5706:, the party began to confront members who were of non-Arab, especially Iranian origin. One memo which was directly sent from the party Secretariat to Saddam read, "the party suffers from the existence of members who are not originally Arabs as this might constitute a danger to the party in the future". The Secretariat recommended that people who were of Iranian origin not be allowed to become party members. In his reply to the document, Saddam wrote, "1) Agree with the opinion of the Party Secretariat; 2) To be discussed in the Command meeting". All of those who were denied membership, and all of those whose memberships were revoked, were loyal Ba'athists. For instance, one Ba'athist of Iranian origin whose membership was revoked had been a member of the party since 1958, had also participated in the
4516:. He believed that the Arab League strengthened both regional interests and the reactionary classes, thus weakening the chance of establishing an Arab nation. Because the majority of Arab states were under the rule of the reactionary classes, Aflaq revised his ideology to meet reality. Instead of creating an Arab nation through an Arab-wide progressive revolution, the main task would be of progressive revolutionaries spreading the revolution from one Arab country to the next. Once successfully transformed, the created progressive revolutionary countries would then one by one unite until the Arab world had evolved into a single Arab nation. The revolution would not succeed if the progressive revolutionary governments did not contribute to spreading the revolution.
5186:
5295:
4954:, the former Secretary General of the National Command of the unitary Ba'ath Party, agreed with the distinction of "neo-Ba'ath", writing that from 1961 onwards there existed two Ba'ath parties: "the military Ba'ath Party and the Ba'ath Party, and real power lay with the former". According to Razzaz, the military Ba'ath (as paraphrased by Martin Seymour) "was and remains Ba'athist only in name; that it was and remains little more than a military clique with civilian hangers-on; and that from the initial founding of the Military Committee by disgruntled Syrian officers exiled in
4936:
1507:
5065:
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46:
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4461:. The revolutionary party would seize political power and from there on transform society for the greater good. While the revolutionary party was numerically a minority, it was an all-powerful institution which had the right to initiate a policy, even if the majority of the population were against it. As with the Leninist model, the Ba'ath party would dictate what was right and what was wrong, since the general population were still influenced by the old value and moral system.
4560:, or a religious or non-enlightened dictatorship weakened liberty as ideas came from above, not from below through human interaction. One of the Ba'ath party's main priorities, according to Aflaq, was to disseminate new ideas and thoughts and to give individuals the liberty they needed to pursue ideas. To do this, the party would interpose itself between the Arab people and both their foreign imperialist oppressors and those forms of tyranny that arise within Arab society.
4509:, would oppose the "progressive" revolution. Even if the revolution succeeded in one "region" (country), that region would be unable to develop because of the resource constraints, small populations and anti-revolution forces held by other Arab leaders. For a revolution to succeed, the Arab world would have to evolve into an "organic whole" (literally become one). In short, Aflaq though that Arab unity would be both the cause of the progressive revolution and its effect.
14163:
12056:
2447:
4068:. Aflaq's movement supported Gaylani's government and the Iraqi government's war against the British and organized volunteers to go to Iraq and fight for the Iraqi government. However, Arsuzi opposed Gaylani's government, considering the coup to be poorly planned and a failure. Because of this, Arsuzi's party lost members and support that transferred to Aflaq's movement. Arsuzi's direct influence in Arab politics collapsed after
14239:
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147:
8115:
The far-right seems to genuinely believe part of Assad's rhetoric....In this fanciful telling, Assad is manning the gates of civilisation, holding out against unspecified barbarians... Sunni
Muslims are, in Duke's mind, "demonic forces". That he conflates Syrians protesting for freedom and an end to dictatorship with jihadists is almost incidental. The far-right and Assad share hatreds.
4366:
4454:
leadership was imbued with the thoughts of enlightenment. However, the party was also a political organisation, and, as Aflaq notes, politics was "a means is the most serious of matters at this present stage". Ba'athism was similar to
Leninist thought in that a vanguard party would rule for an unspecified length to construct a "new society".
4079:'s war of independence from France in 1943. Stille, the movement did not solidify for years until it held its first party congress in 1947 and formally merged with Arsuzi's Arab Ba'ath Party. Although socialist values existed in the two Ba'ath movements from their inception, they weren't emphasized until the party merged with
4390:'s view that language was the principal defining and unifying factor of the "Arab nation" because language led to the unity of thought, norms and ideals. History was another unifying feature for them, as it was the "fertile ground in which our consciousness took shape". The centre of Aflaq's Ba'athist thought was the feature
5987:
5052:
in the neo-Ba'athist military committee. A tense power rivalry existed between Salah Jadid and Hafez al-Assad, with the former as the leader of civilian Ba'athists while the latter increased his control of the military-wing of the party and various army units. The rivalry culminated in the bloodless 1970
5051:
governments". Contrary to expectations, Aflaq remained with the Ba'ath movement and became the ideologue of the Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement. His ideological views remained more or less the same, but in Iraq he was sidelined politically. In post-1966 Syria, the real centre of power had been vested
4927:
is the true goal of Arab unity... Arab unity is the obligatory basis for constructing a socialist society". With the rise of the Syrian neo-Ba'athists, however, this focus shifted. As
American scholar John F. Devlin writes, the "Ba'ath Party, which started with unity as its overwhelming top priority,
4720:
was necessary or economic equality, but instead socialism was "a means to satisfy the animal needs of man so he can be free to pursue his duties as a human being". In other words, socialism was a system which freed the population from enslavement and created independent individuals. However, economic
4401:
This renaissance, according to Aflaq, could only be reached by uniting the Arab nation, and it would transform the Arab world politically, economically, intellectually, and morally. This "future renaissance" would be a "rebirth", while the first Arab renaissance had been the seventh-century emergence
8114:
Nazis like Assad because he has killed, and is killing, a lot of
Muslims. This is essential to their view of the world. Anyone who sets out to murder Muslims and Arabs can be considered a friend. In this sense the far-right love affair with Assad can be considered almost tactical, a means to an end.
6068:
In practice, the economic doctrine of the Ba'th eschewed private enterprise and called for a state directed economy, much like the USSR. According to the basic documents of the party: the national wealth is the property of the state; the traditional distribution (i.e. the holding of most arable land
4761:
Though a
Christian, Aflaq viewed the creation of Islam as proof of "Arab genius" and a testament of Arab culture, values, and thought. According to Aflaq, the essence of Islam was its revolutionary qualities. Aflaq called on all Arabs, both Muslims and non-Muslims alike, to admire the role Islam had
3997:
in 1940, later renamed the Arab Ba'ath
Movement in 1943. Though Aflaq was influenced by him, Arsuzi initially did not cooperate with Aflaq's movement. Arsuzi suspected that the existence of the Arab Ihya Movement, which occasionally titled itself "Arab Ba'ath" during 1941, was part of an imperialist
5701:
could either approve or disapprove of marriages between party members, and in a party document, party branches were ordered "to thoroughly check the Arabic origin of not only the prospective wife but also her family, and no approval should be given to members who plan to marry of non-Arab origin".
4501:'s unification of Germany established the most repressive nation the world had ever seen, a development which could largely be blamed on the existing monarchy and the reactionary class. To copy the German example, he thought, would be disastrous and would lead to the enslavement of the Arab people.
4485:
class. He believed the ruling class, who supported the monarchy as the leaders of the Arab Revolt did, were synonymous with a reactionary class. In Ba'athist ideology, the ruling class is replaced by a revolutionary progressive class. Aflaq was bitterly opposed to any kind of monarchy and described
4928:
which was prepared to work within a variety of Middle
Eastern political systems, which wanted social justice in society, had pretty much disappeared by the early 1960s. In its place rose Ba'ath organisations which focused primarily on their own region, which advocated, and created where possible,
4568:
ruled by the Ba'ath party, which disseminated information to the public, was in many ways contrary to his view on individual interactions. The Ba'ath party through its preeminence would establish "liberty". According to Aflaq, liberty could not just come from nowhere as it needed an enlightened
4504:
The only way to combat the reactionary classes lay in "progressive" revolution, Aflaq claimed, central to which is the struggle for unity. This struggle could not be separated from the social revolution, for to separate these two would be to weaken the movement. The reactionary classes, who are
4453:
The party's main task before the revolution was to spread enlightened ideas to the people and to challenge reactionary and conservative elements in society. According to Aflaq, a Ba'ath party would ensure a policy of proselytization to keep the uneducated masses out of the party until the party
4788:
of making any concessions to the rioters, exclaiming that the Ba'ath Party "is with faith, but is not a religious party, nor should it be one". During his vice presidency, at the time of the Shia riots, Saddam discussed the need to convince large segments of the population to convert to the
5105:", the Ba'ath party instrumentalizes its control over Syria's political, social, economic, cultural, educational and religious spheres to enforce its neo-Ba'athist ideology in the wider society and preserve the Assad family's grip on power. The goal of General Assad was to consolidate the
4409:
Aflaq thought that the Arab nation could only reach this renaissance through a revolutionary process towards the goals of "unity, liberty, and socialism". In Aflaq's view, a nation could only "progress" or "decline", and Arab states of his time were consistently declining because of their
4740:
had given socialism an authentic Arab expression. Socialism was viewed by Aflaq as justice, and the reforms of
Muhammad were both just and wise. According to Aflaq, modern Ba'athists would initiate another way of just and radical forms just as Muhammad had done in the seventh century.
4437:
Aflaq believed that the youth were the key for a successful revolution. The youth were open to change and enlightenment because they still had not been indoctrinated with other views. According to Aflaq, a major problem was the disillusionment of the Arab youth. Disillusionment led to
4712:
that was dominated by a "pseudo-feudalist" economic system in which the repression of the peasant nullified the people's political liberty. Liberty meant little to nothing to the general poverty-stricken populace of Syria, and Aflaq saw socialism as the solution to their plight.
4551:
Aflaq saw liberty as one of the defining features of Ba'athism. Articulation of thoughts and the interaction between individuals were a way of building a new society. According to Aflaq, it was liberty which created new values and thoughts. Aflaq believed that living under
4704:" period, in other words, a period of modernisation. While unity brought the Arab world together and liberty provided the Arab people with freedom, socialism was the cornerstone which made unity and liberty possible as no socialism meant no revolution. In Aflaq's view, a
3990:. The closest they ever came to being members of the same organization was in 1939, when, together with Michel Quzman, Shakir al-As and Ilyas Qandalaft, they briefly tried to establish a party. The party likely failed due to personal animosity between Arsuzi and Aflaq.
4843:, creating 'a world of appearances' that perpetuated its power and dominance over its people. Constructing a reality that was 'permeated with hypocrisy and lies' where ... 'the repression of culture is called its development' ... its people were forced to â
4677:
was the only truth, as Aflaq believed that
Marxism had forgotten human spirituality. While believing that the concept would work for small and weak societies, he thought that the concept of dialectical materialism as the only truth in Arab development was wrong.
5356:
politics. Saddam claimed that the Arab nation did not have the class structure which existed in other nations and that class divisions were more along national lines between Arabs and non-Arabs rather than within the Arab community. However, he spoke fondly of
5237:
and views political disputes and conflicts in a military manner as "battles" requiring "fighting", "mobilization", "battlefields", "bastions", and "trenches". Saddamism was officially supported by Saddam's government and promoted by the Iraqi daily newspaper
4563:
While the notion of liberty was an important ideal to Aflaq, he favored the
Leninist model of a continuous revolutionary struggle and he did not develop concepts for a society in which liberty was protected by a set of institutions and rules. His vision of a
8054:
German far-right and neo-Nazi politicians are taking trips to Syria, claiming it's now safe for refugees to return and praising murderous dictator Bashar al-Assad... neo-Nazis in Greece have bragged that they were training to go and fight alongside Assad's
6069:
by absentee landowners who leaded the land out to the peasants) is unjust and therefore it must be corrected; farming land should be allocated according to the capability to husband it; factories will be cooperative; trade will be controlled by the state.
5100:
fashion, creating a government based upon and revolving around its leader. Under this socio-political system, the Ba'ath party portrays the wisdom of Assad as "beyond the comprehension of the average citizen". Through this apparatus, also known as the
4547:
concept of liberty, in Aflaq's vision, liberty would be ensured by a Ba'ath party which was not elected by the populace because the party had the common good at heart. Historian Paul Salem considered the weakness of such a system "quite obvious".
5714:
because he supported the Ba'athist cause. Later, the authorities began to specifically look for people of Iraqi origin, and any contact which they had with Iran and/or Iranians functioned as a good enough reason to deny them party membership.
4721:
equality was a major tenet in Ba'athist ideology, as the elimination of inequality would "eliminate all privilege, exploitation, and domination by one group over another". In short, if liberty was to succeed, the Arab people needed socialism.
4118:. Scholar Ofra Bengio claims that as a consequence of the split, Arsuzi took Aflaq's place as the official father of Ba'athist thought in the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, while in the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement Aflaq was still considered the
5399:. Strongmen swiftly emerged in the Baâathist milieu to establish family firms... Subordination of the party, however, went together with rigorous deployment of the party apparatus and ideology to regiment society."â Prof. William Harris,
4800:
stated that Aflaq had converted to Islam before his death, but an unnamed Western diplomat in Iraq told William Harris that Aflaq's family was not aware that he had undergone any religious conversion. Prior to, during, and after the
4641:
Article 32: Workers will participate in the management of the factory and will be granted, in addition to their wages which will be fixed by the state, a share of the profits of the factory in a proportion to be fixed by the
4634:
Article 30: Agricultural property will be fixed in proportion to the owner's ability to exploit it fully without exploiting the effort of others, under the supervision of the state and in accordance with its general economic
4426:". These problems, Aflaq believed, could only be resolved through a revolutionary process, and a revolution could only succeed if the revolutionaries were pure and devoted nearly religiously to the task. Aflaq supported the
4277:
during his life. It recast conservative Arab nationalist thought to reflect strong revolutionary and progressive themes. For example, Aflaq insisted on the overthrow of the old ruling classes and supported the creation of a
4762:
played in creating an Arab character, but his view on Islam was purely spiritual and Aflaq emphasized that it "should not be imposed" on state and society. Time and again, Aflaq emphasized that the Ba'ath party was against
5278:"Saddamism ... is a phenomenon rooted in violence, in the manipulation of the tools and means of violence to achieve expressly political ends. Saddamism is not plain thuggery, as many people wrongly think; this is no
901:
10555:
5475:, the party's emblem was the tiger because it would "excite the imagination of the youth, in the tradition of Nazism and Fascism, but taking into consideration the fact that the Arab is in his nature distant from
5046:
In 1968, Al-Bitar left the Ba'ath movement, claiming that "these parties had ceased to be what they set up to be, retaining only their names and acting as the organs of power and the instruments of regional and
9192:
4750:
Europe is as fearful of Islam today as she has been in the past. She now knows that the strength of Islam (which in the past expressed that of the Arabs) has been reborn and has appeared in a new form: Arab
5395:). Both countries endured clan-based autocracies wielding ideological absolutism, malignancy of a different order from the standard republican and monarchical authoritarianism of the late twentieth-century
4672:
tenets, and he considered the Marxist concept of the importance of material economic conditions in life to be one of modern humanity's greatest discoveries. However, he disagreed with the Marxist view that
4656:
Article 36: The state will directly supervise internal and foreign trade in order to abolish exploitation between consumer and producer, and in order to protect trade and national production from foreign
5162:, but it is the closest thing the Syrian government has to an all-encompassing belief system, since both Ba'athist and Arab nationalist beliefs of old have been watered down to not hurt the government's
7892:
5420:
variant of fascism, even though Aflaq and other Ba'athist leaders criticized particular fascist ideas and practices". According to him, the Ba'ath movement shared several characteristics with the
4486:
the Arab Revolt as "the illusions of kings and feudal lords who understood unity as the gathering of backwardness to backwardness, exploitation to exploitation and numbers to numbers like sheep".
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4052:(LNA) in 1939 after its popular leader died and the party fell into disarray, founding the short-lived Arab National Party. It dissolved later that year. On 29 November 1940, Arsuzi founded the
8071:
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and commended Lenin for giving Russian socialism a uniquely Russian specificity that Marx alone was incapable of doing. He also expressed admiration for other communist leaders such as
4973:
The coup left Salah Jadid in power, and under him, the Syrian government abandoned the traditional goal of pan-Arab unity and replaced it with a radical form of Western socialism. The
5887:
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in an unspecified length of timeâthe Ba'ath party theoretically uses an unspecified amount of time to develop an "enlightened" Arabic society. Ba'athism is based on the principles of
177:
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of 1990â91, the government became progressively more Islamic, and by the beginning of the 1990s, Saddam proclaimed the Ba'ath party to be the party "of Arabism and Islam".
