174:
677:
20:
166:
129:
240:, redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For example, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas:
136:
The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It was believed that the dialect boundaries between
Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the
672:
The following map shows the approximate areas where each word is used. The smaller-type instances are cases of the name being recorded for a particular area, the larger-type instances show super-regional forms common throughout the dialect area in question:
1824:
is found in official texts, schools, TV, newspapers and in common parlance by new speakers, especially in the cities, whereas in the countryside, with more elderly speakers, people remain more attached to the natural dialects, especially in informal
1765:("Complemented Gipuzkoan"), dating to 1935, attempted, though largely unsuccessfully, to create a standardized Basque based on Gipuzkoan, complemented with elements from other dialects.
339:
in
Standard Basque) for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area. The most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects.
153:
from a previously quite unified Basque language, and the dialects diverged from each other since then as a result of the administrative and political division that happened in the
149:. However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in the
201:
was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the
1715:
1762:
542:
1693:(historically /j/) displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following:
1784:'s Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque. However, they did not receive support from other Basque language scholars and activists.
453:
324:
Modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence. However, cross-dialectal communication even without prior knowledge of either
1747:
There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque.
2166:
578:
654:
479:
1805:
1917:
328:
or the other dialect is normally possible to a reasonable extent, with the notable of exception of
Zuberoan (also called
1803:
standard form of
Lapurdian. It is taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, in church, and by the newspaper
2135:
2102:
2073:
1889:
2159:
1758:
697:
used in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features.
237:
202:
154:
205:. By then, the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In
2362:
2332:
2317:
2413:
2277:
1676:
1662:
1655:
1643:
1636:
1593:
1588:
1570:
1551:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1411:
1406:
1401:
313:
307:
303:
296:
2152:
2352:
1738:
dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /dz/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
1040:
1030:
1728:
dialect: merger of /s̻/ with /s̺/ and /ts̻/ with /ts̺/. Additional phonemes: /ʒ/. Lack of /c/ and /ɟ/.
2272:
2123:
2028:
1788:
572:
209:, Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, remaining only in the stronghold of
122:
2408:
1820:
based on the central dialects that has successfully spread as the formal dialect of the language.
254:
105:
100:
2292:
1751:
A standardised form of Lower
Navarrese was the dialect used by influential 16th-century author
186:
67:
2175:
2302:
1937:
2237:
2212:
1686:
Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to a larger or lesser extent. The
1036:
1026:
2337:
1828:
More recently, the distinct dialects of
Bizkaian and Zuberoan have also been standardised.
8:
2327:
2257:
2252:
2192:
1508:
1479:
2113:
2377:
2322:
2307:
2227:
2207:
2197:
1374:
263:
190:
125:, so there would be five dialects, divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties.
676:
173:
121:
In modern times, however, both Lower
Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of a
2342:
2297:
2282:
2262:
2202:
2187:
2131:
2098:
2069:
1913:
1885:
1856:
1781:
1752:
1701:
1581:
1420:
1384:
381:
273:
259:
249:
132:
The pre-Roman tribal boundaries in the general area of the modern-day Basque
Country.
110:
95:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2232:
2222:
1773:
1369:
1364:
743:
278:
244:
115:
90:
2312:
2287:
2267:
2242:
1933:
1813:
1697:
1604:
1543:
1396:
1389:
1353:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1179:
733:
718:
703:
408:
359:
325:
285:
83:
79:
225:
the scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as
2247:
660:
590:
467:
182:
82:
which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from
1718:
dialect area: geminate vowels /i/~/ii/, /e/~/ee/, /a/~/aa/, /o/~/oo/, /u/~/uu/
19:
2402:
1619:
1563:
594:
492:
421:
86:. Between six and nine Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:
1379:
694:
534:
2097:. Connaissance des langues, v. 13 (in French). Paris: A. & J. Picard.
165:
2144:
1873:
1631:
1614:
233:
150:
24:
684:
in the dialects of Basque located on the new dialect map by Koldo Zuazo.
