53:
292:, and immigration by German people was officially banned between 1914 and 1925. In addition, the German language was actively suppressed by the Australian government during the war. For example, many
206:
358:
The best-known examples of
Barossa German vocabulary are words which have been adopted by South Australian English. One such local word with German origins is "butcher", the name given to a 200
707:
433:
58:
247:
immigrants, referred to "Barossa-Deutsch" as: "that quaintly inbred and hybrid language evolved from a century of linguistic isolation". It takes its name from the
825:
700:
1448:
455:
743:
693:
293:
1823:
901:
1621:
430:
552:
639:
815:
590:
1438:
2856:
561:
2350:
2866:
894:
2861:
2846:
402:
270:
2717:
448:
2747:
1917:
1879:
1864:
1191:
2727:
2587:
1937:
1896:
1886:
887:
779:
251:, where many German people settled during the 19th century. Some words from Barossa German have entered
1103:
733:
2444:
2851:
2722:
2676:
2671:
2595:
2205:
2189:
2068:
1927:
1818:
1813:
863:
390:
339:
252:
120:
20:
2661:
2605:
2600:
2520:
2193:
2143:
1443:
1261:
1017:
945:
933:
676:
471:
115:
105:
2783:
2503:
1901:
2666:
2148:
2114:
1732:
1548:
1408:
1248:
1143:
624:
2824:
2788:
2056:
2049:
2001:
1771:
1742:
1711:
1674:
1599:
1356:
1269:
1130:
1092:
842:
810:
784:
737:
2289:
1164:
685:
2793:
2773:
2742:
2615:
2475:
2221:
2039:
1631:
1458:
1420:
1415:
1289:
1236:
994:
2449:
566:
8:
2732:
1968:
1922:
1856:
1609:
1256:
1169:
967:
130:
2279:
2124:
1371:
503:
296:. Lutheran schools were closed and were re-opened as state schools teaching in English.
2778:
2702:
2630:
2620:
2575:
2337:
2264:
2161:
2006:
1981:
1976:
1869:
1697:
1582:
1403:
1181:
1176:
1155:
1116:
920:
910:
273:
began in 1838. German was first spoken in the
Barossa Valley in the 1840s, when German
264:
110:
88:
52:
1932:
830:
2752:
2551:
2467:
2460:
2415:
2359:
2119:
2109:
2092:
2087:
1991:
1874:
1753:
1553:
1514:
1494:
1332:
1224:
1206:
1058:
635:
407:
338:
According to linguist Peter Mickan, Barossa German has incorporated some elements of
188:
2707:
2498:
2432:
2388:
2383:
2343:
2332:
2324:
2129:
2097:
2044:
2033:
1946:
1655:
1594:
1384:
1366:
1201:
962:
954:
820:
794:
774:
764:
386:
2544:
605:
2737:
2697:
2530:
2437:
2420:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2102:
2011:
1996:
1951:
1803:
1766:
1758:
1737:
1724:
1704:
1690:
1453:
1430:
1361:
1351:
1343:
1123:
717:
594:
587:
487:
459:
437:
374:
347:
328:
236:
228:
210:
164:
97:
78:
2818:
2712:
2692:
2644:
2536:
2410:
2080:
1847:
1565:
1522:
1479:
1396:
1391:
1280:
1230:
1081:
1032:
987:
980:
769:
332:
324:
300:
248:
232:
157:
125:
74:
2840:
2768:
2610:
2366:
2317:
2134:
2073:
1986:
1891:
1829:
1776:
1660:
1587:
664:
244:
303:
of some people in South
Australia until the late 20th century. For example,
2637:
2061:
2025:
1958:
1781:
1604:
1577:
1560:
1504:
1463:
1045:
1024:
868:
789:
759:
652:
304:
240:
2284:
488:
Dave
Nutting, 2001, "Bethany – the first settlement in the Barossa Valley"
2454:
2427:
2245:
2153:
1835:
1796:
1379:
1074:
1038:
973:
363:
285:
2299:
2294:
2274:
1639:
1309:
1010:
343:
289:
2480:
2228:
1791:
1572:
1527:
1499:
1325:
879:
177:
2304:
542:(television program), 'ABC News 24, (broadcast date: 25 March 2017).
2269:
1617:
307:
claimed to have spoken nothing but German until he went to school.
