934:
stigmatization is unjust because radical nationalists constituted only a small minority among EuroMaidan revolutionaries, and their political parties performed poorly in the parliamentary elections that followed the revolution. Yet, it was a clever propaganda trick to associate a separate
Ukrainian national identity exclusively with the most radical branch of Ukrainian nationalism. To most Russians and many Russian-speakers in eastern Ukraine, the term "Banderite" still carries negative historical connotations, established in Stalin's time. After World War II ended, the Soviet press denounced the Bandera-led insurgents, who resisted the Sovietization of eastern Galicia.
1306:
sounded as bad as "fascist". There was no effort to recognise the UPA as an independent actor with its own agenda, and to distinguish it from outright collaborationism, i.e. the
Ukrainian "Waffen-SS Division 'Galizien'" which was under German command. There was also no effort to differentiate between different currents in and periods of OUN and UPA policy, and its more democratic rhetoric towards the end of the war. Even in the 1980s Ukrainian dissidents, no matter how democratic they were, could be labelled "Banderites" or "Fascists".
584:(page 159)...The survivors of these attacks frequently described the perpetrators as "Banderites" and considered them to be Ukrainian nationalists.(page 241)...Two years later however, the word "Banderites" was known to everyone in western Ukraine and was frequently used to describe the OUN-B activists, UPA partisans, and apparently, other Ukrainian perpetrators (page 248)...The term "Banderites" had appeared in Soviet secret documents for the first time in late 1940 ... (page 249)
274:
Stetsko, Shukhevych, and
Lenkavskyi (OUN-B propaganda chief), Bandera wrote a manifesto entitled "Ukrainian National Revolution" that called for the annihilation of so-called ethnic enemies. The manifesto informed the locals how to behave and included specific instructions about the killing of Jews, Poles, and Ukrainian opponents of fascism. Bandera did not participate in
231:, Poland. The radical contingent refused to accept Melnyk as head of the OUN and instead named Bandera. This led to the split of the OUN in the spring of 1941 into two groups: OUN-B (Banderites), who were more militant, younger and supported Bandera, and OUN-M (Melnykites), who were generally older and more ideological. In February 1941, Bandera became the leader (
40:
531:, Poland. The conference refused to accept Melnyk as leader, and named Bandera head of the OUN. This led to the split of the OUN in the spring of 1941 into two groups: OUN-B (Banderites), who were more militant, younger and supported Bandera, and OUN-M (Melnykites), who were generally older, more ideological.
227:, a founder member. He had been chosen for his more moderate and pragmatic stance; his supporters admired Mussolini's fascism but condemned Nazism. However, a younger and more radical Nazism-supporting faction of the OUN were dissatisfied. On 10 February 1941, a conference for OUN leadership was held in
1305:
In Soviet
Ukraine, the nationalist project was repressed or vilified in its entirety. Hundreds of thousands of civilians from Western Ukraine were deported to forced labour camps. "Banderovets" became a label that could be attached to any real or purported enemy of Soviet power in western Ukraine. It
332:
In
February 1945, at a conference of the OUN-B in Vienna, Bandera was made the representative of the leadership of the Foreign Units of the OUN (Zakordonni Chastyny OUN or ZCh OUN). At a February meeting of the OUN in Ukraine, Bandera was re-elected as leader of the whole OUN. It was decided by the
583:
The OUN-B organized a militia, which both collaborated with the
Germans and killed Jews independently....Because the term "Banderites" was colloquial rather than official, and because of the violence employed by OUN-B, the term soon acquired a negative connotation, especially among Jews and Poles.
273:
and massacres, both independently and with support from the
Germans. To ensure the maximum impact of the systematic ethnic cleansing campaign in the contested territory, the OUN-B faction spread antisemitic, racist, and fascist propaganda among the ordinary peasants and other Ukrainians. Aided by
933:
Much in the same way as the tsarist government in its day branded all patriotic
Ukrainians as "Mazepists" after Hetman Ivan Mazepa, the Russian state-controlled media have labeled EuroMaidan activists as "Banderites" after the twentieth-century nationalist leader Stepan Bandera (1909–1959). This
605:
Bandera was, according to a number of
Western and Ukrainian historians, a fascist or an "integral nationalist", which is something very close. The two organisations he led - the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) - are said to have engaged in atrocities
262:, pledging to work closely with Germany, which was presented as freeing Ukrainians from Russian oppression. In response, the Nazi authorities suppressed the OUN leadership. In July 1941, Bandera himself was arrested and sent to a concentration camp in Germany. He was imprisoned there until 1944.
