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rational reasons for the victim's assessment that their life or that of their children was in danger. For example, if life-threatening attacks were preceded by a certain look in the eyes in the past, the victim may have had probable cause for believing that another life-threatening attack was likely to occur. Fourth, it does not provide for the possibility that a person may be abused, but have chosen to kill for reasons other than on-going abuse – for example, jealousy or greed. Fifth, it paints survivors of domestic violence exclusively as passive victims rather than resourceful survivors. Controversy has also surrounded the legal mechanisms of the use of the BWS, which usually rely on the use of existing general legal defenses, such as self-defense, provocation or insanity based defenses - defenses which themselves have been subjected to controversy regarding their exact definitions and standards with regard to the
955:
situation, the majority of people that would take advantage of this defense are women since they are generally abused more than men. In this notable instance of an attempted defense using BWS, Florida resident
Kathleen Weiand shot and killed her husband Todd Weiand. She used the battered woman syndrome in her defense and the defense expert agreed that she was suffering from the syndrome. However, the jury rejected her defense and Kathleen was sentenced to 18 years in prison for second degree murder. Kathleen appealed, eventually reaching Florida's Supreme Court who regarded her case as high priority. Ultimately, the Court overturned the ruling, in favor of Kathleen Weiand.
770:(2003) EWCA Crim 415, following threats of sexual and violent abuse against herself and her daughter, the defendant killed her obsessive, jealous, controlling partner while he was restrained by handcuffs, blindfolded and gagged as part of their regular sexual activity. The term of five years' imprisonment was reduced to three and a half years because of the terrifying threats made by a man determined to dominate and control the defendant's life. The threats created a genuine fear for the safety of herself and more significantly, her daughter, and this caused the defendant to lose control and make the ferocious attack.
843:, a 28-year-old, pregnant immigrant, killed her abusive husband Pietro with an axe after he tried to force her into prostitution. She confessed and was sentenced to hang after a brief trial, but during the delay before the sentence was carried out (a delay necessary to allow her to give birth to her child), a public campaign for her release began. Napolitano's supporters argued that the judge in the case had been wrong to throw out evidence of her long-standing abuse at Pietro's hands (including an incident five months before when he stabbed her nine times with a pocket knife). The
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745:, she claimed provocation. The judge directed the jury to consider whether, if she did lose her self-control, a reasonable person having the characteristics of a well-educated married Asian woman living in England would have lost her self-control given her husband's provocation. On appeal, it was argued that he should have directed the jury to consider a reasonable person suffering from 'battered woman syndrome'. Having considered fresh medical evidence, the
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gestures of contrition. However, the partner does not find solutions to avoid another phase of tension building and release so the cycle repeats. The repetition of the violence, despite the abuser's attempts to "make nice", results in the abused partner feeling at fault for not preventing a repeat cycle of violence. However, since the victim is not at fault and the violence is internally driven by the abuser, this self-blame results in feelings of
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948:" (Rothenberg, "Social Change", 782). Instead of using the term "battered woman", the terminology "battering and its effects" became acceptable. The decision to change this terminology was based on a changing body of research indicating there is more than one pattern to battering and a more inclusive definition more accurately represented the realities of domestic violence.
716:
For a variety of reasons, victims are reluctant to testify against their abusers and pursue civil and criminal remedies." Even with those who experience domestic violence do testify, they "are often not believed. Despite changes in legal and popular conceptions of domestic violence, judges and juries continue to ignore or discount victims' testimony about the abuse."
763:(1996) 2 AER 1023 the battered wife adduced fresh evidence that she had a personality disorder and the Court of Appeal ordered a retrial considering that, if the evidence had been available at the original trial, the jury might have reached a different decision. The victim does not have to be in a position to carry out the threats immediately.
827:, which are intended to address this perceived imbalance. Under the new laws, victims of family violence will be able to put evidence of their abuse before the court as part of their defence, and argue self-defence even in the absence of an immediate threat, and where the response of killing involved greater force than the threatened harm.
