Aztec sun stone - Knowledge

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and discusses cultural objects within the Western understanding of art. Claiming something as art often elevates the object in the viewer's mind, but then the object is only valued for its aesthetic purposes, and its historical and cultural importance is depleted. The Sun Stone was not made as an art object; it was a tool of the Aztec Empire used in ritual practices and as a political tool. By referring to it as a "sculpture" and by displaying it vertically on the wall instead of placed horizontally how it was originally used, the monument is defined within the Western perspective and therefore loses its cultural significance. The current display and discussion surrounding the Sun Stone is part of a greater debate on how to

419: 1696: 1772:. It bears similar hieroglyphic inscriptions to the Aztec Sun Stone, with 4-Movement at the center surrounded by 4-Jaguar, 4-Wind, 4-Rain, and 4-Water, all of which represent one of the five suns, or "cosmic eras". The year sign 11-Reed in the lower middle places the creation of this sculpture in 1503, the year of Motecuhzoma II's coronation, while 1-Crocodile, the day in the upper middle, may indicate the day of the ceremony. The date glyph 1-Rabbit on the back of the sculpture (not visible in the image to the right) orients Motecuhzoma II in the cosmic cycle because that date represents "the beginning of things in the distant mythological past." 1241: 489: 508: 1388:, take up almost this entire zone. They are characterized by the flames emerging from their bodies, the square shaped segments that make up their bodies, the points that form their tails, and their unusual heads and mouths. At the very bottom of the surface of the stone, are human heads emerging from the mouths of these serpents. Scholars have tried to identify these profiles of human heads as deities, but have not come to a consensus. One possible interpretation of the two serpents is that they represent two rival deities who were involved in the creation story of the fifth and current "sun", 474: 1925: 1441: 347: 554:, or of a hybrid deity known as "Yohualtecuhtli" who is referred to as the "Lord of the Night". This debate on the identity of the central figure is based on representations of the deities in other works as well as the role of the sun stone in sacrificial context, which involved the actions of deities and humans to preserve the cycles of time. The central figure is shown holding a human heart in each of his clawed hands, and his tongue is represented by a stone sacrificial knife ( 1450: 1608: 1400: 1861: 526: 450: 83: 1599:

Aztec enemies and remind those already under their control what might happen if they opposed the Empire. The state was then exploiting the sacredness of the practice to serve its own ideological intentions. The Sun Stone served as a visual reminder of the Empire's strength as a monumental object in the heart of the city and as a ritualistic object used in relation to the cosmic cycles and terrestrial power struggles.

461: 1212: 522:. The state-sponsored monument linked aspects of Aztec ideology such as the importance of violence and warfare, the cosmic cycles, and the nature of the relationship between gods and man. The Aztec elite used this relationship with the cosmos and the bloodshed often associated with it to maintain control over the population, and the sun stone was a tool in which the ideology was visually manifested. 1661:

and militant purposes, but the Spanish were horrified by what they saw, and the published accounts twisted the perception of the Aztecs into bloodthirsty, barbaric, and inferior people. The words and actions of the Spanish, such as the destruction, removal, or burial of Aztec objects like the Sun Stone supported this message of inferiority, which still has an impact today. The Aztec capital of

1006: 828: 1914: 888: 1307: 1092: 1183: 1063: 768: 729: 1150: 948: 1336: 1276: 917: 857: 799: 1121: 977: 675:). The monument is not a functioning calendar, but instead uses the calendrical glyphs to reference the cyclical concepts of time and its relationship to the cosmic conflicts within the Aztec ideology. Beginning at the symbol just left of the large point in the previous zone, these symbols are read counterclockwise. The order is as follows: 1749:, bears similar hieroglyphic inscriptions around the central compass motif but is distinct in that it is a rectangular prism instead of cylindrical shape, allowing the artists to add the symbols of the four previous suns at the corners. It bears some similarities to the Coronation Stone of Moctezuma II, listed in the next section. 320:, the architect overseeing public works, who reported the finding of the sun stone on 17 December 1790. The monolith was found half a yard (about 40 centimeters) under the ground surface and 60 meters to the west of the second door of the viceregal palace, and removed from the earth with a "real rigging with double pulley". 1707:'s upward-facing side contains a calendrical depiction similar to that of the subject of this page. Many of the formal elements are the same, although the five glyphs at the corners and center are not present. The tips of the compass here extend to the edge of the sculpture. The Stone of Tizoc is currently located in the 336:... On the occasion of the new paving, the floor of the Plaza being lowered, on December 17 of the same year, 1790, it was discovered only half a yard deep, and at a distance of 80 to the West from the same second door of the Royal Palace, and 37 north of the Portal of Flowers, the second Stone, by the back surface of it. 1666:

public display of the monument next to the city's main cathedral sparked controversy. Although the object was being publicly honored, placing it in the shadow of a Catholic institution for nearly a century sent a message to some people that the Spanish would continue to dominate over the remnants of Aztec culture.

