2239:
2148:
2124:
2104:
2080:
2051:
2022:
1993:
1964:
1923:
162:
3208:
1920:. In the extant Silla texts, a native numeral is written by a logogram-phonogram sequence, but in this tablet, they are written entirely with phonograms (both phonetically and semantically adapted). Lee Seungjae thus suggests that the tablet is written in Baekje numerals. The numerals appear Koreanic, with a suffix
1900:
words according to native syntax. From this data, the word order of Baekje appears to have been similar to that of Old Korean. Unlike in Silla texts, however, no uncontroversial evidence of non-Chinese grammatical morphemes has been found. Compared to Silla tablets, Baekje tablets are far more likely
1904:
The tablets also give the names of 12 locations and 77 individuals. A total of 147 phonographic characters have been identified from these proper nouns, but this is insufficient to allow a reconstruction of the phonology.
310:
There are no extant texts in the Baekje language. The primary contemporary lexical evidence comes from a few glosses in
Chinese and Japanese histories, as well as proposed etymologies for old place names.
2205:, which is standard in works on the history of Korean. The pitch accent is marked with an acute accent on high-pitched syllables. Rising pitch (ǒ) implies an earlier disyllabic form.
1542:, and several of the above matching Old Japanese forms are believed to have been borrowed from Baekje at that time. Such borrowing would also explain the fact that words such as
181:, is poorly attested, and scholars differ on whether one or two languages were used. However, at least some of the material appears to be a variety of Old Korean.
1912:, originally thought to be a list of personal names, appears to record native numerals, possibly a series of dates. Although the tablet is dated to the early
3662:
1849:'circle'. He views this as limited evidence for Kōno's two-language hypothesis, and suggests that the language of the commoners may have been the same
2224:
329:, compiled in the early 8th century from earlier documents, including some from Baekje, records 42 Baekje words. These are transcribed as
2896:
3635:
3657:
3034:
1896:
Wooden tablets dated to the late Baekje era have been discovered by archaeologists, and some of them involve the rearrangement of
3713:
3698:
1588:. Moreover, for some words, like 'father' and 'mother', there are alternative words in Old Japanese that are attested across the
3652:
3002:
2954:
2919:
2882:
2856:
2824:
2805:
2757:
1854:
3693:
3441:
2964:——— (2013), "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean",
3517:
3243:
3229:
2167:
1821:
None of these have
Koreanic etymologies, but Vovin suggests that the first might be cognate with Old Japanese
3027:
195:
136:
124:
2153:
2131:
2109:
2087:
2058:
2029:
2000:
1971:
1930:
1926:
1511:
1398:
1048:
3703:
3522:
2202:
3060:
3480:
3387:
3351:
3020:
3507:
3490:
2745:
178:
3419:
3708:
3667:
3645:
3494:
333:
syllables, which are restricted to the form (C)V, limiting the precision of the transcription.
2902:
3512:
2994:
1901:
to employ conventional
Classical Chinese syntax and vocabulary without any native influence.
217:
3576:
3566:
1581:
208:
8:
3475:
3272:
3318:
3630:
3446:
3401:
3295:
1850:
1585:
364:
212:
70:
2301:
The identity of the first character is uncertain because the bottom half is illegible.
152:
3591:
3556:
3551:
3110:
3051:
2998:
2950:
2915:
2878:
2852:
2820:
2801:
2753:
2177:
1916:
period, postdating the 660 fall of Baekje, its orthography differs from conventional
1897:
1589:
190:
3073:
287:
3545:
3323:
3290:
3130:
2990:
2973:
2780:
1917:
1539:
286:, have argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a
229:
221:(5th century) speaks of differences between the languages of Byeonhan and Jinhan.
