckland, beginning with a port develop around 1660:

to the south/east, where motor vehicle factories, paint manufacturing, clothing factories, freezing works and allied trades were located, were now surrounded by suburban housing.

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portage) linking the two sides of the isthmus were widely discussed, however plans never eventuated, and by the 1910s the idea had been abandoned, after the completion of the

858:, where once the soil was exhausted, a new field would be tilled, and the former would be colonised by fast-growing native plants. After harvesting, crops would be stored in 1434:

Garden Suburb", was envisioned as an area primarily for lower class families while providing high quality housing impossible in the inner city slums. By 1945, the areas of

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Portages, where waka could be moved across the isthmus at its most narrow points, were important features of the isthmus for Tāmaki Māori. The most important of these was

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central Auckland apartments developed a reputation for poor design. By 2007, the central government had introduced minimum standards for size and design for apartments.

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to the central city. The opening of the tram stops led to suburban development for these suburbs, attracting middle income families, while city-adjacent suburbs such as

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The 1990s and early 2000s saw a revitalisation of the CBD and the central suburbs. Many projects focused on the CBD and waterfront areas, due to Auckland hosting the

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By the early 1900s, the Auckland isthmus became the most populated region of New Zealand. In 1911, Auckland became the industrial hub of the country, and by 1921 the

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Between 1983 and 1987, overseas investments led to an office building boom in the Auckland CBD, making the Auckland CBD the financial capital of New Zealand. The

4942: 1876: 933:. After Waiohua were defeated in a series of battles, some members of Te Taoū settled at Tāmaki Makaurau and intermarried with Waiohua, later becoming known as 432:

pushed the Auckland isthmus and surrounding areas to depths of 2,000-3,000 metres under sea-level. This formed a wide sedimentary basin, sheltered by the large

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Beginning in 1859, land reclamation in the Waitematā Harbour enabled Auckland to become a shipping hub, facilitating the export of goods such as gold from the

4696: 447:(known locally as the Ōtira Glaciation), between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago. As sea levels rose, the river valley to the north, which was carved through the 4512:

Carroll, Penelope; Witten, Karen; Kearns, Robin (1 April 2011). "Housing Intensification in Auckland, New Zealand: Implications for Children and Families".

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islands that had been administered by the Auckland City Council, while the Whau ward includes a mix of suburbs previously administered by Auckland City and

1615:, one of the final farmland areas on the isthmus, was developed as a social housing area by local government in the 1950s. By 1964, western developments at 953:

from the north attacked Ngāti Pāoa, culminating in a battle at the mouth of the Tāmaki River, where Ngāti Pāoa fended off Ngāpuhi. By the time missionaries

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raiders that continued on until the early 1830s. Ngāti Pāoa began to return to the Hauraki Gulf region in the 1820s, however primarily focused resettling

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tribes, who would sell and barter resources such as peaches, melons, fish and potatoes. By 1855, most Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei lands had either been given as

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The volcanic eruptions led to the creation of the Epsom rock forest / Almorah rock forest, an ecosystem unique to the isthmus formed of trees such as

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was eventually established as a general area for Ngāti Pāoa, other iwi and poorer visitors to Auckland, which was declared a public domain in 1898.

674:'s Tāmaki Ecological District. The western side of the isthmus serves as a border between the Western Northland and Hauraki-Auckland bioregions for 3122: 1503: 800:

found the isthmus to be an important strategic location, due to the fertile soils and rich resources from the two harbours that bound the isthmus.

4073: 3382: 1120:. During the 1860s, affluent members of society in Auckland began to move into the countryside, living at locations such as modern Newmarket and 1013: 4806: 5069: 2196:

Edbrooke, Steven W.; Mazengarb, Colin; Stephenson, William (2003). "Geology and geological hazards of the Auckland urban area, New Zealand".

949:) began a cycle of revenge attacks between Ngāti Whātua/Waiohua and Ngāti Pāoa. While peacemaking Ngāti Whātua and Ngāti Pāoa began in 1793, 866: 1636:

isthmus, industrial suburbs previously on the outer belt of the city away from residential areas became engulfed by the city. Areas such as

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and the National Policy Statement on Urban Development have allowed higher density building in the isthmus and across the Auckland region.

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was proposed in the 1990s as a way to increase public transport use and increase land values for the CBD, and was opened in 2003. In 2001,

1124:. By the late 1860s, the economy on the isthmus began to decline, after soldiers left the area at the end of the invasion, and because the 573:. The eruption of Maungarei / Mount Wellington (circa 10,000 years ago) blocked existing creeks on the isthmus and led to the formation of 424:

volcanic rock from geologically recent volcanic eruptions and lava flows. Approximately 23 million years ago, tectonic forces between the

4382: 1571:. The new car-centric model for the isthmus and greater Auckland led to the removal of the Auckland tram lines, which were replaced with 1241:

began to be quarried, so that the scoria could be used for roading materials, however by the end of the century, lava basalt deposits or

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A 1914 map of the Auckland isthmus, composed of the city of Auckland and surrounding boroughs/road boards, composing what was known as

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Since European colonisation of the region, the isthmus has seen major changes in landscape and infrastructure, including quarrying of

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Singers, N.; Osborne, B.; Lovegrove, T.; Jamieson, A.; Boow, J.; Sawyer, J.; Hill, K.; Andrews, J.; Hill, S.; Webb, C. (March 2017).

2013: 316: 2413: 1588: 984:, where there were many trade opportunities with whalers. Ngāti Whātua returned to the isthmus by the mid-1830s, resettling in the 671: 1915: 4558:

The impact of mega events on construction planning, processes and performance – Auckland's experience of the Rugby World Cup 2011

3309: 3081: 2997: 2880: 1890:. The Auckland isthmus, especially the CBD, became attractive to international students due to tertiary institutions such as the 4589:

Gunder, Michael (1996). "Urban Policy Formulation Under Efficiency: The Case Of Auckland City Council'S Britomart Development".

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to the south of the isthmus. Almost all hills, headlands and mountains on the isthmus have some history of Māori occupancy. The

541:. Most of these volcanoes have erupted in the last 30,000 years, however the oldest identified volcanoes on the isthmus include 5091: 3966: 3493: 820: 308: 5296: 3853: 1355:

to the central city. By the 1920s and early 1930s, tram lines had been constructed, connecting a number of suburbs, including

61: 4566: 3833: 3801: 3766: 2544: 2455: 1183: 851: 721: 381:, an ecosystem that once covered much of the Auckland isthmus (pictured: lava rock forest remnant at Withiel Thomas Reserve, 5111: 5079: 4176: 2363:"A palaeoenvironmental record of natural and human change from the Auckland Isthmus, New Zealand, during the late Holocene" 1452: 1856:, an underground rail loop linking Britomart to the Western line, has a planned opening date of 2024, while plans for two 1840:

From the late 2000s onwards, a number of public transport projects have been created to alleviate congestion, such as the

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south to Panmure). Ngāti Pāoa understood that this deal allowed for Ngāti Pāoa to settle and establish a trading post at

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A pictorial map of the Auckland isthmus circa 1860, looking south from the city of Auckland towards the settlements of

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to the south. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the modern isthmus was dominated by podocarp-angiosperm forest such as

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Newnham, Rewi M.; Lowe, David J. (1991). "Holocene vegetation and volcanic activity, Auckland isthmus, New Zealand".