1669:
1624:
181:
One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the
1881:
1796:
1777:
1711:
1650:
728:
723:
713:
506:
402:
267:
1800:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1687:
738:
708:
604:
502:
329:
218:
146:
138:
206:
2115:
Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara
1721:
582:
546:
488:
445:
436:
413:
291:
Key distinguishing features in Basque dialect phonology include:
226:
222:
210:
142:
1707:
664:
586:
538:
440:
417:
364:
214:
128:
169:
Louis-Lucien
Bonaparte's original 1866 map of Basque dialects.
449:
2118:(in Spanish). Tolosa: Eusebio López – via archive.org.
484:
332:), which is regarded as the most divergent Basque dialect.
1942:
Anuario del
Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo
335:
The names for the language in the dialects of Basque (
1961:
Diccionario general vasco / Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia
288:
which appears to mix Western and Navarrese features.
2128:
Grammaire Basque : Navarro-Labourdin littéraire
2033:
Grammaire Basque pour tous II : Le Verbe Basque
1997:Nafarroako Euskal Dialektologiako Jardunaldia 1997
688:
2045:
1772:("Wisdom House") gathered around the academician
160:
2400:
299:and aspirated stops in Southern Basque dialects
284:Some research has also been carried out on the
2059:
2057:
2160:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1812:Since 1968, Euskaltzaindia has promulgated a
2130:(in French). Donostia/Bayonne: Elkarlanean.
2023:
2021:
1903:
1901:
1868:
1866:
1776:, who preferred to base the standard on the
23:The modern dialects of Basque, according to
2054:
2174:
2167:
2153:
1972:
1970:
1839:
319:
177:Map of Basque dialects (Koldo Zuazo, 2019)
2018:
1958:
1932:
1898:
1863:
1347:
2092:
2039:
2014:. Pamplona: Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea.
1976:
1742:
675:
172:
164:
127:
18:
2122:
2111:
2027:
2009:
1967:
286:Basque dialect spoken formerly in Álava
236:, Professor of Basque Philology at the
197:, was published in 1863 along with his
101:Upper Navarrese (Northern and Southern)
2401:
2063:
2003:
1991:
1850:
2148:
1952:
1907:
1872:
106:Lower Navarrese (Eastern and Western)
1985:
13:
312:Souletin development of the vowel
14:
2425:
1938:"Lengua común y dialectos vascos"
1328:you (familiar) went to him/her/it
116:Souletin (Souletin and Roncalese)
238:University of the Basque Country
195:Carte des Sept Provinces Basques
78:are linguistic varieties of the
16:Varieties of the Basque language
2086:
1963:. Vol. VII. Euskaltzandia.
1336:you (plural) went to him/her/it
1334:you (formal) went to him/her/it
689:Comparison of sample verb forms
2048:Hiztegia II Eüskara - Français
2046:Casenave-Harigile, J. (1993).
1926:
1814:Unified (or Standard) Basque (
1188:you (familiar) to him/her/it (
161:History of Basque dialectology
1:
2064:Hualde, José Ignacio (1991).
1981:. University of Nevada Press.
1959:Michelena, Luis, ed. (1992).
1832:
1768:In the 1940s, a group called
1793:Navarro-Labourdin Littéraire
1667:
1648:
1629:
1579:
1561:
1541:
1506:
1477:
1450:
1418:
1394:
1212:you (plural) to him/her/it (
1206:you (formal) to him/her/it (
193:. His original dialect map,
7:
1992:Camino, Iñaki, ed. (1997).
1851:Pagola, Rosa Miren (1984).
1330:(s)he/it went to him/her/it
693:Comparing the forms of the
199:Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux
123:Navarrese–Lapurdian dialect
10:
2430:
2093:Allières, Jacques (1979).
2035:(in French). Haize Garbia.
2012:Aditza Ipar Goi Nafarreraz
1912:(in Spanish). Alberdania.