3688:
3614:
3571:
3561:
3328:
3277:
3255:
3177:
3043:
2929:
1650:
1620:
711:
242:(635), the language of Baekje was similar to that of Goguryeo. Chapter 49 of the
62:
3536:
3431:
3300:
3120:
3115:
3100:
2932:(2005), "Koguryŏ and Paekche: different languages or dialects of Old Korean?",
2238:
2147:
2123:
2103:
2079:
2050:
2021:
1992:
1963:
1922:
298:
defined two codes for these languages, and these have been taken over into the
161:
3682:
3599:
3409:
3333:
3140:
3105:
3068:
2892:
2278:
2223:
Names represented phonetically with
Chinese characters are transcribed using
2136:
2092:
2063:
2034:
2005:
1976:
1756:
1648:
1503:
1448:
1424:
1390:
1366:
1312:
1284:
1206:
1128:
1104:
1074:
1040:
954:
909:
903:
897:
851:
703:
637:
589:
565:
541:
535:
511:
487:
457:
433:
359:
295:
291:
238:
117:
3581:
3502:
3361:
1672:
330:
283:
244:
2977:
2767:
Bentley, John R. (2000), "A new look at
Paekche and Korean: data from the
1860:
from the northern part of Baekje captured by
Goguryeo in the 5th century.
274:
Based in this passage and some Baekje words cited in the
Japanese history
107:
100:
3310:
3264:
3237:
3223:
1913:
1866:
324:
277:
2263:
3468:
3125:
3083:
2785:
2172:
2454:
2452:
199:(3rd century) states that the language of Mahan differed from that of
3463:
3369:
299:
145:
91:
3640:
3207:
2449:
1909:
225:
200:
3012:
2985:——— (2017), "Origins of the Japanese Language",
224:
Historians believe that Baekje was established by immigrants from
3604:
3458:
2834:
Kōno, Rokurō (1987), "The bilingualism of the
Paekche language",
1877:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1764:
1708:
1680:
228:
who took over Mahan, while
Byeonhan and Jinhan were succeeded by
215:, whose languages were said to resemble each other. However, the
35:
2910:
Nam, Pung-hyun (2012), "Old Korean", in
Tranter, Nicolas (ed.),
2258:
1580:'hawk' are limited to Western Old Japanese, with no cognates in
3436:
204:
174:
1929:
that may be cognate to the Early Middle Korean ordinal suffix
1694:
1655:
transcribes the name of the old Baekje capital 'Bear Ford' as
3453:
3379:
3343:
233:
45:
2476:
3609:
2580:
2578:
2517:
2515:
282:(720), many scholars, beginning with Kōno Rokurō and later
2947:
Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin
2626:
2437:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1662:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1575:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1416:
1337:
1276:
1252:
1228:
1180:
1153:
1066:
1028:
881:
822:
759:
692:
662:
611:
479:
385:
2815:
Kim, Nam-Kil (2009), "Korean", in Comrie, Bernard (ed.),
2602:
2326:
2575:
2563:
2539:
2512:
2401:
2389:
1538:
Early Japan imported many artifacts from Baekje and the
2551:
2464:
258:
The king belongs to the Puyŏ clan; the gentry call him
2750:
Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives
2650:
2638:
2527:
2355:
2353:
2338:
1871:
are not glossed, but several of them include the form
1746:
987:
322:
275:
252:
2819:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 765–779,
2698:
2500:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1656:
1634:
1628:
1604:
respectively). Bentley lists these words, as well as
1522:
1494:
1488:
1463:
1439:
1409:
1381:
1357:
1327:
1299:
1269:
1245:
1221:
1197:
1173:
1143:
1119:
1095:
1089:
1059:
1021:
969:
942:
924:
866:
842:
812:
794:
776:
752:
727:
682:
652:
628:
604:
580:
556:
526:
502:
472:
448:
424:
406:
374:
2836:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
2686:
2488:
2425:
2365:
2225:
William H. Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese
1883:
1864:
739:
714:
2875:
The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets
2614:
2590:
2350:
2314:
1619:'village', as loans into Old Japanese from Baekje.
2674:
2662:
2243:
2119:
2075:
2046:
2017:
1988:
1959:
1872:
1812:
1798:
1784:
1770:
1714:
1700:
1686:
265:
259:
166:The Three Kingdoms of Korea, with Baekje in green.