5837:
8088:
far-right support for Assad hinges on a number of factors: "Anti-imperialist/anti-globalism sentiment with a strong focus on national states..Islamophobia.. Anti-Semitism
8041:
5904:
10694:
10535:
10494:
4584:
We did not adopt socialism out of books, abstractions, humanism, or pity, but rather out of need ... for the Arab working class is the mover of history in this period.
2073:
2015:
8128:
7472:
Marczak, Shields, Nikki, Kirril; J. Bellamy, McLoghlin, Alex, Stephen (2020). "1. Fateful Choices: Political Leadership and the Paths to and from Mass Atrocities".
5597:, had died in Syria in 2010 under the asylum of Bashar al-Assad. Under the alias "Dr. Georg Fischer", Brunner assisted Syrian rulers Bashar al-Assad and his father
4624:
Article 27: The present distribution of wealth in the Arab homeland is unjust. It will therefore be reviewed and distributed among the citizens in a just manner...
801:
5088:) is a neo-Ba'athist ideology based on the policies of Hafez al-Assad after his seizure of power in the 1970 coup, described in official Ba'athist history as the
5012:
During Jadid's rule, neo-Ba'athist ideologues openly denounced religion as a source of what they considered the "backwardness" of the Arabs. The Jadid regime was
4489:
According to Aflaq, it was the reactionary class's view of Arab unity which had left the Arab Revolt "struggling for unity without blood and nerve". He saw the
7965:
5541:, a political party which existed in Syria from 1932 to 1939 and was strongly influenced by fascism and Nazism, as evidenced by its paramilitary "Ironshirts".
5109:
with the Ba'ath party as its vanguard by establishing a "coup-proof" system that eliminated factional rivalries. As soon as he seized power, the armed forces,
4406:, according to Aflaq. The new renaissance would bring another Arab message, summed up in the Ba'ath party's slogan, "One Nation, Bearing an Eternal Message".
8075:
7900:
5016:
and imposed severe restrictions on religious freedom, banning religious preaching and persecuting the clergy. Neo-Ba'athists viewed the religious clerics as
5537:
had reinforced the nobility and purity of the Arabs, which had both degenerated because Islam had been adopted by other peoples. He was associated with the
4923:
In the original Ba'ath ideology, pan-Arabism was the means to reach the end of both economic and social transformation. As an early party document states, "
10484:
5636:
propaganda, which portrayed Muslims as a civilizational enemy to the West. Several Western far-right groups also view Bashar al-Assad as an authoritarian,
2010:
12739:
10515:
9214:
5140:. It's the domination of a minority, and I'm not talking just of the Alawites, who control the society's nervous system. I include also the army and the
1936:
921:
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government and stated a Ba'athist state would replace religion with a state "based on a foundation, Arab nationalism, and a moral; freedom". During the
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governments, which rested heavily on military power and which were very close to other socialist movements and were less distinctively Ba'athist".
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7406:
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credentials. State propaganda characterises Assadism as a neo-Ba'athist current that evolved Ba'athist ideology with the needs of the modern era.
5564:
purposes, but "as an example of the successful organisation of an entire society by the state for the achievement of national goals". Journalist
4631:
and transport are the property of the nation and will be administered by the state directly. Companies and foreign concessions will be abolished.
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8004:
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187:
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concept, arguing that it hampers Arab unity. Ba'athists contend that socialism is the only way to develop modern Arab society and unite it.
1915:
1878:
896:
10786:
10401:
5698:
4797:
4373:
2105:
2031:
5432:, a romantic, mythopoetic, and elitist 'revolutionary' vision, the desire to create a 'new man' and restore past greatness, a centralised
3978:. They are considered the founders of the ideology, despite forming different organizations. In the 1940s, Bitar and Aflaq co-founded the
5828:
4056:. A significant conflict and turning point in the development of Ba'athism occurred when Arsuzi's and Aflaq's movements sparred over the
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692:
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is today considered the founder of the Ba'athist movement, or at least its most notable contributor. Other notable ideologues include
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shift was reflected strongly in the ideological propaganda of the new government, marked by widespread usage of terminology such as "
4638:
Article 31: Small industrial property will be fixed proportionately to the economic standards enjoyed by other citizens in the state.
4286:
from the state. Not all these ideas were his, but it was Aflaq who succeeded in turning these beliefs into a transnational movement.
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1810:
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following a successful revolution, which was not an "inevitable outcome". In Ba'athist ideology, the vanguard was the Ba'ath party.
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10459:
5879:
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1894:
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687:
5113:, security forces, and bureaucracy were purged, subjugating them to party command by installing Ba'athist elites loyal to Assad.
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ideological basis by stressing the preeminence of the military apparatus. This ideological transformation was continued after the
757:
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712:
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4697:. What was a struggle between various classes in the West was in the Arab world a fight for political and economic independence.
4457:
Aflaq supported the idea of a committed activist revolutionary party based on the Leninist model, which in practice was based on
2602:
1795:
840:
732:
682:
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5576:" for advocating unrealistic objectives and being remorseless about his crimes, despite losing most of his Syrian territories.
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5444:' factions and so forth; several close associates later admitted that Aflaq had been directly inspired by certain fascist and
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1952:
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4847:â ... It was not important whether or not a person truly believed these lies; ultimately, it was whether they acted as
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According to Ba'athist ideology, all religions were equal. Despite his anti-atheist stance, Aflaq was a strong supporter of
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theorists". Others have argued against Aflaq's fascist credentials, based on the fact that he was an active member of the
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1973:
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regularly reject accusations of sheltering Brunner to this day, it had long denied permission to probe his whereabouts.
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symbols ". Arsuzi's Ba'ath Party believed in the virtues of "one leader" and Arsuzi himself personally believed in the
2242:
951:
12434:
4904:. Following its violent seizure of power, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 400 people, the neo-Ba'athist
4250:
was largely synonymous with that of Aflaq's. For more than 2 decades, Michel Aflaq's 1940 essay compilation, titled, "
3993:
Arsuzi formed the Arab Ba'ath in 1940 and his views influenced Aflaq, who alongside the more junior Bitar founded the
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K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal".
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K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal".
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Article 26: The Arab Ba'ath Party is socialist, believing that the economic wealth of the homeland belongs to the
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The neo-Ba'athist, Assadist system has controlled Syrian politics since the 1970 coup. It is largely built upon
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12678:
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10839:
9209:
9044:
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6133:
4689:, Aflaq was uncertain what place the working class had in history. In contrast to Marx, Aflaq also believed in
4372:, the founder of Ba'athist thought who, after the Ba'ath Party splintered, became the chief ideologist for the
4196:
1228:
872:
742:
599:
551:
13297:
7381:
Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State management of Religion in Syria".
7271:
Heydemann, Leenders, Steven, Reinoud; Pierret, Thomas (2013). "4: The State Management of religion in Syria".
6981:
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5572:
in 2015 and described him to be as delusional as "Hitler in his bunker when the Russians were an hour outside
4601:
parties, the Ba'ath party founders constructed a socialist vision which they believed to be more adaptable to
4029:. His views were influenced by a number of prominent European philosophical and political figures, among them
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was just a group, albeit the most important group, in a much larger movement to free the Arab nation. Unlike
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Al-Om, Tamara; Fares, Obaida (2014). "21: Syria's 'Arab Spring': Women and the Struggle to Live in Truth".
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father of Ba'athist thought. The Iraqi Ba'ath wing granted asylum to Aflaq after seizing power through the
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in nature. Rather, the party claimed that it was a popular revolutionary movement, so the people rejected
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5548:, the head of the Iraqi intelligence services, Saddam Hussein drew inspiration on how to rule Iraq from
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of the party and the military, and he also built a government based on loyalty to the leader's family.
5005:. The government supported a more radical economic program including state ownership over industry and
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in 1959, the chain of events and the total corruption of Ba'athism proceeded with intolerable logic".
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and believed that in the Arab world, all classes, not just the working class, were working against
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is an important pillar of the Ba'athist programme. Although influenced by Western socialists and
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Liberty is not a luxury in the life of the nation but its basis and its essence and its meaning.
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Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran
7273:
Middle East Authoritarianisms: Governance, Contestation and regime resilience in Syria and Iran
5521:'s advances for party-to-party relations, but he was also influenced by the racial theories of
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that calls upon Arab countries to adopt Saddamist Iraqi political discourse and to reject "the
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According to Aflaq, the ultimate goal of socialism was not to answer the question of how much
3614:
2388:. Although inspired by Western socialist thinkers, early Ba'athist theoreticians rejected the
13636:
13502:
13267:
13232:
13192:
12940:
12761:
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12201:
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11592:
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9851:
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9604:
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7476:. University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia: UTS ePRESS. pp. 15â17.
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in the two countries. Hostilities between the two Ba'ath movements lasted until the death of
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narrated a reality all of its own â far removed from reality itself â derived from its own
4700:
For Aflaq, socialism was a necessary means to accomplish the goal of initiating an Arabic "
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4137:
emerged dominant in the Syrian and Iraqi Ba'ath parties, respectively, eventually building
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with Arab characteristics which is separate from the international socialist movement and
8:
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9781:
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6224:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 18.
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829:
717:
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13681:
13168:
6357:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 18â20.
6318:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 18â19.
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which overthrew the Old Guard led by Aflaq and Bitar, resulting in a schism within the
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plot to prevent his influence over the Arabs by creating a movement of the same name.
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to be liquidated by the Ba'athist state. The party disseminated the doctrine of the "
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2484:
2399:
2313:
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1717:
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1422:
1407:
1154:
1002:
376:
8684:
Arab-Jewish Relations: From Conflict to Resolution?: Essays in Honour of Moshe Maʻoz
7748:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 18.
7578:
The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba'th Party
6279:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 18.
5373:
due to their spirit of asserting national independence rather than their communism.
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9706:
9624:
9594:
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9508:
9321:
9239:
9146:
8817:
8409:
8314:
7517:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
7437:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
5733:
5676:
5664:
5629:
5433:
5303:
5262:
5150:
slogans, the state is run by a class who has made a fortune without contributingâa
5096:'s leadership role in Syrian politics and constructed the Assad regime in a highly
5009:, while at the same time trying to restructure agrarian relations and production.
5001:
holding ministerial posts, and Jadid established "fairly close relations" with the
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4384:
4321:
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4006:
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1782:
1432:
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1412:
1206:
1072:
479:
87:
67:
13257:
13242:
8072:"Europe's far-right activists continue to throw their weight behind Syria's Assad"
7519:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. pp. 254, 326â327.
3679:
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10641:
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10209:
10189:
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9906:
9846:
9761:
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9358:
9003:
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8026:
5802:
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5602:
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5265:
by claiming that the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians were the ancestors of the
5125:
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4130:
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3812:
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3564:
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3326:
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579:
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410:
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13282:
5217:). It is officially described as a distinct variation of Ba'athism. It espouses
5064:
4627:
Article 29: Public utility institutions, major natural resources, the principal
14025:
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13911:
13876:
13841:
13831:
13811:
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13791:
13751:
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13551:
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11682:
11672:
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11632:
11557:
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11356:
11251:
11181:
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10734:
10366:
10301:
10246:
10194:
10159:
10101:
10096:
9911:
9901:
9826:
9776:
9644:
9579:
9569:
9523:
9443:
9406:
9386:
9343:
9311:
9229:
9224:
9156:
9064:
8636:
The Struggle for the Middle East: The Soviet Union and the Middle East, 1958-68
8318:
7939:"Most-wanted Nazi likely died four years ago in Syria, says man who hunted him"
6421:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5472:
5358:
5331:
5307:
5210:
5189:
5129:
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to signify that it existed in harmony with and was in some ways subordinate to
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4578:
4474:
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4270:
4227:
4142:
4134:
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3549:
3519:
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3391:
3371:
3331:
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3181:
3156:
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1617:
1592:
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325:
293:
72:
14030:
13661:
13337:
5456:
during his stay in France, and that he was influenced by some of the ideas of
4609:
Charter outlines the key principles of Ba'athist socialism. Some of them are:
4075:
Aflaq's Arab Ba'ath Movement's next major political action was its support of
3669:
14253:
14055:
13896:
13886:
13851:
13826:
13796:
13726:
13721:
13656:
13651:
13571:
13507:
13487:
13397:
13377:
13357:
13207:
12975:
12910:
12900:
12868:
12719:
12707:
12673:
12583:
12569:
12522:
12164:
11991:
11617:
11597:
11532:
11484:
11398:
11124:
11119:
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10179:
10111:
10091:
10011:
9966:
9956:
9856:
9771:
9634:
9619:
9513:
7439:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. pp. 325â326.
5586:
5549:
5464:
5339:
5110:
5017:
4682:
4439:
4333:
4254:" (trans: "The Road to Renaissance") was the primary ideological book of the
4173:
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3792:
3659:
3609:
3589:
3584:
3559:
3534:
3431:
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3256:
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3013:
2848:
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2381:
1402:
1346:
1211:
1159:
974:
299:
82:
45:
13467:
5269:. Thus, Saddam and his supporters claimed that there is no conflict between
5213:. It has also been referred to by Iraqi politicians as Saddamist Ba'athism (
5120:
and ethnic favoritism. For example, Hafez al-Assad began the ethnoreligious
5027:", which conceptualised the "new Arab man" as an atheist who campaigned for
4002:
3081:
13996:
13976:
13971:
13961:
13901:
13776:
13641:
13367:
13347:
13342:
13312:
13212:
12734:
12400:
12336:
12026:
11667:
11527:
11522:
11378:
11304:
11094:
10582:
10525:
9936:
9639:
9559:
9481:
9438:
9306:
9290:
9285:
9095:
8403:
8399:
7668:
5633:
5610:
5561:
5553:
5362:
5319:
5287:
5243:
5193:
5048:
5013:
4967:
4944:
4909:
4836:
4822:
4650:
4494:
4493:
as proof of this, putting him at odds with some Arab nationalists who were
4415:
4380:
4369:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4223:
4185:
4157:
4069:
3967:
3539:
3489:
3484:
3469:
3426:
3411:
3381:
3306:
3291:
3266:
3226:
3186:
3161:
3126:
3041:
2346:
2293:
1994:
1597:
1249:
1144:
1044:
556:
92:
13606:
8506:
Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence
5710:, and had even been imprisoned by the authorities in the aftermath of the
4512:
A major obstacle to the success of the revolution in Aflaq's mind was the
3529:
14060:
14050:
14001:
13991:
13986:
13956:
13786:
13761:
13756:
13711:
13576:
13517:
13457:
13412:
13227:
13134:
13096:
13021:
12970:
12890:
12642:
12341:
12251:
12179:
11642:
11499:
11346:
11341:
11287:
11266:
11139:
11114:
10744:
10361:
10106:
10026:
10001:
9986:
9981:
9946:
9871:
9629:
9609:
9486:
9460:
8756:
8664:
8260:
5660:
5556:, and he had once asked Barzan to procure copies of their works, not for
5514:
5425:
5417:
5366:
5347:
5270:
5153:
5137:
4990:
4940:
4920:
of the Ba'ath Party, and many Syrian Ba'athist leaders defected to Iraq.
4885:
4877:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4557:
4553:
4513:
4482:
4470:
4431:
4423:
4395:
4313:
4306:
4305:, Arab-centric ideology. It claims to represent the "Arab spirit against
4298:
4247:
4177:
4169:
4107:
3956:
3762:
3644:
3479:
3441:
3421:
3361:
3321:
3286:
3221:
3211:
3191:
3146:
3061:
3031:
2993:
2888:
2731:
2661:
2527:
2366:
2342:
2281:
2193:
1622:
1372:
1306:
1149:
806:
524:
466:
428:
348:
192:
165:
77:
7314:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.
7310:
Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".
7275:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. pp. 86â89.
7236:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.
7232:
Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".
7096:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38.
7092:
Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".
5209:
is a political ideology based on the politics related to and pursued by
2418:
is quite distinct from the Ba'athism which Aflaq and Bitar wrote about.