1910:El euskera y sus dialectos
644:
611:
563:
472:
426:
397:
369:
2183:
2095:Manuel pratique de basque
1979:Basque–English Dictionary
1580:
1562:
1542:
1419:
1395:
1360:
573:Eastern Navarrese dialect
443:, Bergara, Leintz-Gatzaga
213:and bordering fringes of
62: other Basque areas
38: Central (Gipuzkoan)
2112:Campion, Arturo (1884).
1977:Aulestia, Gorka (1989).
1338:they went to him/her/it
1194:(s)he/it to him/her/it (
32: Western (Biscayan)
2010:Gaminde, Iñaki (1985).
1799:, which has become the
1710:, a dialect in a mixed
320:Morphological variation
302:divergence of historic
50: Navarro-Lapurdian
44: (Upper) Navarrese
1348:Phonological variation
685:
187:Louis-Lucien Bonaparte
178:
170:
133:
72:
2068:. London: Routledge.
1908:Zuazo, Koldo (2010).
1878:The History of Basque
1743:Standardized dialects
1332:we went to him/her/it
679:
176:
168:
131:
22:
2414:Dialects by language
1704:dialect: lack of /x/
1326:I went to him/her/it
1218:they to him/her/it (
1051:you (plural) have it
1049:you (formal) have it
351:Areas documented in
1995:Nafarroako Hizkerak
1797:Classical Lapurdian
1608:
1357:
274:Navarrese–Lapurdian
250:Central (Gipuzkoan)
185:forms, was made by
1853:Euskalkiz Euskalki
1603:
1352:
1200:we to him/her/it (
1186:"I gave it to him"
872:you (familiar) are
686:
680:The language name
308:/j//ɟ//ʒ//ʃ//x//χ/
245:Western (Biscayan)
191:Napoleon Bonaparte
179:
171:
134:
73:
2396:
2395:
1919:978-84-9868-202-1
1857:Eusko Jaurlaritza
1782:Joanes Leizarraga
1753:Joanes Leizarraga
1716:Western Navarrese
1702:Eastern Navarrese
1684:
1683:
1601:
1600:
1515:
1486:
1454:
1427:
1342:
1341:
1178:I to him/her/it (
670:
669:
549:, Leintz-Gatzaga
382:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
260:Eastern Navarrese
255:(Upper) Navarrese
2421:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2119:
2108:
2080:
2079:
2066:Basque Phonology
2061:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1774:Federico Krutwig
1763:Gipuzkera Osotua
1678:
1664:
1657:
1645:
1638:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1572:
1553:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1358:
1351:
1029:form for female
880:you (plural) are
878:you (formal) are
700:
699:
651:Upper Navarrese
557:Upper Navarrese
510:Upper Navarrese
345:Dialect variant
342:
341:
315:
309:
305:
298:
266:and the extinct
61:
55:
49:
43:
37:
31:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2409:Basque dialects
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2179:
2173:
2138:
2124:Lafitte, Pierre
2105:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2062:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1968:
1957:
1953:
1934:Michelena, Luis
1931:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1871:
1864:
1849:
1840:
1835:
1770:Jakintza Baitha
1745:
1605:Standard Basque
1382:
1373:
1354:Standard Basque
1350:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1182:); for example
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1045:(s)he/it has it
1044:
1035:you (familiar,
1034:
1025:you (familiar,
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
734:Lower Navarrese
719:Upper Navarrese
704:Standard Basque
691:
659:Ultzama, Erro,
658:
650:
617:
616:Upper Navarrese
571:
569:
568:Upper Navarrese
509:
505:
478:
477:Upper Navarrese
444:
432:
420:
416:
409:Lower Navarrese
407:
405:
380:
375:
374:Upper Navarrese
360:Upper Navarrese
326:Standard Basque
322:
163:
84:Standard Basque
80:Basque language
76:Basque dialects
71:
59:
57:
53:
51:
47:
45:
41:
39:
35:
33:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Serbo-Croatian
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2053:
2038:
2031:, ed. (1981).