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Gu, Kai (2010). "Exploring the fringe belt concept in Auckland: An urban morphological idea and planning practice".

5198: 1845: 1587:, however was opposed by urban planners and counsellors. Funding for this project was scrapped in the 1970s by the 1086: 288: 5276: 4153: 2048:

unitary authority. Since the formation of the council, the Auckland isthmus has been divided into five wards: the

873:, a union which lasted for three generations until the early 18th century. Thousands of people lived at fortified 440:, then an uplifted island. As tectonic forces changed, the begin was uplifted approximately 17 million years ago. 399:(cabbage trees / tī kōuka) formed in many of the unforested areas of the isthmus (pictured: Cabbage Tree Swamp in 347: 3962: 2761:"The character of the New Zealand landsnail fauna and communities: some evolutionary and ecological perspectives" 1724:

remained a hub for Auckland Pasifika until the 1980s, with Pasifika populations only dropping in the late 1980s.

1580: 1459:. The kāinga and marae at Ōkahu Bay were seized and burned in 1952, under the pretense of beautification for the 5301: 2712: 1558:, which involved the destruction of 15,000 homes and displaced over 45,000 residents in central suburbs such as 824: 816: 550: 389: 5417: 5359: 5261: 5057: 3556: 3349: 1903: 1822: 1234: 815:, where only 200 metres of land separated the Manukau Harbour from the Tāmaki River. Other major portages were 408: 4128: 2069: 2053: 961:

visited the isthmus in 1820, there were thousands of inhabitants living along the shores of the Tāmaki River.

205: 5422: 2563: 2005: 1732: 1649: 1628: 1178:, until these resources were exhausted in the early 1900s. By 1890, 53 hectares of land was reclaimed at the 1113: 934: 926: 812: 796:, meaning "Tāmaki desired by many", in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography. 280: 804: 4386: 3900: 1427: 1175: 1017:

The Auckland and Parnell settlements on the isthmus in the 1860s, as seen in a watercolour by Edward Harker

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is found on the Auckland isthmus, including some of the most prominent basaltic tuff and scoria volcanoes:

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Overcrowding and poor quality housing began to be combatted in the 1930s by the use of town planning and

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Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century

2049: 1045:. In mid-1840, Apihai Te Kawau relocated the majority of the Ngāti Whātua from the Manukau Harbour to 1000:

trees, however during the 1840s onwards most mature specimens were cut down to use for ship building.

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led to increased immigration from Asia in the 1990s, and Auckland became a prominent destination for

1841: 1834: 1693:. By the 1950s, the Auckland City Council began to plan the demolition of the oldest suburbs such as 1555: 1337: 1207: 4427: 1579:

routes. A central rail loop and rail electrification project was proposed in the early 1950s by the

1546:, which first opened between Ellerslie and Mount Wellington in 1953, and in 1959 the opening of the 737: 240: 5156: 5052: 3625: 1849: 1616: 1572: 1372: 1313: 1309: 1211: 1055: 663: 645: 566: 400: 359: 5306: 5062: 3441:

Esler, A. E. (1 April 1991). "Changes in the native plant cover of urban Auckland, New Zealand".

2595: 1612: 1547: 1490: 1408: 1364: 1329: 1317: 1230: 1223: 1203: 1117: 894: 878: 840: 835:. In addition to portages, trails across the isthmus were created, one of the most notable being 706: 582: 553:

eruption (circa 28,000 years ago), which caused a lava flow crossing the isthmus and forming the

522: 518: 355: 335: 264: 236: 5246: 4872: 1708:, and especially areas where state housing projects had increased rental housing stock, such as 1672:

had settled in the inner suburbs of Auckland such as Ponsonby and Parnell, however by the 1960s

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The isthmus was connected to surrounding areas of Auckland through infrastructure projects. The

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environment, with minimal soil. The largest remaining area of native bush on the isthmus is the

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increased, these bodies merged into different boroughs and counties. South of the city was the

1891: 1857: 1830: 1806: 1786: 1751: 1435: 1352: 1125: 862:, a storehouse fitted over a dry pit that is often found on the volcanic cones of the isthmus. 832: 382: 5256: 3116:"Ngati Whatua o Orakei Heritage Report for State Highway 20; Transit Manukau Harbour Crossing" 1155: 5086: 4124: 1937: 1933: 1887: 1818: 1774: 1770: 1728: 1554:. In the 1960s and 1970s, plans for these three motorways to join led to the creation of the 1511: 1486:

in 1966. By 1967, New Zealand had one of highest per capita car ownership rates in the world.

1451:(taken for a defensive fort in 1886) and the Ōkahu Bay sewage plant in 1908 (now the site of 1380: 542: 504: 472: 4419:

Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in transport planning

3937: 3023: 2777: 2760: 1596: 1515: 1116:, the latter of which was created during the 1860s to facilitate troop movements during the 436:

to the west. The Waitemata Group sedimentary rocks were formed by eroding deposits from the

5376: 5211: 5040: 4357: 3152: 2335: 2205: 1966: 1945: 1872:, with the second connecting the CBD to northwestern Auckland, are in the planning stages. 1814: 1778: 1678: 1653: 1281: 1191: 1078: 1059: 973: 942: 855: 632: 620: 444: 300: 4970:"Entrust beneficiaries asked to check details before cash injection sent out in September" 3197:

Fox, A. (1983). "Pa and people in New Zealand: an archaeological estimate of population".

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Whitelaw, J. S.; Bloomfield, G. T. (1969). "Auckland, New Zealand's Largest Urban Area".

2084:, an electricity consumers trust and the majority shareholder of the electricity company 1762: 1559: 1539: 1333: 1269: 1250: 1168: 898: 831:, Avondale Creek (Waitahurangi) to Karaka, which was the coast on the Manukau Harbour at 691: 587: 437: 395: 378: 374: 343: 221: 137: 5266: 5168: 4561:. International Council For Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB). 3156: 2339: 2209: 2166: 930: 910: 850:

Between the 13th and 18th centuries, much of the isthmus was deforested, and devoted to

844: 5216: 4854: 4779:"Six-storey apartment blocks for Auckland in government push for urban intensification" 4697:"Auckland City Rail Link: Only $ 500k of $ 12 million hardship fund paid to businesses" 4674: 4537: 4208: 2957: 2845: 2511: 2384: 2134: 1986: 1978: 1754: 1705: 1641: 1637: 1584: 1568: 1376: 1121: 1022: 614: 3571:

Campbell, Matthew; Harris, Jaden; Maguire, Wesley; Hawkins, Stuart (10 October 2013).