2797:A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose
2722:
2710:
2377:
189:Baekje was preceded in southwestern Korea by the
3680:
2413:
2214:The Old Japanese word may be a loan from Silla.
3663:North–South differences in the Korean language
3028:
2891:
2407:
2242:) is visually similar to and likely based on
1908:A tablet found in the Baekje-built temple of
1661:, closely matching two of the words from the
184:
1882:, which has been compared with later Korean
1834:'enclose', and the second with Old Japanese
1475:
2987:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1863:The Baekje placenames in chapter 37 of the
1639:'bear', are those also common to Koreanic.
1623:argues that the only Baekje words from the
3636:International Circle of Korean Linguistics
3035:
3021:
160:
3658:National Institute of the Korean Language
2846:
2784:
2632:
2557:
2482:
2470:
2344:
2332:
2949:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
2847:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011),
2744:
2395:
2934:Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies
2793:
2766:
2545:
2506:
2458:
2443:
3681:
3653:List of English words of Korean origin
2995:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277
2197:
2195:
2193:
3016:
2984:
2963:
2944:
2928:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2569:
2533:
2521:
2494:
2431:
2359:
2320:
2833:
2371:
3042:
2909:
2877:] (in Korean), Seoul: Iljogag,
2865:
2814:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2419:
2383:
2190:
1745:'queen' respectively, found in the
177:(4th to 7th centuries), one of the
13:
2292:The second character is illegible.
1642:
1627:found throughout Japonic, such as
337:Family and society words from the
305:
14:
3725:
2868:Mokgan-e girokdoen Godae Hangugeo
1891:
3206:
2912:The Languages of Japan and Korea
2849:A History of the Korean Language
2237:
2201:Forms are transcribed using the
2146:
2122:
2102:
2078:
2049:
2020:
1991:
1962:
1921:
1676:(636) cites three Baekje words:
2295:
2286:
2271:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2217:
2208:
2120:
2076:
2047:
2018:
1989:
1960:
1873:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1771:
1760:(635) gives four Baekje words:
1723:These may be the same words as
1715:
1701:
1687:
266:
260:
173:The language of the kingdom of
3714:Unclassified languages of Asia
3699:History of the Korean language
2945:——— (2010),
2851:, Cambridge University Press,
2794:——— (2001),
2737:
2168:History of the Korean language
314:
1:
2914:, Routledge, pp. 41–72,
2898:Ancient and Extinct languages
2308:
1691:) 'king' (used by the gentry)
270:. In Chinese it means 'king'.
196:Records of the Three Kingdoms
2461:, pp. 424–427, 436–438.
2279:
2264:
2137:
2093:
2064:
2035:
2006:
1977:
1878:
1842:
1836:
1823:
1807:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1709:
1705:) 'king' (used by commoners)
1695:
1681:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1576:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1523:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1464:
1449:
1440:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1391:
1382:
1367:
1358:
1338:
1328:
1313:
1300:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1253:
1246:
1229:
1222:
1207:
1198:
1181:
1174:
1154:
1144:
1129:
1120:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1041:
1029:
1022:
970:
955:
943:
925:
910:
904:
898:
882:
867:
852:
843:
823:
813:
795:
777:
760:
753:
740:
728:
715:
704:
693:
683:
663:
653:
638:
629:
612:
605:
590:
581:
566:
557:
542:
536:
527:
512:
503:
488:
480:
473:
458:
449:
434:
425:
407:
386:
375:
7:
2989:, Oxford University Press,
2817:The World's Major Languages
2203:Yale romanization of Korean
2161:
1884:
1865:
1747:
988:
323:
276:
236:respectively. According to
207:('Three Han') to the east,
203:to the north and the other
10:
3730:
3442:Consonant and vowel tables
1937:Potential Baekje numerals
1670:Chapter 49 of the Chinese
253:
185:Description in early texts
3694:Extinct languages of Asia
3623:
3590:
3535:
3489:
3481:Transcription into Korean
3427:
3418:
3400:
3378:
3360:
3342:
3309:
3263:
3254:
3236:
3222:
3215:
3204:
3176:
3162:
3139:
3082:
3059:
3050:
2135:
2115:
2091:
2071:
1855:placename glosses in the
1001:
998:
995:
350:
347:
344:
159:
143:
131:
115:
111: – Puyo-Paekche
89:
84:
59:
51:
41:
31:
26:
21:
2870:
2183:
290:and the common people a
254:王姓夫餘氏，號於羅瑕，民呼為鞬吉支，夏言竝王也。
3508:Cyrillization of Korean
2633:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
2558:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
2483:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
2471:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
2345:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
2333:Lee & Ramsey (2011)
1647:The Middle Korean text
1476:
914:'county seat, district'
179:Three Kingdoms of Korea
3668:Sino-Korean vocabulary
3646:List of Konglish terms
3291:Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect
3182:(19th century–present)
2866:Lee, Seungjae (2017),
2277:Compare Middle Korean
1918:Old Korean orthography
1853:language reflected by
272:
248:(636) says of Baekje:
2978:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov
2746:Beckwith, Christopher
986:Other words from the
321:The Japanese history
264:; commoners call him
250:
218:Book of the Later Han
2611:, pp. 224, 233.
2408:Linguist List (2010)
1582:Eastern Old Japanese
104: – Paekche
3273:Chungcheong dialect
3163:Early modern Korean
2659:, pp. 299–301.
2647:, pp. 290–298.
2587:, pp. 232–233.
2572:, pp. 121–124.
2524:, pp. 226–227.
2446:, pp. 419–420.
2257:Compare Old Korean
1938:
1775:) 'ruling fortress'
1281:'island, territory'
992:
341:
3704:Languages of Korea
3631:Koreanic languages
3402:Koreanic languages
3296:Gyeongsang dialect
2966:Korean Linguistics
2707:, pp. 89, 96.
2485:, p. 163–164.
2236:The character 𢀳 (
1945:Wooden tablet word
1936:
1851:Peninsular Japonic
1754:Chapter 54 of the
1586:Ryukyuan languages
985:
336:
16:Language of Baekje
3676:
3675:
3531:
3530:
3513:McCune-Reischauer
3396:
3395:
3282:Yeongdong dialect
3250:
3249:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3167:
3166:(17–18th century)
3146:
3145:(10–16th century)
3089:
3004:978-0-19-938465-5
2956:978-0-8248-3278-0
2921:978-0-415-46287-7
2884:978-89-337-0736-4
2858:978-1-139-49448-9
2826:978-0-415-35339-7
2807:978-90-04-12308-3
2800:, Leiden: Brill,
2773:Language Research
2759:978-90-04-13949-7
2695:, pp. 87–99.
2635:, pp. 44–45.
2548:, pp. 59–60.
2536:, pp. 92–94.
2398:, pp. 20–21.
2374:, pp. 84–85.
2335:, pp. 35–36.