2017:
2002:
1984:
1966:
1951:
1944:(in Spanish).
1925:
1918:
1897:
1890:
1862:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1810:
1791:published his
1789:Pierre Lafitte
1785:
1766:
1756:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1705:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1324:
1309:
1301:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1224:
1223:
1176:
1161:
1146:
1131:
1116:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1055:
1054:
1039:form for male
1021:
1004:
987:
970:
953:
936:
919:
902:
884:
883:
868:
853:
838:
823:
808:
793:
778:
763:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
690:
687:
668:
667:
652:
647:
643:
642:
640:
637:
633:
632:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:
614:
610:
609:
607:
602:
598:
597:
591:Salazar Valley
575:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
518:
514:
513:
511:
500:
496:
495:
482:
475:
471:
470:
468:Leintz-Gatzaga
464:
461:
457:
456:
454:Etxarri-Aranaz
434:
429:
425:
424:
411:
400:
396:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
377:
372:
368:
367:
362:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:Dialect group
346:
321:
318:
317:
316:
310:
300:
282:
281:
276:
271:
257:
252:
247:
203:Basque Country
189:, a nephew of
183:auxiliary verb
162:
159:
155:Basque Country
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
58:
56: Souletin
52:
46:
40:
34:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2426:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2139:
2137:2-913156-10-X
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2104:2-7084-0038-X
2100:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2077:
2075:0-415-05655-1
2071:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1891:0-415-13116-2
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1855:(in Basque).
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:Euskara batua
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1325:
1310:
1302:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1267:zinjoazkioten
1256:
1241:
1237:zindoazkioten
1226:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1132:
1117:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1053:they have it
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1005:
988:
971:
954:
937:
920:
903:
886:
885:
869:
854:
839:
824:
809:
794:
779:
764:
749:
748:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
696:
683:
678:
674:
666:
662:
656:
653:
648:
645:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
606:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:Roncal Valley
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
574:
567:
564:
559:
556:
553:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
481:
476:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
435:
430:
427:
423:
422:Lower Navarre
419:
415:
412:
410:
404:
401:
398:
393:
390:
387:
386:
383:
378:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
338:
333:
331:
327:
311:
301:
294:
293:
292:
289:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
175:
167:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
130:
126:
124:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
85:
81:
77:
69:
65:
26:
21:
2217:
2178:of languages
2127:
2114:
2094:
2087:Bibliography
2065:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2011:
2005:
1999:(in Basque).
1996:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1909:
1877:
1874:Trask, R. L.
1852:
1821:
1815:
1804:
1792:
1769:
1746:
1690:
1685:
1380:Postalveolar
1343:
1298:zinoazkioten
1252:ziñoiakiozen
1250:ziñoiakiozan
1248:giñoiakiozan
1183:
692:
681:
671:
535:Arrigorriaga
336:
334:
323:
290:
283:
231:
198:
194:
180:
135:
120:
75:
74:
63:
2213:Azerbaijani
2029:Lafitte, P.
1825:situations.
1795:, based on
1356:consonants
1321:zindoakioen
1317:gindoazkion
1269:zijoazkion
1265:zinjoazkion
1263:ginjoazkion
1254:joiakiozan
1239:zihoazkion
1235:zindoazkion
1233:gindoazkion
874:(s)he/it is
695:Basque verb
262:(including
234:Koldo Zuazo
221:, while in
151:Middle Ages
25:Koldo Zuazo
2403:Categories
2328:Portuguese
2293:Macedonian
1948:: 291–313.
1833:References
1319:zindoakion
1313:hindoakion
1311:nindoakion
1296:zinoazkion
1294:ginoazkion
1290:hindoakion
1288:nindoakion
1257:ninjoakion
1242:niñoiakion
1229:hindoakion
1227:nindoakion
1113:ziniote(n)
1047:we have it
1037:allocutive
1027:allocutive
579:Bortziriak
433:Gipuzkoan
376:Lapurdian
264:Salazarese
2378:Ukrainian
2308:Norwegian
2228:Bulgarian
2208:Aromanian
2198:Aragonese
2176:Varieties
2050:. Hitzak.