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Whether the provocative acts or words and the defendant's response met the 'ordinary person' standard prescribed by the statute is the question the jury must consider, not the altogether looser question of whether, having regard to all the circumstances, the jury consider the loss of self-control was
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and had a violent and abusive relationship. The evidence was that the deceased was drunk and taunted him by telling him that she had sex with another man. The defendant then struck the deceased with an axe which was an accident of availability. Psychiatric evidence was that his consumption of alcohol
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The partial defense of provocation that converted what would otherwise be murder into manslaughter was abolished in 2009 in New
Zealand, because the historical reason for its existence (mandatory life sentence for murder) no longer exists. However, the provocative behavior of the victim can be taken
818:
In
Australia, self-defence might be considered the most appropriate defence to a charge of murder for a woman who kills to protect her life or the lives of her children in a domestic violence context. It is about the rational act of a person who kills in order to save her (or his) own life. But the
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as wrongly decided, interpreting the Act as setting a purely objective standard. Thus, although the accused's characteristics were to be taken into account when assessing the gravity of the provocation, the standard of self-control to be expected was invariable except for the accused's age and sex.
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The effectiveness of new laws in "reducing the incidence of domestic violence, however, has been limited for a number of reasons." A major barrier "to using these laws to protect women is that proving domestic violence in court is difficult. First, the victim is often the only witness to the abuse.
528:
Feelings of depression and passivity may also be created by lack of social support outside of the abusive situation. Research in the 1980s by
Gondolf and Fisher found that women in abusive situations increase help-seeking behavior as violence intensifies. However, their attempts at seeking help are
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was a landmark
Florida Supreme Court case that took place in March 1999. In this historic case, the state's Supreme Court granted Florida citizens the ability to rely upon battered spouse syndrome as a defense in killing their abuser. While the decision is effective for anyone who is in an abusive
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1 All ER 932: "Provocation is some act, or series of acts done (or words spoken) ... which would cause in any reasonable person and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not
703:
In recent years, BWS has been questioned as a legal defense on several grounds. First, legal changes in many states now make it possible to admit a history of past abuse into evidence. Second, not all battered persons act the same. Third, it pleads pathology when there may, in fact, be completely
478:
When battered woman syndrome (BWS) manifests as PTSD, it consists of the following symptoms: (a) re-experiencing the battering as if it were recurring even when it is not, (b) attempts to avoid the psychological impact of battering by avoiding activities, people, and emotions, (c) hyperarousal or
516:
The syndrome develops in response to a three-stage cycle found in intimate partner violence situations. First, tension builds in the relationship. Second, the abusive partner releases tension via violence while blaming the victim for having caused the violence. Third, the violent partner makes
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proposed the concept of battered woman syndrome (BWS). She described it as consisting "of the pattern of the signs and symptoms that have been found to occur after a woman has been physically, sexually, and/or psychologically abused in an intimate relationship, when the partner (usually, but not
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Self-defense when using a reasonable and proportionate degree of violence in response to the abuse might appear the most appropriate defense but, until recently, it almost never succeeded. Research in 1996 in
England found no case in which a battered woman successfully pleaded self-defense (see
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This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In
246:
ICD9 code 995.81 lists the syndrome under "battered woman/man/spouse/person NEC", and categorizes it as any person presenting with identified physical descriptors rather than psychological descriptors. It falls under the general heading of "Adult physical abuse", classified under "Injury and
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6, deals with a wife who pleaded provocation after she killed her husband with an axe when he proposed to leave her for another woman. There was some evidence of neglect, humiliation, and abuse but the court concluded that this was exaggerated. On appeal, the court was very conscious of the
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The courts in
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have accepted the extensive and growing body of research showing that battered women can use force to defend themselves. This may include even killing their abusers because of the abusive, and sometimes
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and set fire to the bed of her husband, Deepak, after he had gone to sleep. He suffered severe burns over 40% of his body and died 10 days later in the hospital. He allegedly had attempted to break her ankles and burn her with a hot iron on the night of her attack. Accusing him of
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life-threatening, situation in which they find themselves. These women act in the firm belief that there is no other way than to kill for self-preservation. The courts have recognized that this evidence may support a variety of defenses to a charge of murder or to mitigate the
525:. The feeling of being both responsible for and helpless to stop the violence leads in turn to depression and passivity. This learned depression and passivity makes it difficult for the abused partner to marshal the resources and support system needed to leave.
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often frustrated by unresponsive extended family and social services. In a 2002 study, Gondolf found that more than half of women had negative views of shelters and programs for battered women because of negative experiences with those programs.
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based defenses. The term "battered woman syndrome" has been criticized by some survivor advocates as being outdated terminology not used outside of courts. The newer term used among advocates and outside of the courts is "criminalized survivor".