686:– wind, 3. calli – house, 4. cuetzpallin – lizard, 5. cóatl – serpent, 6. miquiztli – skull/death, 7. mázatl – deer, 8. tochtli – rabbit, 9. atl – water, 10. itzcuintli – dog, 11. ozomatli – monkey, 12. malinalli – herb, 13. ácatl – cane, 14. océlotl – jaguar, 15. cuauhtli – eagle, 16. cozcacuauhtli – vulture, 17. 1501:

also wanted to pass on his interpretation in 1803, after reading Leon y Gama's work. He disagreed about the material of the stone but generally agreed with Leon y Gama's interpretation. Both of these men incorrectly believed the stone to have been vertically positioned, but it was not until 1875 that

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After the conquest of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish in 1521 and the subsequent colonization of the territory, the prominence of the Mesoamerican empire was placed under harsh scrutiny by the Spanish. The rationale behind the bloodshed and sacrifice conducted by the Aztec was supported by religious

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there was much that was invested in rescuing and publicly showcasing monuments of the past. It is noteworthy that, for the spirit of the time, efforts were made to exhibit the monolith in a public place and also to promote its study. León y Gama defended in his writings the artistic character of the

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From the moment the Sun Stone was discovered in 1790, many scholars have worked at making sense of the stone's complexity. This provides a long history of over 200 years of archaeologists, scholars, and historians adding to the interpretation of the stone. Modern research continues to shed light or

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Another debate sparked by the influence of the Western perspective over non-Western cultures surrounds the study and presentation of cultural objects as art objects. Carolyn Dean, a scholar of pre-Hispanic and Spanish colonial culture discusses the concept of “art by appropriation,” which displays

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was covered by the construction of Mexico City, and the monument was lost for centuries until it was unearthed in 1790. The reemergence of the Sun Stone sparked a renewed interest in Aztec culture, but since the Western culture now had hundreds of years of influence over the Mexican landscape, the

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in the central disc dates the monument to his reign between 1502 and 1520. There are no clear indications about the authorship or purpose of the monolith, although there are certain references to the construction of a huge block of stone by the Mexicas in their last stage of splendor. According to

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The second concentric zone or ring contains several square sections, with each section containing five points. Directly above these square sections are small arches that are said to be feather ornaments. Directly above these are spurs or peaked arches that appear in groups of four. There are also

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ceremony, which was conducted to ensure the earth's survival for another 52-year cycle, and human heart sacrifice played an important role in preserving these cosmic cycles. Human sacrifice was not only used in religious context; additionally, sacrifice was used as a military tactic to frighten

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The state religion included a vast canon of deities that were involved in the constant cycles of death and rebirth. When the gods made the sun and the earth, they sacrificed themselves in order for the cycles of the sun to continue, and therefore for life to continue. Because the gods sacrificed

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which gave evidence that the stone was indeed pigmented with bright blue, red, green, and yellow colors, just as many other Aztec sculptures have been found to have been as well. This work was later to be expanded by Felipe Solís and other scholars who would re-examine the idea of coloring and

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The duration of the ages is expressed in years, although they must be observed through the prism of Aztec time. In fact the common thread of figures 676, 364 and 312 is that they are multiples of 52, and 52 years is the duration of one Aztec "century", and that is how they can express a certain

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In August 1885, the stone was transferred to the Monolith Gallery of the Archaeological Museum on Moneda Street, on the initiative of Jesús Sánchez, director of the same. Through documents from the time, it is known that popular animosity resulted from the "confinement" of a public city icon.

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had a jumpsuit made with the Aztec Sun Stone which he used in the last years of his concerts and used it in his Elvis in Concert TV performance in June 19-21, 1977 and in his last live performance on stage on June 26, 1977. The suit is commonly referred to as the Mexican Sundial suit.

213:. Following its rediscovery, the sun stone was mounted on an exterior wall of the cathedral, where it remained until 1885. Early scholars initially thought that the stone was carved in the 1470s, though modern research suggests that it was carved some time between 1502 and 1521. 433: 1511:

create updated digitized images for a better understanding of what the stone might have looked like. It was generally established that the four symbols included in the Ollin glyph represent the four past suns that the Mexica believed the earth had passed through.

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has another. This one is much smaller, but still bears the calendar iconography and is listed in their catalog as "Calendar Stone". The side surface is split into two bands, the lower of which represents Venus with knives for eyes; the upper band has two rows of

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Impr. de F. de Zúñiga y Ontiveros, 1792. An expanded edition, with descriptions of additional sculptures (like the Stone of Tizoc), edited by Carlos Maria Bustamante, published in 1832. There have been a couple of facsimile editions, published in the 1980s and

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Currently, the image is present in the 10 Peso coin as part of the New Peso coin family started in 1992 having .925 silver centers and aluminum bronze rings changing in 1996 where new coins were introduced with base metal replacing the silver center.

582:). The Aztecs changed the order of the suns and introduced a fifth sun named "Four Movement" after they seized power over the central highlands. Each era ended with the destruction of the world and humanity, which were then recreated in the next era. 1565:)—represent matters of historical importance to the Mexica state. He posits, for example, that 7 Monkey represents the significant day for the cult of a community within Tenochtitlan. His claim is further supported by the presence of Mexica ruler 1623:) and was minted from 1917 to 1921 and restruck with the date 1959 from the mid-1940s to the late 1970s. Different parts of the sun stone are represented on the current Mexican coins, with each denomination having a different section. 1581:

ancestry, who were migrants to the Mexican territory. The lived history was marked by violence and the conquering of native groups, and their mythic history was used to legitimize their conquests and the establishment of the capital

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which may depict the tension between two opposites, the power of the sun (represented by the solar face) and the power of the moon (represented with lunar iconography on the rear of the object). This would be a parallel to the

1411:("13-reed"). This is said to correspond to 1479, the year in which the Fifth Sun emerged in Teotihuacan during the reign of Axayácatl, and at the same time, indicating the year in which this monolithic sun stone was carved. 1682:

There are several other known monuments and sculptures that bear similar inscriptions. Most of them were found underneath the center of Mexico City, while others are of unknown origin. Many fall under a category known as

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The edge of the stone measures approximately 20 cm (8 inches) and contains a band of a series of dots as well as what have been said to be flint knives. This area has been interpreted as representing a starry night sky.