1882:Routledge
1787:In 1944,
1778:Lapurdian
1712:Gipuzkoan
1514:voiceless
1509:Fricative
1485:voiceless
1480:Affricate
1426:voiceless
1323:zoazkion
1300:zoazkion
1261:zijoakion
1259:injoakion
1231:zihoakion
1184:eman nion
1158:zinakoten
1115:ziote(n)
1083:zeuntsoen
1043:) have it
1041:addressee
1033:) have it
1031:addressee
1023:I have it
882:they are
729:Lapurdian
724:Roncalese
714:Gipuzkoan
639:Souletin
629:Souletin
618:Souletin
531:Biscayan
520:Biscayan
517:Euskiera
507:Gipuzkoan
466:Bergara,
463:Biscayan
403:Lapurdian
391:Biscayan
268:Roncalese
232:In 1998,
111:Lapurdian
96:Gipuzkoan
68:Bonaparte
2343:Romanian
2283:Japanese
2263:Georgian
2203:Armenian
2188:Albanian
2126:(1962).
1936:(1981).
1876:(1997).
1801:de facto
1736:Biscayan
1732:Ondarroa
1726:Biscayan
1688:grapheme
1375:Alveolar
1246:joiakion
1244:iñoakion
1173:zeneioen
1160:zakoten
1143:zinioten
1128:zinabein
1111:zinio(n)
1109:ginio(n)
1105:(y)io(n)
1098:zenioten
1085:eutsoen
1081:zeuntsan
1079:geuntsan
1068:zenioten
955:dur,dud
933:dezu(t)e
805:za(r)ate
790:ze(r)ate
739:Souletin
709:Biscayan
657:, Orozko
649:Biscayan
621:Ultzama
605:Souletin
543:Marquina
528:Euzkera
503:Biscayan
499:Euskera
474:Euskara
460:Euskala
431:Biscayan
428:Eskuera
406:Biscayan
399:Eskuara
388:Eskoara
356:Auskera
330:Souletin
295:loss of
279:Souletin
219:Gipuzkoa
147:Vascones
139:Caristii
91:Biscayan
2388:Yiddish
2373:Turkish
2368:Swedish
2363:Spanish
2358:Slovene
2348:Russian
2333:Punjabi
2318:Persian
2303:Maltese
2253:English
2238:Chinese
2233:Catalan
2223:Bengali
1722:Gernika
1620:Central
1607:vowels
1582:Lateral
1554:
1550:
1421:Plosive
1385:Palatal
1361:
1315:zoakion
1292:zoakion
1175:zeioen
1171:zeneion
1169:geneion
1156:zinakon
1154:ginakon
1145:zioten
1130:zabein
1100:zioten
1075:euntsan
1073:neutsan
1070:zioten
1003:(d)ute
935:du(t)e
867:di(r)a
865:zi(r)ae
850:zirezte
837:di(r)e
807:di(r)e
792:di(r)a
744:English
682:Euskara
655:Arratia
646:Uskera
601:Üskara
583:Ultzama
570:Aezcoan
565:Uskara
560:Arakil
554:Oskara
547:Bergara
523:Orozko
489:Larraun
480:Aezcoan
450:Burunda
446:Goierri
437:Gernika
414:Labourd
394:Orozko
371:Eskara
337:Euskara
227:Tafalla
223:Navarre
211:Aramaio
143:Varduli
2338:Romani
2323:Polish
2313:Pashto
2288:Korean
2268:German
2258:French
2243:Danish
2218:Basque
2193:Arabic
2134:
2101:
2072:
1916:
1888:
1806:Herria
1708:Arbizu
1698:Baztan
1453:voiced
1370:Dental
1365:Labial
1220:trans.