14070:
14006:
13676:
13666:
13586:
12724:
12595:
12460:
12419:
12395:
12270:
12231:
11577:
11494:
11489:
11418:
11134:
10341:
9741:
8532:
7966:"A Long-Sought Fugitive Died Four Years Ago in Syria, Nazi Hunter Says"
7893:"'Sociopath or new Hitler?' Interviewer questions Assad's mental state"
7474:
Genocide Perspectives VI: The Process and the Personal Cost of Genocide
5691:
5649:
5617:
5495:
5396:
5234:
5226:
5040:
4893:
4778:
4774:
4733:
4478:
4274:
3732:
3639:
3376:
3206:
2908:
2863:
2358:
2277:
1087:
569:
138:
97:
4966:"marked the end of Ba'athist politics in Syria". Ba'ath party founder
14118:
14113:
14040:
13861:
13646:
13601:
13536:
13392:
12996:
12935:
12823:
12693:
12564:
12490:
12455:
12279:
12206:
12144:
12102:
11261:
11129:
9199:
8710:
8641:
8591:
8564:
7471:
5675:
The Ba'ath regimes have been accused of promoting an aggressive Arab
5522:
5457:
5429:
5254:
5230:
5206:
5201:
5147:
5036:
4998:
4924:
4756:
From one of Aflaq's works dating back to 1943 about Islam's character
4686:
4594:
4411:
4309:
4294:
4153:
4034:
3966:
Ba'athism originated in the political thought of Syrian philosophers
3727:
3569:
3401:
3111:
2948:
2933:
2823:
2803:
2793:
2438:
2377:
2198:
2188:
1275:
1260:
484:
107:
7385:. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 89.
5663:
group Black Lily joined the Syrian civil war to fight alongside the
5632:. Assad's bombings of Syrian cities were praised in the far-right's
4102:
in Syria. In 1966, the military wing of the Syrian Ba'ath initiated
2288:
government. The ideology is officially based on the theories of the
14138:
14133:
14035:
13561:
12505:
12500:
12465:
12326:
12236:
12001:
11710:
11206:
10885:
8611:
The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
8339:
5510:
5476:
5283:
5163:
5121:
5117:
5077:
5032:
4970:
shared the sentiment by stating, "I no longer recognise my party!"
4908:
purged the classical Ba'athist leaders of the old guard, including
4802:
4737:
4427:
4349:
4316:". It holds ideological similarity and a favourable outlook to the
2414:" because the form of Ba'athism developed by the leadership of the
2273:
1732:
1722:
519:
7921:
7744:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6353:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6314:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6275:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
6220:
Harris, William (2018). "1: The War Zone Takes Shape: 2011-2014".
4090:
Taking advantage of the chaotic years of the 1950s and 1960s, the
13951:
13846:
12766:
12241:
12196:
7533:
7006:
Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization
5645:
5616:
Bashar al-Assad's Ba'athist regime received support from Western
5424:
movements, such as "the attempt to synthesize radical, illiberal
5413:
5327:
5258:
4763:
4669:
4598:
4540:
4076:
3459:
2938:
2918:
2389:
1367:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1270:
1265:
1067:
282:
275:
8042:"The European Far-Right's Sick Love Affair With Bashar al-Assad"
5905:"The European Far-Right's Sick Love Affair With Bashar al-Assad"
5888:"Western Far-right Worries Syrians and Delights Bashar al-Assad"
4301:
ideology. Ba'athism as developed by Aflaq and Bitar is a unique
2380:
economic policies such as state ownership of natural resources,
13881:
13816:
12527:
8359:
Arab nationalism: a History: Nation and State in the Arab World
8102:"Why Nazis from Charlottesville to Europe love Bashar al-Assad"
7625:
5855:"Why Nazis from Charlottesville to Europe love Bashar al-Assad"
5573:
5557:
5493:; they were one of the first groups to plan the translation of
5445:
4986:
4861:
4835:
which 'demands conformity, uniformity and discipline' ...
4770:, as the fundamentalists represented a "shallow, false faith".
4618:
3464:
1394:
1139:
320:
14238:
14211:
14187:
7675:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
3904:
3875:
12511:
11805:
7453:
6798:
6760:. Oxford 0X3 OBW, England: Pergamon Press. pp. 825â827.
6755:
5742:
5530:
5518:
5484:
5384:
5266:
5136:
and later Syrian dissident, stated that "Assadism is a false
4962:, a member of the Ba'ath old guard, agreed, stating that the
4955:
4873:
4709:
4646:
4403:
4283:
4239:
3955:, politician who influenced Ba'athist thought and, after the
3276:
2403:
2338:
2289:
1317:
1302:
146:
12070:
8866:
Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime
8255:
The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity
7034:
5745:
4262:
are considered by some, such as historian Paul Salem of the
5388:
5222:
4782:
riots against the Iraqi Ba'ath government in the late-1970s
4243:
4234:, who worked directly with Aflaq. From the founding of the
2709:
979:
288:
8305:
Ben-Tzur, Avraham (1968). "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria".
7380:
7270:
5346:'s claim that non-MarxistâLeninist parties are inherently
4997:
played an important role in Jadid's government, with some
8230:
8228:
8226:
7781:
7779:
5748:
4916:. The coup led a permanent schism between the Syrian and
4896:"neo-Ba'ath" organization that became independent of the
4876:
as the "Neo-Ba'ath", claiming they had gone beyond their
4796:
When Aflaq died in 1989, an official announcement by the
4365:
2312:. Ba'athist leaders of the modern era include the former
9002:
7701:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7418:
7416:
7350:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
7201:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
6803:. Oxford 0X3 OBW, England: Pergamon Press. p. 826.
6046:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
6014:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview"
5838:"Why do Italian fascists adore Syria's Bashar al-Assad?"
4993:
was proclaimed as a "people's war" against Israel). The
2410:
means of governance. Ba'athist Syria has been labelled "
2349:, values and society. It also advocates the creation of
8661:
Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East
7873:
7812:
7810:
7746:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7073:
6355:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
6316:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
6277:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
6222:
Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict
4195:
In Iraq, Saddam Hussein was toppled in 2003 during the
8843:
Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World
8223:
8211:
7776:
7557:
7181:
7169:
5513:
and it was owned by Aflaq. Arsuzi did not support the
5509:âaccording to Moshe Ma'oz, the only copy of it was in
5286:
on the rampage. Saddamism is too political for that."â
5233:
discourse" that it claims collapsed after 1967. It is
4211:
began after Bashar al-Assad's brutal crackdown of the
14227:
8199:
7843:
7841:
7725:
7713:
7649:
7637:
7613:
7594:
7545:
7413:
7157:
6923:
6921:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
5872:"How the European far right coopted an Arabic letter"
5751:
5391:
decades of tyranny, termed âsecurity and stabilityâ (
4332:
and historically opposed affiliation with either the
8912:
Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World
8799:
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein
7807:
7124:
7022:
6953:
6840:
6838:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6678:
6676:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6517:
6515:
6498:
6496:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6444:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6098:
6096:
5792:
5771:
5739:
5487:. The party's members read Nazi literature, such as
4661:
Constitution of Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (1947),
4164:
and ideological indoctrination and subordinated all
8456:
The Ba'th Party: A History from its origins to 1966
8065:
8063:
7941:. Fox News Channel. 1 December 2014. Archived from
5754:
5736:
5648:. Several pro-Assadist slogans were chanted in the
11816:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
10730:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
8968:The Constitution of the Arab Socialist Baath Party
8934:
8729:
8702:
8633:
8583:
8478:
8428:
8279:
8252:
8129:"Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?"
7672:
7580:(4th ed.). London: I. B Tauris. p. 144.
7145:
7059:The Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management Project
6074:
5544:According to a British journalist who interviewed
4569:progressive group to create a truly free society.
8019:"Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner 'died in Syria'"
4856:âTamara Al-Om, British-Syrian political scientist
4269:Aflaq's ideology was developed in the context of
4176:to the party and the state. Both regimes pursued
2276:which promotes the creation and development of a
14251:
9215:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
8700:
8476:
8060:
7631:
6626:
5503:; and they also actively searched for a copy of
2406:) prevented criticism of their ideology through
5624:extremists, who became aware of him during the
5601:for over 30 years, serving as an instructor on
5056:, a military coup that placed Assad in power.
4653:will be founded which will issue the currency..
4442:and individualism was not a healthy sign in an
3959:splintered, became the chief ideologist of the
2326:, and his son, the current president of Syria,
9142:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
8608:
7539:
7459:
5314:). Iraqi and Syrian Ba'athist leaders (of the
4072:authorities expelled him from Syria in 1941.
27:Pan-Arabist and nationalist-socialist ideology
12086:
11846:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
11293:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
11222:
10906:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
8988:
8889:A Political and Economic Dictionary of Africa
8522:
7997:"Eichmann's Best Man Lived and Died in Syria"
7920:. 3 February 2015. p. 21. Archived from
7576:Van Dam, Nikolaos (2011). "10: Conclusions".
6908:
5330:and opposed the orthodox Marxist concepts of
4094:, led by its civilian leadership, launched a
4092:Military Committee of the Syrian Ba'ath party
3929:
2398:The two Ba'athist states which have existed (
2243:
1467:
10693:
7405:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7295:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7052:
5786:
5249:Saddam and his ideologists sought to fuse a
4884:, led by radical leftist officers including
4681:For a people as spiritual as the Arabs, the
8701:al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008).
7500:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6827:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6784:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5960:
5937:
5659:in 2017. Neo-nazi militants from the Greek
5452:, he participated in the activities of the
5043:, and every value of the old social order.
4695:capitalist domination of the foreign powers
4180:of ethnic minorities and legitimized their
4152:Throughout their reigns, the two Ba'athist
12093:
12079:
11229:
11215:
8995:
8981:
8705:Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History
8558:
8542:Challenges to Democracy in the Middle East
8282:Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq
7003:
6642:
5835:
5605:, combating internal dissent, and purging
4589:Aflaq's view on the necessity of socialism
3936:
3922:
2250:
2236:
1474:
1460:
145:
50:The flag of the Baath Party, based on the
10787:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
8776:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition
8753:The Political Economy of Syria under Asad
8477:Ghareeb, Edmund; Dougherty, Beth (2004).
8069:
5806:, meaning "renaissance" or "resurrection"
5694:government and certain political groups.
5490:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
5416:, claims that "Ba'athism may have been a
5407:
4649:between citizens will be forbidden and a
2384:, distribution of lands to peasants, and
2106:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
11926:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
11856:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
11821:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
10750:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
8398:
8356:
8336:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
8333:
8304:
7994:
7879:
7785:
7079:
7040:
7028:
6610:
6155:
6139:
5836:Strickland, Patrick (14 February 2018).
5670:
5293:
5184:
5063:
4934:
4364:
3947:
12548:MarxismâLeninismâMaoismâGonzalo Thought
11801:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
11786:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
10891:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
10870:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
10720:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
8863:
8815:
8750:
8727:
8631:
8581:
8379:
8234:
8217:
8039:
7963:
7731:
7719:
7707:
7655:
7643:
7619:
7575:
7563:
7422:
7187:
7175:
7163:
6876:
5902:
5158:". Assadism is less an ideology than a
4892:, which moved the party further into a
4864:historian Avraham Ben-Tzur labeled the
4815:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
4708:would not succeed in a country such as
4450:, where it was seen as a healthy sign.
14:
14252:
12553:MarxismâLeninismâMaoismâPrachanda Path
11796:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
10802:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
8909:
8886:
8796:
8609:Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010).
8539:
8523:Hannah, Sami; Gardner, George (1969).
8453:
8431:People and Politics in the Middle East
8426:
8277:
8205:
8126:
7863:
7847:
7828:
7743:
7667:
7607:
7551:
7514:
7434:
6987:
6971:
6959:
6943:
6927:
6892:
6450:
6352:
6313:
6274:
6258:
6219:
6203:
6187:
6171:
6123:
6102:
6087:
5982:
5980:
5176:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
4464:
4203:was subsequently banned under the new
2411:
2333:The Ba'athist ideology advocates the "
2139:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
14093:International socialist organizations
12074:
11210:
11071:
10692:
10399:
9260:
9042:
8976:
8840:
8773:
8681:
8658:
8586:Syria 1945â1986: Politics and Society
8508:(2 ed.). Sussex Academic Press.
8503:
8155:"The ultra-nationalist Arab identity"
8099:
7816:
7309:
7231:
7139:
7091:
6860:
6844:
6739:
6714:
6698:
6682:
6663:
6594:
6569:
6553:
6537:
6521:
6502:
6483:
6462:
6434:
6396:
5869:
5852:
5801:
5780:
5690:, was accused of being racist by the
5628:that was partially brought on by the
4724:Aflaq labeled this form of socialism
3705:International socialist organizations
2653:To each according to his contribution
873:Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
11236:
10921:Palestinian National Salvation Front
8932:
8525:Arab Socialism: A Documentary Survey
8040:Huetlin, Josephine (28 March 2018).
7151:
5963:"Is Syria No Longer a Pariah State?"
5961:Ker-Lindsay, James (27 April 2023).
5940:"Is Syria No Longer a Pariah State?"
5938:Ker-Lindsay, James (27 April 2023).
5903:Huetlin, Josephine (28 March 2018).
5818:
5529:. Arsuzi claimed that historically,
5326:Saddam's government was critical of
4605:context. Articles 26â37 of the 1947
897:Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)
14174:
11836:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
10991:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
10956:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
8250:
8070:MacDonald, Alex (2 December 2014).
7797:
6051:. pp. 364, 365. Archived from
5977:
5787:
5767:
5003:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4668:Michel Aflaq was a deep admirer of
4145:in 2000, after which his successor
24:
11776:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
11298:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
11041:General Federation of Trade Unions
10901:Lebanese National Resistance Front
10614:National Progressive Front (Syria)
8615:American University in Cairo Press
7995:Chandler, Adam (2 December 2014).
7964:Rudoren, Jodi (30 November 2014).
7355:. pp. 364â365. Archived from
7206:. pp. 364â365. Archived from
6019:. pp. 364â365. Archived from
5169:
4149:pursued reconciliation with Iraq.
1678:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
25:
14311:
11841:Palestine Liberation Organization
11072:
10865:Palestine Liberation Organization
10609:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
10262:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
9692:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
8961:
8384:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press.
8074:. Middle East Eye. Archived from
8025:. 1 December 2014. Archived from
7899:. 28 January 2015. Archived from
5894:. 3 November 2022. Archived from
5819:Elba, Mariam (8 September 2017).
5506:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
5412:Cyprian Blamires, a historian of
4312:" and "Arab history against dead
4258:. Additionally, Aflaq's views on
1083:Arab International Media Services
14237:
14210:
14198:
14186:
14173:
14162:
14161:
12055:
12054:
11781:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
11464:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
10770:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
10400:
9674:Members of the Regional Commands
8173:
8147:
8127:Whelan, Brian (1 October 2013).
8120:
8093:
8033:
8011:
7915:"Syria & Iraq: January 2015"
7061:. University of Central Arkansas
7008:. Routledge. pp. 188, 189.
5809:
5732:
5467:, one of the co-founders of the
4808:
4744:
4732:. According to Aflaq, who was a
4706:constitutional democratic system
3903:
3891:
3874:
2445:
2126:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
1505:
1018:Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing
930:Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ)
44:
14017:
13528:
13184:
13145:
13121:
12829:Dictatorship of the proletariat
11424:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
11018:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
9152:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
8307:Journal of Contemporary History
8100:Snell, James (17 August 2017).
7988:
7957:
7931:
7907:
7885:
7737:
7661:
7569:
7508:
7465:
7428:
7374:
7342:
7303:
7264:
7225:
7193:
7085:
7046:
6997:
6801:Socialist Models of Development
6792:
6758:Socialist Models of Development
6749:
6406:
6346:
6307:
6268:
6213:
5853:Snell, James (17 August 2017).
5712:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
5450:SyrianâLebanese Communist Party
5336:dictatorship of the proletariat
5273:heritage and Arab nationalism.
5215:Al-Baʽthiya Al-Saddamiyya
4530:Aflaq in a speech dated to 1959
4289:The core basis of Ba'athism is
4215:, which continues to this day.
922:Federation of Arab Trade Unions
13072:Organizational self-management
11866:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
11628:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
10840:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
9261:
8382:Historical Dictionary of Syria
8243:
7681:University of California Press
6038:
6006:
5954:
5931:
5870:Ayoub, Joey (3 October 2022).
5725:
5383:"The Baâathist triumph gifted
5376:
4736:, the teaching and reforms of
4360:
913:International Confederation of
13:
1:
14285:Syncretic political movements
13052:Free association of producers
12809:Critique of political economy
12100:
11051:General Union of Syrian Women
10961:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
10916:Palestinian National Alliance
9188:Revolutionary Command Council
9080:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
8481:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
5925:
5593:and a key participant in the
5568:interviewed Syrian president
4218:
4184:by implanting conspiratorial
4005:who had been associated with
3961:Syrian-dominated Ba'ath Party
2538:Critique of political economy
1749:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
636:Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
14149:Socialist calculation debate
14124:Economic calculation problem
13092:Socialist mode of production
11811:Federation of Arab Republics
11771:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
11761:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
11362:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
11310:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
10860:National Democratic Alliance
10845:Forces of Freedom and Change
9842:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
9802:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
9752:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
8732:Iraq, the contemporary state
8561:Syria: Revolution from Above
8559:Hinnebusch, Raymond (2002).