890:
The common noun "Banderivtsi" ("Banderites") emerged around this time, and it was used to designate all
Ukrainian nationalists, but also, on occasion, western Ukrainians or even any person who spoke Ukrainian. Even today, the term "Banderivtsi" in public debate is never neutral — it can be used
717:
The OUN-B activists and the UPA partisans who committed these atrocities were known as banderites: Bandera's people. This term was not invented by Soviet propaganda but dates back to the split of the OUN in late 1940 and early 1941, distinguishing members of the OUN-B from members of the OUN-M
458:
From page 76: Berlin hoped to form a Ukrainian National Committee with both OUN factions and other Ukrainian leaders. The Committee was formed in November, but Bandera and Stetsko refused to cooperate. They escaped from Berlin in December and fled south, emerging after the war in
201:, Poland's Minister of the Interior. The then 25-year-old Bandera provided the assassin with the murder weapon, a 7.65 mm calibre pistol. His subsequent arrest and conviction turned Bandera into an instant legend among the militant Ukrainian nationalists of the
751:
The victims of the Holocaust had a difficult time identifying precisely who intended to murder them; the usual terminology was "Banderites," which indicated adherents of a particular political tendency, or "Bulbas," which indicated the insurgent force initiated by
132:
leader of this faction of the OUN. Because of the brutality utilized by OUN-B members, the colloquial term Banderites quickly earned a negative connotation, particularly among Poles and Jews. By 1942, the expression was well-known and frequently used in
205:. During his five years in prison, Bandera was "to some extent detached from OUN discourses" but not completely isolated from the global political debates of the late 1930s thanks to Ukrainian and other newspaper subscriptions delivered to his cell.
1284:
316:
In late 1944, Bandera was released by the German authorities and allowed to return to Ukraine in the hope that his partisans would unite with OUN-M and harass the Soviet troops, which by that time had handed the Germans
349:
starting in late 1942. The term became a crucial element of the Soviet propaganda discourse and was used as a pejorative description of Ukrainians, sometimes all western Ukrainians in the most negative way. Historian
333:
leadership that Bandera would not come back to Ukraine, but remain abroad and make propaganda for the cause of the OUN. Roman Shukhevych resigned as the leader of the OUN, and became the leader of OUN in Ukraine.
313:, carried out in a one-month span, both lasting for several days; the first one from 30 June to 2 July 1941, and the second one from 25 to 29 July 1941. The first pogrom took the lives of at least 4,000 Jews.
841:
Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society: 2015/2: Double Special Issue: Back from Afghanistan: The Experiences of Soviet Afghan War Veterans and: Martyrdom & Memory in Post-Socialist Space
406:). This is oxymoronic, given Bandera's and the OUN-B's antisemitism. The term is used to mock people who accuse the Ukrainian government of antisemitism, by pointing out how many Ukrainian Jews support it.
194:. Bandera joined it that year, and quickly climbed through the ranks, becoming the second in command of OUN in Galicia in 1932–1933, and the head of the OUN national executive in Galicia in June 1933.
85:
1440:
1382:
1047:
1122:
OUN leaflets appeared on the city streets. They read: "Exterminate the Poles, Jews, and communists without mercy. Do not pity the enemies of the Ukrainian National Revolution!"
358:
population in Volhynia, and it was used to designate all Ukrainian nationalists, but also, on occasion, western Ukrainians or even any person who spoke Ukrainian."
141:, OUN-B members or any other Ukrainian perpetrators. The OUN-B had been engaged in various atrocities, including murder of civilians, most of whom were ethnic
355:
1430:
1051:
618:
1138:
1026:
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1093:
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370:
156:
In propaganda the term has been used by Soviets after 1942 as a pejorative term for Ukrainians, especially western Ukrainians, or
1450:
183:
177:
121:
198:
1445:
1006:
926:
849:
819:
706:"Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton. The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada"
414:
874:
779:
744:
688:
576:
306:
251:
1095:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces, and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
1414:
1267:
1107:
1455:
1089:
1196:
Himka, John-Paul (2011). "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd".
302:
1147:
John-Paul Himka (2011). "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd".
809:
520:
346:
1435:
992:
705:
648:
562:
365:
activists to associate a separate Ukrainian national identity with the most radical nationalists. Today, in
951:
321:. Germany sought to cooperate with the OUN and other Ukrainian leaders. According to Richard Breitman and
161:
1409:
G Demyian — "Banderivtsi" — Ternopil dictionary encyclopedia – G Iavorskiy — "Zbruch", 2004-2010, 696p.
220:
in the German-occupied zone of Poland, where he established close connections with the German military.