1214:trans.
1208:trans.
1202:trans.
1196:trans.
1190:trans.
1180:trans.
1141:zinion
1139:ginion
1126:zinaun
1124:ginaun
1107:zio(n)
1103:nio(n)
1096:zenion
1094:genion
1077:eutsan
1066:zenion
1064:genion
876:we are
863:zi(r)a
861:gi(r)a
842:h(a)iz
840:n(a)iz
835:zaizte
803:za(r)a
801:ga(r)a
797:(y)aiz
788:ze(r)a
786:ge(r)a
760:zarete
665:Gulina
626:Üskaa
613:Uskaa
587:Aezkoa
577:Irun,
539:Orozko
441:Bermeo
418:Biscay
365:Arakil
215:Biscay
66:1850 (
60:
54:
48:
42:
36:
30:
2298:Malay
2278:Hindi
2273:Greek
2248:Dutch
1822:Batua
1759:Azkue
1700:, an
1632:Close
1615:Front
1544:Trill
1397:Nasal
1390:Velar
1167:zeion
1165:heion
1163:neion
1152:zakon
1150:hakon
1148:nakon
1018:düzüe
1001:duzue
986:dute
984:duzue
952:dute
950:duzue
918:dabe
916:dozue
901:dute
899:duzue
852:dira
777:dira
775:zarie
762:dira
636:Üska
306:into
207:Álava
2383:Urdu
2132:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2070:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1734:, a
1724:, a
1670:Open
1625:Back
1137:zion
1135:hion
1133:nion
1122:zaun
1120:yaun
1118:naun
1092:zion
1088:nion
1062:zion
1060:hion
1058:nion
1020:düe
1016:düzü
1014:dügü
999:duzu
997:dugu
982:duzu
980:dugu
969:dei
967:tzei
963:digu
948:duzu
946:dugu
931:dezu
929:degu
914:dozu
912:dogu
897:duzu
895:dugu
870:I am
848:zira
846:gira
833:zare
831:gare
827:haiz
825:naiz
822:dra
820:zrei
795:naiz
780:naiz
773:zara
771:gara
758:zara
756:gara
752:haiz
750:naiz
661:Olza
493:Erro
485:Irun
379:Irun
217:and
145:and
1780:of
1761:'s
1651:Mid
1564:Tap
1495:ts̻
1492:ts̺
1090:ion
1010:dük
1008:dün
1006:düt
993:duk
991:dun
989:dut
976:duk
974:dun
972:dut
965:tzu
959:duk
957:dun
942:duk
940:dun
938:dut
925:dek
923:den
921:det
910:dau
908:dok
906:don
904:dot
891:duk
889:dun
887:dut
857:hiz
855:niz
818:zra
816:gra
812:yaz
810:naz
782:aiz
765:naz
314:/y/
304:/j/
297:/h/
2405::
2056:^
2020:^
1969:^
1946:15
1940:.
1900:^
1884:.
1880:.
1865:^
1841:^
1527:s̻
1524:s̺
1500:tʃ
1222:)
1012:dü
995:du
978:du
961:du
944:du
927:du
893:du
859:da
844:da
829:da
814:da
799:da
784:da
769:da
767:az
754:da
663:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
545:,
541:,
537:,
491:,
487:,
452:,
448:,
439:,
229:.
157:.
141:,
64:ca
27::
2168:e
2161:t
2154:v
2140:.
2107:.
2078:.
1922:.
1894:.
1859:.
1818:)
1809:.
1755:.
1714:/
1691:j
1677:a
1663:o
1656:e
1644:u
1637:i
1594:ʎ
1589:l
1571:ɾ
1552:r
1537:x
1532:ʃ
1519:f
1473:ɡ
1468:ɟ
1463:d
1458:b
1446:k
1441:c
1436:t
1431:p
1412:ɲ
1407:n
1402:m
1383:/
1372:/
1216:)
1210:)
1204:)
1198:)
1192:)
270:)
70:)
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