8544:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
8380:Commins, David Dean (2004).
7632:al-Marashi & Salama 2008
6627:Ghareeb & Dougherty 2004
5539:League of Nationalist Action
5180:
4939:Syrian neo-Ba'athist leader
4870:8th of March 1963 Revolution
4572:
4535:Fundamentally, Aflaq had an
4374:Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath Party
4230:, who influenced Aflaq, and
4050:League of Nationalist Action
3808:Socialist calculation debate
3778:List of socialist economists
3753:Economic calculation problem
2638:Socialist mode of production
2495:Socialist calculation debate
2280:through the leadership of a
1773:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
924:and Labor Societies (FATULS)
590:Federation of Arab Republics
256:Middle East and North Africa
7:
14217:Organized Labour portal
12946:Socialisation of production
11936:Flag of the Arab Federation
11766:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
11756:Arab Socialist Action Party
10986:Social Democratic Unionists
10951:Arab Democratic Union Party
10647:National Defense Battalions
9043:
9005:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
8131:. Vice News. Archived from
5793:
5772:
5527:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
5253:connection between ancient
5059:
4355:
4027:Japanese economic "miracle"
3982:, while Arsuzi founded the
1778:Assadist-Saddamist conflict
892:Union for the Mediterranean
868:Economic and Social Council
634:Cooperation Council for the
570:Attempts at political union
202:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
14316:
13453:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
13278:Victor Prosper Considerant
11907:On the Way of Resurrection
11900:The Battle for One Destiny
11831:Lebanese National Movement
11272:Third International Theory
11164:On the Way of Resurrection
11157:The Battle for One Destiny
10946:Arab Socialist Union Party
10896:Lebanese National Movement
10126:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
9837:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
8870:Cambridge University Press
8357:Choueiri, Youssef (2000).
8334:Blamires, Cyprian (2006).
8319:10.1177/002200946800300310
7540:Korany & Dessouki 2010
7460:Korany & Dessouki 2010
5261:civilization in Iraq with
5199:
5173:
5076:at a military ceremony in
4828:The Power of the Powerless
4812:
4576:
4519:
4320:politics of Indian leader
4266:, as romantic and poetic.
4174:civil society institutions
2421:
1672:The Battle for One Destiny
1667:On the Way of Resurrection
1078:Arabian Television Network
886:Social Development (AFESD)
884:Arab Fund for Economic and
509:Third International Theory
14157:
14106:
14083:
14015:
13526:
13318:William Batchelder Greene
13253:Francisco Largo Caballero
13182:
13143:
13119:
13110:
12989:
12779:
12651:
12606:
12428:
12264:
12123:
12110:
12050:
11959:
11916:
11884:
11861:Unified Political Command
11751:Arab Nationalist Movement
11696:
11648:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
11508:
11477:
11444:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
11315:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
11280:
11244:
11173:
11148:
11082:
11078:
11067:
11046:General Union of Peasants
11033:
10938:
10878:
10855:National Consensus Forces
10832:
10825:
10758:
10707:
10703:
10688:
10668:Revolutionary Youth Union
10660:
10629:
10622:
10601:
10575:
10503:
10425:
10414:
10410:
10395:
10380:
10270:
10230:
10223:
10168:
10143:
10136:
10120:
9885:
9680:
9673:
9542:
9496:
9474:
9453:
9426:
9379:
9372:
9331:
9299:
9278:
9271:
9267:
9256:
9170:
9109:
9088:
9057:
9053:
9038:
9012:
8916:Syracuse University Press
8847:Syracuse University Press
8686:. Sussex Academic Press.
8405:Saddam: His Rise and Fall
6909:Hannah & Gardner 1969
4930:authoritarian centralised
4328:, and Yugoslavian leader
4205:De-Ba'athification policy
4139:personalist dictatorships
4013:. He was inspired by the
3803:Socialism and LGBT rights
2747:Socialist-oriented market
2695:Socialist planned economy
2598:Material balance planning
2150:
2137:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2066:
2045:
2024:
2003:
1982:
1961:
1945:
1924:
1908:
1887:
1866:
1845:
1824:
1803:
1708:November 1963 coup d'Ă©tat
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
915:Arab Trade Unions (ICATU)
595:Unified Political Command
116:
58:
43:
34:
13463:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
12956:Socialist market economy
11369:1952 Egyptian revolution
10996:Socialist Unionist Party
10966:Libyan National Movement
10792:Arabic Toilers' Movement
10696:Associated organizations
10556:National Security Bureau
10504:Syrian-dominated faction
9932:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
9867:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
9717:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
9417:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
9332:Syrian-dominated faction
9028:Syrian-dominated faction
8943:Cornell University Press
8937:The Origins of Alliances
8864:Sassoon, Joseph (2012).
8816:Ruthven, Malise (2006).
8751:Perthes, Volker (1997).
8632:Laqueur, Walter (1969).
8540:Harris, William (1997).
8460:Hoover Institution Press
8454:Devlin, John F. (1975).
7768:: CS1 maint: location (
7496:: CS1 maint: location (
7334:: CS1 maint: location (
7256:: CS1 maint: location (
7116:: CS1 maint: location (
7053:Mullenbach, Mark (ed.).
6823:: CS1 maint: location (
6780:: CS1 maint: location (
6377:: CS1 maint: location (
6338:: CS1 maint: location (
6299:: CS1 maint: location (
6244:: CS1 maint: location (
5718:
5686:, which has ties to the
5607:Syria's Jewish community
5589:, the right-hand man of
5318:) during the funeral of
4868:which took power in the
4481:because it was led by a
4473:(1916â1918) against the
4469:According to Aflaq, the
4273:and other events in the
4001:Arsuzi was an Arab from
2742:Socialist market economy
2667:Workers' self-management
2633:Socialism in one country
2480:Age of the Enlightenment
1566:Baath Party (pro-Syrian)
13174:Ătienne-Gabriel Morelly
13164:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
12844:Equality of opportunity
12799:Criticism of capitalism
12543:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
12300:Left-wing laissez-faire
12022:Palestinian nationalism
11941:Flag of the Arab Revolt
11434:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
11414:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
11394:1961 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
10971:National Covenant Party
10775:Arab Socialist Movement
10426:Iraqi-dominated faction
10352:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
10042:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
9727:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
9697:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
9300:Iraqi-dominated faction
9220:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
9210:Union of Arab Republics
9162:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9137:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9117:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9075:Arab Socialist Movement
9019:Iraqi-dominated faction
8910:Viorst, Milton (1995).
8824:Oxford University Press
8801:. W. W. Norton and Co.
8797:Mackey, Sandra (2003).
8780:Oxford University Press
8582:Hopwood, Derek (1988).
8427:Curtis, Michel (1971).
8288:Oxford University Press
5684:National Vanguard Party
5626:European refugee crisis
5580:Simon Wiesenthal Center
5103:Ba'atho-Assadist system
4964:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4918:Iraqi regional branches
4882:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4793:'s stance on religion.
4675:dialectical materialism
4430:view of the need for a
4242:and the early 1960s in
4238:until the mid-1950s in
4190:anti-Western sentiments
4085:Arab Socialist Movement
3743:Criticism of capitalism
2754:Participatory economics
2588:Labour-time calculation
2306:Syrian-led Ba'ath Party
2286:socialist revolutionary
1768:Intervention in Lebanon
1556:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)
1103:Arab Capital of Culture
843:Industrialization (AOI)
600:Union of Arab Republics
183:Western Sahara conflict
133:Part of a series on the
118:Political position
52:flag of the Arab Revolt
13837:José Carlos Mariåtegui
13782:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
13767:Martin Luther King Jr.
13443:Luis Emilio Recabarren
13438:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
13373:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
13062:Labor-time calculation
13027:Decentralized planning
12931:Proletarian revolution
12886:State-owned enterprise
12804:Criticism of socialism
11449:1969 Libyan revolution
11327:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
11001:Syrian Communist Party
10807:Palestinian Arab Front
10337:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
10317:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
10307:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
10257:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
10062:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
10037:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
9972:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
9877:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
9812:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
9757:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
9712:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
9412:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
9317:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
8933:Walt, Stephen (1987).
8887:Seddon, David (2006).
8774:Pipes, Daniel (1992).
8659:Jones, Jeremy (2007).
8437:Transaction Publishers
7515:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
7435:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
7055:"Syria (1946âpresent)"
5546:Barzan Ibrahim Tikriti
5454:French Communist Party
5408:Allegations of fascism
5404:
5342:, as well as opposing
5323:
5316:pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party
5291:
5242:owned by Saddam's son
5197:
5081:
5072:alongside his brother
4995:Syrian Communist Party
4948:
4853:
4798:Iraqi Regional Command
4759:
4666:
4651:single government bank
4592:
4533:
4444:underdeveloped country
4377:
4246:, the ideology of the
4213:2011 Syrian revolution
4197:United States invasion
4058:1941 Iraqi coup d'etat
3963:
3748:Criticism of socialism
2700:Decentralized planning
2603:Peerâtoâpeer economics
2298:Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party
1796:Regional organisations
1648:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
1008:QatarâBahrain Causeway
536:Anti-Iranian sentiment
14280:Left-wing nationalism
14180:Socialism WikiProject
13942:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
13637:Cornelius Castoriadis
13503:Alfred Russel Wallace
13268:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
13233:Louis Auguste Blanqui
13193:Stephen Pearl Andrews
13022:Cooperative ownership
12538:MaoismâThird Worldism
12007:Jordanian nationalism
11741:Arab Islamic Republic
11736:Arab Higher Committee
11613:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
11593:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
11404:North Yemen civil war
11337:ArabâIsraeli conflict
10817:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
10332:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
10282:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
10057:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
9852:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
9605:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
9466:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
9101:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
8728:Niblock, Tim (1982).
8682:Maʻoz, Moshe (2005).
8278:Bengio, Ofra (1998).
8112:on 27 December 2022.
8052:on 16 November 2022.
7312:The Truth About Syria
7234:The Truth About Syria
7094:The Truth About Syria
5967:World Politics Review
5944:World Politics Review
5782:[albaÊËΞijja]
5699:Iraqi Regional Branch
5671:Allegations of racism
5653:Unite the Right rally
5393:al-amn wa al-istiqrar
5381:
5298:(from left to right:
5297:
5276:
5192:(right) talking with
5188:
5067:
5054:Corrective Revolution
4960:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
4938:
4819:
4748:
4611:
4582:
4543:. In contrast to the
4523:
4459:democratic centralism
4368:
4264:Middle East Institute
4232:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
4166:student organisations
4062:Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani
3972:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
3951:
2310:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
2152:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
1763:Corrective Revolution
1603:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1195:Arab Champions League
841:Arab Organization for
825:Joint Defence Council
624:Organizational unions
585:Arab Islamic Republic
188:ArabâIsraeli conflict
103:Left-wing nationalism
14265:Political ideologies
14205:Communism portal
14193:Socialism portal
14144:Socialism by country
13742:Pablo Iglesias Posse
13448:Henri de Saint-Simon
13403:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
13057:Industrial democracy
12864:History of socialism
12859:History of communism
12854:History of anarchism
12042:Tunisian nationalism
12012:Lebanese nationalism
11972:Egyptian nationalism
11967:Algerian nationalism
11871:United Arab Republic
11746:Arab Liberation Army
11726:Arab Ba'ath Movement
11583:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
10911:National Union Front
10242:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
10200:Abdul Halim Khaddam
10155:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
10007:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
9952:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
9822:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
9747:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9600:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9402:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9373:Regional Secretaries
9070:Arab Ba'ath Movement
8893:Taylor & Francis
8841:Salem, Paul (1994).
8504:Ginat, Rami (2010).
7043:, pp. 180, 181.
5915:on 16 November 2022.
5882:on 20 December 2022.
5865:on 27 December 2022.
5029:socialist revolution
4902:unified Ba'ath party
4477:failed to unify the
4394:(literally meaning "
4318:Non-Aligned Movement
4236:Arab Ba'ath Movement
4009:politics during the
3898:Communism portal
3881:Socialism portal
2573:Industrial democracy
2523:Collective ownership
2376:Ba'athism advocates
1633:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1536:Arab Ba'ath Movement
1023:SaudiâEgypt Causeway
902:Chambers of Commerce
610:United Arab Republic
365:Human Rights Charter
13947:George Bernard Shaw
13857:François Mitterrand
13772:Alexandra Kollontai
13747:Jayaprakash Narayan
13428:Constantin Pecqueur
13248:Philippe Buonarroti
13203:John Goodwyn Barmby
13102:Workplace democracy
13012:Calculation in kind
13002:Anarchist economics
12951:Socialist economics
12849:Equality of outcome
12789:Anarchist economics
12496:Ho Chi Minh Thought
12369:Libertarian Marxism
12364:Left-libertarianism
12032:Sahrawi nationalism
11389:1959 Mosul uprising
11322:Great Syrian Revolt
11034:Other organizations
10976:Popular Unity Party
10826:Political alliances
10357:Wael Nader al-Halqi
10224:Heads of government
10067:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
10022:Abdul Halim Khaddam
9992:Mohammad al-Hussein
9977:Wael Nader al-Halqi
9817:Taha Yassin Ramadan
9807:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
9797:Ali Hassan al-Majid
9782:Latif Nassif Jassim
9272:General Secretaries
9205:Corrective Movement
9127:1959 Mosul uprising
8736:. Croom Helm, Ltd.
8251:Ali, Tariq (2003).
8161:. 21 September 2013
8029:on 1 December 2014.
8007:on 2 December 2014.
7927:on 23 October 2019.
7542:, pp. 423â424.
6424:on 21 October 2020.
5898:on 3 November 2022.
5892:The Syrian Observer
5434:authoritarian party
5401:University of Otago
5160:cult of personality
5146:. And despite its
5092:. It enshrines the
5090:Corrective Movement
4833:totalitarian regime
4766:, but also against
4629:means of production
4497:. In Aflaq's view,
4465:Reactionary classes
4448:developed countries
4192:upon the citizens.
4098:that established a
4064:and the subsequent
4039:Friedrich Nietzsche
4025:movements, and the
4023:Italian unification
3984:Arab National Party
3783:Market abolitionism
3768:Left-libertarianism
2705:Inclusive Democracy
2672:Workplace democracy
2518:Calculation in kind
2500:Socialist economics
2490:Revolutions of 1848
2416:Syrian Ba'ath party
2355:political pluralism
1028:Bridge of the Horns
830:United Arab Command
605:United Arab Kingdom
14300:Left-wing politics
14290:Types of socialism
14129:Marxist philosophy
14046:Kemal KılıçdaroÄlu
13867:Gamal Abdel Nasser
13822:Alasdair MacIntyre
13592:Simone de Beauvoir
13363:Ferdinand Lassalle
13130:Tommaso Campanella
13077:Production for use
13037:Economic democracy
12906:Mode of production
12896:Left-wing politics
12875:The Internationale
12558:Xi Jinping Thought
12037:Syrian nationalism
12017:Libyan nationalism
11977:Greater Mauritania
11893:The Arab Awakening
11876:United Arab States
11851:Rejectionist Front
11658:Gamal Abdel Nasser
11469:Yemeni unification
11459:Lebanese Civil War
11439:17 July Revolution
11409:Ramadan Revolution
11384:14 July Revolution
10926:Rejectionist Front
10322:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
10297:Nureddin al-Atassi
10185:Nureddin al-Atassi
10017:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
9922:Nureddin al-Atassi
9832:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
9732:Salih Mahdi Ammash
9702:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
9655:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
9585:Nureddin al-Atassi
9519:Nureddin al-Atassi
9397:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
9349:Abdullah al-Ahmar
9339:Nureddin al-Atassi
9235:De-Ba'athification
9178:17 July Revolution
9132:Ramadan Revolution
9122:14 July Revolution
8819:Islam in the World
8159:Al Arabiya English
8135:on 2 February 2022
7976:on 3 December 2014
7970:The New York Times
7945:on 1 December 2014
5848:on 5 January 2023.
5831:on 5 October 2017.