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addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'
1650:"Medicalization of the Battered Woman: A Historical-Social Construction of the Battered Woman Syndrome (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA (August 16, 2003)"
807:(2004) rejects the notion of creating a mitigatory defence to cover the use of excessive force in self-defence but accepts that the "all or nothing" effect of self-defence can produce unsatisfactory results in the case of murder.
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153:
The condition is the basis for the battered woman legal defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused women who have killed their male partners. The condition was first researched extensively by
237:
It was estimated that in 2010, "roughly one woman" is "battered every seven seconds. It is estimated that one of every four
American women will be physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner during her lifetime."
202:
Walker stated, "As there are significant differences between the theory underlying the construct of BWS, and to date there are no empirically supported data, it has not yet been applied to men. Therefore, the term used is
548:
A legal defense using BWS may argue that the systematic abuse suffered by the victim of domestic violence has led her to believe that killing the abuser was the only way to avoid being killed herself and may rely on
233:
in some legal circles, "and sounds more politically neutral, the new term does not improve on the former in providing a unitary syndrome, and does not account for the characteristics unique to male victimization."
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was involuntary and that he had a number of other psychiatric conditions which, independently of the effects of the alcohol, might have caused the loss of self-control and induced him to kill. Lord
Nicholls said:
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150:(PTSD). Victims may exhibit a range of behaviors, including self-isolation, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse, and signs of physical injury or illness, such as bruises, broken bones, or chronic fatigue.
1275:"ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; Clinical Modification, 6th edition, 2006 / Practice Management Information Corporation (PMIC). Published Los Angeles, CA : PMIC, C2005"
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ordered an investigation into the role of battered woman syndrome expert testimony in the courts to determine its validity and usefulness. In 1997, they published the report of their investigation, titled
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sufficient excusable. The statute does not leave each jury free to set whatever standard they consider appropriate in the circumstances by which to judge whether the defendant's conduct is 'excusable'.
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lack of success in raising self-defence in
Australia for battered women has meant that provocation has been the main focus of the courts. In 2005, based on the Victorian Law Reform Commission's
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needed in court, given that the broad application of these defenses may provide a 'license to kill' to the people, including to abusive men who kill their partners and claim such defenses and
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1405:
Battered women as survivors: An alternative to treating learned helplessness. Gondolf, Edward W.; Fisher, Ellen R. Lexington, MA, England: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com. (1988).
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Noonan at p. 198). After analyzing 239 appellate decisions on trials of women who killed in self-defense in the U.S., Maguigan (1991) argues that self-defense is gender biased.
1945:
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does not provide a distinct diagnostic category for reactions to battering. The diverse reactions of battered women are treated as separate diagnoses; for example, PTSD or
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The abused fears for their life, and/or, the lives of loved ones whom the abuser might or has threatened to harm (e.g., children-in-common, close relatives, or friends).
2129:
McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (2011), "Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence", in McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (ed.),
919:
A report of the New Zealand Law Commission examines not only violence by men against women, but also violence by women against men and in same-sex relationships.
944:. "The federal report ultimately rejected all terminology related to the battered woman syndrome...noting that these terms were 'no longer useful or appropriate
2283:
The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials: Report Responding to Section 40507 of the Violence Against Women Act
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cases in England involving women who had killed violent partners in response to what they described as cumulative abuse rather than in response to a single
1414:
Gondolf, Edward. "Service Barriers for Battered Women With Male Partners in Batterer Programs". J Interpers Violence February 2002 vol. 17 no. 2 217–227.
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culture in New Zealand in restricting the power of the wife to act independently of her husband and reduced her sentence for manslaughter to five years.
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is another defense that may be used. A legal defense using BWS seeks to obtain an acquittal, a mitigated sentence or a conviction of a lesser offense.
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Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001) found at
3143:
2246:
Noonan, S (1996). "Battered Woman Syndrome: Shifting the Parameters of Criminal Defences (or (re)inscribing the Familiar?)" in Bottomely, A (ed)
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218:(BMS). Of course, men are abused by women, but the psychological impact on the man does not appear to be consistent with trauma in most cases."
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always a man) exerted power and control over the woman to coerce her into doing whatever he wanted, without regard for her rights or feelings."
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1960:
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Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001)
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for being killed. The broadening of self-defense laws in the US has been especially controversial due to fears about its potential abuse.
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483:, (d) disrupted interpersonal relationships, (e) body image distortion or other somatic concerns, and (f) sexuality and intimacy issues.