2178:Goguryeo language
2159:
2158:
1898:Classical Chinese
1536:
1535:
1395:'mountain, ridge'
1037:- 'raise, get up'
983:
982:
191:Mahan confederacy
171:
170:
55:4th–7th centuries
3721:
3425:
3424:
3324:Hwanghae dialect
3319:Hamgyŏng dialect
3285:Yeongseo dialect
3261:
3260:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3181:
3165:
3144:
3088:(?–10th century)
3087:
3057:
3056:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2981:
2960:
2941:
2930:Vovin, Alexander
2925:
2906:
2901:, archived from
2888:
2862:
2843:
2830:
2811:
2790:
2788:
2763:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1803:) 'short jacket'
1802:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1579:
1573:
1559:
1550:
1540:Gaya confederacy
1526:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1479:
1467:
1452:
1443:
1428:
1421:'outside, other'
1420:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1370:
1361:
1344:
1334:
1316:
1307:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1256:
1249:
1232:
1225:
1210:
1201:
1184:
1177:
1160:
1150:
1132:
1123:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1025:
993:
991:
984:
973:
958:
949:
928:
913:
907:
901:
893:
878:
855:
846:
829:
819:
798:
780:
763:
756:
743:
731:
718:
707:
699:
689:
669:
659:
641:
632:
615:
608:
593:
584:
569:
560:
545:
539:
530:
523:imperial consort
515:
506:
491:
483:
476:
461:
452:
437:
428:
410:
393:
382:
342:
335:
328:
281:
269:
268:
263:
262:
256:
255:
164:
155:
139:
127:
110:
103:
94:
65:
19:
18:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3619:
3615:Yongbieocheonga
3586:
3527:
3485:
3414:
3392:
3388:Zainichi Korean
3374:
3356:
3338:
3329:Pyongan dialect
3305:
3278:Gangwon dialect
3246:
3232:
3211:
3198:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3135:
3086:
3078:
3046:
3044:Korean language
3041:
3011:
3005:
2957:
2922:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2827:
2808:
2760:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:, pp. 155.
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2396:Beckwith (2004)
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2323:, pp. 240.
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2164:
1894:
1846:
1831:
1827:
1735:
1651:Yongbieocheonga
1645:
1643:Other histories
1621:Alexander Vovin
1616:
1574:'district' and
1570:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1342:
1332:
1317:- 'many, great'
1304:
1158:
1148:
1033:
947:
890:
886:
875:
871:
827:
817:
697:
687:
667:
657:
390:
379:
319:
308:
306:Linguistic data
257:
187:
167:
151:
135:
123:
120:
106:
105:
99:
98:
90:
80:
66:
63:Language family
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3432:Korean Braille
3428:
3422:
3420:Writing system
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3352:Chinese Korean
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3334:Yukjin dialect
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3301:Jeolla dialect
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3061:Proto-Koreanic
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2982:
2972:(2): 222–240,
2961:
2955:
2942:
2926:
2920:
2907:
2905:on 2010-07-24.
2889:
2883:
2871:木簡에 기록된 古代 韓國語
2863:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2825:
2812:
2806:
2791:
2779:(2): 417–443,
2764:
2758:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2683:, p. 362.
2673:
2671:, p. 276.
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2546:Bentley (2001)
2538:
2526:
2511:
2507:Bentley (2001)
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2459:Bentley (2000)
2448:
2444:Bentley (2000)
2436:
2434:, p. 223.
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2386:, p. 766.
2376:
2364:
2362:, p. 119.
2349:
2337:
2325:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2270:
2250:
2229:
2216:
2207:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:Middle Korean
1949:
1948:Reconstruction
1946:
1943:
1893:
1892:Wooden tablets
1890:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1804:
1790:
1789:) 'settlement'
1776:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1706:
1696:kjon-kjit-tsye
1692:
1644:
1641:
1614:
1590:Japonic family
1568:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1514:'lake, swamp'
1509:
1501:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:Transcription
997:
981:
980:
978:
976:
974:
967:
963:
962:
960:
952:
950:
945:
940:
936:
935:
933:
931:
929:
922:
918:
917:
915:
895:
888:
884:
879:
873:
869:
864:
860:
859:
857:
849:
847:
840:
836:
835:
833:
831:
825:
820:
815:
810:
806:
805:
803:
801:
799:
792:
788:
787:
785:
783:
781:
774:
770:
769:
767:
765:
757:
750:
746:
745:
736:
734:
732:
725:
721:
720:
709:
701:
695:
690:
685:
680:
676:
675:
673:
671:
665:
660:
655:
650:
646:
645:
643:
635:
633:
626:
622:
621:
619:
617:
609:
602:
601:upper minister
598:
597:
595:
587:
585:
578:
574:
573:
571:
563:
561:
554:
550:
549:
547:
540:'companion' +
533:
531:
524:
520:
519:
517:
509:
507:
500:
496:
495:
493:
485:
477:
474:makari orikuku
470:
466:
465:
463:
455:
453:
446:
442:
441:
439:
431:
429:
422:
418:
417:
415:
413:
411:
404:
400:
399:
397:
395:
388:
383:
377:
372:
368:
367:
362:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:Transcription
346:
318:
313:
307:
304:
193:. The Chinese
186:
183:
169:
168:
165:
157:
156:
149:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
121:
116:
113:
112:
95:
87:
86:
85:Language codes
82:
81:
79:
78:
69:
67:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3726:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Han languages
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Speech levels
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Postpositions
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:Cyrillization
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3410:Jeju language
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:Modern Korean
3175:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:Middle Korean
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:(2): 107–140.
