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number of basic science research that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities.
141:
which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have the potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future.
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It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The
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A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of
140:
Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for
99:
In addition to innovations, basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value. The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts. Through learning about the environment, conservation efforts can be strengthened using
252:
In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by the federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes. As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important.
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truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon the originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter.
854:(11):1255–58, abstract: "Thoughtful changes in education provide the opportunity to improve understanding of fundamental sciences, the process of scientific inquiry, and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice".
100:
research as a basis. Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well, as seen with examples such as kingfishers' beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet trains in Japan.
111:
Despite smart people working on this problem for 50 years, we're still discovering surprisingly basic things about the earliest history of our world. It's quite humbling.
318:(science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other, although they may differ in the specifics such as methods and standards.
1003:
J N Clarke; S Arnold; M Everest & K Whitfield (Jan 2007). "The paradoxical reliance on allopathic medicine and positivist science among skeptical audiences".
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Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in
449:
422:
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John V Pickstone & Michael
Worboys (Mar 2011). "Focus: Between and beyond 'histories of science' and 'histories of medicine'—introduction".
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205:
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but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes
129:
that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be
1081:
P M Strong PM & K McPherson (1982). "Natural science and medicine: Social science and medicine: Some methodological controversies".
627:
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1690:"Scientists and the marketplace of opinions: Scientific credibility takes on a different meaning when reaching out to the public"
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A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology. They can be grouped as
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291:. The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by the National Science Foundation.
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Cook, Carly N.; Mascia, Michael B.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. (2013-04-10).
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via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes. Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in
17:
419:
1737:
1458:"The democratic fallacy in matters of clinical opinion: Implications for analysing cause-of-death data"
1334:"Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation: Restating the hypotheticodeductive model—part two"
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93:
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1231:(May 1983). "Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes: XI: Medicine seeks to be 'scientific'".
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Thomas
Marshall (Apr 1997). "Scientific knowledge in medicine: A new clinical epistemology?".
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347:
1639:"The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'"
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Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and
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968:(Mar 1988). "Science in medicine: Too much or too little and too limited in scope?".
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1375:"New methodology in biomedical science: Methodological errors in classical science"
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844:"Basic science right, not basic science lite: Medical education at a crossroad"
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782:"Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine"
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1836:
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1585:
1038:
Eric
Holtzman (1981). "Science, philosophy, and society: Some recent books".
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Lucien R Karhausen (2000). "Causation: The elusive grail of epidemiology".
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503:"Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary"
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1303:"Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking"
153:
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M Brandon
Westover; Kenneth D Westover KD & Matt T Bianchi (2011).
526:
73:
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567:"High Speed Train Inspired by the Kingfisher — Innovation — AskNature"
467:
1605:
81:
1421:
Transactions of the
American Clinical and Climatological Association
819:, "Science and the next fifty years", § "Applied vs basic science",
592:"Why is the Earth Tilted? New Theory Offers Clues on a Dizzy Moment"
137:, or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common.
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31:
92:. The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated
447:"ICSU position statement: The value of basic scientific research"
362:
420:"Curiosity creates cures: The value and impact of basic research
1184:
842:
Ruth-Marie E Fincher, Paul M Wallach & W Scott
Richardson,
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to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas
61:
1740:(Apr 2010). "Evidence: Philosophy of science meets medicine".
650:"Billionaires with big ideas are privatizing American science"
1590:"Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence"
500:
308:(science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with
27:
Scientific discovery and improvement of scientific knowledge
1509:"Significance testing as perverse probabilistic reasoning"
80:
natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by
786:
Occasional Paper (Royal
College of General Practitioners)
333:
awards distinguish natural science from applied science.
1080:
892:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 146.
1558:
Alfredo
Morabia (2005). "Epidemiological causality".
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456:, International Council for Science, December 2004.
325:mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in
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76:or techniques, which can be used to intervene and
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1163:. Clio Medica. Vol. 48. pp. 108–32.
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618:"Bell Labs kills fundamental physics research"
431:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
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202:The examples and perspective in this article
68:of natural or other phenomena. In contrast,
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1643:Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations
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1560:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
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1742:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1417:"Abe Flexner, where are you? We need you!"
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1268:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
731:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
685:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
283:uses portions of basic science to develop
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240:Learn how and when to remove this message
1040:International Journal of Health Services
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922:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
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30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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14:
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590:Jacqueline Ronson (November 1, 2016).
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113:— Matija Ćuk, scientist at the
60:with the aim of improving scientific
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1118:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
848:Journal of General Internal Medicine
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117:and lead researcher, November 2016
72:uses scientific theories to develop
1776:Medals, Awards & Prize lectures
1338:British Journal of General Practice
918:"The trouble with medical journals"
648:William J. Broad (March 15, 2014).
630:from the original on 28 August 2008
24:
1788:
25:
1854:
1806:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1594:Environmental Health Perspectives
1159:K Bayertz & P Nevers (1998).
822:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
472:. Random House Publishing Group.
84:, basic research often fuels the
1811:Library of Economics and Liberty
1754:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01400.x
1280:10.1046/j.1365-2753.1997.00075.x
1245:10.1001/jama.1983.03330420025028
679:Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000).
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1462:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
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1017:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.038
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616:Ganapati, Priya (2008-08-27).
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1083:Social Science & Medicine
1005:Social Science & Medicine
870:. National Science Foundation
435:National Institutes of Health
402:. National Science Foundation
383:
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64:for better understanding and
1332:Kevork Hopayian (May 2004).
1095:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90454-3
982:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90270-7
970:American Journal of Medicine
890:How Economics Shapes Science
257:Basic versus applied science
7:
1052:10.2190/l5eu-e7pc-hxg6-euml
744:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
697:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
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216:, discuss the issue on the
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10:
1859:
1797:"Research and Development"
934:10.1177/014107680609900311
916:Richard Smith (Mar 2006).
681:"Limited scope of science"
260:
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29:
865:"What is basic research?"
425:October 20, 2013, at the
397:"What is basic research?"
86:technological innovations
1706:10.1038/sj.embor.7400405
1307:Croatian Medical Journal
780:James McCormick (2001).
289:research and development
94:research and development
1795:Levy, David M. (2002).
1301:A Zalewski (Mar 1999).
1130:10.1023/A:1009970730507
888:Stephan, Paula (2012).
726:"The scientist's world"
368:Precautionary principle
331:Royal Society of London
1637:Andrew C Ward (2009).
1526:10.1186/1741-7015-9-20
1415:Ronald A Arky (2007).
719:& "Technology" in
327:Physiology or Medicine
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267:Translational research
124:refuting or supporting
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1656:10.1186/1742-5573-6-2
1475:10.1186/1742-7622-8-1
1161:Biology as technology
348:Hard and soft science
293:
108:
1456:Peter Byass (2011).
1373:A Skurvydas (2005).
507:Conservation Biology
222:create a new article
214:improve this article
204:may not represent a
46:fundamental research
519:2013ConBi..27..669C
343:Blue skies research
329:. In contrast, the
58:scientific research
1801:David R. Henderson
976:(3 Pt 1): 483–91.
655:The New York Times
527:10.1111/cobi.12050
452:2017-05-06 at the
164:. You can help by
1780:The Royal Society
899:978-0-674-04971-0
479:978-0-593-13324-8
466:Yong, Ed (2022).
358:Normative science
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