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Yet another characteristic of the stone is its possible geographic significance. The four points may relate to the four corners of the earth or the cardinal points. The inner circles may express space as well as time.

1518:, the Aztec deity of the sun. It is for this reason that the stone became known as the "Sun Stone." Richard Townsend proposed a different theory, claiming that the figure at the center of the stone represents 1488:

The earliest interpretations of the stone relate to what early scholars believed was its use for astrology, chronology, or as a sundial. In 1792, two years after the stone's unearthing, Mexican scholar

651:, or ruler's turquoise diadem, glyph. It has been suggested that these dates may have had both historical and cosmic significance, and that the diadem may form part of the name of the Mexica ruler, 3083:. Getty Publications, Los Angeles. 2010. (This is an anthology of significant sources about the Sun Stone, from its discovery to the present day, many presented in English for the first time.) 1475:

In addition to its tremendous aesthetic value, the Sun Stone abounds in symbolism and elements that continue to inspire researchers to search deeper for the meaning of this singular monument.

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as the center of the world and therefore, as the center of authority. Townsend argues for this idea, claiming that the small glyphs of additional dates amongst the four previous suns—

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by Pedro Guridi (c. 1850) shows the sun disk attached to the side of the cathedral tower, it was placed there in 1790 when it was discovered and remained on the tower until 1885

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Descripción histórica y cronológica de las dos piedras: que con ocasión del empedrado que se está formando en la plaza Principal de México, se hallaron en ella el año de 1790.

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and is approximately 1 meter square at the base and 1.23 meters tall. It is carved in a temple shape, and the year at the top, 2-House, refers to the traditional founding of

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The sun stone image also has been adopted by modern Mexican and Mexican American/Chicano culture figures, and is used in folk art and as a symbol of cultural identity.

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found would not be buried again due to its perceived pagan origin (for which it had been buried almost two centuries before). León y Gama argued that in countries like

473: 309: 43: 3113: 201:. It measures 3.6 metres (12 ft) in diameter and 98 centimetres (39 in) thick, and weighs 24,590 kg (54,210 lb). Shortly after the 1471:

cast doubt on existing interpretations as discoveries such as further evidence of the stone's pigmentation. As Eduardo Matos Moctezuma stated in 2004:

2183: 412:, deity of the earth, with measurements being 4 by 3.57 meters high, it was thought that the sun stone was the largest Mexica monolith in dimensions. 1590:

themselves for humanity, humans had an understanding that they should sacrifice themselves to the gods in return. The Sun Stone's discovery near the

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También estaba ocupado en labrar la piedra famosa y grande, muy labrada donde estaban esculpidas las figuras de los meses y años, días y semanas

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is a massive object approximately 12 feet in diameter and 3 feet high with the 8 pointed compass iconography. The center depicts the sun deity

1967: 1569:'s name on the work. These elements ground the Stone's iconography in history rather than myth and the legitimacy of the state in the cosmos. 242:"was also busy in carving the famous and large stone, very carved where the figures of the months and years, days and weeks were sculpted". 1506:

correctly wrote that the proper position for the stone was horizontal. Roberto Sieck Flandes in 1939 published a monumental study entitled

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Brumfiel, Elizabeth M.; Millhauser, John K. (2014). "Representing Tenochtitlan: Understanding Urban Life by Collecting Material Culture".

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eight angles that divide the ring into eight parts, which likely represent the sun's rays placed in the direction of the cardinal points.

1687:, large stones built for ritual combat and sacrifice. Matos Moctezuma has proposed that the Aztec Sun Stone might also be one of these. 594:), the day on which the first era ended, after having lasted 676 years, due to the appearance of monsters that devoured all of humanity. 302:

from 1551 to 1572, ordered the burial of the Sun Stone so that "the memory of the ancient sacrifice that was made there would be lost".

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Ordóñez, Esequiel (1893). La roca del Calendario Azteca (Primera Edición edición). México: Imprenta del Gobierno Federal. pp. 326–331.

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wrote one of the first treatises on Mexican archaeology on the Aztec calendar and Coatlicue. He correctly identified that some of the

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Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and John K. Millhauser. "Representing Tenochtitlan: Understanding Urban Life by Collecting Material Culture."

2411:. Solís Olguín, Felipe R. México, D.F.: Conaculta-Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. pp. 13, 48–59, 68, 70, 72, 74. 3108: 390:

who occupied the plaza used it for target shooting, though there is no evidence of such damage to the sculpture. Victorious General

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Stuart, David. King and Cosmos: an interpretation of the Aztec calendar stone. San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, 2021.

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López Luján, Leonardo. ""El adiós y triste queja del Gran Calendario Azteca": el incesante peregrinar de la Piedra del Sol."

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The sun stone image is displayed on the obverse the Mexican 20 Peso gold coin, which has a gold content of 15 grams (0.4823

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Another aspect of the stone is its religious significance. One theory is that the face at the center of the stone represents

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amount of Aztec centuries. Thus, 676 years are 13 Aztec centuries; 364 years are 7, and 312 years are 6 Aztec centuries.