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:Linguist List
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2731:, p. 89.
2730:
2725:
2719:, p. 91.
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2623:, p. 12.
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2599:, p. 13.
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2560:, p. 45.
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2509:, p. 59.
2508:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2473:, p. 10.
2472:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2422:, p. 49.
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2347:, p. 44.
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2254:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1757:Book of Liang
1752:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1257:'interpreter'
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:Middle Korean
1009:
1006:
1005:
994:
990:
979:
977:
975:
972:
968:
966:village chief
965:
964:
961:
957:
953:
951:
948:
941:
938:
937:
934:
932:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
916:
912:
906:
900:
896:
892:
880:
877:
865:
862:
861:
858:
856:'walled city'
854:
850:
848:
845:
841:
838:
837:
834:
832:
828:
821:
818:
811:
808:
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800:
797:
793:
790:
789:
786:
784:
782:
779:
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772:
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766:
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758:
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751:
748:
747:
742:
737:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
722:
717:
713:
710:
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648:
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634:
631:
627:
624:
623:
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614:
610:
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596:
592:
588:
586:
583:
579:
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575:
572:
568:
564:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:
548:
544:
538:
534:
532:
529:
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522:
521:
518:
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510:
508:
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501:
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478:
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471:
468:
467:
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460:
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440:
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432:
430:
427:
423:
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412:
409:
405:
402:
401:
398:
396:
392:
384:
381:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
361:
360:Middle Korean
358:
356:Old Japanese
355:
354:
343:
340:
334:
332:
327:
326:
317:
312:
303:
301:
297:
296:Linguist List
293:
289:
288:Puyŏ language
285:
280:
279:
271:
249:
247:
246:
241:
240:
239:Book of Liang
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
182:
180:
176:
163:
158:
154:
150:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:Linguist List
114:
109:
102:
96:
93:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3624:Other topics
3544:
3503:ISO/TR 11941
3495:Romanization
3476:Mixed script
3362:Central Asia
3095:
2986:
2969:
2965:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2911:
2903:the original
2897:
2874:
2867:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2816:
2798:
2795:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2749:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2621:Vovin (2017)
2616:
2609:Vovin (2013)
2604:
2597:Vovin (2017)
2592:
2585:Vovin (2013)
2570:Vovin (2005)
2565:
2553:
2541:
2534:Vovin (2010)
2529:
2522:Vovin (2013)
2502:
2495:Vovin (2010)
2490:
2478:
2466:
2439:
2432:Vovin (2013)
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2360:Vovin (2005)
2340:
2328:
2321:Vovin (2010)
2316:
2297:
2288:
2273:
2253:
2232:
2219:
2210:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1862:
1856:
1820:
1755:
1753:
1739:'ruler' and
1722:
1673:Book of Zhou
1671:
1669:
1646:
1624:
1560:'fortress',
1537:
1018:above, north
1007:Old Japanese
504:kuno orikuku
450:siso orikuku
338:
331:Old Japanese
320:
315:
309:
292:Han language
284:Kim Bang-han
273:
251:
245:Book of Zhou
243:
237:
223:
216:
194:
188:
172:
144:
75:
3447:Punctuation
3311:North Korea
3265:South Korea
3238:North Korea
3224:South Korea
3195:South Korea
3192:North Korea
2786:10371/86143
2769:Nihon shoki
2738:Works cited
2372:Kōno (1987)
2283:'two days'.