2150:
2637:
2099:
1939:
1920:
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Roth D. L. & Coles E. M. (1995). "Battered woman syndrome: a conceptual analysis of its status vis a vis DSM-IV mental disorders".
1554:
896:, received a two-year sentence for manslaughter by provocation. Mrs. Fate spoke no English and was isolated within a small close-knit
266:, the diagnosis is absent from the manual. It may, however, be used as a classification to guide treatment plans and forensic issues.
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750:
648:
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1895:
1536:
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Falling Short of the Challenge? A Comparative Assessment of the Australian Use of Expert Evidence on the Battered Woman Syndrome
1824:
Rix, Keith (January 2001). "'Battered woman syndrome' and the defence of provocation: two women with something more in common".
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17:
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989:
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1613:
Rothenberg, Bess (2003). "'We Don't have Time for Social Change': Cultural Compromise and the Battered Woman Syndrome".
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Dutton, D. G. & Painter, S. (1993) "The battered woman syndrome: effects of severity and intermittency of abuse".
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has been used to apply to men, especially as part of a legal defense. Author John Hamel stated that although the term
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Although the diagnosis has mainly centered on women, it has occasionally been applied to men when employing the term
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1808:
800:, the defence of provocation—used in a number of the aforementioned cases—has been replaced with 'loss of control'.
3365:
2924:
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2000:
537:
In the US, the battered woman syndrome as a legal defense started to be developed in the 1970s. In 1977 in the US,
2239:
McMahon, M. (1999) "Battered women and bad science: the limited validity and utility of battered woman syndrome".
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Additionally, repeated cycles of violence and reconciliation can result in the following beliefs and attitudes:
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2779:
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557:. Alternatively, the victim may argue that the abuse has severely affected her mental state, in which case the
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International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law
2005:
173:, especially as part of a legal defense. As a legal defense, it may be incorporated in defenses such as
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A 2001 study reported that the use of the provocation defense was rising in cases of battered woman.
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562:
115:
85:
1671:"Feminist (or "Feminist") Reform of Self-Defense Law: Some Critical ReflectionsCritical Reflections"
60:
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3337:
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3210:
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1185:
572:
In the UK, battered woman syndrome emerged as a legal defense in the 1990s, as a result of several
435:
2192:
More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Morality and Society Series)
1785:
3432:
3298:
3252:
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1875:
995:
859:
848:
644:
541:' trial for the murder of her husband was one of the first cases involving what was later called
3284:
3259:
3196:
2360:
1777:
Principles and Values in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Andrew Ashworth
1596:
Downs, Donald A. "Battered Woman Syndrome: Tool of Justice or False Hope in Defense Cases?" in
1108:
Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse, Second Edition: Evidence-Based Approaches
1062:
979:
936:
677:
584:
554:
1995:
1320:
1022:
262:. Because there are no subcategories of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in the
3899:
3744:
3559:
3495:
2420:
2130:
1600:. Eds. Donileen R. Loseke, Richard J. Gelles, and Mary M. Cavanaugh, SAGE Publications, 2005.
1144:
1106:
705:
669:
Battered woman syndrome is not a legal defense in and of itself, but may legally constitute:
431:
2262:
Self Defence Review: Final Report to the Minister of Justice and Solicitor-General of Canada
2107:
3779:
3224:
1871:
1692:
Aiken, Jane and Jane C. Murphy (2000). "Evidence Issues in Domestic Violence Civil Cases".
1355:
984:
518:
163:
855:. She was the first woman in Canada to use the battered woman defense on a murder charge.
8:
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3689:
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3136:
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The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials
363:
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3532:
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1849:
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1379:
1237:
1024:
Social Work and Family Violence, Second Edition: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention
758:
729:
709:
690:
666:, the defense has occasionally been used by men in reference to their abusive spouses.
627:
614:
135:
69:
1899:
114:) is a pattern of signs and symptoms displayed by a woman who has suffered persistent
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2195:
2140:
1914:
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1841:
1789:
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1634:
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1371:
1326:
1241:
1216:"Gender-Based Violence, Law Reform, and the Criminalization of Survivors of Violence"
1154:
1116:
1072:
1068:
1032:
964:
852:
844:
738:
588:
259:
93:
49:
1519:"Law Report: Classic direction to jury on provocation defence upheld: R v Ahluwalia"
88:, depression, passivity, and lack of social support outside of the abusive situation
3656:
3631:
3542:
3537:
3038:
3008:
3003:
2575:
2525:
2290:
1833:
1781:
1622:
1383:
1363:
1227:
558:
493:
The abused has an inability to place the responsibility for the violence elsewhere.