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attacked Mauināina pā and Mokoia village on the banks of the Tāmaki River (modern-day

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had been established around the modern-day CBD. In 1882, neighbouring road boards of

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Friesen, Wardlow (2009). "The Demographic Transformation of Inner City Auckland".

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project that began to dominate the isthmus. The first section that opened was the

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in the 17th and early 18th centuries, who centred life around elaborate fortified

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area. By the 1840s, much of the landscape of the Auckland isthmus was covered in

946: 938: 667: 494: 463: 451: 417: 320: 213: 181: 126: 77: 32: 4231:"Flashback: Final stand of Ngati Whatua begins at Bastion Point in January 1977" 3217: 1989:(1927) (a merger which increased the Auckland City area by 40%), and eventually 1611:

developing as middle class suburbs and low income state-funded housing estates.

1412: 597:(harakeke flax), and also formed behind beach deposits at the mouths of streams 228: 5183: 5178: 5151: 3483:"Statement of evidence of Ngarimu Alan Huiroa Blair on behalf of the plaintiff" 3413: 3305: 3164: 2931: 2085: 2073: 1996:

In 1978, the isthmus was home to several boroughs and two cities: Auckland and

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was widely grown on the isthmus during the pre-European period, and stored in

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on the west; two tidal estuaries of the Waitematā Harbour. These were used as

5406: 5286: 5141: 4927: 4533: 4318: 4289: 3519: 3462: 3049: 2992: 2969: 2953: 2875: 2841: 2236: 2130: 2029: 2017: 1861: 1810: 1682: 1620: 1448: 1439: 1356: 1289: 1285: 1258: 1195: 1063: 748: 425: 414: 312: 209: 142: 106: 93: 4722:"What you need to know about the $ 28b Auckland Transport Alignment Project" 3667: 1182:. In the 1880s, many headlands of the Waitematā Harbour were developed into 997: 489: 5134: 4918: 4901: 4849: 4832: 4617: 3710: 2819: 2347: 2009: 1974: 1954: 1848:(2014–2015), a more frequent public transport network (2016–2019), and the 1747: 1694: 1686: 1665: 1657: 1483: 1464: 1384: 1246: 1215: 1145: 1101:

to the Crown, or lost through property speculators, with only the 700-acre

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near the new city of Auckland, however no reserves were set aside. Land at

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purchased the Kohimarama block from Ngāti Pāoa (6,000 acres extending from

906: 510: 482:(kātote). As the area warmed, much of the podocarp forest was displaced by 363: 296: 284: 189: 177: 5241: 3076: 2977: 2857: 2146: 1391:

developed into slums due to the deteriorating 19th century housing stock.

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Larger areas of Auckland were able to be developed after the creation of

1102: 1082: 1050: 965: 886: 319:, which lasted until the 2010 unification of all local government in the 130: 5393: 2961: 2849: 2138: 1567:, adjacent to the junction, causing the area to become established as a 1288:. Auckland's first railway opened in 1873, the 13 km (8.1 mi) 1268:

connecting to eastern Auckland farmland and the fencibles settlement of

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Horrocks, M.; Deng, Y.; Nichol, S. L.; Shane, P. A.; Ogden, J. (2002).

2108: 2025: 1950: 1455:), which caused significant pollution in the bay near the Ngāti Whātua 1416: 1321: 1219: 1160: 1129: 969: 890: 828: 742: 675: 662:, Locally, the isthmus together with surrounding lowland areas and the 554: 421: 252: 232: 217: 146: 2737: 2506: 1865: 1809:

on a platform of creating the Eastern Motorway, connecting the CBD to

1709: 1535: 1140: 950: 914: 885:, and Waiohua settlements were found at Maungarei, Onehunga, Remuera, 4943:"Transpower, Entrust payout to Aucklanders ranges from $ 15 to $ 375" 4902:"The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view" 2558: 2556: 2065: 1962: 1790: 1721: 1523: 1388: 1242: 1238: 659: 484: 467: 4748:"Council agrees approaches to government's urban development policy" 1738: 1632: 1456: 1229:

During the 1800s, many of the volcanic cones on the isthmus such as

5024: 2037: 1645: 1530:

became the favoured location for an international airport, and the

1479: 1467:

in 1953, and the residents were relocated to nearby state housing.

1301: 1149: 1070: 989: 649: 338:, the draining of swamps and wetlands for farmland and housing and 292: 185: 2553: 2016:, the isthmus was amalgamated into a single territorial body, the 1713: 1604: 1522:, to create a dedicated corridor to reach the civilian airport at 736:

The Auckland isthmus was an early location visited by many of the

443:

The isthmus in its current structure was formed at the end of the

4643:"Auckland's $ 1.4 billion Waterview tunnel to open in early July" 1970: 1360: 1325: 1257:

headland was quarried to be used as fill for land reclamation in

1172: 1046: 993: 870: 710: 578: 448: 193: 4074:"Measuring Auckland's Urban Extents: Background and Methodology" 3868: 1214:). During the 19th century, plans for a canal (variously at the 996:

fern. The shoreline of the Waitematā Harbour was populated with

709:, one of the most populated locations on the isthmus during the 498:. Prior to human settlement, much of the isthmus was covered in 4205:"The history of wastewater treatment in Auckland, 1878 to 2005" 2436: 1624: 1187: 1094: 331: 4174: 3547:

Alexander, R.; Gibson, G.; La Roche, A.; Waiuku, Deed (1997),

1253:

had been entirely quarried, and by the 1880s the non-volcanic

5335: 4317:

Lancaster, Mike (2011). "Auckland International Airport". In

3927:"Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations" 3546: 3177: 1135: 869:

consolidated tribes on the isthmus as a confederation called

637: 4177:"Historic Heritage Evaluation: Auckland's First State House" 3570: 925:, the paramount chief of Waiohua circa 1741, at a battle at 874: 260: 4993: 2562: 2195: 1690: 1398:

was the busiest in New Zealand (a title later taken by the

577:, a former lake and current wetland reserve/golf-course in 565:, the caves fed fresh water into springs and swamps around 276: 4881:. Vol. XLI, no. 12644. 26 August 1904. p. 6 1735:

meant the Auckland isthmus was almost entirely urbanised.