274:
2310:
1906:
1808:
837:
378:
320:
316:
278:
224:
62:
284:
Use of the German language in
Australia declined as a result of
1613:
366:) beer glass, which is believed to be derived from the German
19:
This article is about the German dialect. For other uses, see
1531:
715:
385:), and is based on traditional German games similar to alley
359:
393:
still features the
Tanunda Kegel Club, founded in 1858.
315:
Because most German immigrants to the
Barossa were from
657:"German-speakers in Australia from 1788 to the Present"
632:
South
Australian Words: From Bardi-Grubs to Frog Cakes
299:There is some evidence that Barossa German was the
449:Stephany Steggall, "Teller of tales that teach" (
2838:
522:
520:
331:, when compared to analogous dialects spoken by
606:http://www.germanaustralia.com/e/traditions.htm
508:towards Lutheran Schooling during World War I."
677:ABC Radio National, "South Australian Words" (
472:ABC Radio National, "South Australian Words" (
895:
701:
557:, 28 February 2004, "South Australian Words""
517:
327:dialect. It is therefore relatively close to
218:
42:
36:
294:placenames with German origins were changed
902:
888:
708:
694:
51:
431:Atlas of South Australia | Barossa Valley
353:
239:. The prominent South Australian writer,
413:
2839:
909:
323:, Barossa German is classifiable as a
2573:
2187:
931:
883:
689:
381:, which takes place on indoor lanes (
243:(1920–2006), whose grandparents were
493:(website). Access date: 9 June 2007.
1464:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
562:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
13:
2823:Languages between parentheses are
2188:
588:Skittles, Nine Pins – Online guide
14:
2878:
646:
310:
16:German dialect of South Australia
599:
2827:of the language on their left.
581:
545:
533:
496:
481:
465:
442:
424:
403:German settlement in Australia
335:communities around the world.
271:German settlement in Australia
231:, predominantly spoken in the
1:
2718:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2574:
613:
2748:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1439:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
634:, Oxford University Press. (
373:The Barossa is also home to
7:
2728:High German consonant shift
462:. Access date: 7 June 2007.
396:
10:
2883:
2857:Culture of South Australia
1266:Westlauwers–Terschellings
919:According to contemporary
262:
258:
18:
2867:German-Australian culture
2810:
2761:
2685:
2654:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2518:
2491:
2445:Southern Schleswig Danish
2376:
2257:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2183:
2024:
1967:
1855:
1846:
1751:
1723:
1682:
1673:
1648:
1630:
1541:
1513:
1487:
1478:
1429:
1342:
1317:
1308:
1247:
1142:
1091:
1066:
1057:
953:
944:
940:
927:
917:
851:
803:
752:
725:
653:Dave Nutting, 2001–2007,
478:Access date: 7 June 2007.
342:, including some English
219:
187:
175:
170:
154:
94:
84:
70:
59:Gruenberg Lutheran church
50:
43:
37:
35:
30:
2723:West Germanic gemination
2677:Ancient Belgian language
2672:Germanic parent language
2616:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
1738:Austrian Standard German
932:
864:Kiautschou German pidgin
816:Argentinian Swiss German
511:Flinders Ranges Research
418:
377:, a variety of nine-pin
370:, meaning a cup or mug.
340:South Australian English
253:South Australian English
21:Barossa (disambiguation)
630:Dorothy Jauncey, 2004,
2862:Languages of Australia
2784:Preterite-present verb
2667:Proto-Germanic grammar
2621:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
1733:German Standard German
1409:East Frisian Low Saxon
625:University of Adelaide
389:. The Barossa town of
354:Vocabulary and culture
214:
2847:High German languages
2789:Grammatischer Wechsel
1772:Namibian Black German
1743:Swiss Standard German
1712:Early New High German
1270:Mainland West Frisian
1131:Harlingerland Frisian
738:Namibian Black German
720:spoken outside Europe
553:"ABC Radio National,
436:7 August 2007 at the
281:arrived in the area.
2794:Indo-European ablaut
2774:Germanic strong verb
2743:Germanic spirant law
1880:Southeast Limburgish
1376:Gelders-Overijssels
1005:Irish Middle English
995:Early Modern English
852:Asia and the Pacific
681:, 28 February 2004).
621:Das Barossa Deutsche
476:, 28 February 2004).