195:
182:
155:
405:
3724:
3641:
3351:
3245:
3203:
3018:
2473:
2068:
1949:
1179:
583:
In a series of appeals against murder convictions, feminist groups (particularly
538:
456:
159:
1977:
749:
ordered a retrial on the basis that the new evidence showed an arguable case of
3799:
3729:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3621:
3525:
3451:
3291:
3157:
3069:
3054:
3033:
2506:
2435:
2365:
2186:
American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence, Bibliography Archives
1774:
Mitchell, Barry (2012). "Years of Provocation, Followed by a Loss of Control".
893:
864:
656:
620:
480:
208:
123:
3847:
1837:
862:
set a precedent for the use of the battered women defence in the 1990 case of
777:(2005) 3 AER 371, the Privy Council regarded the Court of Appeal precedent in
3878:
3804:
3510:
3217:
3079:
3059:
3013:
2703:
2511:
2463:
2448:
1845:
1626:
1456:(First ed.). Chandler Lake Books / Mission Point Press. pp. 17–18.
2227:
Battered Women as Survivors: An Alternative to Treating Learned Helplessness
1367:
3734:
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3646:
3636:
3626:
3596:
3028:
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2612:
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2535:
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community of 12 families, so she felt trapped in the abusive relationship.
742:
550:
401:
174:
127:
1426:"Francine Hughes Wilson, whose 'burning bed' became a TV film, dies at 69"
823:, the Victorian government announced changes to the homicide laws in that
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3784:
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3581:
3571:
3554:
3505:
3386:
3089:
3084:
2683:
2627:
2530:
2515:
2458:
2443:
885:
522:
500:
3830:
1346:
Walker, L. E. A. (2006). "Battered Woman Syndrome: Empirical Findings".
1232:
1215:
3764:
3586:
3576:
3074:
3064:
2550:
1322:
Social Work and Family Violence: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention
897:
783:
504:
54:
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theory to explain why women stayed in relationships with abusive men.
255:
2300:
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Peterson, Christopher; Maier, Steven & Seligman, Martin. (1993)
1198:
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3500:
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2255:
Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control
409:
3601:
2555:
2234:
Battered Women and Provocation: The Implications of R v Ahluwalia
889:
1181:
Southern California review of law and women's studies, Volume 13
597:
and secured the courts' recognition of battered woman syndrome.
3842:
3719:
2213:
Justifiable Homicide: Battered Women, Self Defense, and the Law
1484:". In Hunter, Rosemary; McGlynn, Clare; Rackley, Erica (eds.).
733:
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master of his or her mind." Three cases helped to change this:
573:
397:
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2501:
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International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy
923:
into accountant in deciding the length of a murder sentence.
913:
263:
143:
131:
27:
Condition resulting from emotional, physical, or sexual abuse
366:
at work or other important daily life activities is affected
908:
881:
306:
3749:
1504:
Feminist Perspectives on The Foundational Subjects of Law
1064:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology
3443:
2248:
Feminist Perspectives on the Foundational Subject of Law
1318:
499:
The abused has an irrational belief that the abuser is
2502:
Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
1555:"Trial forced plight of battered wives into the open"
3820:
1497:
1495:
490:
The abused thinks that the violence was their fault.
1488:. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. (292–310), 292.
1475:
1473:
1574:"Critique of the 'Battered Woman Syndrome' Model"
1492:
782:The defendant and the deceased were both chronic
3876:
1470:
1312:
1255:Aiken, Jane H. and Katherine Goldwasser (2010).
1060:
1020:
130:—from her male partner. It is classified in the
3144:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
1966:
3352:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
2004:. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.).
3459:
2316:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1608:
1606:
1529:
1199:Panic Button: The April Wilkens Case (2022).
600:Until the mid-1990s, the legal definition of
3397:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
1506:. London: Cavendish Publishing. p. 201.
1325:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 151.
689:insanity (usually within the meaning of the
1486:Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice
1319:Dr. Joan McClennen PhD. (8 February 2010).
1174:
1172:
1170:
1146:The Battered Woman Syndrome, Fourth Edition
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
3466:
3452:
2323:
2309:
2082:"Partial defence of provocation abolished"
1998:. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.).