1914:Later Silla
1867:Samguk sagi
1857:Samguk sagi
1794:pjuwk-syaem
1748:Nihon Shoki
1664:Nihon Shoki
1633:island and
1625:Nihon Shoki
1610:'bear' and
1002:Comparison
989:Nihon Shoki
839:walled city
809:walled city
754:makari yomo
606:makari daro
570:'companion'
553:low consort
516:'mate with'
499:second wife
492:'mate with'
484:- 'entrust'
462:'mate with'
438:'mate with'
351:Comparison
339:Nihon Shoki
325:Nihon Shoki
316:Nihon Shoki
278:Nihon Shoki
3683:Categories
3592:Literature
3557:Honorifics
3552:Count word
3084:Old Korean
2729:Lee (2017)
2717:Lee (2017)
2705:Lee (2017)
2693:Lee (2017)
2681:Lee (2017)
2669:Lee (2017)
2657:Lee (2017)
2645:Lee (2017)
2420:Nam (2012)
2384:Kim (2009)
2309:References
2173:Old Korean
1840:'house' +
1682:ʔyo-la-hae
1658:kwomá nolo
1551:'father',
1460:storehouse
1161:- 'burden'
894:'district'
830:'fortress'
302:registry.
3546:Phonology
3464:Hyangchal
3370:Koryo-mar
2752:, BRILL,
1888:'plain'.
1817:) 'pants'
1719:) 'queen'
1710:ʔyo-ljuwk
1429:'outside'
1371:'between'
1345:'younger'
1242:interpret
1013:Tungusic
959:'country'
764:'entrust'
719:'mother'
616:'entrust'
469:main wife
300:ISO 639-3
146:Glottolog
92:ISO 639-3
3641:Konglish
3572:Pronouns
3562:Numerals
3256:Dialects
3230:Pyojuneo
3216:Standard
3111:Goguryeo
2895:(2010),
2842:: 75–86.
2748:(2004),
2162:See also
2132:*jeterəp
1910:Mireuksa
1729:'king',
1508:'stream'
1401:'ridge'
1378:mountain
1289:'island'
1233:'polite'
863:district
796:kokusori
708:'mother'
700:'mother'
670:'father'
642:'master'
528:pasikasi
365:Tungusic
226:Goguryeo
209:Byeonhan
201:Goguryeo
153:paek1234
71:Koreanic
3605:Hyangga
3537:Grammar
3518:Revised
3459:Gugyeol
3244:Munhwaŏ
3131:Ye-Maek
3052:History
2094:nilkwúp
2088:*nirkop
2030:*saidəp
2001:*iterəp
1726:orikoke
1480:'shed'
1474:Manchu
1453:'front'
1441:aripisi
1406:outside
1211:'ferry'
1109:'below'
956:súkoWol
939:village
921:village
905:kwowólh
738:Manchu
705:eme-ním
558:epasito
513:el-Gǐ-l
489:el-Gǐ-l
459:el-Gǐ-l
445:consort
435:el-Gǐ-l
408:orikoke
394:'envoy'
97:Either:
36:Paekche
27:Paekche
3689:Baekje
3437:Hangul
3189:Joseon
3171:Joseon
3155:Joseon
3152:Goryeo
3096:Baekje
3001:
2953:
2918:
2881:
2855:
2823:
2804:
2756:
2268:'one'.