458:11 June 2007 at the
453:, 15 September 2006)
414:Notes and references
288:. Many Germans were
121:Weser–Rhine Germanic
2762:Synchronic features
2733:Germanic a-mutation
2686:Diachronic features
2036:in the broad sense
1969:East Central German
1923:Lorraine Franconian
1897:Transylvanian Saxon
1857:West Central German
1632:East Low Franconian
1542:West Low Franconian
831:Paraná Volga German
593:2 June 2009 at the
131:East Central German
57:German text in the
2779:Germanic weak verb
2588:Language subgroups
1938:Pennsylvania Dutch
1887:Moselle Franconian
1865:Central Franconian
1698:Middle High German
1449:Central Pomeranian
1404:Northern Low Saxon
1117:Wangerooge Frisian
911:Germanic languages
780:Pennsylvania Dutch
619:Peter Paul, 1965,
504:"South Australian
269:The first wave of
265:German Australians
89:German Australians
2834:
2833:
2819:extinct languages
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2753:Great Vowel Shift
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2514:
2513:
2360:Greenlandic Norse
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2110:Southern Bavarian
2093:Northern Bavarian
2069:Highest Alemannic
2020:
2019:
1754:standard variants
1669:
1668:
1515:Standard variants
1474:
1473:
1333:Middle Low German
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1104:Saterland Frisian
877:
876:
640:978-01-9551-770-5
491:German Australia
408:German Australian
348:grammatical forms
199:
198:
2874:
2611:Elbe (Irminonic)
2584:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2499:Mainland Gutnish
2389:Swedish dialects
2351:Middle Icelandic
2325:Middle Norwegian
2214:Historical forms
2211:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2184:
2144:South Franconian
2130:Hutterite German
2098:Central Bavarian
1918:Rhine Franconian
1853:
1852:
1683:Historical forms
1680:
1679:
1595:Surinamese Dutch
1488:Historical forms
1485:
1484:
1318:Historical forms
1315:
1314:
1067:Historical forms
1064:
1063:
951:
950:
942:
941:
929:
928:
904:
897:
890:
881:
880:
821:Brazilian German
811:Alemán Coloniero
795:Wisconsin German
775:Hutterite German
710:
703:
696:
687:
686:
671:
666:Deutsche Version
661:
655:German Australia
608:
603:
597:
585:
579:
578:
576:
574:
569:on 11 March 2007
565:. Archived from
549:
543:
537:
531:
524:
515:
514:
500:
494:
485:
479:
469:
463:
446:
440:
428:
222:
209:
195:
180:
160:
100:
55:
46:
40:
28:
27:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2852:German dialects
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2798:
2757:
2738:Germanic umlaut
2703:Holtzmann's law
2681:
2650:
2578:
2557:
2510:
2487:
2421:South Jutlandic
2406:Danish dialects
2372:
2253:
2196:
2167:
2149:East Franconian
2103:Viennese German
2016:
1997:Silesian German
1963:
1952:Central Hessian
1842:
1767:Namibian German
1756:
1747:
1725:Standard German
1719:
1705:New High German
1691:Old High German
1665:
1644:
1626:
1537:
1509:
1470:
1454:East Pomeranian
1444:Brandenburgisch
1431:East Low German
1425:
1352:Dutch Low Saxon
1344:West Low German
1338:
1296:
1262:Schiermonnikoog
1243:
1138:
1124:Wursten Frisian
1087:
1053:
936:
923:
913:
908:
878:
873:
847:
799:
765:Alsatian German
748:
744:Nataler Deutsch
734:Namibian German
721:
714:
669:
659:
649:
616:
611:
604:
600:
595:Wayback Machine
586:
582:
572:
570:
551:
550:
546:
538:
534:
525:
518:
502:
501:
497:
486:
482:
470:
466:
460:Wayback Machine
447:
443:
438:Wayback Machine
429:
425:
421:
416:
399:
356:
333:German diaspora
329:Standard German
313:
267:
261:
237:South Australia
220:Barossa-Deutsch
205:
193:
176:
165:German alphabet
161:
156:
150:
101:
98:Language family
96:
79:South Australia
66:
44:Barossa-Deutsch
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Proto-Germanic
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2537:Crimean Gothic
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2411:Insular Danish
2408:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2394:Rinkebysvenska
2391:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2240:Old East Norse
2237:
2235:Old West Norse
2225:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:South Tyrolean
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:High Alemannic
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1848:Central German
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1787:Barossa German
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:French Flemish