366:, both on the isthmus and in the greater Auckland Region. 4555:

Shahwe, Tutsirae; Davies, Kathryn; Carson, Chris (2013).

3480: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 2440:

Indigenous terrestrial and wetland ecosystems of Auckland

1576: 455: 256: 227:

The Auckland isthmus is bound on the eastern side by the

197: 184:, and the location of the central suburbs of the city of 3780: 3778: 2113:"Pa of the Auckland Isthmus: An Archaeological Analysis" 2020:, which merged the three cities and remaining boroughs: 1159:

The proposed Waitematā-Manukau harbour canal, along the

287:

on the Waitematā Harbour, followed shortly after by the

4356:. Karangahape Road Business Association. Archived from 4292:(2011). "Auckland Motorways". In La Roche, John (ed.). 3753:(2019). "Human interaction with Auckland's volcanoes". 3518:

Jones, Les (2011). "Development of Auckland Ports". In

2824:"The Excavation of Westfield (R11/898), South Auckland" 2432: 2430: 2360: 652:

trees dominate the old growth sections of the reserve.

4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 3920: 3918: 3235: 3100: 2690:"Saving Auckland's largest remaining lava rock forest" 2531: 2482: 2004:, in 1986, which was a result of a merger between the 1471:

1950s–1983: motorways, immigration and suburban sprawl

1336:, was opened on 29 March 1880 connecting Newmarket to 3775: 3142: 1993:

and rural Tāmaki to the east of the isthmus in 1928.

1538:

in 1966, while the Whenuapai airport remained as the

585:. Low-lying swamps were predominantly vegetated with 346:. Large-scale infrastructure projects, including the 283:. In 1840, European settlers established the town of 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 2765:

Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement

2427: 2273:

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

728:(storehouses) (pictured: storehouse pit remnants on 636:(houpara) growing in a primarily in a rock and leaf 358:, opening in 1959 and connecting the isthmus to the 4511: 4310: 4274: 3915: 3511: 3408: 3406: 4554: 4458: 4323:Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage 4294:Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage 3903:. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. 1738–01 3810: 3601:"The loss of the Orakei block | Waitangi Tribunal" 3551:, Auckland: The New Zealand Fencible Society Inc, 3524:Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage 3476: 3474: 3472: 2930: 2594: 1371:(a suburb that was newly developed in the 1920s), 220:. The isthmus is the most southern section of the 4287: 4251: 4156:. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. 879–51 4094: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3358: 2171:New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter 1875:A number of legislative changes such as the 2016 1739:1983 onwards: CBD development and intensification 1415:in 1932, both constructed on reclaimed strips of 5404: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3403: 3244:"Te Tātua a Riukiuta Three Kings Heritage Study" 1542:. The Northwestern Motorway was followed by the 3469: 3416:(2003). "Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland isthmus)". 2527: 2525: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2407:Ecological regions and districts of New Zealand 1186:due to concerns over a potential invasion from 4801: 4799: 4344: 4342: 4060: 3685: 3646: 3595: 3593: 2869: 2867: 1276:linking Auckland south in 1875, and the first 354:from the 1950s, and bridges (most notably the 156:Approximate extent of the isthmus, bounded by 5009: 3981: 3850:"Auckland's waterfront and its changing face" 3743: 3271: 3269: 3267: 2818: 2486:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 1757:surrounded by newly built high rise buildings 4175:Auckland Council Heritage Unit (July 2017). 4168: 3955: 3879:. Mangere Historical Society. pp. 5–8. 3377:; The Trustees of the Ngāti Pāoa Iwi Trust; 2941:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 2924: 2829:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 2535:; Murdoch, Graeme; Maitland, Gordon (2011). 2522: 2471: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2118:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 713:confederation of the 17th and 18th centuries 644:at the edge of the Purewa Creek in southern 4807:"Road Boards: Auckland Council's Ancestors" 4796: 4618:"Railways – Stations and refreshment rooms" 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4339: 4071: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3734: 3590: 3420:. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 44, 217–219. 3241: 2864: 2713:"Kepa Bush Reserve, Orakei, 15 August 2009" 2568:"Balmoral & Sandringham Heritage Walks" 2367:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 2325: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2068:. The Waitematā and Gulf ward includes the 790: 5016: 5002: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4416: 4197: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3963:"New Zealand Railways Magazine – Volume 9" 3264: 3242:Pishief, Dr Elizabeth; Adam, John (2015). 2537:Volcanoes of Auckland: The Essential Guide 2312: 1860:corridors, one line connecting the CBD to 1526:. By the mid-1950s, a new location at the 1430:projects. The first of these, dubbed the " 1136:1850s–1950s: development and state housing 4917: 4848: 4426: 4316: 3852:. Auckland City Libraries. Archived from 3820:(2019). "Volcanoes of eastern Auckland". 3788:(2019). "Volcanoes of central Auckland". 3481:Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei Trust (2 June 2021). 3383:"Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims" 3113: 3042: 2776: 2588: 2505: 2400: 2398: 2378: 2224: 2088:, while also receiving annual dividends. 2014:1989 New Zealand local government reforms 2000:. The two cities were joined by a third, 1793:and the central Auckland train stations. 362:), have fuelled population growth and sub 317:1989 New Zealand local government reforms 16:Narrow landstrip in Auckland, New Zealand 4899: 4694: 4615: 4445: 3875:Payne, Val (2005). "Mangere's Bridges". 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2704: 2292: 2153: 2098: 1914: 1777:. This was seen again in 2011, when the 1742: 1664:due to the ageing housing stock. During 1489: 1474: 1154: 1139: 1012: 1008: 827:(the Whau Portage), which connected the 716: 700: 388: 373: 68: 4833:"Local Government History and Localism" 4830: 4498: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4325:. Wily Publications. pp. 206–210. 4296:. Wily Publications. pp. 110–116. 4228: 4047: 4010: 3816: 3784: 3749: 3708: 3665: 3632:. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 119–125. 3564: 3412: 3310:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3209: 3136: 3082:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2998:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2881:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2778:10.18195/issn.0313-122x.68.2005.053-102 2710: 2687: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2354: 2235: 2189: 413:The isthmus is formed from sections of 303:. The city developed outwards from the 5405: 4865: 4588: 4375: 3996:(First ed.). Quail Map Co. 1965. 3967:New Zealand Electronic Text Collection 3924: 3624: 3618: 3526:. Wily Publications. pp. 87–104. 3303: 3215: 3075:Maggy, Wassilieff (24 November 2008). 2990: 2873: 2758: 2730: 2404: 2395: 1514:in 1952, connecting Westerview to the 821:Mutukaroa / Hamlins Hill Regional Park 271:. After the defeat of paramount chief 4997: 4050:Population Association of New Zealand 3994:New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas 3874: 3517: 3440: 3434: 3336: 3323: 3074: 2807: 2795:. Boating New Zealand. 9 January 2020 2164: 1351:were opened, connecting Onehunga and 1280:in 1884, linking the central city to 369: 176:, is a narrow stretch of land on the 5342: 4776: 4401: 4115: 4072:Fredrickson, Craig (7 August 2014). 3822:Volcanoes of Auckland: a Field Guide 3790:Volcanoes of Auckland: a Field Guide 3755:Volcanoes of Auckland: a Field Guide 3306:"Page 2. The tribes of Ngāti Whātua" 3145:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 3114:Patterson, Malcolm (21 March 2008). 2648: 2600:"Waiatarua Reserve Enhancement Plan" 1846:electrification of Auckland railways 1272:was opened in 1866, followed by the 1069:Between 1847 and 1852, the towns of 968:, a Ngāpuhi taua (war party) led by 839:, connecting the central isthmus to 462:. A similar process occurred on the 4940: 4695:Jacobson, Adam (20 February 2022). 4348: 3709:McClure, Margaret (1 August 2016). 3666:McClure, Margaret (1 August 2016). 3196: 2874:Taonui, Rāwiri (10 February 2015). 1910: 1003: 275:circa 1740, the isthmus became the 46:The Auckland isthmus seen from the 13: 5097:Skyscrapers and tallest structures 4477: 4471: 3934:Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand 3216:Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). 3199:New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 3180:New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 3123:Environmental Protection Authority 2991:Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). 2720:Auckland Botanical Society Journal 1312:, connecting the isthmus south to 1202:(however most prominently seen at 393:Wetlands and swamps surrounded by 251:The isthmus was the centre of the 14: 5439: 4616:Atkinson, Neill (11 March 2010). 4417:Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago (2006). 3901:"Temporary Grafton Bridge, 1900s" 3342:From Tamaki-makau-rau to Auckland 3304:Taonui, Rāwiri (22 March 2017) . 3087:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3024:"Avondale Town Centre Regeration" 3003:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2886:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2688:Edmonds, Elesha (8 August 2016). 