550:), the name of the current era. Some scholars have argued that the identity of the central face is of the earth monster, 2697: 2633: 2608: 2454: 2090: 375: 210: 155: 2791: 2660: 2572: 2018: 1742: 2107: 1523: 449: 226: 190: 3159: 1527: 317: 1782: 1526:

in Mexico City, believe it is more likely to have been used primarily as a ceremonial basin or ritual altar for

616:). This era lasted 312 years, before being destroyed by a rain of fire, which transformed humanity into turkeys. 605:), the date on which, after 364 years, hurricane winds destroyed the earth, and humans were turned into monkeys. 2416: 324:

came to the discovery site to observe and determine the origin and meaning of the monument found. According to

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and the Acequia Real, where it remained uncovered, with the relief upwards for many years. According to Durán,

627:), an era that lasted 676 years and ended when the world was flooded and all the humans were turned into fish. 3118: 2510: 1634: 2783: 1522:, the Mexica earth deity who features in Mexica creation myths. Modern archaeologists, such as those at the 663:

The first concentric zone or ring contains the signs corresponding to the 20 days of the 18 months and five

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alongside the Aztec Sun Stone and the Stone of Tizoc. The monument was discovered in 1831 underneath the

1768:) is a sculpture measuring 55.9 x 66 x 22.9 cm (22 x 26 x 9 in), currently in the possession of the 1738: 405:, where the stone presides over the Mexica Hall of the museum and is inscribed in various Mexican coins. 1809: 1218: 126: 2924: 2264:

Brumfiel, Elizabeth (1998). "Huitzilopochtli's Conquest: Aztec Ideology in the Archaeological Record".

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uses the same cardinal point iconography as part of a larger whole. The monument is on display at the

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In the upper part of this zone, a square carved between the tails of the serpents represents the date

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contemplated taking it back to Washington D.C. as a war trophy, if the Mexicans did not make peace.

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Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. "Huitzilopotchli's Conquest: Aztec Ideology in the Archaeological Record."

2082: 1313: 1012: 834: 277:. It was probably dragged by thousands of people from a maximum of 22 kilometers to the center of 1480: 243: 2919: 1098: 1069: 894: 209:, the main square of Mexico City. It was rediscovered on 17 December 1790 during repairs on the 3149: 1715: 1498: 379: 2903:

https://www.artic.edu/artworks/75644/coronation-stone-of-motecuhzoma-ii-stone-of-the-five-suns

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Umberger, Emily (1996). "Art and Imperial Strategy in Tenochtitlan". In Hodge, Mary G. (ed.).

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The public description by the National Anthropology Museum assigns the face to the fire god,

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Kelin, Cecelia F. (March 1972). "The Identity of the central Deity on the Aztec Calendar".

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Klein, Cecelia F. (March 1972). "The Identity of the Central Deity on the Aztec Calendar".

2212: 1745:. The sculpture, officially known as Aztec Calendar Stone in the museum catalog but called 515:

The sculpted motifs that cover the surface of the stone refer to central components of the

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Fauvet-Berthelot, Marie-France and Leonardo López Luján. "La Piedra del Sol ¿en París?".

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The Stone of the Sun as it was exhibited in the National Museum, photograph taken in 1915

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in 1851, the sun stone is distinguishable below and to the right of the ash tree foliage

229:. Although the exact date of its creation is unknown, the name glyph of the Aztec ruler 2760: 2281: 387: 382:, who made several studies of its iconography. Mexican sources alleged that during the 368: 332:, believing it to be an object of public consultation. León y Gama said the following: 3024:, edited by Elizabeth M Brumfiel and Gary M. Feinman, 137–152. New York: Abrams, 2008. 1537:

Lastly, there is the political aspect of the stone. It may have been intended to show

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Library of Congress digital edition of Leon y Gama's 1792 work on the Calendar Stone

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Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (2012). "La Piedra de Tízoc y la del Antiguo Arzobispado".

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In the center of the monolith is often believed to be the face of the solar deity,

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León y Gama himself interceded before the canon of the cathedral in order that the

273:. The geologist Ezequiel Ordóñez in 1893 determined such an origin and ruled it as 178: 3098: 3093: 2155: 2005:. Nancy T. Hancock (trans.), Raul Velasquez (illus.) (English-language edition of 480: 3169: 2678: 1837: 1503: 325: 671: 1892: 1884: 1824: 1704: 1638: 665: 391: 329: 274: 2277: 1453: 235: 3128: 3005:

Klein, Cecelia F. "The Identity of the Central Deity on the Aztec Calendar."

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López Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo López Luján. "Aztec Human Sacrifice." In

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Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War

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Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (2012). "La Piedra del Sol o Calendario Azteca".

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Placed among these four squares are three additional dates, "One Flint" (

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in which the Mexican side impressed the world with satisfying results.

1620: 1464:, on YouTube. Narrated by Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank. 525: 270: 2756: 1384: 569: 519: 313: 239: 3076:, edited by Mary G. Hodge, 85–106. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1996. 2339:

Villela, Khristaan; Michel Graulich (2010). "The Stone of the Sun".

1840:(as one of the two deities of the temple) and the large monument to 206: 1808:. Another object, the Ceremonial Seat of Fire which belongs to the 1719: 1633:

In 1996, sportswear manufacturer ABA Sport in partnership with the

1515: 1048: 736: 679: 539: 355: 262:, but on the way it fell on the bridge of the Xoloco neighborhood. 31: 3072:

Umberger, Emily. "Art and Imperial Strategy in Tenochtitlan." In

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Photograph from 1917 of the Piedra del Sol with (then president)

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http://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-ANT-019231

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Dean, Carolyn (Summer 2006). "The Trouble with (The Term) Art".