5708:Ramadan Revolution
5688:Iraqi Ba'ath party
5603:torture techniques
5481:racial superiority
5324:
5300:Taha Yasin Ramadan
5198:
5082:
4949:
4943:(right) alongside
4914:Salah al-Din Bitar
4906:military committee
4825:'s description in
4545:liberal democratic
4491:German unification
4378:
4326:Gamal Abdel Nasser
4324:, Egyptian leader
4252:Fi Sabil al-Baâath
4201:Iraqi Ba'ath party
4182:authoritarian rule
4108:Ba'athist movement
3995:Arab Ihya Movement
3964:
3788:Marxist philosophy
2608:Production for use
2578:Inputâoutput model
2543:Economic democracy
2321:president of Syria
2278:unified Arab state
2110:1960–1962/63
1738:De-Ba'athification
1713:17 July Revolution
1703:Ramadan Revolution
1013:King Fahd Causeway
907:Arab Customs Union
878:Arab Monetary Fund
642:Arab Maghreb Union
615:United Arab States
14225:
14224:
14098:Socialist parties
14079:
14078:
13982:Ram Manohar Lohia
13922:Gaetano Salvemini
13707:Mikhail Gorbachev
13418:Antonie Pannekoek
13047:Equal opportunity
13042:Economic planning
12775:
12774:
12664:African-Caribbean
12652:Regional variants
12379:Council communism
12247:Saint-Simonianism
12068:
12067:
11997:Iraqi nationalism
11688:Constantin Zureiq
11538:Abdul Rahman Arif
11518:Butrus al-Bustani
11204:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11196:
11195:
11063:
11062:
11059:
11058:
10939:Political parties
10934:
10933:
10812:Socialist Lebanon
10684:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10571:
10570:
10417:Regional branches
10391:
10390:
10387:
10386:
10376:
10375:
10347:Riyad Farid Hijab
10312:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
10219:
10218:
10205:
10132:
10131:
10082:Hikmat al-Shihabi
9897:Abdullah al-Ahmar
9862:Hardan al-Tikriti
9792:Adnan Khayr Allah
9787:Rashid Taan Kazim
9722:Salah Omar al-Ali
9565:Abdullah al-Ahmar
9538:
9537:
9368:
9367:
9354:
9252:
9251:
9248:
9247:
8856:978-0-8156-2628-2
8808:978-0-393-32428-0
8743:978-0-7099-1810-3
8720:978-0-415-40078-7
8624:978-977-416-360-9
8601:978-0-04-445046-7
8551:978-1-55876-149-0
8527:. Brill Archive.
7710:, pp. 70â71.
7587:978-1-84885-760-5
7483:978-0-9775200-3-9
7392:978-0-8047-8301-9
7321:978-1-4039-8273-5
7282:978-0-8047-8301-9
7243:978-1-4039-8273-5
7103:978-1-4039-8273-5
7015:978-0-415-52391-2
5584:Nazi war-criminal
5566:Jonathan Teperman
5469:Arab Ba'ath Party
5251:pseudo-historical
5219:Iraqi nationalism
5134:Arab Ba'ath Party
5068:Ba'athist leader
4845:live within a lie
4505:content with the
4446:, in contrast to
4162:mass surveillance
4015:French Revolution
3946:
3945:
3738:Communist society
3710:Socialist parties
2969:Saint-Simonianism
2558:Equal opportunity
2548:Economic planning
2485:French Revolution
2386:planned economies
2341:" as well as the
2314:president of Iraq
2260:
2259:
2163:
2162:
2116:Socialist Lebanon
2087:
2086:
1758:1966 coup d'Ă©tats
1577:
1576:
1484:
1483:
1449:
1448:
1219:
1218:
1035:
1034:
851:
850:
781:
780:
659:Foreign relations
649:
648:
419:
418:
377:Ahmed Aboul Gheit
371:Secretary General
339:
338:
235:
234:
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
14307:
14295:State ideologies
14275:Arab nationalism
14242:
14241:
14233:
14215:
14214:
14203:
14202:
14201:
14191:
14190:
14177:
14176:
14165:
14164:
14066:Yanis Varoufakis
14019:
13932:Jean-Paul Sartre
13917:Bertrand Russell
13892:Sylvia Pankhurst
13872:Jawaharlal Nehru
13737:Dolores IbĂĄrruri
13702:Einar Gerhardsen
13682:Alexander DubÄek
13632:Nikolai Bukharin
13542:Salvador Allende
13530:
13513:Wilhelm Weitling
13498:Suzanne Voilquin
13483:William Thompson
13473:Lysander Spooner
13433:Georgi Plekhanov
13423:Giovanni Pascoli
13388:Errico Malatesta
13383:Helen Macfarlane
13328:Alexander Herzen
13303:Friedrich Engels
13298:Prosper Enfantin
13293:W. E. B. Du Bois
13263:Edward Carpenter
13223:Eduard Bernstein
13186:
13169:Sylvain Maréchal
13147:
13123:
13117:
13116:
13082:Public ownership
13032:Direct democracy
13017:Common ownership
12981:Workers' council
12966:State capitalism
12881:Internationalism
12814:Critique of work
12794:Anti-revisionism
12471:MarxismâLeninism
12305:Left-wing market
12262:
12261:
12222:Social democracy
12105:
12095:
12088:
12081:
12072:
12071:
12058:
12057:
11931:Eagle of Saladin
11638:Amin al-Husseini
11603:Faisal I of Iraq
11573:Sultan al-Atrash
11568:Mansur al-Atrash
11543:Abdul Salam Arif
11352:War of Attrition
11238:Arab nationalism
11231:
11224:
11217:
11208:
11207:
11100:Arab nationalism
11090:Anti-imperialism
11080:
11079:
11069:
11068:
10850:March 8 Alliance
10830:
10829:
10762:
10761:Breakaway groups
10705:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10689:
10627:
10626:
10453:Regional Command
10423:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10411:
10404:
10397:
10396:
10327:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
10274:
10234:
10228:
10227:
10201:
10172:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10077:Farouk al-Sharaa
10072:Hammouda Sabbagh
9962:Ibrahim al-Hadid
9942:Mahdi Dakhlallah
9927:Shibli al-Aysami
9889:
9737:Hussein Al-Awadi
9707:Saad Abdul-Majid
9684:
9678:
9677:
9625:Akram al-Hawrani
9595:Shibli al-Aysami
9590:Mansur al-Atrash
9552:
9551:National Command
9546:
9509:Shibli al-Aysami
9377:
9376:
9350:
9322:Salah Al-Mukhtar
9276:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9258:
9257:
9240:Syrian civil war
9147:Ar-Rashid revolt
9055:
9054:
9047:
9040:
9039:
9029:
9020:
9006:
8997:
8990:
8983:
8974:
8973:
8956:
8940:
8929:
8906:
8883:
8868:(1st ed.).
8860:
8837:
8812:
8793:
8770:
8747:
8735:
8724:
8708:
8697:
8678:
8655:
8639:
8628:
8605:
8589:
8578:
8555:
8536:
8519:
8500:
8484:
8473:
8458:(2nd ed.).
8450:
8434:
8423:
8410:Harper Perennial
8395:
8376:
8353:
8330:
8301:
8285:
8274:
8258:
8238:
8232:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8108:. Archived from
8097:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8083:
8078:on 1 August 2020
8067:
8058:
8057:
8048:. Archived from
8037:
8031:
8030:
8015:
8009:
8008:
8003:. Archived from
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7972:. Archived from
7961:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7919:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7903:on 6 March 2022.
7889:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7861:
7855:
7845:
7836:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7805:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7774:
7773:
7767:
7759:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7678:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7592:
7591:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7495:
7487:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7411:
7410:
7404:
7396:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7361:
7354:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7333:
7325:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7294:
7286:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7255:
7247:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7107:
7089:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7001:
6995:
6985:
6979:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6941:
6935:
6925:
6916:
6906:
6900:
6890:
6884:
6874:
6868:
6858:
6852:
6842:
6833:
6832:
6822:
6814:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6779:
6771:
6753:
6747:
6737:
6722:
6712:
6706:
6696:
6690:
6680:
6671:
6661:
6650:
6640:
6634:
6624:
6618:
6608:
6602:
6592:
6577:
6567:
6561:
6551:
6545:
6535:
6529:
6519:
6510:
6500:
6491:
6481:
6470:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6420:. Archived from
6410:
6404:
6394:
6383:
6382:
6376:
6368:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6337:
6329:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6290:
6272:
6266:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6243:
6235:
6217:
6211:
6201:
6195:
6185:
6179:
6169:
6163:
6153:
6147:
6137:
6131:
6121:
6110:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6072:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5969:. Archived from
5958:
5952:
5951:
5946:. Archived from
5935:
5919:
5916:
5911:. Archived from
5899:
5883:
5878:. Archived from
5866:
5861:. Archived from
5849:
5844:. Archived from
5832:
5827:. Archived from
5813:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5729:
5677:ultranationalism
5665:Syrian Arab Army
5640:bulwark against
5630:Syrian Civil War
5428:and non-Marxist
5422:European fascist
5344:MarxismâLeninism
5304:Shibli al-Aysami
5263:Arab nationalism
5128:, co-founder of
4898:National Command
4857:
4831:of life under a
4757:
4730:Arab nationalism
4662:
4590:
4531:
4385:Arab nationalist
4322:Jawaharlal Nehru
4260:Arab nationalism
4209:deadly civil war
4112:Syrian-dominated
4081:Akram Al-Hawrani
4048:Arsuzi left the
4007:Arab nationalist
3938:
3931:
3924:
3910:Organized Labour
3908:
3907:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3879:
3878:
3823:Workers' council
3460:Gracchi Brothers
2984:Social democracy
2727:Market socialism
2715:Project Cybersyn
2643:Soviet democracy
2628:Social ownership
2583:Internationalism
2563:Free association
2533:Common ownership
2449:
2426:
2425:
2363:Arab nationalism
2351:one-party states
2271:Arab nationalist
2252:
2245:
2238:
2224:
2222:Socialism portal
2217:
2179:Arab nationalism
2159:
2146:
2133:
2102:
2101:
1801:
1800:
1783:Syrian civil war
1573:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1234:
1233:
1207:Arabian Gulf Cup
1200:Cup Winners' Cup
1164:
1118:Jerusalem (2008)
1073:Arab Media Group
1050:
1049:
946:
945:
835:Peninsula Shield
796:
795:
664:
663:
480:Arab nationalism
434:
433:
380:
360:Founding Charter
354:
353:
250:
249:
178:Somali Civil War
171:Syrian Civil War
160:
159:
156:Political Issues
149:
130:
129:
88:Anti-imperialism
68:Arab nationalism
48:
32:
31:
21:
14315:
14314:
14310:
14309:
14308:
14306:
14305:
14304:
14250:
14249:
14248:
14236:
14228:
14226:
14221:
14209:
14199:
14197:
14185:
14153:
14102:
14075:
14011:
13937:Arthur Scargill
13907:Pierre Renaudel
13717:Antonio Gramsci
13697:Muammar Gaddafi
13692:Faiz Ahmad Faiz
13687:Albert Einstein
13627:Aristide Briand
13617:Murray Bookchin
13612:Grace Lee Boggs
13597:Walter Benjamin
13567:Chiang Kai-shek
13547:InejirĆ Asanuma
13522:
13493:Benjamin Tucker
13353:Peter Kropotkin
13333:Thomas Hodgskin
13308:Charles Fourier
13288:Théodore Dézamy
13238:Philippe Buchez
13198:Mikhail Bakunin
13178:
13154:Gracchus Babeuf
13139:
13106:
13087:Social dividend
12985:
12961:Socialist state
12926:Post-capitalism
12921:Planned economy
12916:Nationalization
12781:
12771:
12647:
12602:
12432:
12424:
12322:Insurrectionary
12268:
12260:
12126:
12119:
12106:
12101:
12099:
12069:
12064:
12046:
11982:Greater Morocco
11955:
11951:Pan-Arab colors
11946:Hawk of Quraish
11912:
11880:
11731:Arab Federation
11692:
11678:Abdullah Rimawi
11653:Mostéfa Merarda
11608:Muammar Gaddafi
11588:Ahmed Ben Bella
11563:Jamal al-Atassi
11553:Bashar al-Assad
11504:
11473:
11454:Black September
11332:Anglo-Iraqi War
11276:
11240:
11235:
11205:
11192:
11188:Pan-Arab colors
11182:Aráž ul-FurÄtayn
11169:
11144:
11074:
11055:
11029:
10930:
10874:
10821:
10780:Damascus branch
10760:
10754:
10725:Free Iraqi Army
10715:Al-Abud Network
10699:
10695:
10672:
10656:
10642:Fedayeen Saddam
10637:Ba'ath Brigades
10618:
10597:
10588:Sawt al-Jamahir
10567:
10546:Central Command
10499:
10416:
10406:
10402:
10383:
10372:
10272:
10266:
10232:
10215:
10210:Bashar al-Assad
10190:Ahmad al-Khatib
10170:
10164:
10145:
10128:
10116:
10087:Hammud al-Shufi
10052:Zuhair Masharqa
10047:Ibrahim Makhous
10032:Ahmad al-Khatib
9997:Hisham Ikhtiyar
9917:Rifaat al-Assad
9907:Bashar al-Assad
9887:
9881:
9847:Talib El-Shibib
9762:Saadoun Ghaidan
9682:
9669:
9665:Khaled Yashruti
9660:Talib El-Shibib
9650:Abdullah Rimawi
9615:Wahib al-Ghanim
9575:Bashar al-Assad
9550:
9544:
9534:
9529:Bashar al-Assad
9504:Hammud al-Shufi
9492:
9470:
9449:
9434:Abdullah Rimawi
9422:
9392:Talib El-Shibib
9364:
9359:Bashar al-Assad
9327:
9295:
9263:
9244:
9166:
9105:
9084:
9049:
9045:
9034:
9027:
9018:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8964:
8959:
8953:
8926:
8903:
8880:
8857:
8834:
8809:
8790:
8767:
8744:
8721:
8694:
8675:
8652:
8625:
8602:
8575:
8552:
8516:
8497:
8487:Scarecrow Press
8470:
8447:
8420:
8392:
8373:
8363:Wiley-Blackwell
8350:
8338:. Vol. 1.
8298:
8271:
8246:
8241:
8233:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8204:
8200:
8190:
8188:
8187:. 22 March 2003
8179:
8178:
8174:
8164:
8162:
8153:
8152:
8148:
8138:
8136:
8125:
8121:
8098:
8094:
8081:
8079:
8068:
8061:
8046:The Daily Beast
8038:
8034:
8017:
8016:
8012:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7977:
7962:
7958:
7948:
7946:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7924:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7862:
7858:
7846:
7839:
7827:
7823:
7815:
7808:
7796:
7792:
7784:
7777:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7666:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7642:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7618:
7614:
7606:
7595:
7588:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7513:
7509:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7470:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7414:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7362:on 23 July 2011
7359:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7308:
7304:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7269:
7265:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7230:
7226:
7216:
7214:
7213:on 23 July 2011
7210:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7186:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7138:
7125:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7090:
7086:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7051:
7047:
7039:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7016:
7002:
6998:
6986:
6982:
6970:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6942:
6938:
6926:
6919:
6907:
6903:
6891:
6887:
6875:
6871:
6859:
6855:
6843:
6836:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6797:
6793:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6754:
6750:
6738:
6725:
6713:
6709:
6697:
6693:
6681:
6674:
6662:
6653:
6643:Hinnebusch 2002
6641:
6637:
6625:
6621:
6609:
6605:
6593:
6580:
6568:
6564:
6552:
6548:
6536:
6532:
6520:
6513:
6501:
6494:
6482:
6473:
6461:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6433:
6429:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6395:
6386:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6351:
6347:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6312:
6308:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6273:
6269:
6257:
6253:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6218:
6214:
6202:
6198:
6186:
6182:
6170:
6166:
6154:
6150:
6138:
6134:
6122:
6113:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6075:
6061:
6059:
6058:on 23 July 2011
6055:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6026:on 23 July 2011
6023:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5995:
5988:"Mawrid Reader"
5986:
5985:
5978:
5973:on 2 June 2023.
5959:
5955:
5950:on 2 June 2023.
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5909:The Daily Beast
5886:
5814:
5810:
5798:
5777:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5673:
5657:Charlottesville
5570:Bashar al-Assad
5471:established by
5410:
5405:
5379:
5371:Josip Broz Tito
5353:petit bourgeois
5292:
5204:
5196:(left) in 1988.