1957:. This led to amalgamations with 1896:Auckland University of Technology 1817:, a motorway project linking the 1453:Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium 1316:by 1875, and as far south on the 1249:was preferred. By the 1860s, the 1021:In 1840 after the signing of the 852:kūmara (sweet potato) cultivation 657:Northland temperate kauri forests 216:to the south, which opens to the 204:to the north, which opens to the 5428:Landforms of the Auckland Region 5385: 5368: 5351: 5320: 5319: 4492:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2010.01169.x 4351:"Heritage Walk Karangehape Road" 4154:"Waterfront Drive, Auckland, NZ" 2247:. Random House. pp. 10–13. 2239:(2009). "Land, Sea and Sky". In 1631:, and remaining patches such as 1623:, south-eastern developments at 1494:The morning traffic rush on the 1190:, including Point Resolution in 1087:Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps 696: 685: 458:and became a tidal estuary, the 67: 60: 40: 4962: 4934: 4893: 4873:"The Greater Auckland Question" 4824: 4770: 4740: 4714: 4688: 4663: 4635: 4609: 4582: 4548: 4383:"Newton: a shattered community" 4245: 4229:Jackman, Amy (8 January 2016). 4222: 4146: 3893: 3842: 3728: 3549:The Royal New Zealand Fencibles 3540: 3297: 3277:"Auckland: Land for a pittance" 3190: 3171: 3068: 3016: 2984: 2936:"Auckland Prehistory: A Review" 2899: 2785: 2759:Barker, Gary (1 January 2005). 2752: 2681: 2620: 1904:private training establishments 1797:levels in the early 1990s. The 1581:New Zealand Railways Department 1340:, and extended as far north as 901:, Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, the 476:(matai) and tree ferns such as 4671:"New public transport network" 4257:"The loss of the Orakei block" 4116:Bush, Graham (5 August 1998). 3455:10.1080/0028825X.1991.10416720 3056:. Land Information New Zealand 2286: 2261: 2245:West: The History of Waitakere 591:(cabbage tree / tī kōuka) and 420:marine sedimentary rock, with 409:Geology of the Auckland Region 1: 3443:New Zealand Journal of Botany 3344:. Auckland University Press. 2539:. Auckland University Press. 2498:10.1080/00288306.2020.1736102 2380:10.1080/03014223.2002.9517698 2328:Journal of Quaternary Science 2218:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00129-5 2091: 1898:and local secondary schools. 1308:, followed soon after by the 1081:were established by Governor 655:The isthmus is a part of the 200:(drowned river valleys): the 5023: 4526:10.1080/02673037.2011.542096 4387:Auckland War Memorial Museum 1781:led to the redevelopment of 1704:suburbs of Auckland such as 1239:Maungarei / Mount Wellington 1235:Te Kōpuke / Mount Saint John 1037:on the Waitematā Harbour to 1033:(strategic gift) of land at 883:Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill 854:. Land underwent periods of 819:, which was to the south of 807:, at the modern location of 551:Te Kōpuke / Mount Saint John 535:Maungarei / Mount Wellington 527:Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill 269:Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill 7: 3028:Panuku Development Auckland 2070:Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana 2054:Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward 865:In the 17th century, chief 206:Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana 48:International Space Station 10: 5444: 4777:Bell, Jean (1 July 2021). 4118:"History of Auckland City" 3877:Celebrating Mangere Bridge 3735:J. Truttman, Lisa (2019). 3165:10.1016/j.ecss.2013.06.028 2662:Wilkins, Jennifer (2016). 2414:Department of Conservation 1829:underneath the suburbs of 1799:Britomart Transport Centre 1750:in the 1990s, showing the 1552:Auckland Northern Motorway 1544:Auckland Southern Motorway 1496:Auckland Northern Motorway 788:waka. The area was called 689: 672:Department of Conservation 557:in the Waitematā Harbour. 406: 5315: 5197: 5122: 5031: 4603:10.1080/08111149608551596 4591:Urban Policy and Research 3826:Auckland University Press 3794:Auckland University Press 3759:Auckland University Press 2566:; Truttman, Lisa (2009). 1852:(AMETI) (2021–2026). The 1727:By 1975, developments at 1589:Third National Government 1556:Central Motorway Junction 927:Paruroa (Big Muddy Creek) 136: 122: 87: 55: 39: 30: 23: 4900:Blakeley, Roger (2015). 4889:– via Papers Past. 3605:waitangitribunal.govt.nz 2738:"Map of Ecoregions 2017" 2405:McEwen, W. Mary (1987). 2198:Quaternary International 2058:Maungakiekie-Tāmaki ward 1720:. The central suburb of 1583:and championed by major 1404:growth of the automobile 964:In late 1821 during the 841:Cornwallis / Karangahape 813:Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond 454:of the Waitemata Group, 3925:Scoble, Juliet (2010). 3050:"Karangahape Peninsula" 2293:Anderson, Iain (2006). 2050:Waitematā and Gulf ward 1763:1987 stock market crash 1548:Auckland Harbour Bridge 1344:by the following year. 1318:North Island Main Trunk 1231:Maungawhau / Mount Eden 1224:North Island Main Trunk 1118:Invasion of the Waikato 895:Rarotonga / Mount Smart 879:Maungawhau / Mount Eden 707:Maungawhau / Mount Eden 539:Ōwairaka / Mount Albert 531:Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson 523:Maungawhau / Mount Eden 519:Auckland volcanic field 517:A large section of the 502:forests, predominantly 356:Auckland Harbour Bridge 336:Auckland volcanic field 265:Maungawhau / Mount Eden 196:is located between two 4975:The New Zealand Herald 4948:The New Zealand Herald 4919:10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572 4878:The New Zealand Herald 4850:10.26686/pq.v15i2.5365 4831:Cookson, John (2019). 4648:The New Zealand Herald 4480:New Zealand Geographer 4261:New Zealand Government 3390:New Zealand Government 3379:New Zealand Government 3282:The New Zealand Herald 3218:"The tribes of Tāmaki" 2911:The Auckland Plan 2050 2711:Gardner, Rhys (2009). 2668:New Zealand Geographic 2348:10.1002/jqs.3390060302 2299:New Zealand Geographic 1924: 1892:University of Auckland 1888:international students 1837:, was opened in 2017. 1823:Southwestern Motorways 1807:Mayor of Auckland City 1758: 1499: 1487: 1482:being manufactured at 1164: 1152: 1018: 941:at Mokoia (modern day 791: 738:Māori migration canoes 733: 714: 404: 386: 241:Māori migration canoes 180:of New Zealand in the 162:Portage Road, New Lynn 107:36.89722°S 174.78056°E 5418:Geography of Auckland 5212:Aotea / Great Barrier 4255:(19 September 2016). 4125:Auckland City Council 3573:"The Tawhiao Cottage" 3490:ngatiwhatuaorakei.com 3054:New Zealand Gazetteer 2446:. Wetlands facts 01. 2243:; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). 2012:boroughs. During the 1977:in 1915, followed by 1934:Auckland City Council 1918: 1877:Auckland Unitary Plan 1746: 1512:Northwestern Motorway 1506:became a new type of 1493: 1478: 1158: 1143: 1016: 1009:Early colonial period 809:Portage Road, Ōtāhuhu 722:Kūmara (sweet potato) 720: 704: 690:Further information: 505:Beilschmiedia tarairi 473:Prumnopitys taxifolia 407:Further information: 392: 377: 158:Portage Road, Ōtāhuhu 5423:Isthmuses of Oceania 3828:. pp. 328–378. 3796:. pp. 212–327. 3630:The New Zealand Wars 2167:"The Tamaki Isthmus" 1884:Immigration Act 1987 1815:Waterview Connection 1679:Realm of New Zealand 1575:, and ultimately by 1085:as outposts for the 978:Te Tai Tokerau Māori 856:shifting cultivation 633:Pseudopanax lessonii 621:Melicytus ramiflorus 445:Last Glacial Maximum 172:, also known as the 112:-36.89722; 174.78056 5257:Maungakiekie-Tāmaki 3761:. pp. 92–112. 3157:2013ECSS..131..162A 2628:"Wetlands facts 01" 2564:Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei 2484:hazard: a review". 2340:1991JQS.....6..177N 2210:2003QuInt.103....3E 2165:Brown, HJR (1960). 