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The methods of Aztec rule were influenced by the story of their

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Walls of Empowerment: Chicana/O Indigenist Murals of California

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The four squares that surround the central deity represent the

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After the conquest, it was transferred to the exterior of the

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The monolith was placed on one side of the west tower of the

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Photograph from 1910 of the sun stone with (then president)

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A diagram of the sun stone with the major symbolism labeled

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The parent rock from which it was extracted comes from the

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Collection of the National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)

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Hassig, Ross (2001). "Reinterpreting Aztec Perspectives".

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or eras, which preceded the present era, "Four Movement" (

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in the capital connects it to sacred rituals such as the

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The Swiss artist Johann Salomon Hegi painted the famous

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on 2 July 1791. There it was observed by, among others,

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volcano, and could have been obtained from San Ángel or

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on the stone are the glyphs for the days of the month.

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Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico

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Hassig, Ross. "Reinterpreting Aztec Perspectives." In

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Descripción histórica y cronológica de las dos piedras

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Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico

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How Was the Stone Known as the Aztec Calendar Painted?

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initiated a series of urban reforms in the capital of

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Villela, Khristaan D., and Mary Ellen Miller (eds.).

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Austin, Alfredo Lopéz; Luján, Leonardo López (2008).

2449:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 181–182. 2343:. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. p. 258. 1530:, than as an astrological or astronomical reference. 1403:

Some of the edge region is visible in this photograph

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stone, in competition with arguments of authors like

2145:"El adiós y triste queja del gran Calendario Azteca" 694:– flint, 19. quiahuitl – rain, 20. xóchitl – flower 254:

ordered to bring a large rock from Tenanitla, today

3065:Umberger, Emily. "The Structure of Aztec History." 3041:Mills, K., W. B. Taylor & S. L. Graham (eds.), 2567:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. 2353:Umberger, Emily. "The Structure of Aztec History". 2105: 2000: 511:

Detail of the two innermost circles of the monolith

2984:Dean, Carolyn. "The Trouble with (The Term) Art." 2981:. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 2712: 2677: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 1810:Eusebio Davalos Hurtado Museum of Mexica Sculpture 30:"Sun stone" redirects here. For the gemstone, see 2549:K. Mills, W. B. Taylor & S. L. Graham (eds), 2536:K. Mills, W. B. Taylor & S. L. Graham (eds), 2474:K. Mills, W. B. Taylor & S. L. Graham (eds), 1655: 619:The bottom right square represents "Four Water" ( 542:, which appears inside the glyph for "movement" ( 3126: 2540:, 'The Aztec Stone of the Five Eras', pp. 23, 25 2178: 2176: 1572: 455:Image of the stone in the Metropolitan Cathedral 2777: 2628:. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 85–106. 2553:, 'The Aztec Stone of the Five Eras', pp. 25–26 2235: 2222: 2007:Historia de las historias de la nación mexicana 586:The top right square represents "Four Jaguar" ( 3094:Mysteries of the Fifth Sun: The Aztec Calendar 2444: 2081:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 1483:, The Aztec Calendar and Other Solar Monuments 3043:Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History 2551:Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History 2538:Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History 2476:Colonial Latin America: A Documentary History 2173: 1641:respectively. The kit was featured until the 1426: 563: 367:, who gave lesser value to those born in the 205:, the monolithic sculpture was buried in the 3036:The Aztec Calendar and other Solar Monuments 3034:Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, and Felipe Solís. 2914: 2912: 2910: 2821:The Aztec Calendar and other Solar Monuments 2409:The Aztec calendar and other solar monuments 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 1812:, is visually similar but omits the central 1711:in the same gallery as the Aztec Sun Stone. 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2675: 2565:State and cosmos in the art of Tenochtitlan 2524:State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan 2488:Solís, Felipe (2000). "La Piedra del Sol". 2478:, 'The Aztec Stone of the Five Eras', p. 23 2213:"Calendario Azteca: un ensayo arqueológico" 2142: 2040: 2038: 1804:can be found in stone altars built for the 1377: 3002:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. 2771: 2603:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. 2206: 2204: 2063:, MexicoLore. Retrieved December 17, 2015. 1912: 1859: 1846: 1699:Sacrificial stone or Cuauhxicalli of Tizoc 608:The bottom left square shows "Four Rain" ( 81: 3052:. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. 2907: 2117: 1865:This ritual object bears Sun Stone motifs 401:In 1964 the stone was transferred to the 328:, it was Antonio who gave it the name of 305:Towards the end of the 18th century, the 197:, and is perhaps the most famous work of 2960:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 2800: 2623: 2562: 2521: 2406: 2263: 2035: 1923: 1694: 1606: 1398: 524: 506: 408:Before the discovery of the monolith of 345: 2648: 2210: 2201: 2061:"The Aztec Calendar Stone or Sun Stone" 1948: 597:The top left square shows "Four Wind" ( 14: 3127: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2870:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2072: 1737:A similar object is on display at the 1348: 1319: 1288: 1255: 1224: 1195: 1162: 1133: 1104: 1075: 1018: 989: 960: 929: 900: 869: 840: 811: 782: 743: 669:of the Aztec solar calendar (Nahuatl: 365:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 2979:The Aztecs: A Very Short Introduction 2738: 2736: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2487: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2366: 2311: 2106:Moreno de los Arcos, Roberto (1967). 1753:Calendar iconography in other objects 3058:Solis, Felipe. "La Piedra del Sol." 3045:, 'The Aztec Stone of the Five Eras' 2958:Handbook To: Life in the Aztec World 2742: 2447:Handbook to: Life in the Aztec World 2045:Getty Museum, "Aztec Calendar Stone" 503:Physical description and iconography 350:Reproduction of the Aztec Sun Stone. 2890: 1677: 371:, including their artistic talent. 24: 3099:Introduction to the Aztec Calendar 3062:7(41):32–39. Enero – Febrero 2000. 2733: 2649:Latorre, Guisela (December 2008). 2589: 2433: 2407:Eduardo., Matos Moctezuma (2004). 2387: 1928:Coronation stone of Motecuhzoma II 1454:The Sun Stone (The Calendar Stone) 25: 3186: 3087: 2563:Townsend, Richard Fraser (1997). 2526:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. 1747:Altar of the Five Cosmogonic Eras 1743:Peabody Museum of Natural History 3069:IV, no. 4 (Oct–Dec 1981): 10–18. 2965:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2357:IV, no. 4 (Oct–Dec 1981): 10–18. 2266:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1448: 1439: 1414: 1334: 1305: 1274: 1239: 1210: 1181: 1148: 1119: 1090: 1061: 1004: 975: 946: 915: 886: 855: 826: 797: 766: 727: 487: 472: 460: 448: 432: 417: 341:León y Gama, as cited by Chavero 3155:1790 archaeological discoveries 3038:. Grupo Azabache, Mexico. 2004. 2988:65, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 24–32. 2932: 2878: 2839: 2825: 2706: 2669: 2642: 2617: 2556: 2543: 2530: 2515: 2500: 2481: 2445:Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2006). 2360: 2347: 2332: 2305: 2292: 2257: 2244: 2110:. Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl. 1783:National Museum of Anthropology 533: 403:National Museum of Anthropology 227:Mesoamerican Postclassic Period 221:The monolith was carved by the 2381:10.1080/00043079.1976.10787237 2326:10.1080/00043079.1976.10787237 2218:. Imprenta de Jens y Zapiaine. 2143:López Luján, Leonardo (2006). 2108:"Los cinco soles cosmogónicos" 2099: 2066: 2053: 1994: 1985: 1960: 1722:with the tongue sticking out. 1690: 1674:non-Western material culture. 