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:Iraqi Ba'athism
5126:Jamal al-Atassi
5107:socialist state
5074:Rifaat al-Assad
5062:
5039:, imperialism,
4952:Munif al-Razzaz
4859:
4855:
4817:
4811:
4784:, Aflaq warned
4758:
4755:
4747:
4663:
4660:
4603:Arab historical
4591:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4566:one-party state
4539:perspective on
4532:
4529:
4522:
4467:
4422:, intellectual
4363:
4358:
4330:Josip Broz Tito
4280:secular society
4221:
4147:Bashar al-Assad
4131:Al-Assad family
4116:Iraqi-dominated
4100:one-party state
4066:Anglo-Iraqi War
4043:Oswald Spengler
4011:interwar period
3942:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3818:Socialist state
3813:Socialist Party
3758:Economic system
3723:
3715:
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3690:
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3019:
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2834:Democratic road
2769:
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2676:
2623:Social dividend
2613:Sharing economy
2513:
2505:
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2424:
2328:Bashar al-Assad
2265:, also spelled
2256:
2227:
2220:
2215:Politics portal
2213:
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2204:
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2120:1965–1970
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2097:Splinter groups
2089:
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2020:
1999:
1978:
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1862:
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1643:Bashar al-Assad
1613:Wahib al-Ghanim
1608:Abdullah Rimawi
1587:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1560:1968–2003
1550:1947–1966
1540:1940–1947
1530:1940–1947
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1445:
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1140:Arabic language
1123:Damascus (2009)
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14270:Arab socialism
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14026:Pedro Castillo
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13967:E. P. Thompson
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13927:Bernie Sanders
13924:
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13912:B. T. Ranadive
13909:
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13899:
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13877:Ernst Niekisch
13874:
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13842:Adrien Marquet
13839:
13834:
13832:Nelson Mandela
13829:
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13812:Rosa Luxemburg
13809:
13804:
13802:Vladimir Lenin
13799:
13794:
13792:Henri Lefebvre
13789:
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13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
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13752:Russell Jacoby
13749:
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13732:Saddam Hussein
13729:
13724:
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13672:Eugene V. Debs
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13622:Bertolt Brecht
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13584:
13582:Henri Barbusse
13579:
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13557:Clement Attlee
13554:
13552:Hafez al-Assad
13549:
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13478:Fred M. Taylor
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13273:James Connolly
13270:
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13218:Edward Bellamy
13215:
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13159:Victor d'Hupay
13156:
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13108:
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13094:
13089:
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13067:Labour voucher
13064:
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12878:
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12866:
12861:
12856:
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12846:
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12836:
12834:Egalitarianism
12831:
12826:
12821:
12819:Class struggle
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12785:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12770:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
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12752:
12747:
12745:In one country
12737:
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12409:
12408:
12403:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12382:
12381:
12374:Left communism
12366:
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12360:
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12354:
12349:
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12014:
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12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
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11969:
11963:
11961:
11960:Related topics
11957:
11956:
11954:
11953:
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11922:
11920:
11914:
11913:
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11896:
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11879:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11826:Islamic Legion
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11716:Al-Mourabitoun
11713:
11708:
11702:
11700:
11694:
11693:
11691:
11690:
11685:
11683:Hamdeen Sabahi
11680:
11675:
11673:Fuad al-Rikabi
11670:
11665:
11663:Adnan Pachachi
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11633:Saddam Hussein
11630:
11625:
11623:Sati' al-Husri
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11558:Hafez al-Assad
11555:
11550:
11548:Zaki al-Arsuzi
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11514:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11481:
11479:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11429:Aden Emergency
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11374:Iraqi Intifada
11371:
11366:
11365:
11364:
11359:
11357:Yom Kippur War
11354:
11349:
11344:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11318:
11317:
11307:
11302:
11301:
11300:
11290:
11284:
11282:
11278:
11277:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11252:Arab socialism
11248:
11246:
11242:
11241:
11234:
11233:
11226:
11219:
11211:
11202:
11201:
11198:
11197:
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11193:
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11190:
11185:
11177:
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11171:
11170:
11168:
11167:
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11150:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11105:Arab socialism
11102:
11097:
11092:
11086:
11084:
11076:
11075:
11065:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11048:
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11037:
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11030:
11028:
11027:
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11025:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11008:
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10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
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10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
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10932:
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10929:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
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10880:
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10875:
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10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
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10847:
10842:
10836:
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10827:
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10820:
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10804:
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10794:
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10784:
10783:
10782:
10772:
10766:
10764:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10735:Jeish Muhammad
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10711:
10709:
10701:
10700:
10686:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10678:
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10674:
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10671:
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10664:
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10658:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10633:
10631:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10611:
10605:
10603:
10602:Popular fronts
10599:
10598:
10596:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10579:
10577:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10568:
10566:
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10559:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10507:
10505:
10501:
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10498:
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10492:
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10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10456:
10455:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10429:
10427:
10420:
10408:
10407:
10393:
10392:
10389:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10367:Hussein Arnous
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10302:Hafez al-Assad
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10278:
10276:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10252:Sa'dun Hammadi
10249:
10247:Saddam Hussein
10244:
10238:
10236:
10225:
10221:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10213:
10207:
10197:
10195:Hafez al-Assad
10192:
10187:
10182:
10176:
10174:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10160:Saddam Hussein
10157:
10151:
10149:
10138:
10137:Heads of state
10134:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10124:
10122:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10102:Muhammad Umran
10099:
10097:Hasan Turkmani
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9912:Hafez al-Assad
9909:
9904:
9902:Hussein Arnous
9899:
9893:
9891:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9827:Fuad al-Rikabi
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9777:Saddam Hussein
9774:
9769:
9767:Sa'dun Hammadi
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9688:
9686:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9645:Fuad al-Rikabi
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9580:Hafez al-Assad
9577:
9572:
9570:Zaki al-Arsuzi
9567:
9562:
9556:
9554:
9540:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9526:
9524:Hafez al-Assad
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9500:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9484:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9444:Akram al-Homsi
9441:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9414:
9409:
9407:Saddam Hussein
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9387:Fuad al-Rikabi
9383:
9381:
9374:
9370:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9356:
9346:
9344:Hafez al-Assad
9341:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9319:
9314:
9312:Saddam Hussein
9309:
9303:
9301:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9282:
9280:
9273:
9265:
9264:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9230:Iraqi conflict
9227:
9225:Faith Campaign
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9185:
9183:Ba'athist Iraq
9180:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9157:1964 Hama riot
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9113:
9111:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9098:
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9077:
9072:
9067:
9061:
9059:
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9050:
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9035:
9033:
9032:
9023:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9000:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8977:
8971:
8970:
8963:
8962:External links
8960:
8958:
8957:
8952:978-0801494185
8951:
8930:
8925:978-0224033237
8924:
8907:
8901:
8884:
8879:978-0521149150
8878:
8861:
8855:
8838:
8833:978-0195138412
8832:
8813:
8807:
8794:
8789:978-0195060225
8788:
8771:
8766:978-1860641923
8765:
8748:
8742:
8725:
8719:
8698:
8692:
8679:
8674:978-1845112707
8673:
8656:
8650:
8629:
8623:
8606:
8600:
8579:
8574:978-0415267793
8573:
8556:
8550:
8537:
8520:
8515:978-1845193966
8514:
8501:
8496:978-0810843301
8495:
8474:
8469:978-0817965617
8468:
8451:
8446:978-0878555000
8445:
8424:
8419:978-0060505431
8418:
8396:
8391:978-0810849341
8390:
8377:
8372:978-0631217299
8371:
8354:
8348:
8331:
8313:(3): 161â181.
8302:
8297:978-0195151855
8296:
8275:
8270:978-1859844571
8269:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8222:
8210:
8198:
8172:
8146:
8119:
8092:
8059:
8032:
8010:
7987:
7956:
7930:
7906:
7884:
7882:, p. 121.
7872:
7856:
7837:
7821:
7819:, p. 141.
7806:
7790:
7775:
7754:
7736:
7724:
7712:
7700:
7693:
7660:
7648:
7636:
7634:, p. 108.
7624:
7612:
7610:, p. 208.
7593:
7586:
7568:
7566:, p. 189.
7556:
7554:, p. 146.
7544:
7532:
7525:
7507:
7482:
7464:
7462:, p. 423.
7452:
7445:
7427:
7412:
7391:
7373:
7341:
7320:
7302:
7281:
7263:
7242:
7224:
7192:
7190:, p. 201.
7180:
7178:, p. 178.
7168:
7156:
7144:
7142:, p. 158.
7123:
7102:
7084:
7082:, p. 180.
7072:
7045:
7033:
7021:
7014:
6996:
6980:
6964:
6952:
6936:
6917:
6901:
6885:
6869:
6853:
6834:
6809:
6791:
6766:
6748:
6723:
6707:
6691:
6672:
6651:
6635:
6619:
6603:
6578:
6562:
6546:
6530:
6511:
6492:
6471:
6455:
6443:
6427:
6414:"Michel Aflaq"
6405:
6384:
6363:
6345:
6324:
6306:
6285:
6267:
6251:
6230:
6212:
6196:
6180:
6164:
6148:
6132:
6111:
6092:
6073:
6037:
6005:
5976:
5953:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5900:
5884:
5867:
5850:
5833:
5808:
5803:[baÊΞ]
5723:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5672:
5669:
5595:Final Solution
5582:reported that
5436:divided into '
5418:Middle Eastern
5409:
5406:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5359:Vladimir Lenin
5332:class conflict
5308:Saddam Hussein
5275:
5211:Saddam Hussein
5200:Main article:
5190:Saddam Hussein
5182:
5179:
5171:
5168:
5130:Zaki al-Arsuzi
5070:Hafez al-Assad
5061:
5058:
5022:Arab Socialist
5014:anti-religious
4979:class struggle
4947:(centre), 1963
4890:Hafez al-Assad
4818:
4810:
4807:
4786:Saddam Hussein
4768:fundamentalism
4753:
4746:
4743:
4726:Arab socialism
4665:
4664:
4658:
4654:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4622:
4586:
4579:Arab socialism
4577:Main article:
4574:
4571:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4475:Ottoman Empire
4466:
4463:
4432:vanguard party
4388:Sati' al-Husri
4383:supported the
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4291:Arab socialism
4282:by separating
4271:decolonisation
4220:
4217:
4207:. In Syria, a
4160:that enforced
4143:Hafez al-Assad
4135:Saddam Hussein
3986:and later the
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3868:
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3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Libertarianism
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:Related topics
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
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3607:
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3597:
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3587:
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3557:
3552:
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3532:
3527:
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3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
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3477:
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3456:
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3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
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3379:
3374:
3369:
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3354:
3349:
3344:
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3329:
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3314:
3309:
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3299:
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3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
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3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
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2645:
2640:
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2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Labour voucher
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
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2466:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2393:class-struggle
2371:Arab socialism
2324:Hafez al-Assad
2317:Saddam Hussein
2302:Zaki al-Arsuzi
2292:intellectuals
2282:vanguard party
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Arab socialism
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:Related topics
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2128:
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2100:
2095:
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2084:
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2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1751:
1744:Baathist Syria
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1698:Ba'athist Iraq
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:Saddam Hussein
1635:
1630:
1628:Hafez al-Assad
1625:
1620:
1618:Fuad al-Rikabi
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Zaki al-Arsuzi
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1452:
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1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1193:
1191:
1189:Pan Arab Games
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Algiers (2007)
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
997:
996:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:BerlinâBaghdad
964:
963:
957:
956:
955:
954:
944:
942:Transportation
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
927:
920:
918:
911:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
882:
880:
875:
870:
864:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
848:
847:
846:
839:
837:
832:
827:
819:
818:
812:
811:
810:
809:
804:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
779:
778:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
688:European Union
685:
680:
674:
671:
670:
662:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
632:
627:
626:
620:
619:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
548:
546:
544:
543:
538:
532:
530:
528:
527:
522:
516:
512:
511:
506:
504:
503:
498:
496:Arab socialism
492:
490:
488:
487:
482:
476:
471:
470:
462:
461:
460:
459:
457:Fattah el-Sisi
454:
449:
441:
440:
432:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
394:
393:
385:
384:
383:
382:
369:
367:
362:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
317:
314:
313:
307:
306:
304:
303:
296:
294:Eastern Arabia
291:
286:
279:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:
259:
258:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
208:
205:
204:
198:
197:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
174:
173:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
142:
141:
135:
134:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
73:Arab socialism
70:
64:
62:
56:
55:
49:
41:
40:
36:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14312:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14257:
14255:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14234:
14231:
14218:
14213:
14208:
14206:
14196:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14182:
14181:
14172:
14170:
14169:
14160:
14159:
14156:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14111:
14109:
14105:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14090:
14088:
14086:
14085:Organizations
14082:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14056:Lula da Silva
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14014:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13897:Fred Paterson
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13887:George Orwell
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13852:Salama Moussa
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13827:Nestor Makhno
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13807:György Lukåcs
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13797:Claude Lefort
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13727:Eric Hobsbawm
13725:
13723:
13722:Safdar Hashmi
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13657:Jeremy Corbyn
13655:
13653:
13652:G. D. H. Cole
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13572:Deng Xiaoping
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13534:
13532:
13525:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13508:Josiah Warren
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13488:Pyotr Tkachev
13486:
13484:
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13398:Louise Michel
13396:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13378:Pierre Leroux
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13358:Paul Lafargue
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13258:Ătienne Cabet
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13243:Georg BĂŒchner
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13208:Enrico Barone
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13181:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13142:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13127:
13125:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13109:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12988:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12976:Welfare state
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12911:Nanosocialism
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12901:Mixed economy
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12876:
12872:
12870:
12869:Impossibilism
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12839:Equal liberty
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12786:
12784:
12778:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12709:
12708:Eurocommunism
12706:
12705:
12704:
12701:
12695:
12692:
12691:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12656:
12654:
12650:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12613:
12611:
12609:
12605:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12592:
12589:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12571:
12570:Neo-Stalinism
12568:
12567:
12566:
12563:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12523:Khrushchevism
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12513:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12473:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12463:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12450:
12447:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12431:
12430:Authoritarian
12427:
12421:
12418:
12414:
12411:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12375:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12317:Individualist
12315:
12313:
12310:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12297:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12282:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12267:
12263:
12253:
12250:
12249:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12229:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12212:Revolutionary
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12128:
12122:
12118:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12096:
12091:
12089:
12084:
12082:
12077:
12076:
12073:
12061:
12053:
12052:
12049:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11992:Greater Yemen
11990:
11988:
11987:Greater Syria
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11958:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11921:
11919:
11915:
11909:
11908:
11904:
11902:
11901:
11897:
11895:
11894:
11890:
11889:
11887:
11883:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11698:Organizations
11695:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11618:George Habash
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11598:Izzat Darwaza
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11533:Yasser Arafat
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11510:Personalities
11507:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11485:Arab identity
11483:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11399:Arab Cold War
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11232:
11227:
11225:
11220:
11218:
11213:
11212:
11209:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11183:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11161:
11159:
11158:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11125:Republicanism
11123:
11121:
11120:Progressivism
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11073:Miscellaneous
11070:
11066:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11032:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11016:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11003:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10941:
10937:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10828:
10824:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10757:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10740:Rejectionists
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10691:
10687:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10628:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10600:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10502:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10398:
10394:
10382:* = incumbent
10379:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10292:Yusuf Zuayyin
10290:
10288:
10287:Amin al-Hafiz
10285:
10283:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10275:
10269:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10222:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10180:Amin al-Hafiz
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10167:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10142:
10139:
10135:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10113:
10112:Yusuf Zuayyin
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10092:Mustafa Tlass
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10013:
10012:Sami al-Jundi
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9967:Amin al-Hafiz
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9957:Marwan Habash
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9884:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9857:Khamis Sirhan
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9772:Qusay Hussein
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9679:
9676:
9672:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9635:Zuheir Mohsen
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9620:Amin al-Hafiz
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9514:Amin al-Hafiz
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9495:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9259:
9255:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9169:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9108:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9041:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9007:
8998:
8993:
8991:
8986:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8954:
8948:
8944:
8939:
8938:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8902:1-85743-212-6
8898:
8894:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8820:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8800:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8712:
8707:
8706:
8699:
8695:
8693:9781903900680
8689:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8651:9780710066367
8647:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8630:
8626:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8588:
8587:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8547:
8543:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8482:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8432:
8425:
8421:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8400:Coughlin, Con
8397:
8393:
8387:
8383:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8349:9781576079409
8345:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8262:
8257:
8256:
8249:
8248:
8237:, p. 44.
8236:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8220:, p. 43.
8219:
8214:
8208:, p. 52.
8207:
8202:
8186:
8182:
8181:"Baath Party"
8176:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8064:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8014:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7923:
7916:
7910:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7888:
7881:
7880:Coughlin 2005
7876:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7853:
7849:
7844:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7818:
7813:
7811:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7788:, p. 84.