1805:was elected as the 1540:RNZAF Base Auckland 1334:North Auckland Line 1332:, a section of the 1251:Albert Park Volcano 1128:was moved south to 935:Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei 899:Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta 692:History of Auckland 588:Cordyline australis 543:Albert Park Volcano 438:Northland Peninsula 396:Cordyline australis 379:Almorah Rock Forest 344:Auckland waterfront 281:Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei 222:Northland Peninsula 103: / 5217:Devonport-Takapuna 4675:Auckland Transport 4363:on 16 January 2016 4209:Watercare Services 3856:on 18 October 2006 3737:The Canal Promoter 2993:"Canoe traditions" 2932:Davidson, Janet M. 2664:"Eden in Auckland" 2596:Ōrākei Local Board 1925: 1775:2003 America's Cup 1759: 1755:Auckland Town Hall 1597:Te Atatū Peninsula 1585:Dove-Myer Robinson 1569:red-light district 1516:Te Atatū Peninsula 1502:By the mid-1950s, 1500: 1488: 1347:In November 1902, 1165: 1153: 1025:, paramount chief 1023:Treaty of Waitangi 1019: 909:), in addition to 734: 715: 615:Alectryon excelsus 405: 387: 370:Geological history 352:Auckland Motorways 350:in the 1870s, the 5333: 5332: 5232:Hibiscus and Bays 5199:Local board areas 4783:Radio New Zealand 4568:978-0-9875542-1-5 4349:Bennett, Edward. 4288:Lancaster, Mike; 4253:Waitangi Tribunal 3969:. 1 February 1935 3835:978-0-582-71784-8 3818:Hayward, Bruce W. 3803:978-0-582-71784-8 3786:Hayward, Bruce W. 3768:978-0-582-71784-8 3751:Hayward, Bruce W. 3711:"Auckland places" 3668:"Auckland region" 2793:"Time & Tide" 2598:(December 2019). 2546:978-1-86940-479-6 2533:Hayward, Bruce W. 2457:978-0-9941351-7-9 2295:"Manukau Harbour" 2269:"Estuary origins" 2241:Macdonald, Finlay 1998:Mount Albert City 1882:The more liberal 1528:Māngere Aerodrome 1508:civil engineering 1180:Ports of Auckland 1105:block remaining. 903:Waihorotiu Valley 642:Kepa Bush Reserve 603:Meryta sinclairii 479:Alsophila smithii 460:Waitematā Harbour 434:Waitākere Volcano 255:confederation of 202:Waitematā Harbour 152: 151: 5435: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5338:Auckland isthmus 5323: 5322: 5297:Waitākere Ranges 5267:Ōtara-Papatoetoe 5227:Henderson-Massey 5169:Pōhutukawa Coast 5130:Auckland isthmus 5018: 5011: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4941:Bradley, Grant. 4938: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4906:Policy Quarterly 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4837:Policy Quarterly 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4811:Auckland Council 4803: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4756:Auckland Council 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4509: 4496: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4456: 4443: 4442: 4430: 4414: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4285: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4184:Auckland Council 4181: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4133: 4127:. Archived from 4122: 4113: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4081:Auckland Council 4078: 4069: 4058: 4057: 4045: 4008: 4007: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3942: 3936:. Archived from 3931: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3644: 3643: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3499:on 2 August 2021 3498: 3492:. Archived from 3487: 3478: 3467: 3466: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3371: 3356: 3355: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3285:. 25 August 2010 3273: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3251:Auckland Council 3248: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2907:"About Auckland" 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2816: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2635:Auckland Council 2632: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2607:Auckland Council 2604: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2575:Auckland Council 2572: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2509: 2492:(2–3): 213–234. 2480: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2448:Auckland Council 2445: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2382: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2233: 2222: 2221: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2105: 2046:Auckland Council 2006:Mount Wellington 1911:Local government 1900:Language schools 1870:Auckland Airport 1733:Mount Wellington 1650:Mount Wellington 1629:Mount Wellington 1565:Karangahape Road 1532:Auckland Airport 1445:Public Works Act 1400:Port of Tauranga 1396:Port of Auckland 1114:Great South Road 1110:Great North Road 1004:European history 959:John Gare Butler 931:Waitākere Ranges 845:Waitākere Ranges 843:in the southern 837:Karangahape Road 794: 740:, including the 666:as far north as 609:Litsea calicaris 514:(pūriri) trees. 452:marine sediments 430:Australian Plate 340:land reclamation 325:Auckland Council 305:Port of Auckland 188:, including the 170:Auckland isthmus 118: 117: 115: 114: 113: 108: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 76:Location in the 71: 70: 64: 44: 25:Auckland isthmus 21: 20: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5380:from Wikivoyage 5374: 5369: 5367: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5343:sister projects 5340:at Knowledge's 5334: 5329: 5311: 5247:Māngere-Ōtāhuhu 5193: 5162:East Coast Bays 5118: 5070:Historic places 5027: 5022: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4939: 4935: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4728:. 26 April 2018 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4614: 4610: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4514:Housing Studies 4510: 4499: 4476: 4472: 4457: 4446: 4439: 4428:10.1.1.319.8942 4415: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4286: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4134:on 28 July 2004 4131: 4120: 4114: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4061: 4046: 4011: 4004: 3992: 3991: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3943:on 24 July 2020 3940: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3748: 3744: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3707: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3647: 3640: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3414:Ballara, Angela 3411: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3385: 3372: 3359: 3352: 3338:Stone, R. C. J. 3335: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3214: 3210: 3195: 3191: 3176: 3172: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3030:. November 2017 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2989: 2985: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2876:"Tāmaki tribes" 2872: 2865: 2817: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2570: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2530: 2523: 2481: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2359: 2355: 2324: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2234: 2225: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2163: 2154: 2106: 2099: 2094: 1983:Point Chevalier 1913: 1842:Northern Busway 1783:Wynyard Quarter 1779:Rugby World Cup 1741: 1473: 1369:Point Chevalier 1298:Point Britomart 1294:Onehunga Branch 1255:Point Britomart 1218:portage or the 1138: 1027:Apihai Te Kawau 1011: 1006: 947:Apihai Te Kawau 792:Tāmaki Makaurau 779:Te Wakatūwhenua 699: 694: 688: 668:East Coast Bays 630:(kawakawa) and 571:Western Springs 495:Ascarina lucida 464:Manukau Harbour 418:Waitemata Group 411: 372: 321:Auckland Region 309:local authority 214:Manukau Harbour 182:Auckland Region 166: 165: 164: 127:Auckland Region 111: 109: 105: 102: 97: 94: 92: 90: 89: 83: 82: 81: 80: 78:Auckland Region 74: 73: 72: 51: 35: 33:Waitemata Group 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5400: 5399: 5382: 5365: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5184:Waiheke Island 5181: 5179:South Auckland 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5152:Hibiscus Coast 5149: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5063:Volcanic field 5055: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5021: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4978:. 