17:
996:
345:
secret records, the word "Banderites" for the first time emerged in late 1940 and began to be used in
224:
209:
65:
1182:
266:
138:
769:
734:
98:
969:
329:, Bandera and Stetsko refused to do this, and in December 1944 they fled Berlin, heading south.
1237:
1099:
202:
998:
Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult
568:
Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult
566:
510:
187:
1242:
369:, the word is used to refer to all in Ukraine who back the idea of sovereignty from Russia;
918:
753:
366:
243:
8:
318:
1319:
1172:
1022:
978:]. Poland: Institut Literacki. pp. 20–22, 72. Biblioteka "Kultury" volume 233.
649:"The OUN, the UPA, and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths"
644:
393:
217:
157:
56:
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1339:
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1113:
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1002:
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684:
656:
572:
516:
385:
1324:
FOLKLORICA - Journal of the Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Folklore Association
1259:
The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult
1145:. Історична правда. With links to relevant articles. For the English original, see:
354:
noted that "The common noun "Banderivtsi" ("Banderites") emerged around the time of
1335:
1331:
1209:
1205:
1160:
1156:
914:
434:
410:
247:
129:
89:
1383:"Photo altered to depict Ukraine's Kolomoisky wearing 'Jewish-Banderite' t-shirt"
1257:
1134:
906:
839:
680:
Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II
678:
596:
290:
134:
109:
76:
409:
In July 2023, a digitally-altered image went viral of Jewish Ukrainian oligarch
1320:"The Crisis in Ukraine and the Split of Identity in the Russian-speaking World"
1072:
947:
870:
422:
388:
who support Ukrainian sovereignty sometimes satirically refer to themselves as
351:
125:
1424:
1343:
1217:
1168:
811:
The Burden of the Past: History, Memory, and Identity in Contemporary Ukraine
660:
150:
142:
1117:
736:
Lessons and Legacies XII: New Directions in Holocaust Research and Education
283:
439:
374:
342:
310:
259:
1362:"A satirical neologism becomes a weapon in the fight over Ukrainian Jewry"
619:"Far-right Ukrainians mark anniversary of nationalist hero Stepan Bandera"
265:
In October 1942, during Bandera's imprisonment, the OUN-B established the
730:
322:
239:
1406:
Valeriy Smoliy (1997), "Small dictionary of Ukrainian history" — Lybid.
362:
289:
The vast majority of pogroms carried out by the Banderites occurred in
165:
301:. The most deadly of them was perpetrated in the city of Lviv by the
31:
528:
228:
213:
298:
294:
808:
Wylegała, Anna; Głowacka-Grajper, Małgorzata (11 February 2020).
771:
The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv
527:
On February 10, 1941, Bandera called a conference of radicals in
421:
altered to have 4 additional prongs (making it resemble a Jewish
124:. The term, used from late 1940 onward, derives from the name of
1441:
Propaganda in Russia related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1027:"The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda"
418:
275:
270:
191:
1034:
Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text
168:
activists and Ukrainians who support sovereignty from Russia.
117:
269:(UPA). The OUN-B formed Ukrainian militias that carried out
255:
146:
39:
1249:
945:
1241:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
987:
985:
655:(2107). University of Pittsburgh. p. 3 (6 of 76 in PDF).
653:
The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies
571:. Columbia University Press. pp. 112, 234–235, 236.
470:
807:
739:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 170–171, 174.
515:. Two-Volume Set. Elsevier, Academic Press. p. 40.
833:
831:
70:
982:
361:
The term has been used by Russian state media against
164:
the term was used by state media as a pejorative for
103:
1317:
952:
The Ukrainian Nationalist Movement: an interim study
828:
606:
against Poles, Jews, Russians, and other Ukrainians.
417:
with the phrase "Judeo-Banderite" below a Ukrainian
1127:
729:
901:
899:
875:"Bandera mythologies and their traps for Ukraine"
774:. Harvard University Press. pp. 55, 65, 69.
703:
1422:
1141:[Ще кілька слів про львівський погром].
1360:Lavin, Talia; Liphshiz, Cnaan (25 April 2014).
1146:
1133:
401:
1318:Fialkova, Larisa; Yelenevskaia, Maria (2015).
896:
242:invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 (
1359:
1293:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
1245:on 7 March 2012 – via Internet Archive.
1015:
676:
258:, while the region was under the control of
1255:
991:
561:
235:) of the OUN-B faction or the Banderivtsi.
1088:
865:
863:
861:
844:. Columbia University Press. p. 449.