1656:Impact of Spanish Colonization 1615:paper craft on Aztec sun stone 1368: 117:Sometime between 1502 and 1520 13: 1: 3145:Mesoamerican stone sculptures 3009:58, no. 1 (March 1972): 1–12. 2688:. New York: Abrams. pp. 2250:Van Wagengen, Michael Scott. 2003:National Narratives in Mexico 1953: 1635:Mexico national football team 1602: 1573:Connections to Aztec ideology 697: 658: 27:16th-century Mexica sculpture 2011:University of Oklahoma Press 2001:Florescano, Enrique (2006). 1709:National Anthropology Museum 1524:National Anthropology Museum 191:National Anthropology Museum 141:National Anthropology Museum 89:National Anthropology Museum 7: 3114:The Aztec Sunstone Calendar 2780:Escultura monumental mexica 2238:Escultura Monumental Mexica 2009:, 2002 ed.). Norman: 1936: 1739:Yale University Art Gallery 318:José Damián Ortiz de Castro 10: 3191: 3175:Stone sculptures in Mexico 2995:18, no. 107 (2011): 16–21. 2950: 2925:World History Encyclopedia 2784:Fondo de Cultura Económica 1727:Philadelphia Museum of Art 1427:History of interpretations 1341: 1312: 1281: 1247: 1226:[ko˕ːskaˈkʷáːʍtɬi] 1217: 1188: 1155: 1126: 1097: 1068: 1011: 982: 953: 922: 893: 862: 833: 804: 774: 735: 564:Four previous suns or eras 425:Plaza Mayor of Mexico City 290:, to the west of the then 216: 29: 3074:Azter Imperial Strategies 3031:16, no. 91 (2008): 78–83. 3012:León y Gama, Antonio de. 2901:Art Institute of Chicago 2626:Aztec Imperial Strategies 2278:10.1017/s095977430000127x 2211:Chavero, Alfredo (1876). 2050:, accessed 22 August 2018 1911: 1904: 1880: 1870: 1858: 1853: 1447: 1438: 1433: 185:) is a late post-classic 161: 151: 136: 121: 113: 103: 80: 75: 36:Sunstone (disambiguation) 3081:The Aztec Calendar Stone 2956:Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel. 2522:Townsend, Casey (1979). 2506:Antonio de León y Gama: 2341:The Aztec Calendar Stone 1770:Art Institute of Chicago 1378:Third and outermost ring 189:sculpture housed in the 3160:16th-century sculptures 2974:37, no. 1 (2014): 6–16. 2679:"Aztec Human Sacrifice" 2599:Smith, Michael (2002). 2152:Arqueología Mexicana 78 1943:Coyolxauhqui stone disk 1906:The Throne of Montezuma 1836:with its depictions of 1800:The compass motif with 1528:gladiatorial sacrifices 1481:Eduardo Matos Moctezuma 1020:[itsˈkʷíːn̥tɬi] 643:), and "Seven Monkey" ( 2967:8, no. 1 (1998): 3–13. 1929: 1816:image in favor of the 1766:Stone of the Five Suns 1716:Stone of Motecuhzoma I 1700: 1616: 1499:Alexander von Humboldt 1491:Antonio de León y Gama 1486: 1404: 842:[kʷetsˈpálin̥] 696: 530: 512: 380:Alexander von Humboldt 376:Metropolitan Cathedral 351: 344: 322:Antonio de León y Gama 310:Juan Vicente de Güemes 182: 34:. For other uses, see 2920:"Throne of Montezuma" 1927: 1854:Circular Cuauhxicalli 1698: 1610: 1473: 1402: 1164:[oːˈséːloːtɬ] 1106:[maliːˈnáɬːi] 1077:[oso˕ˈmáʔtɬi] 677: 528: 510: 349: 334: 211:Mexico City Cathedral 59:19.42611°N 99.18750°W 3060:Arqueologia Mexicana 3029:Arqueología Mexicana 2993:Arqueología Mexicana 2940:"Moctezuma's Throne" 2490:Arqueología Mexicana 2059:Villela, Khristaan. 1949:Notes and references 1759:Coronation Stone of 1409:Matlactli Omey-Ácatl 1350:[ˈʃó˕ːtʃitɬ] 441:Paseo de las Cadenas 384:Mexican–American War 300:Archbishop of Mexico 252:Moctezuma Xocoyotzin 125:17 December 1790 at 18:Aztec calendar stone 3104:The Aztec Sun Stone 2977:Carrasco, David L. 2972:Museum Anthropology 2715:Museum Anthropology 2240:. Fondo de Cultura. 1778:Throne of Montezuma 1764:(also known as the 1741:, on loan from the 1382:Two fire serpents, 1321:[kiˈjáwitɬ] 1197:[ˈkʷáːʍtɬi] 1053:English translation 962:[ˈtóːtʃtɬi] 902:[miˈkístɬi] 871:[ˈkóːwaːtɬ] 784:[eʔˈéːkatɬ] 756:Crocodilian monster 745:[siˈpáktɬi] 719:English translation 496:Venustiano Carranza 279:Mexico-Tenochtitlan 64:19.42611; -99.18750 55: / 3048:Smith, Michael E. 2727:10.1111/muan.12046 2383:– via JSTOR. 2328:– via JSTOR. 2184:"History in Stone" 1930: 1701: 1617: 1405: 1290:[ˈtékpatɬ] 931:[ˈmásaːtɬ] 570:four previous suns 531: 513: 388:United States Army 386:, soldiers of the 369:American continent 352: 296:Alonso de Montúfar 244:Juan de Torquemada 225:at the end of the 2819:Matos Moctezuma, 1934: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1898: 1897: 1806:New Fire ceremony 1468: 1467: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1257:[ˈóliːn̥] 1135:[ˈáːkatɬ] 1032: 1031: 292:Palacio Virreinal 248:Monarquía indiana 246:described in his 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 3182: 3067:Archaeoastronomy 3007:The Art Bulletin 2944: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2916: 2905: 2899: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2849:. Archived from 2843: 2837: 2836: 2833:"Calendar Stone" 2829: 2823: 2817: 2798: 2797: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2757:10.2307/20068464 2740: 2731: 2730: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2461: 2460: 2442: 2431: 2430: 2404: 2385: 2384: 2369:The Art Bulletin 2364: 2358: 2355:Archaeoastronomy 2351: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2314:The Art Bulletin 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2186:. Archived from 2180: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2161:on March 5, 2016 2160: 2154:. Archived from 2149: 2140: 2115: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2080: 2070: 2064: 2057: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2032: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1970:. Archived from 1964: 1916: 1902: 1901: 1881:Present location 1863: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1678:Other sun stones 1484: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1431: 1430: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1079: 1072: 1065: 1036: 1035: 1022: 1015: 1008: 993: 986: 979: 964: 957: 950: 933: 926: 919: 904: 897: 890: 873: 866: 859: 844: 837: 830: 815: 813:[ˈkáɬːi] 808: 801: 786: 779: 778: 770: 747: 740: 739: 731: 702: 701: 698: 690:– movement, 18. 