1982:
1976:, March 13, 2006. Accessed June, 2008 via
1612:
1603:
1348:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
254:(PTSD), has mainly centered on women. The
189:
146:. It may be diagnosed as a subcategory of
59:
1993:
1786:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696796.003.0008
1537:"Abnormal traits relevant to provocation"
1501:
1231:
250:The diagnosis, especially with regard to
2689:Effects of domestic violence on children
2012:
1878:(Australia). Cf R v Lavallee 1 SCR 852
1773:
1668:
1598:Current Controversies on Family Violence
1479:
1213:
1167:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1007:
751:diminished responsibility in English law
649:diminished responsibility in English law
2232:Nicolson, Donald & Sanghvi, Rohit.
2167:
2128:
2122:
1516:
1480:Connelly, Clare (2010). "Commentary on
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
14:
3877:
3710:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
2971:Domestic violence in Christian culture
2194:Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
1919:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1423:
1345:
1142:
3447:
2330:
2304:
2079:
1691:
1552:
1254:
1129:
1104:
1045:
990:Complex posttraumatic stress disorder
591:) challenged the legal definition of
2976:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
2426:Sexual violence by intimate partners
2229:. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
1996:"Napolitano (Neapolitano), Angelina"
1978:A Guide to Women in Canadian History
1482:Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley
1451:
1417:
1085:
1061:McClennen J, Keys AM, Day M (2017).
1021:McClennen J, Keys AM, Day M (2016).
275:Symptoms of battered woman syndrome,
2406:Genital modification and mutilation
2274:Stubbs, Julie & Tolmie, Julia.
2215:Ohio: Ohio State University Press.
2025:Online version accessed June, 2008.
1823:
278:a few of which are shared with PTSD
24:
3402:National Domestic Violence Hotline
2257:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2179:
1972:Platinum Image Film press release
1942:Defences to Homicide: Final Report
1940:Victorian Law Reform Commission's
1936:Defences to Homicide: Final Report
1934:Victorian Law Reform Commission's
1826:The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry
1571:
821:Defences to Homicide: Final Report
647:. In addition to loss of control,
25:
3911:
3345:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2153:from the original on 2016-05-15,
2080:Power, Simon (28 November 2009).
1647:
1309:. Vol. 14(7–8): pp. 641–658.
659:if convicted of lesser offenses.
532:
2190:Downs, Donald Alexander, (1996)
2170:"Battered spouse case is closed"
2001:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1974:New Film About Italian Immigrant
1261:Georgetown University Law Center
926:
463:
441:
416:
380:
370:
350:
340:
336:Is fearful for more than 4 weeks
323:
313:
2739:Management of domestic violence
2623:Domestic violence and pregnancy
2454:Domestic violence and pregnancy
2168:Carlton, Sue (27 August 1999).
2161:
2106:. 11 March 1999. Archived from
2092:
2073:
2054:
2050:(2002) NZCA 6(21 February 2002)
2040:
2028:
1954:
1928:
1891:Battered Women and Self Defence
1883:
1860:
1817:
1802:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1685:
1662:
1641:
1590:
1565:
1546:
1517:Magrath, Paul (3 August 1992).
1510:
1445:
1424:Langer, Emily (April 1, 2017).
1408:
1399:
1390:
1339:
1299:
1285:
2241:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
2206:American Journal of Psychiatry
1553:Mills, Heather (30 May 1996).
1267:
1248:
1207:
1192:
871:
651:is also an available defense.
296:Post-traumatic stress disorder
148:post-traumatic stress disorder
99:
13:
1:
3491:Adverse childhood experiences
3359:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
3267:What's Love Got to Do with It
2699:Parental bullying of children
2679:Adverse childhood experiences
2618:Domestic violence against men
2211:Gillespie, Cynthia K. (1990)
1809:The Law Commission Report on
1535:Ying Hui Tan (11 July 1995).
1001:
970:Domestic violence against men
803:The Law Commission Report on
798:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
637:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
252:posttraumatic stress disorder
75:
3895:Psychopathological syndromes
2663:Social emotional development
2048:The Queen v Epifania Suluape
2023:SooToday.com, May 06, 2004.
975:Outline of domestic violence
905:The Queen v Epifania Suluape
813:
241:
7:
3317:Contemporary Family Therapy
2566:Passive-aggressive behavior
2479:Situational couple violence
2297:. New York: Harper and Row.