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
27:Far-right groups of Ukrainian nationalists
1079:New Haven: Yale University Press: pg. 168
905:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
1139:"A few more words about the Lviv pogrom"
1082:
1036:. New York: Routledge. pp. 229–235.
967:
961:
939:
814:. Indiana University Press. p. 96.
597:"Ukraine's revolution and the far right"
38:
1021:
869:
858:
672:
670:
643:
637:
493:
305:at the moment of the German arrival in
14:
1431:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1423:
1355:
1353:
971:The Assassination of Minister Pieracki
536:
525:. With over one hundred contributors.
278:; he remained in the area of occupied
208:Bandera escaped from prison after the
184:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
178:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
122:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1195:
837:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
767:
677:Cooke, Philip; Shepherd, Ben (2014).
508:
1282:
1048:"Державний архів Львівської області"
919:10.1093/wentk/9780197532102.001.0001
911:Ukraine: What Everyone Needs to Know
761:
723:
704:Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (2010).
683:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 336.
667:
223:Since 1939, the OUN had been led by
1350:
371:Ukrainian nationalist collaboration
199:assassination of Bronisław Pieracki
24:
1400:
788:
380:
307:the Soviet-occupied eastern Poland
197:The OUN carried out the June 1934
139:Ukrainian Insurgent Army partisans
25:
1467:
733:; Faulkner Rossi, Lauren (2017).
212:in September 1939, and moved to
190:organisation founded in 1929 in
1375:
1311:
1285:"'Banderites' vs. 'New Russia'"
1276:
1224:
1189:
1066:
1040:
1032:. In Wodak; Richardson (eds.).
838:Fedor, Julie (5 January 2016).
462:
452:
336:
1451:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
1336:10.17161/folklorica.v19i1.5721
1256:Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014).
1210:10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673
1161:10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673
1077:The Reconstruction of Nations.
976:Zabòjstwo ministra Pierackiego
697:
611:
589:
356:ethnic cleansing of the Polish
303:people's militia formed by OUN
252:an independent Ukrainian state
246:), the OUN-B in the person of
13:
1:
1262:. Columbia University Press.
1001:. Columbia University Press.
486:
968:Żeleński, Władysław (1973).
254:on 30 June 1941 in occupied
7:
768:Risch, William Jay (2011).
512:Encyclopedia of Nationalism
509:Motyl, Alexander J (2000).
428:
415:UPA's red and black colours
216:, the capital of Germany's
162:Vladimir Putin-ruled Russia
104:
71:
10:
1472:
175:
29:
413:wearing a T-shirt in the
402:
397:
225:Andriy Atanasovych Melnyk
210:German invasion of Poland
93:
60:
1446:Russia–Ukraine relations
1283:Esch, Christian (2015).
1198:Canadian Slavonic Papers
1149:Canadian Slavonic Papers
891:pejoratively or proudly.
445:
267:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
171:
30:Not to be confused with
1456:Ukraine in World War II
1100:McFarland & Company
238:After the start of the
1238:Holocaust Encyclopedia
286:) further north-west.
203:Second Polish Republic
113:
80:
44:
993:Rossolinski, Grzegorz
563:Rossolinski, Grzegorz
188:Ukrainian nationalist
42:
1436:Propaganda in Russia
1137:(25 February 2013).
909:(12 November 2020).
754:Taras Bulba-Borovets
377:is also emphasized.
244:Operation Barbarossa
1090:Piotrowski, Tadeusz
1023:Rudling, Per Anders
468:Also translated as
120:, a faction of the
995:(1 October 2014).
946:William Holzmann;
913:. pp. 48–49.
713:Kakanien Revisited
367:Russian propaganda
218:General Government
116:) was a member of
45:
1098:. Jefferson, NC:
1054:on 5 January 2017
1008:978-3-8382-6684-8
928:978-0-19-753210-2
851:978-3-8382-6806-4
821:978-0-253-04673-4
647:(November 2011).
386:Jewish Ukrainians
347:Soviet propaganda
309:. There were two
128:(1909–1959), the
102:
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16:(Redirected from
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1204:(2–4): 209–243.
1193:
1187:
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1185:on 4 March 2016.
1181:. Archived from
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1155:(2–4): 209–243.
1143:IstPravda.com.ua
1131:
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1050:. Archived from
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873:(22 June 2016).
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603:. 7 March 2014.
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477:Jewish-Banderite
466:
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435:Hiwi (volunteer)
411:Ihor Kolomoyskyi
405:
404:
399:
390:Judeo-Banderites
248:Yaroslav Stetsko
160:speakers; under
137:to describe the
130:ultranationalist
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1102:. p. 209.
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43:Stepan Bandera
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363:Euromaidan
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