7787:
7786:Blamires 2006
7782:
7780:
7771:
7765:
7757:
7755:9780190874872
7751:
7747:
7740:
7734:, p. 70.
7733:
7728:
7722:, p. 71.
7721:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7696:
7694:9780520921245
7690:
7686:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7670:
7669:Makiya, Kanan
7664:
7658:, p. 64.
7657:
7652:
7646:, p. 65.
7645:
7640:
7633:
7628:
7622:, p. 62.
7621:
7616:
7609:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7589:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7541:
7536:
7528:
7526:0-691-00254-1
7522:
7518:
7511:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7456:
7448:
7446:0-691-00254-1
7442:
7438:
7431:
7425:, p. 89.
7424:
7419:
7417:
7408:
7402:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7358:
7351:
7345:
7337:
7331:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7298:
7292:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7259:
7253:
7245:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7209:
7202:
7196:
7189:
7184:
7177:
7172:
7166:, p. 88.
7165:
7160:
7154:, p. 88.
7153:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7119:
7113:
7105:
7099:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7080:Ben-Tzur 1968
7076:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7041:Ben-Tzur 1968
7037:
7030:
7029:Ben-Tzur 1968
7025:
7017:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6962:, p. 36.
6961:
6956:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6839:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6812:
6810:0-08-027921-X
6806:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6769:
6767:0-08-027921-X
6763:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6616:
6612:
6611:Blamires 2006
6607:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6453:, p. 22.
6452:
6447:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6380:
6374:
6366:
6364:9780190874872
6360:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6335:
6327:
6325:9780190874872
6321:
6317:
6310:
6302:
6296:
6288:
6286:9780190874872
6282:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6247:
6241:
6233:
6231:9780190874872
6227:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6177:
6173:
6168:
6161:
6157:
6156:Choueiri 2000
6152:
6145:
6141:
6140:Choueiri 2000
6136:
6129:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6070:
6054:
6047:
6041:
6022:
6015:
6009:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5930:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5825:The Intercept
5822:
5821:"Mariam Elba"
5817:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5797:
5795:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5765:
5759:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5704:war with Iran
5700:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5591:Adolf Eichman
5588:
5587:Alois Brunner
5585:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5550:Joseph Stalin
5547:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:Sami al-Jundi
5463:According to
5461:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:state atheism
5337:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5312:Izzat at-Duri
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5122:Alawitization
5119:
5114:
5112:
5111:secret police
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:and rejected
5030:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5018:class enemies
5015:
5010:
5008:
5007:foreign trade
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:term, as the
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4837:Syrian regime
4834:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4809:Neo-Ba'athism
4806:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4752:
4745:Role of Islam
4742:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4718:state control
4714:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4683:working class
4679:
4676:
4671:
4657:competition."
4655:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4585:
4580:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4537:authoritarian
4526:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:Germanophiles
4492:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4440:individualism
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:"illnesses"â"
4407:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:materialistic
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:police states
4155:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Related lists
3839:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Progressivism
3796:
3794:
3793:Nanosocialism
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:Organizations
3694:
3693:
3686:
3685:Ocasio-Cortez
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:van der Lubbe
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Chernyshevsky
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:Intellectuals
3023:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Revolutionary
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Laissez-faire
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Authoritarian
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
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2553:Equal liberty
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2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
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2413:
2412:neo-Ba'athist
2409:
2408:authoritarian
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:protectionism
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
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2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:their culture
2344:
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2335:enlightenment
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1996:
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1991:
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1718:IranâIraq War
1716:
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1517:Organisations
1513:
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1347:Arab diaspora
1343:
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986:
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869:
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857:
856:
844:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
817:
816:Joint defence
814:
813:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
786:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:United States
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
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714:
711:
710:
708:
707:
704:
701:
700:
694:
693:Latin America
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:African Union
676:
675:
673:
672:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
654:
643:
640:
637:
631:
630:
629:
628:
625:
622:
621:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
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572:
571:
567:
566:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
547:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
531:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
515:
514:
510:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
491:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
474:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
458:
455:
453:
452:King Abdullah
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
439:
436:
435:
430:
425:
424:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
378:
372:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
344:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
312:
309:
308:
302:
301:
300:Bab-el-Mandeb
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
284:
280:
278:
277:
273:
272:
270:
269:
266:
263:
262:
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241:
240:
228:
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172:
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153:
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144:
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137:
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132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
115:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Republicanism
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
14178:
14166:
13997:Clara Zetkin
13977:Leon Trotsky
13972:Ernst Toller
13962:R. H. Tawney
13902:Karl Polanyi
13777:James Larkin
13642:Noam Chomsky
13368:Pyotr Lavrov
13348:Karl Kautsky
13343:Mother Jones
13323:Charles Hall
13313:Emma Goldman
13283:Claire DĂ©mar
13213:August Bebel
13007:Basic income
12510:
12386:Luxemburgism
12337:Neozapatismo
12285:Collectivist
12135:21st century
12027:Pan-Islamism
11905:
11898:
11891:
11791:Ba'ath Party
11668:Ameen Rihani
11528:Jassem Alwan
11523:Michel Aflaq
11379:Algerian War
11305:Iraqi Revolt
11256:
11180:
11162:
11155:
11109:
11095:Anti-Zionism
10708:Armed groups
10652:Popular Army
10630:Paramilitary
10403:Organization
10202:
9937:Muhsen Bilal
9640:Munif Razzaz
9560:Michel Aflaq
9482:Isam al-Qadi
9439:Munif Razzaz
9351:
9307:Michel Aflaq
9291:Munif Razzaz
9286:Michel Aflaq
9096:Michel Aflaq
9058:Predecessors
9025:
9016:
8936:
8911:
8888:
8865:
8842:
8818:
8798:
8775:
8752:
8731:
8704:
8683:
8660:
8635:
8610:
8585:
8560:
8541:
8524:
8505:
8480:
8455:
8430:
8404:
8381:
8358:
8335:
8310:
8306:
8281:
8254:
8235:Sassoon 2012
8218:Sassoon 2012
8213:
8201:
8189:. Retrieved
8184:
8175:
8163:. Retrieved
8158:
8149:
8137:. Retrieved
8133:the original
8122:
8113:
8110:the original
8105:
8095:
8087:
8080:. Retrieved
8076:the original
8053:
8050:the original
8045:
8035:
8027:the original
8022:
8013:
8005:the original
8001:The Atlantic
8000:
7990:
7978:. Retrieved
7974:the original
7969:
7959:
7947:. Retrieved
7943:the original
7933:
7922:the original
7909:
7901:the original
7896:
7887:
7875:
7859:
7824:
7793:
7745:
7739:
7732:Niblock 1982
7727:
7720:Niblock 1982
7715:
7708:Niblock 1982
7703:
7674:
7663:
7656:Niblock 1982
7651:
7644:Niblock 1982
7639:
7627:
7620:Niblock 1982
7615:
7577:
7571:
7564:Perthes 1997
7559:
7547:
7535:
7516:
7510:
7473:
7467:
7455:
7436:
7430:
7423:Hopwood 1988
7382:
7376:
7364:. Retrieved
7357:the original
7344:
7311:
7305:
7272:
7266:
7233:
7227:
7215:. Retrieved
7208:the original
7195:
7188:Commins 2004
7183:
7176:Laqueur 1969
7171:
7164:Laqueur 1969
7159:
7147:
7093:
7087:
7075:
7063:. Retrieved
7058:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7005:
6999:
6983:
6967:
6955:
6939:
6904:
6888:
6877:Ruthven 2006
6872:
6856:
6800:
6794:
6757:
6751:
6710:
6694:
6638:
6622:
6606:
6565:
6549:
6533:
6458:
6446:
6430:
6422:the original
6417:
6408:
6354:
6348:
6315:
6309:
6276:
6270:
6254:
6221:
6215:
6199:
6183:
6167:
6151:
6135:
6090:, p. 8.
6067:
6060:. Retrieved
6053:the original
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6021:the original
6008:
5996:. Retrieved
5994:. p. 80
5991:
5971:the original
5966:
5956:
5948:the original
5943:
5933:
5913:the original
5908:
5896:the original
5891:
5880:the original
5875:
5863:the original
5858:
5846:the original
5841:
5829:the original
5824:
5811:
5791:
5773:al-BaÊżthÄ«yah
5770:
5727:
5696:
5681:
5674:
5638:anti-semitic
5634:Islamophobic
5615:
5611:Assad regime
5609:. While the
5578:
5554:Adolf Hitler
5543:
5525:philosopher
5517:and refused
5504:
5494:
5488:
5462:
5411:
5392:
5382:
5363:Fidel Castro
5351:
5325:
5320:Michel Aflaq
5288:Kanan Makiya
5277:
5271:Mesopotamian
5248:
5244:Uday Hussein
5239:
5214:
5205:
5194:Michel Aflaq
5151:
5141:
5115:
5102:
5094:Assad family
5085:
5083:
5045:
5011:
4985:" (itself a
4983:people's war
4972:
4968:Michel Aflaq
4950:
4945:Michel Aflaq
4922:
4910:Michel Aflaq
4866:Ba'ath Party
4860:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4826:
4823:Vaclav Havel
4820:
4795:
4772:
4760:
4751:nationalism.
4749:
4723:
4715:
4699:
4680:
4667:
4645:Article 35:
4612:
4607:Ba'ath Party
4593:
4583:
4562:
4550:
4534:
4524:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4488:
4468:
4456:
4452:
4436:
4416:sectarianism
4408:
4400:
4391:
4381:Michel Aflaq
4379:
4370:Michel Aflaq
4346:Eastern Bloc
4338:Western Bloc
4288:
4268:
4256:Ba'ath party
4251:
4248:Ba'ath Party
4224:Michel Aflaq
4222:
4194:
4186:anti-Zionist
4172:, and other
4170:trade unions
4151:
4128:
4124:coup of 1968
4119:
4104:another coup
4096:coup in 1963
4089:
4074:
4070:Vichy French
4047:
4003:Alexandretta
4000:
3992:
3980:Ba'ath Party
3968:Michel Aflaq
3965:
3957:Ba'ath Party
2854:Evolutionary
2774:21st-century
2568:Freed market
2397:
2375:
2353:and rejects
2332:
2294:Michel Aflaq
2266:
2262:
2261:
1756: /
1742:
1728:UN sanctions
1696:
1598:Michel Aflaq
1546:Ba'ath Party
1498:
1442:
1382:
1357:
1345:
1344:
1290:
1237:
1229:Demographics
1177:
1158:
1101:
1053:
993:
960:
815:
702:
668:Multilateral
667:
623:
568:
557:Anti-Zionism
552:Antisemitism
541:Anti-Shi'ism
500:
465:
438:Arab leaders
437:
390:Institutions
388:
310:
298:
281:
274:
264:
201:
93:Anti-Zionism
29:
14061:Evo Morales
14051:Kim Jong Un
14031:Hugo ChĂĄvez
14002:Howard Zinn
13992:Cornel West
13987:H. G. Wells
13957:Sun Yat-sen
13787:Jack Layton
13762:Kim Il Sung
13757:Kim Jong-il
13712:Maxim Gorky
13662:Marcel DĂ©at
13577:Jiang Zemin
13518:Oscar Wilde
13458:George Sand
13413:Robert Owen
13338:Jean JaurĂšs
13228:Louis Blanc
13135:Thomas More
13097:Technocracy
12971:Trade union
12941:Revisionism
12891:Land reform
12762:Third World
12689:Nationalist
12476:Brezhnevism
12449:Nechayevism
12391:Mao-Spontex
12357:Syndicalist
12347:Communalism
12342:Platformism
12295:Free-market
12266:Libertarian
12252:Technocracy
12202:Nationalist
12180:Syndicalism
11721:Arab Ba'ath
11643:Salah Jadid
11500:Arabization
11347:Six-Day War
11342:Suez Crisis
11288:Arab Revolt
11267:Pan-Arabism
11140:Vanguardism
11115:Pan-Arabism
10745:Snake Party
10531:South Yemen
10362:Imad Khamis
10107:Salim Yasin
10027:Imad Khamis
10002:Salah Jadid
9987:Hilal Hilal
9982:Salim Hatum
9947:Ahmad Diyab
9872:Tahir Yahya
9630:Salah Jadid
9610:Elias Farah
9487:Rakad Salem
9461:Assem Qanso
9065:Arab Ba'ath
8665:I.B. Tauris
8244:Works cited
8206:Seddon 2006
7866:, pp.
7864:Curtis 1971
7852:pp. 137â138
7850:, pp.
7848:Curtis 1971
7831:, pp.
7829:Curtis 1971
7608:Bengio 1998
7552:Viorst 1995
6990:, pp.
6988:Harris 1997
6972:Harris 1997
6960:Harris 1997
6944:Harris 1997
6928:Harris 1997
6893:Mackey 2003
6863:, pp.
6717:, pp.
6701:, pp.
6666:, pp.
6556:, pp.
6540:, pp.
6486:, pp.
6451:Devlin 1975
6418:harvard.edu
6259:Bengio 1998
6204:Curtis 1971
6190:, pp.
6188:Curtis 1971
6172:Curtis 1971
6158:, pp.
6124:Curtis 1971
6105:, pp.
6103:Curtis 1971
6088:Devlin 1975
5702:During the
5692:Mauritanian
5661:Strasserist
5562:antisemitic
5515:Axis powers
5473:Zaki Arsuzi
5426:nationalism
5377:Controversy
5367:Há» ChĂ Minh
5156:parasitaire
5154:bourgeoisie
5138:nationalism
5098:personalist
5049:dictatorial
4991:Six-Day War
4941:Salah Jadid
4886:Salah Jadid
4851:they did."
4821:"Much like
4702:renaissance
4691:nationalism
4558:colonialism
4554:imperialism
4514:Arab League
4483:reactionary
4471:Arab Revolt
4424:reactionism
4420:regionalism
4396:renaissance
4392:baʽth
4361:Arab nation
4348:during the
4228:Zaki Arsuzi
4178:Arabization
4154:autocracies
4054:Arab Ba'ath
4031:Georg Hegel
3988:Arab Ba'ath
3976:Zaki Arsuzi
3953:Zaki Arsuzi
3885:WikiProject
3763:French Left
3555:Spiridonova
3454:Politicians
3367:Castoriadis
3047:Saint-Simon
2999:Third World
2994:Syndicalism
2929:Nationalist
2904:Libertarian
2869:Free-market
2732:Lange model
2720:Soviet-type
2690:Communalism
2662:Vanguardism
2618:Spontaneism
2528:Cooperative
2474:Development
2367:pan-Arabism
2343:renaissance
2194:Pan-Arabism
2156:2002–
2143:1970–
2130:1966–
1623:Salah Jadid
1570:1966–
1526:Arab Ba'ath
1373:Marsh Arabs
1307:Arabization
1292:Ethnicities
1128:Doha (2010)
1003:Dubai Smile
807:Arab Revolt
802:Expenditure
525:Sunni Islam
447:King Salman
289:Nile Valley
193:Pan-Arabism
166:Arab Winter
78:Pan-Arabism
14254:Categories
14168:Categories
14071:Xi Jinping
14007:J. Posadas
13677:John Dewey
13667:Guy Debord
13587:Jyoti Basu
13468:EugĂšne Sue
12782:and issues
12780:Key topics
12757:Sri Lankan
12730:Melanesian
12725:Indonesian
12674:Bolivarian
12596:Lassallism
12584:Tkachevism
12461:Bolshevism
12435:from above
12420:Third camp
12396:Trotskyism
12271:from below
12237:Icarianism
12232:Fourierism
12217:Scientific
12150:Democratic
12125:Schools of
11885:Literature
11578:Tariq Aziz
11495:Arab world
11490:Arab Union
11419:Dhofar War
11149:Literature
11135:Secularism
11023:in Lebanon
10576:Newspapers
10521:Mauritania
10475:Mauritania
10342:Adel Safar
9742:Tariq Aziz
9352:(de facto)
9262:Leadership
9171:Post-split
8757:I.B.Tauris
8533:B0007DTQ2S
8139:6 December
8082:6 December
7980:1 December
7949:1 December
7897:Al Arabiya
7817:Maʻoz 2005
7800:, p.
7683:. p.
7140:Pipes 1992
6974:, p.
6946:, p.
6930:, p.
6911:, p.
6895:, p.
6879:, p.
6861:Salem 1994
6847:, p.
6845:Salem 1994
6742:, p.
6740:Salem 1994
6699:Salem 1994
6685:, p.