2265:*HAton
2138:yetúlp
2110:*nikup
2059:*tasəp
1972:*gadəp
1942:Number
1927:*-(ə)p
1879:pju-li
1780:yem-lu
1766:ku-mae
1512:*niaru
1485:stream
1392:mworwó
1354:middle
1266:island
1185:'hawk'
1170:falcon
1140:burden
1133:'belt'
1121:sitoro
1079:'bear'
1071:'bear'
1051:'top'
996:Gloss
971:sukuri
911:*kopor
761:makar-
744:'son'
712:Manchu
679:mother
649:father
630:nirimu
625:master
613:makar-
594:'male'
591:sonahi
582:sesimu
577:prince
546:'wife'
345:Gloss
294:. The
213:Jinhan
205:Samhan
175:Baekje
132:
76:Baekje
42:Region
22:Baekje
3582:Verbs
3454:Hanja
3380:Japan
3344:China
3126:Silla
3121:Okjeo
3116:Mahan
3101:Buyeo
2873:[
2280:ithul
2184:Notes
2116:eight
2072:seven
2065:tasós
2014:three
2007:twǔlh
1978:honáh
1742:oruku
1519:upper
1436:south
1399:*mulu
1324:lower
1296:large
1097:arosi
1091:arusi
1086:below
1049:*ugi-
1045:'top'
1023:okosi
908:<
899:kwoúl
791:Koryo
773:Koryo
724:child
481:makar
426:oruku
421:queen
371:ruler
234:Silla
46:Korea
3610:Sijo
3600:Gasa
3523:Yale
3493:and
3106:Gaya
3074:Puyŏ
2999:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2154:*təp
2043:five
2036:sěyh
1843:maro
1808:kwon
1636:kuma
1630:sema
1613:suki
1607:kuma
1601:papa
1598:and
1595:titi
1577:kuti
1545:kaso
1524:soku
1505:nǎyh
1496:nari
1490:nare
1477:fise
1465:pesu
1450:alph
1426:pask
1418:poka
1411:poka
1383:mure
1359:siso
1286:syěm
1278:sima
1271:sema
1254:wosa
1247:wosa
1230:wiya
1223:wire
1218:good
1208:nolo
1199:nuri
1194:ford
1182:kuti
1175:kuti
1130:stúy
1116:belt
1106:aláy
1076:kwǒm
1068:kuma
1061:kuma
1056:bear
944:suki
926:pure
844:sasi
778:koku
749:heir
729:yomo
664:kaso
654:kaso
403:king
232:and
230:Gaya
211:and
3469:Idu
3069:Han
2991:doi
2974:doi
2781:hdl
2771:",
1985:two
1956:one
1931:*-m
1885:pul
1702:鞬吉支
1688:於羅瑕
1584:or
1368:sús
1339:oto
1329:oto
1042:wuh
1030:oko
853:cás
741:jui
716:eme
694:omo
684:omo
639:nǐm
567:pěs
543:kas
537:pěs
267:鞬吉支
261:於羅瑕
137:xpp
125:pkc
108:xpp
101:pkc
52:Era
3685::
2997:,
2970:15
2968:,
2936:,
2840:45
2838:,
2777:36
2775:,
2577:^
2514:^
2451:^
2352:^
2260:一等
2192:^
2121:今毛
2101:二口
2077:日古
2048:刀士
2019:新台
1990:矣毛
1961:伽第
1933:.
1874:夫里
1837:ya
1828:me
1824:ko
1800:複衫
1786:檐魯
1772:固麻
1751:.
1736:si
1732:ki
1716:於陸
1667:.
1571:ri
1567:po
1563:ko
1554:ki
1314:há
1305:ni
1301:ko
1155:no
1145:no
902:,
891:ri
887:po
883:ko
876:ri
872:po
868:ko
824:ki
814:ki
391:si
387:ki
380:si
376:ki
3036:e
3029:t
3022:v
3007:.
2993::
2980:.
2976::
2959:.
2938:2
2924:.
2887:.
2861:.
2829:.
2810:.
2789:.
2783::
2762:.
2410:.
2248:.
2245:邑
2227:.
2145:如
1845:2
1830:2
1826:2
1814:褌
1811:(
1797:(
1783:(
1769:(
1734:1
1713:(
1699:(
1685:(
1615:2
1592:(
1569:2
1565:2
1556:2
1547:2
1493:/
1341:2
1331:2
1303:2
1157:2
1147:2
1094:/
1034:s
1032:2
946:1
889:2
885:2
874:2
870:2
826:2
816:2
696:2
686:2
666:2
656:2
389:1
378:1
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