2067:September 28, 2007, at the
2006:University of Toronto Press
1814:(2004), Part 4 (pp. 78-86).
1762:HM's AG for Jersey v Holley
1257:"The Perils of Empowerment"
958:
884:88 a woman who had come to
775:HM's AG for Jersey v Holley
269:
10:
3916:
2729:Domestic violence hotlines
2653:Parental abuse by children
2062:New Zealand Law Commission
1994:Iacovetta, Franca (2005).
1948:December 30, 2005, at the
1811:Partial Defences to Murder
1648:Noh, Marianne; Lo, Celia.
1293:"Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes"
933:Violence Against Women Act
805:Partial Defences to Murder
728:(1992) 4 AER 889 a woman (
719:
641:provocation in English law
231:battered person's syndrome
3890:Intimate partner violence
3824:
3700:Abusive power and control
3682:
3481:
3473:
3420:
3379:
3308:
3276:
3167:
3130:The Conspiracy of Silence
3114:
3107:
3047:
2991:
2984:
2963:
2757:
2721:
2709:Stress in early childhood
2671:
2633:Intimate partner violence
2605:
2598:
2546:Major depressive disorder
2487:
2434:
2396:
2389:
2356:Abusive power and control
2338:
2281:US Department of Justice
1874: (10 December 1998),
1838:10.1080/09585180010027860
1669:Dressler, Joshua (2010).
888:from the small island of
830:
796:Since the passage of the
697:diminished responsibility
604:in England had relied on
563:diminished responsibility
511:
293:
288:
283:
116:intimate partner violence
92:
81:
68:
48:
40:
35:
3775:Psychological projection
3637:Referee and umpire abuse
3338:Journal of Family Issues
2469:Murder of pregnant women
1627:10.1177/0891243203255633
1502:Bottomley, Anne (1996).
1214:Goodmark, Leigh (2021).
1186:University of California
931:In 1994, as part of the
664:battered person syndrome
639:replaced the defence of
223:battered person syndrome
212:battered person syndrome
171:battered person syndrome
140:battered person syndrome
44:Battered person syndrome
3433:Domestic violence court
3253:Sleeping with the Enemy
2225:Gondolf, E. F. (1988).
1368:10.1196/annals.1385.023
1201:"The True Experts | 11"
996:Battered-child syndrome
892:, which is part of the
860:Supreme Court of Canada
645:loss of control defence
543:battered-woman syndrome
290:Battered woman syndrome
229:has been replaced with
221:Occasionally, the term
190:Concept and terminology
108:Battered woman syndrome
36:Battered woman syndrome
3428:Battered woman defense
3366:Violence Against Women
2749:Prevention initiatives
2658:Same-sex relationships
2416:Birth control sabotage
2361:Conflict tactics scale
2236:. (1993) Crim. LR 728.
2208:Vol. 63(4): pp614–622.
980:Violence against women
937:United States Congress
678:imperfect self defense
585:Southall Black Sisters
555:imperfect self defense
18:Battered woman defence
3745:Just-world hypothesis
3496:Anti-social behaviour
2421:Reproductive coercion
2243:, Vol. 6(1): pp 23–49
1872:[1998] HCA 75
1737:(2003) EWCA Crim 415.
565:defense may be used.
436:somatic health issues
216:battered man syndrome
3780:Psychological trauma
3225:Looking for Angelina
2250:, London: Cavendish.
2137:Taylor & Francis
1780:. pp. 113–132.
1694:Family Law Quarterly
1675:Marquette Law Review
1615:Gender & Society
1279:icd9.chrisendres.com
1188:. 2003. p. 107.
1031:. pp. 184–186.
985:Violence against men
625:4 All ER 1008); and
432:Dislike their bodies
164:learned helplessness
142:, but is not in the
3690:Abusive supervision
3617:Psychological abuse
3592:Institutional abuse
3137:Defending Our Lives
3024:Nicola Graham-Kevan
2694:Narcissistic parent
2521:Emotional blackmail
2135:, Oxford New York:
2019:I just killed a pig
1723:R v Thornton (No 2)
1454:Blood on the Mitten
1431:The Washington Post
1360:2006NYASA1087..142W
1233:10.5204/ijcjsd.1994
841:Angelina Napolitano
280:
3770:Playing the victim
3662:Surveillance abuse
3612:Professional abuse
3533:Cruelty to animals
3392:ManKind Initiative
3239:One Minute to Nine
3232:Once Were Warriors
2999:Jacquelyn Campbell
2571:Setting up to fail
2561:Narcissistic abuse
2295:The Battered Woman
2037:(1998) 16 CRNZ 88.