26 June 2020 4961: 4933: 4892: 4864: 4823: 4795: 4769: 4739: 4713: 4687: 4662: 4651:. 11 June 2017 4634: 4608: 4597:(3): 199–214. 4581: 4567: 4547: 4520:(3): 353–367. 4497: 4470: 4444: 4437: 4400: 4374: 4338: 4331: 4319:La Roche, John 4309: 4302: 4290:La Roche, John 4273: 4244: 4221: 4196: 4167: 4145: 4093: 4059: 4009: 4003:978-0900609923 4002: 3980: 3954: 3914: 3892: 3885: 3867: 3841: 3834: 3809: 3802: 3774: 3767: 3742: 3727: 3684: 3645: 3638: 3617: 3589: 3578:. CFG Heritage 3563: 3557: 3539: 3532: 3520:La Roche, John 3510: 3468: 3449:(2): 177–196. 3433: 3426: 3402: 3381:(March 2021). 3357: 3350: 3322: 3296: 3263: 3234: 3208: 3189: 3170: 3135: 3099: 3067: 3041: 3015: 2983: 2923: 2898: 2863: 2806: 2784: 2751: 2729: 2703: 2680: 2647: 2619: 2587: 2552: 2545: 2521: 2470: 2456: 2426: 2394: 2373:(2): 337–353. 2353: 2334:(3): 177–193. 2311: 2285: 2260: 2253: 2237:Hayward, Bruce 2223: 2188: 2152: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2086:Vector Limited 2074:Waitakere City 1912: 1909: 1854:City Rail Link 1850:Eastern Busway 1740: 1737: 1718:South Auckland 1701:Gentrification 1609:South Auckland 1534:was opened at 1472: 1469: 1278:Grafton Bridge 1274:Māngere Bridge 1266:Panmure Bridge 1208:Mount Victoria 1184:military forts 1171:gold rush and 1137: 1134: 1043:Commercial Bay 1039:William Hobson 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 986:Māngere Bridge 982:Waiheke Island 955:Samuel Marsden 825:Te Tōanga Waka 698: 695: 687: 684: 627:Piper excelsum 594:Phormium tenax 508:(taraire) and 500:broadleaf tree 371: 368: 323:to create the 174:Tāmaki isthmus 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 140: 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 85: 84: 75: 66: 65: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 31: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5440: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5397:from Wikidata 5396: 5395: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5377:Travel guides 5366: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287:Upper Harbour 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5189:West Auckland 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:East Auckland 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5080:Endemic biota 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4758:. 2 July 2021 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4467:(3): 303–307. 4466: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4438:1-920952-63-2 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4332:9781927167038 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4303:9781927167038 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 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3415: 3409: 3407: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2820:Furey, Louise 2815: 2813: 2811: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2739: 2733: 2726:(2): 141–142. 2725: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2691: 2684: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2576: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2459: 2453: 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Retrieved 2174: 2170: 2122: 2116: 2078: 1995: 1975:Eden Terrace 1955:Christchurch 1926: 1881: 1874: 1839: 1835:Mount Albert 1819:Northwestern 1795: 1787:Queens Wharf 1768: 1760: 1748:Aotea Square 1726: 1699: 1695:Freemans Bay 1687:Cook Islands 1666:World War II 1662: 1593: 1573:trolleybuses 1501: 1465:Elizabeth II 1447:, including 1425: 1421:Ōrākei Basin 1413:Tāmaki Drive 1409:Eastern Line 1393: 1385:Freemans Bay 1346: 1330:Western Line 1263: 1247:Hunua Ranges 1228: 1166: 1107: 1098: 1091:Tāmaki Māori 1068: 1030: 1020: 963: 919:Ngāti Whātua 907:Auckland CBD 864: 859: 849: 802: 798:Tāmaki Māori 789: 783: 777: 771: 765: 759: 753: 747: 741: 735: 725: 680: 654: 631: 625: 619: 613: 607: 601: 599: 592: 586: 563:Tāmaki Māori 559: 516: 511:Vitex lucens 509: 503: 493: 483: 477: 471: 442: 412: 394: 364:urban sprawl 348:rail network 329: 250: 245:Tāmaki Māori 229:Tāmaki River 226: 178:North Island 173: 169: 167: 18: 5207:Albert-Eden 5157:North Shore 5135:City Centre 5123:Major areas 4788:24 February 4762:24 February 4752:OurAuckland 4706:24 February 4680:24 February 4655:24 February 4627:24 February 4574:24 February 4393:17 February 4367:24 February 4266:26 November 4237:26 November 4189:26 November 4160:26 November 4086:26 November 3947:11 November 3907:10 November 3395:10 November 3315:27 February 3289:10 November 3151:: 162–170. 3060:7 September 2640:12 November 2612:1 September 2580:1 September 2463:12 November 2419:12 November 2204:(1): 3–21. 2109:Fox, Aileen 2062:Ōrākei ward 2002:Tamaki City 1942:Karangahape 1930:Eden County 1921:Eden County 1827:twin tunnel 1670:Urban Māori 1617:New Windsor 1461:royal visit 1373:Three Kings 1342:Helensville 1284:across the 1212:North Shore 1083:George Grey 1056:Mission Bay 966:Musket Wars 923:Kiwi Tāmaki 867:Hua Kaiwaka 676:land snails 664:North Shore 646:Mission Bay 612:(mangeao), 567:Sandringham 547:Glover Park 401:Sandringham 360:North Shore 315:during the 273:Kiwi Tāmaki 231:and by the 131:New Zealand 110: / 98:174°46′50″E 5407:Categories 5277:Puketāpapa 4982:5 December 4954:5 December 4885:18 October 4816:4 November 4732:27 October 4214:27 October 4138:9 November 3860:9 November 3720:8 November 3677:4 November 3582:21 October 3558:0473047160 3503:3 November 3375:Ngāti Pāoa 3351:1869402596 3128:21 October 3092:3 November 3034:3 November 3008:3 November 2799:8 November 2771:: 53–102. 2696:3 November 2673:3 November 2507:2292/51323 2412:(Report). 2304:3 November 2278:3 November 2181:8 November 2177:(2): 21–22 2092:References 2026:Mount Eden 1951:Wellington 1858:light rail 1803:John Banks 1674:Polynesian 1613:Glen Innes 1417:Hobson Bay 1365:Meadowbank 1349:tram lines 1322:Te Awamutu 1220:Whau River 1204:North Head 1161:Whau River 1130:Wellington 1035:Waihorotiu 998:pōhutukawa 970:Hongi Hika 939:Ngāti Pāoa 891:Kohimarama 860:rua kūmara 829:Whau River 805:Te Tō Waka 743:Matahourua 726:rua kūmara 618:(tītoki), 583:Meadowbank 555:Meola Reef 490:pōhutukawa 422:Quaternary 233:Whau River 218:Tasman Sea 212:, and the 147:Quaternary 95:36°53′50″S 5302:Waitematā 5242:Kaipātiki 5087:Transport 4928:2324-1101 4859:181632699 4542:153907488 4534:0267-3037 4461:Geography 4423:CiteSeerX 3463:0028-825X 3077:"Gardens" 2978:Q58677062 2970:270925589 2954:0067-0464 2916:3 January 2858:Q58677261 2842:0067-0464 2744:20 August 2740:. Resolve 2516:216443777 2389:128500202 2147:Q58677038 2131:0067-0464 2066:Whau ward 2034:Newmarket 2022:Ellerslie 1963:Grey Lynn 1959:Arch Hill 1831:Waterview 1791:Eden Park 1752:Edwardian 1722:Grey Lynn 1524:Whenuapai 1504:motorways 1480:Fiat 500s 1463:of Queen 1436:Waterview 1389:Grey Lynn 1353:Herne Bay 1338:Glen Eden 1245:from the 1243:greywacke 1226:railway. 921:defeated 833:Green Bay 811:south of 785:Moekākara 670:form the 660:ecoregion 624:(māhoe), 575:Waiatarua 485:Myrtaceae 468:kahikatea 383:Newmarket 291:towns of 239:by early 5413:Auckland 5325:Category 5272:Papakura 5252:Manurewa 5222:Franklin 5147:Franklin 5041:Timeline 5025:Auckland 4056:: 55–74. 3628:(1986). 3610:3 August 3340:(2001). 3227:17 March 2974:Wikidata 2962:42906259 2948:: 1–14. 2934:(1978). 2854:Wikidata 2850:42906356 2836:: 1–24. 2822:(1986). 2143:Wikidata 2139:42906245 2125:: 1–24. 2111:(1977). 2038:Onehunga 1987:Avondale 1985:(1921), 1981:(1917), 1965:(1914), 1961:(1913), 1938:Ponsonby 1868:and the 1844:(2008), 1729:Lynfield 1706:Avondale 1646:New Lynn 1642:Rosebank 1638:Avondale 1498:in 1975. 1419:and the 1381:Ponsonby 1377:Avondale 1314:Pukekohe 1302:Onehunga 1296:between 1150:Onehunga 1071:Onehunga 990:Onehunga 917:hapū of 905:(modern 773:Tokomaru 767:Tākitimu 755:Mātaatua 730:Ōhinerau 650:kohekohe 648:, where 606:(puka), 488:such as 293:Onehunga 289:fencible 285:Auckland 237:portages 186:Auckland 123:Location 5292:Waiheke 5102:Suburbs 5092:Schools 5058:Geology 5048:Culture 5036:History 4321:(ed.). 4233:. 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