1558:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1480:Low Franconian
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1281:Westereendersk
1275:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1082:Middle Frisian
1078:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
988:Modern English
984:
981:Middle English
977:
970:
959:
957:
948:
938:
937:
925:
924:
918:
915:
914:
907:
906:
899:
892:
884:
875:
874:
872:
871:
866:
861:
859:Barossa German
855:
853:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
834:
833:
828:
818:
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
770:Bernese German
767:
762:
756:
754:
750:
749:
747:
746:
742:South Africa:
740:
729:
727:
723:
722:
713:
712:
705:
698:
690:
684:
683:
674:
673:
672:
648:
647:External links
645:
644:
643:
628:
615:
612:
610:
609:
598:
580:
544:
540:Australia Wide
532:
516:
495:
480:
464:
451:The Australian
441:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
405:
398:
395:
355:
352:
325:Central German
312:
311:Classification
309:
301:first language
277:settlers from
263:Main article:
260:
257:
249:Barossa Valley
233:Barossa Valley
215:Barossadeutsch
202:Barossa German
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
181:
173:
172:
171:Language codes
168:
167:
162:
158:Writing system
155:
152:
151:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
136:Barossa German
126:Central German
104:
102:
95:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
75:Barossa Valley
72:
68:
67:
56:
48:
47:
38:Barossadeutsch
33:
32:
31:Barossa German
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2879:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2826:
2822:
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2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Germanic verb
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Sievers's law
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:Reconstructed
2653:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2468:Middle Danish
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
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2418:
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2414:
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2402:
2399:
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2379:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:Old Icelandic
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:Old Norwegian
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:Gottscheerish
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:Walser German
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:Low Alemannic
2038:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:High Prussian
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Erzgebirgisch
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Luxembourgish
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:Klezmer-loshn
1827:
1825:
1824:Scots Yiddish
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1661:Meuse-Rhenish
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:Kleverlandish
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:Central Dutch
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Stellingwarfs
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:Wood Frisian
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1144:North Frisian
1141:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
992:
991:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
946:Anglo-Frisian
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
916:
912:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
882:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
850:
844:
841:
839:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
804:South America
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
755:
753:North America
751:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
730:
728:
724:
719:
716:Varieties of
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
691:
688:
682:
680:
679:Lingua Franca
675:
668:
667:
663:
662:
658:
656:
651:
650:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
617:
607:
602:
596:
592:
589:
584:
568:
564:
563:
558:
556:
555:Lingua Franca
548:
541:
536:
529:
523:
521:
512:
509:
507:
499:
492:
489:
484:
477:
475:
474:Lingua Franca
468:
461:
457:
454:
452:
445:
439:
435:
432:
427:
423:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
216:
212:
208:
203:
192:
190:
186:
182:
179:
174:
169:
166:
163:
159:
153:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:West Germanic
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:Indo-European
103:
99:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
64:
60:
54:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2814:
2698:Verner's law
2643:
2638:Gotho-Nordic
2636:
2629:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2519:
2504:Fårö Gutnish
2466:
2459:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2342:
2323:
2316:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2160:
2062:Swiss German
2026:Upper German
1959:Amana German
1933:Volga German
1902:HunsrĂĽckisch
1828:
1786:
1782:Unserdeutsch
1777:Berlinerisch
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1649:Cover groups
1605:Mohawk Dutch
1600:Jersey Dutch
1578:East Flemish
1561:West Flemish
1505:Middle Dutch
1459:Low Prussian
1331:
1324:
1290:Terschelling
1274:Clay Frisian
1249:West Frisian
1237:Wiedingharde
1229:
1217:
1177:Heligolandic
1154:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1093:East Frisian
1080:
1073:
1046:Middle Scots
1044:
1037:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1004:
993:
986:
979:
972:
869:Unserdeutsch
858:
843:Plautdietsch
826:Ostpommersch
790:Texas German
785:Plautdietsch
760:Amana German
678:
665:
660:(in English)
654:
631:
623:(MA thesis,
620:
601:
583:
571:. Retrieved
567:the original
560:
554:
547:
539:
535:
527:
510:
505:
498:
490:
483:
473:
467:
450:
444:
426:
382:
372:
367:
357:
337:
314:
305:Colin Thiele
298:
283:
268:
241:Colin Thiele
201:
200:
194:de-u-sd-ausa
135:
25:
2713:Kluge's law
2693:Grimm's law
2476:Dalecarlian
2455:Perkerdansk
2428:East Danish
2246:Old Gutnish
2222:Proto-Norse
2162:Langobardic
2154:Vogtlandian
1982:Upper Saxon
1836:Lachoudisch
1797:Lotegorisch
1675:High German
1421:Westphalian
1416:Eastphalian
1380:Achterhooks
1257:Hindeloopen
1192:Bökingharde
1161:Föhr–Amrum
1075:Old Frisian
1039:Early Scots
974:Old English
670:(in German)
286:World War I
2841:Categories
2545:Burgundian
2461:Old Danish
2450:Gøtudanskt
2433:Bornholmsk
2295:Vestlandsk
2275:Kebabnorsk
2012:Halcnovian
1977:Thuringian
1640:Limburgish
1610:Stadsfries
1583:Brabantian
1310:Low German
1156:Eiderstedt
1011:Fingallian
614:References
526:Steggall,
344:vocabulary
235:region of
2825:varieties
2817:indicate
2631:Northwest
2576:Philology
2481:Elfdalian
2416:Jutlandic
2338:Icelandic
2313:(written)
2307:(written)
2285:Trøndersk
2265:Norwegian
2229:Old Norse
2050:Coloniero
2034:Alemannic
2007:Wymysorys
1875:Colognian
1870:Ripuarian
1792:Rotwelsch
1622:Midslands
1573:Zeelandic
1554:Hollandic
1528:Afrikaans
1500:Old Dutch
1326:Old Saxon
1225:Karrharde
1207:Goesharde
1188:Mainland
921:philology
732:Namibia:
506:attitudes
383:Kegelbahn
207:‹See Tfd›
178:ISO 639-3
85:Ethnicity
2552:Vandalic
2495:Gutnish
2300:Vikværsk
2280:SognamĂĄl
2270:Bergensk
2120:Cimbrian
2088:Bavarian
2045:Alsatian
1992:Lusatian
1928:Palatine
1618:Amelands
1495:Frankish
1385:Sallaans
1367:Gronings
1218:Southern
1211:Northern
1202:Halligen
1151:Insular
968:dialects
591:Archived
456:Archived
434:Archived
397:See also
387:skittles
290:interned
275:Lutheran
111:Germanic
2815:Italics
2438:Scanian
2384:Swedish
2333:Faroese
2311:Nynorsk
2290:Valdris
2125:Mòcheno
2081:Swabian
1947:Hessian
1907:Hunsrik
1819:Western
1814:Eastern
1809:Yiddish
1759:creoles
1656:Bergish
1372:Drèents
1362:Tweants
1214:Central
1196:Mooring
1059:Frisian
1018:Kildare
963:English
838:Hunsrik
573:25 June
391:Tanunda
379:bowling
321:Silesia
317:Prussia
279:Prussia
259:History
225:dialect
223:) is a
63:Moculta
2531:Gothic
2401:Danish
2305:BokmĂĄl
1804:Yenish
1614:Bildts
1397:Veluws
1392:Urkers
1231:Strand
955:Anglic
726:Africa
718:German
638:
368:Becher
364:fl.oz.
245:German
229:German
211:German
71:Region
2645:South
2596:North
2206:North
2190:North
1532:Kaaps
1523:Dutch
1170:Amrum
1111:Weser
1033:Scots
419:Notes
375:kegel
2606:West
2601:East
2521:East
2377:East
2367:Norn
2258:West
2194:East
2192:and
1757:and
1752:Non-
1182:Sylt
1165:Föhr
1100:Ems
1025:Yola
934:West
636:ISBN
575:2007
528:Ibid
346:and
319:and
189:IETF
362:(7
227:of
217:or
61:at
2843::
736:,
559:.
519:^
360:ml
350:.
255:.
213::
77:,
41:,
2540:)
2534:(
1620:/
1616:/
1612:/
1534:)
1530:(
903:e
896:t
889:v
709:e
702:t
695:v
642:)
627:)
577:.
530:.
513:.
204:(
183:–
65:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