682:– crocodile, 2. 614:Nahui Quiyahuitl 491: 476: 464: 452: 436: 421: 342: 203:Spanish conquest 199:Mexica sculpture 137:Present location 85: 76:Mexica sun stone 73: 72: 70: 69: 67: 66: 65: 60: 56: 53: 52: 51: 48: 21: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3140:Aztec calendars 3135:Aztec artifacts 3125: 3124: 3090: 3022:The Aztec World 2953: 2948: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2891: 2884:Peabody Museum 2883: 2879: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2847:"Archived copy" 2845: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2801: 2794: 2776: 2772: 2741: 2734: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2685:The Aztec World 2674: 2670: 2663: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2597: 2590: 2575: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2516: 2505: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2457: 2443: 2434: 2419: 2405: 2388: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2337: 2333: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2223: 2215: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2118: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2043: 2036: 2021: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1939: 1866: 1838:Huitzilopochtli 1787:National Palace 1755: 1693: 1680: 1658: 1605: 1575: 1504:Alfredo Chavero 1485: 1479: 1449: 1434:External videos 1429: 1423: 1417: 1380: 1371: 1296: 1265: 1263: 1172: 991:[ˈaːtɬ] 937: 877: 757: 755: 753: 751: 661: 639:), "One Rain" ( 566: 536: 505: 498: 492: 483: 477: 468: 465: 456: 453: 444: 437: 428: 422: 343: 340: 326:Alfredo Chavero 219: 175:Aztec sun stone 99: 63: 61: 57: 54: 49: 46: 44: 42: 41: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3088:External links 3086: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2931: 2906: 2889: 2877: 2838: 2824: 2799: 2792: 2770: 2732: 2705: 2699:978-0810972780 2698: 2668: 2661: 2641: 2635:978-0884022114 2634: 2616: 2610:978-0631230168 2609: 2588: 2573: 2555: 2542: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2480: 2462: 2456:978-0195330830 2455: 2432: 2417: 2386: 2359: 2346: 2331: 2304: 2291: 2256: 2243: 2221: 2200: 2172: 2116: 2098: 2092:978-0292731400 2091: 2065: 2052: 2034: 2019: 1993: 1984: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1908: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1893:United Kingdom 1885:British Museum 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 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México: 2601:The Aztecs 2418:9680300323 2194:2018-11-27 1978:2014-04-06 1954:References 1685:temalacatl 1672:decolonize 1603:Modern use 1314:Quiyahuitl 1266:Earthquake 1056:Direction 1013:Itzcuīntli 835:Cuetzpalin 722:Direction 659:First ring 271:Xochimilco 122:Discovered 50:99°11′15″W 47:19°25′34″N 2583:912811300 2286:162453955 2048:getty.edu 1563:Ozomahtli 1385:Xiuhcoatl 1099:Malīnalli 1070:Ozomahtli 895:Miquiztli 752:Alligator 750:Crocodile 666:nemontemi 647:), and a 645:Ozomahtli 625:Nahui Atl 520:cosmogony 314:New Spain 256:San Ángel 240:Axayácatl 127:El Zócalo 2866:cite web 2765:20068464 2427:57716237 2272:: 3–13. 2029:62857841 1937:See also 1871:Material 1732:citlallo 1720:Tonatiuh 1611:Mexican 1596:New Fire 1559:7 Monkey 1516:Tonatiuh 1478:— 1456:, 6:28, 1262:Movement 1190:Cuāuhtli 737:Cipactli 540:Tonatiuh 356:monolith 339:— 104:Material 32:Sunstone 2951:Sources 2690:137–152 1557:), and 1547:Tecpatl 1543:1 Flint 1343:Xōchitl 1283:Tecpatl 1231:Vulture 1157:Ocēlōtl 1043:Nahuatl 955:Tōchtli 876:Serpent 776:Ehēcatl 709:Nahuatl 692:técpatl 684:ehécatl 637:Tecpatl 621:Nahuatl 610:Nahuatl 599:Nahuatl 588:Nahuatl 574:Nahuatl 557:Tecpatl 544:Nahuatl 307:viceroy 217:History 179:Spanish 162:Culture 114:Created 3170:Basalt 3121:(72MB) 3017:1990s. 2790: 2763: 2696: 2659: 2632: 2607: 2581: 2571: 2453: 2425: 2415: 2284: 2089: 2027: 2017: 1889:London 1875:Basalt 1579:Mexica 1551:1 Rain 1495:glyphs 1358:South 1355:Flower 1300:North 1234:South 1176:North 1173:Jaguar 1170:Ocelot 1114:South 1082:Monkey 1028:North 970:South 967:Rabbit 938:Animal 924:Mazātl 910:North 850:South 847:Lizard 792:North 758:Dragon 754:Caiman 517:Mexica 223:Mexica 207:Zócalo 187:Mexica 166:Mexica 152:Period 108:Basalt 97:Mexico 2761:JSTOR 2282:S2CID 2216:(PDF) 2159:(PDF) 2148:(PDF) 2085:–69. 1814:Ollin 1802:Ollin 1613:Amate 1329:West 1295:Flint 1269:East 1264:Quake 1205:West 1202:Eagle 1143:East 1128:Ācatl 1111:Grass 1085:West 1039:Image 999:East 996:Water 941:West 907:Death 881:East 878:Snake 864:Cōātl 821:West 818:House 806:Calli 761:East 705:Image 688:ollín 548:Ōllin 360:Italy 267:Xitle 258:, to 2872:link 2788:ISBN 2694:ISBN 2657:ISBN 2630:ISBN 2605:ISBN 2579:OCLC 2569:ISBN 2451:ISBN 2423:OCLC 2413:ISBN 2167:2015 2087:ISBN 2025:OCLC 2015:ISBN 1823:The 1775:The 1757:The 1725:The 1714:The 1703:The 1392:and 1326:Rain 1249:Ōlīn 1140:Reed 1045:name 936:Deer 789:Wind 711:name 250:how 173:The 2753:doi 2723:doi 2494:VII 2377:doi 2322:doi 2274:doi 1818:Sun 1789:in 1555:Atl 1549:), 1460:at 1025:Dog 984:Ātl 641:Atl 560:). 193:in 91:in 3131:: 2922:. 2909:^ 2892:^ 2868:}} 2864:{{ 2802:^ 2786:. 2759:. 2749:65 2747:. 2735:^ 2719:37 2717:. 2692:. 2655:. 2591:^ 2577:. 2492:. 2465:^ 2435:^ 2421:. 2389:^ 2373:58 2371:. 2318:58 2316:. 2280:. 2268:. 2224:^ 2203:^ 2175:^ 2150:. 2119:^ 2083:48 2037:^ 2023:. 2013:. 1891:, 1887:, 1844:. 1820:. 655:. 623:: 612:: 601:: 590:: 576:: 546:: 298:, 281:. 181:: 129:, 95:, 2942:. 2928:. 2874:) 2860:. 2835:. 2796:. 2767:. 2755:: 2729:. 2725:: 2702:. 2665:. 2638:. 2613:. 2585:. 2459:. 2429:. 2379:: 2324:: 2302:. 2288:. 2276:: 2270:8 2197:. 2169:. 2095:. 2031:. 1981:. 1561:( 1553:( 1545:( 177:( 147:) 143:( 38:. 20:)

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