6683:Salem 1994
6664:Salem 1994
6645:, p.
6629:, p.
6613:, p.
6597:, p.
6595:Salem 1994
6572:, p.
6570:Salem 1994
6554:Salem 1994
6538:Salem 1994
6524:, p.
6522:Salem 1994
6505:, p.
6503:Salem 1994
6484:Salem 1994
6465:, p.
6463:Ginat 2010
6437:, p.
6435:Jones 2007
6399:, p.
6397:Salem 1994
6261:, p.
6206:, p.
6174:, p.
6142:, p.
6126:, p.
5998:24 October
5992:ejtaal.net
5926:References
5876:Al Jazeera
5842:Al Jazeera
5496:Mein Kampf
5438:right-wing
5397:Arab world
5255:Babylonian
5235:militarist
5227:Arab world
5174:See also:
5143:mukhabarat
5084:Assadism (
5041:capitalism
4999:communists
4894:militarist
4813:See also:
4791:party line
4635:programme.
4507:status quo
4479:Arab world
4275:Arab world
4219:Definition
4199:, and the
4087:in 1953.
3856:Socialists
3851:By country
3733:Capitalism
3615:Mitterrand
3580:Gerhardsen
3525:Liebknecht
3510:Markievicz
3437:Varoufakis
3387:Fotopoulos
3057:Saint-Just
3052:Buonarroti
3037:Campanella
2974:Scientific
2909:Marhaenism
2864:Fourierism
2849:Ecological
2829:Democratic
2359:secularism
1962:Mauritania
1661:Literature
1397:(majority)
1358:Lifestyles
1256:Christians
1252:(majority)
1160:Mu'allaqat
1155:Literature
1093:Al Jazeera
1088:Al Arabiya
768:Uzbekistan
411:Parliament
349:Governance
139:Arab world
98:Secularism
14260:Ba'athism
14244:Socialism
14119:Communism
14114:Anarchism
14041:Hu Jintao
13862:Imre Nagy
13647:M. N. Roy
13607:LĂ©on Blum
13602:Tony Benn
13537:Tariq Ali
13393:Karl Marx
12997:Adhocracy
12936:Reformism
12824:Democracy
12694:Chiangist
12684:Communist
12631:communism
12626:anarchism
12621:Christian
12608:Religious
12565:Stalinism
12491:Guevarism
12481:Castroism
12456:Blanquism
12332:Mutualism
12290:Communist
12280:Anarchism
12207:Reformist
12175:Labourism
12145:Communist
12103:Socialism
11918:Symbolism
11262:Nasserism
11257:Ba'athism
11174:Symbolism
11130:Saddamism
11110:Ba'athism
10593:Al-Thawra
10583:Al-Ba'ath
10526:Palestine
10480:Palestine
10203:(interim)
9475:Palestine
9279:Pre-split
9200:Arab Belt
9110:Pre-split
8711:Routledge
8642:Routledge
8592:Routledge
8565:Routledge
8327:159345006
7764:cite book
7492:cite book
7401:cite book
7330:cite book
7291:cite book
7252:cite book
7152:Walt 1987
7112:cite book
7065:12 August
6819:cite book
6776:cite book
6715:Salem1994
6373:cite book
6334:cite book
6295:cite book
6240:cite book
5815:Sources:
5642:globalism
5622:far-right
5523:racialist
5458:Karl Marx
5442:left-wing
5430:socialism
5348:bourgeois
5231:Nasserite
5225:-centred
5207:Saddamism
5202:Saddamism
5181:Saddamism
5152:nouvelle
5148:socialist
5132:'s early
5086:Assadiyah
5037:feudalism
4734:Christian
4687:Karl Marx
4595:Socialism
4573:Socialism
4412:feudalism
4310:communism
4303:left-wing
4295:socialism
4035:Karl Marx
3728:Anarchism
3650:Gorbachev
3500:Malatesta
3495:Bernstein
3272:Pankhurst
3252:Pannekoek
3242:Luxemburg
3197:Plekhanov
3172:Carpenter
3167:Kropotkin
2964:Ricardian
2954:Religious
2949:Reformism
2934:Nkrumaism
2924:Municipal
2824:Communism
2819:Christian
2804:Blanquism
2794:Anarchism
2737:Mutualism
2439:Socialism
2378:socialist
2319:, former
2304:(per the
2296:(per the
2263:Ba'athism
2199:Saddamism
2189:Nasserism
2079:pro-Syria
2058:pro-Syria
2037:pro-Syria
2016:pro-Syria
1995:pro-Syria
1983:Palestine
1974:pro-Syria
1937:pro-Syria
1900:pro-Syria
1879:pro-Syria
1858:pro-Syria
1837:pro-Syria
1816:pro-Syria
1499:Ba'athism
1276:Mandaeans
985:Palestine
773:Venezuela
703:Bilateral
501:Ba'athism
485:Nasserism
245:Geography
123:Left-wing
108:Socialism
37:Ba'athism
14139:Old Left
14134:New Left
14107:See also
14036:Bob Crow
13562:Aung San
12990:Concepts
12767:Yugoslav
12703:European
12616:Buddhist
12579:National
12518:Kadarism
12506:Husakism
12501:Hoxhaism
12486:CeauÈism
12466:Leninism
12444:Barracks
12413:Orthodox
12406:Posadism
12401:Pabloism
12327:Magonism
12160:Feminist
12140:Agrarian
12060:Category
12002:Islamism
11711:Al-Fatat
11478:Concepts
11245:Ideology
11083:Ideology
10886:Ahd Bloc
9089:Founders
8402:(2005).
8340:ABC-CLIO
8191:14 April
8165:14 April
8106:New Arab
8023:BBC News
7798:Ali 2003
7671:(1998).
5859:New Arab
5655:held in
5650:neo-Nazi
5618:neo-Nazi
5535:Muhammad
5511:Damascus
5322:in 1989.
5284:Idi Amin
5280:Papa Doc
5259:Assyrian
5164:populist
5118:nepotism
5078:Damascus
5060:Assadism
5033:religion
4975:far-left
4925:ocialism
4878:pan-Arab
4841:ideology
4803:Gulf War
4754:â
4738:Muhammad
4659:â
4642:state...
4587:â
4528:â
4499:Bismarck
4428:Leninist
4356:Concepts
4350:Cold War
4334:American
4314:reaction
4299:pan-Arab
4114:and one
3846:Category
3585:Erlander
3545:Kerensky
3515:Connolly
3372:Thompson
3357:Bookchin
3347:Montseny
3297:Vanzetti
3262:Einstein
3232:Landauer
3137:Saltykov
3132:Lassalle
3092:Proudhon
2874:Gandhian
2859:Feminist
2809:Buddhist
2789:Agrarian
2767:Variants
2431:a series
2429:Part of
2274:ideology
2269:, is an
2267:Baathism
2074:pro-Iraq
2053:pro-Iraq
2032:pro-Iraq
2011:pro-Iraq
1990:pro-Iraq
1969:pro-Iraq
1953:pro-Iraq
1932:pro-Iraq
1916:pro-Iraq
1895:pro-Iraq
1874:pro-Iraq
1853:pro-Iraq
1832:pro-Iraq
1811:pro-Iraq
1733:Iraq War
1723:Gulf War
1491:a series
1489:Part of
1408:Armenian
1384:Language
1281:Hinduism
1239:Religion
1212:Arab Cup
1068:Nile-SAT
1063:Arab-SAT
961:Railways
952:Aviation
791:Military
753:Pakistan
520:Islamism
467:Ideology
331:ad-Dahna
60:Ideology
18:Baathism
13952:Sukarno
13847:Mao Dun
12735:Mexican
12720:Israeli
12679:Chinese
12659:African
12638:Islamic
12533:Dengism
12242:Owenism
12227:Utopian
12197:Marxian
12187:Liberal
12155:Ethical
12127:thought
12117:Outline
12113:History
11706:Al-Awda
11281:History
11011:Unified
11006:Bakdash
10833:Current
10797:Al-Awda
10551:History
10516:Lebanon
10490:Tunisia
10465:Lebanon
10438:Bahrain
10433:Algeria
9548:of the
9545:Members
9454:Lebanon
9193:Members
9046:History
8055:troops.
7868:132â138
7833:137â138
7366:8 March
7217:8 March
6192:132â133
6160:144â145
6107:135â138
6062:8 March
6030:8 March
5785:, from
5768:ۧÙŰšŰčŰ«ÙŰ©
5646:Zionism
5483:of the
5440:' and '
5414:fascism
5328:Marxism
5221:and an
5025:New Man
4981:" and "
4900:of the
4862:Israeli
4775:secular
4764:atheism
4670:Marxist
4599:Marxist
4541:liberty
4520:Liberty
4340:or the
4120:de jure
4077:Lebanon
3680:SĂĄnchez
3665:Sankara
3625:Mandela
3610:Kreisky
3600:Allende
3595:Senghor
3590:Douglas
3575:Durruti
3540:Trotsky
3432:Graeber
3412:Hampton
3382:Chomsky
3327:Marcuse
3312:Gramsci
3302:Bordiga
3292:Polanyi
3247:Russell
3237:Berkman
3227:Goldman
3217:Du Bois
3187:Kautsky
3182:Bellamy
3147:Tolstoy
3122:Wallace
3107:Bakunin
3097:Greeley
3087:Blanqui
3067:Fourier
3014:Zionist
3004:Utopian
2944:Popular
2939:Owenism
2919:Marxism
2899:Liberal
2884:Islamic
2844:Ethical
2839:Digital
2814:Chinese
2779:African
2463:Outline
2458:History
2422:History
2390:Marxist
2337:of the
2308:), and
2284:over a
2158:present
2145:present
2132:present
2046:Tunisia
1925:Lebanon
1825:Bahrain
1804:Algeria
1691:History
1572:present
1433:Persian
1423:Kurdish
1368:Bedouin
1328:Somalis
1323:Nubians
1313:Berbers
1271:Shabaks
1266:Yazidis
1250:Muslims
1145:Cuisine
1045:Culture
994:Bridges
861:Economy
738:Eritrea
723:Eritrea
406:Summits
401:Council
326:Arabian
311:Deserts
283:Mashriq
276:Maghreb
265:Regions
14230:Portal
13882:Ne Win
13817:Lu Xun
13112:People
12740:Soviet
12715:Indian
12643:Jewish
12528:Maoism
12352:Social
12192:Market
10879:Former
10511:Jordan
10460:Jordan
9427:Jordan
8949:
8922:
8899:
8876:
8853:
8830:
8805:
8786:
8763:
8740:
8717:
8690:
8671:
8648:
8621:
8598:
8571:
8548:
8531:
8512:
8493:
8466:
8443:
8416:
8388:
8369:
8346:
8325:
8294:
8267:
7752:
7691:
7584:
7523:
7480:
7443:
7389:
7318:
7279:
7240:
7100:
7012:
6807:
6764:
6361:
6322:
6283:
6228:
5764:Arabic
5574:Berlin
5558:racist
5501:Arabic
5369:, and
5338:, and
5080:, 1984
4987:Maoist
4849:though
4619:nation
4342:Soviet
4156:built
4110:: one
4019:German
4017:, the
3974:, and
3675:Marcos
3670:ChĂĄvez
3660:Corbyn
3635:Manley
3630:DubÄek
3620:Nasser
3560:Makhno
3550:Attlee
3535:Martov
3520:Gandhi
3475:Babeuf
3465:Mazdak
3427:Hedges
3407:Ăcalan
3392:Newton
3352:Sartre
3342:Guérin
3337:Orwell
3287:Korsch
3282:LukĂĄcs
3267:Keller
3257:Rocker
3202:Ferrer
3157:Morris
3152:Michel
3127:Lavrov
3117:Engels
3102:Herzen
3077:Leroux
3009:Yellow
2914:Market
2889:Jewish
2684:Models
2369:, and
2290:Syrian
1909:Kuwait
1888:Jordan
1586:People
1438:Somali
1428:Nubian
1418:Hebrew
1413:Berber
1395:Arabic
758:Turkey
748:Israel
728:France
713:Brazil
321:Sahara
14016:21st
13527:20th
13183:19th
13144:18th
13120:16th
12591:State
12512:Juche
12312:Green
12170:Guild
12165:Green
11806:Fatah
10981:Sawab
10661:Youth
10623:Wings
10563:Yemen
10541:Syria
10536:Sudan
10495:Yemen
10485:Sudan
10470:Libya
10443:Egypt
10273:Syria
10171:Syria
10121:Yemen
9888:Syria
9497:Syria
8323:S2CID
8261:Verso
7925:(PDF)
7918:(PDF)
7360:(PDF)
7353:(PDF)
7211:(PDF)
7204:(PDF)
6992:39â40
6865:69â70
6719:66â67
6703:67â68
6668:65â66
6558:64â65
6542:63â64
6488:61â62
6056:(PDF)
6049:(PDF)
6024:(PDF)
6017:(PDF)
5794:baÊżth
5719:Notes
5599:Hafez
5531:Islam
5519:Italy
5499:into
5485:Arabs
5477:pagan
5385:Syria
5267:Arabs
5240:Babil
4956:Cairo
4874:Syria
4710:Syria
4647:Usury
4404:Islam
4344:-led
4336:-led
4284:Islam
4240:Syria
3861:Songs
3835:Lists
3640:Palme
3490:Bebel
3480:Blanc
3442:Saito
3417:ĆœiĆŸek
3397:Wolff
3332:James
3317:Sacco
3307:Serge
3277:Volin
3222:Gorky
3212:Wells
3207:Dewey
3192:Wilde
3177:Sorel
3162:Jones
3072:Cabet
3042:Paine
2989:State
2979:Sewer
2879:Guild
2657:needs
2512:Ideas
2404:Syria
2339:Arabs
2067:Yemen
2025:Syria
2004:Sudan
1946:Libya
1846:Egypt
1333:other
1318:Kurds
1303:Arabs
1179:Sport
1168:Dress
1054:Media
975:Hejaz
733:India
718:China
683:ASEAN
429:Unity
227:Syria
222:Libya
212:Egypt
12750:Real
12669:Arab
10448:Iraq
10233:Iraq
10146:Iraq
9683:Iraq
9380:Iraq
8947:ISBN
8920:ISBN
8897:ISBN
8874:ISBN
8851:ISBN
8828:ISBN
8803:ISBN
8784:ISBN
8761:ISBN
8738:ISBN
8715:ISBN
8688:ISBN
8669:ISBN
8646:ISBN
8619:ISBN
8596:ISBN
8569:ISBN
8546:ISBN
8529:ASIN
8510:ISBN
8491:ISBN
8464:ISBN
8441:ISBN
8414:ISBN
8386:ISBN
8367:ISBN
8344:ISBN
8292:ISBN
8265:ISBN
8193:2023
8167:2023
8141:2014
8084:2014
7982:2014
7951:2014
7770:link
7750:ISBN
7689:ISBN
7582:ISBN
7521:ISBN
7502:link
7498:link
7478:ISBN
7441:ISBN
7407:link
7387:ISBN
7368:2013
7336:link
7316:ISBN
7297:link
7277:ISBN
7258:link
7238:ISBN
7219:2013
7118:link
7098:ISBN
7067:2013
7010:ISBN
6829:link
6825:link
6805:ISBN
6786:link
6782:link
6762:ISBN
6379:link
6359:ISBN
6340:link
6320:ISBN
6301:link
6281:ISBN
6246:link
6226:ISBN
6064:2013
6032:2013
6000:2023
5799:IPA:
5778:IPA:
5697:The
5682:The
5644:and
5620:and
5552:and
5533:and
5446:Nazi
5389:Iraq
5387:and
5257:and
5223:Iraq
4912:and
4888:and
4779:Shia
4398:").
4244:Iraq
4133:and
4129:The
4041:and
4021:and
3655:Lula
3570:Nagy
3565:Tito
3530:Blum
3505:Debs
3485:Hong
3470:Roux
3422:West
3377:Ward
3362:Zinn
3112:Marx
3062:Owen
3032:More
2784:Arab
2710:OGAS
2402:and
2400:Iraq
1867:Iraq
1754:1963
1403:Afar
1261:Jews
980:ONCF
743:Iran
217:Iraq
8315:doi
8185:NPR
7802:110
7685:274
6913:297
6897:187
6881:319
6467:120
6263:218
6208:133
6176:134
6144:144
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5788:ŰšŰčŰ«
5560:or
5282:or
4872:in
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4060:by
3645:Che
3402:Ali
3322:Day
3082:Sue
2345:of
2300:),
1150:Art
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14018:c.
13529:c.
13185:c.
13146:c.
13122:c.
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