1868:Osland v The Queen
1747:R v Smith (Morgan)
1725:(1996) 2 AER 1023.
1572:Dutton, Mary Ann.
1452:Carr, Tom (2016).
1153:. pp. 49–54.
1143:Walker LE (2016).
1115:. pp. 38–40.
730:Kiranjit Ahluwalia
274:
3885:Criminal defenses
3872:
3871:
3818:
3817:
3795:Traumatic bonding
3441:
3440:
3375:
3374:
3103:
3102:
2717:
2716:
2594:
2593:
2381:Traumatic bonding
2371:Cycle of violence
2332:Domestic violence
2291:Walker, Lenore E.
2110:on 6 October 2013
2100:"WEIAND v. STATE"
2021:by David Helwig.
1764:(2005) 3 AER 371.
1713:(1992) 4 AER 889.
1332:978-0-8261-1133-3
1069:SAGE Publications
965:Domestic Violence
853:life imprisonment
739:domestic violence
589:Justice for Women
476:
475:
460:
438:
413:
367:
337:
310:
299:
291:
286:
279:
105:
104:
94:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3907:
3822:
3821:
3657:Structural abuse
3632:Police brutality
3538:Disability abuse
3468:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3331:Family Relations
3299:The War on Women
3176:American Tragedy
3112:
3111:
2989:
2988:
2603:
2602:
2576:Silent treatment
2526:False accusation
2394:
2393:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2260:Ratushny, Lynn.
2174:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1991:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1887:
1881:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1610:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1307:Medicine and Law
1303:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1105:Hamel J (2013).
1102:
1083:
1082:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1018:
947:
851:her sentence to
837:Sault Ste. Marie
710:blame the victim
559:insanity defense
470:
467:
466:
455:
448:
445:
444:
430:
423:
420:
419:
392:
387:
384:
383:
377:
374:
373:
362:
357:
354:
353:
347:
344:
343:
335:
330:
327:
326:
320:
317:
316:
304:
294:
289:
284:
281:
277:
273:
196:Lenore E. Walker
156:Lenore E. Walker
64:
63:
33:
32:
21:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3833:
3819:
3814:
3790:Rationalization
3725:Destabilisation
3678:
3642:Religious abuse
3477:
3472:
3442:
3437:
3416:
3371:
3304:
3285:Life with Billy
3272:
3204:The Burning Bed
3163:
3099:
3043:
3019:David Finkelhor
2980:
2959:
2753:
2744:Women's shelter
2713:
2667:
2590:
2483:
2430:
2385:
2334:
2329:
2278:(1999) MULR 27.
2182:
2180:Further reading
2177:
2166:
2162:
2147:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:Beehive.govt.nz
2078:
2074:
2069:Wayback Machine
2059:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
1992:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1961:The Age article
1959:
1955:
1950:Wayback Machine
1933:
1929:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1896:"Archived copy"
1894:
1888:
1884:
1865:
1861:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:, 29 July 1998.
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1566:
1559:The Independent
1551:
1547:
1541:The Independent
1534:
1530:
1523:The Independent
1515:
1511:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1253:
1249:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1130:
1123:
1103:
1086:
1079:
1059:
1046:
1039:
1019:
1008:
1004:
961:
952:Weiand v. State
945:
929:
874:
845:federal cabinet
833:
816:
747:Court of Appeal
722:
706:burden of proof
691:M'Naghten Rules
662:Under the term
578:provocative act
539:Francine Hughes
535:
514:
468:
464:
457:Sexual intimacy
446:
442:
434:and experience
421:
417:
385:
381:
375:
371:
355:
351:
345:
341:
328:
324:
318:
314:
276:
272:
244:
192:
160:Martin Seligman
58:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3850:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:Classification
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:Victim blaming
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Discrimination
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Dehumanization
3712:
3707:
3705:Child grooming
3702:
3697:
3695:Abuse of power
3692:
3686:
3684:
3683:Related topics
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:Physical abuse
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3550:Domestic abuse
3547:
3546:
3545:
3543:military draft
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3324:Family Process
3320:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3292:Mommie Dearest
3288:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3183:Black and Blue
3179:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3158:Sin by Silence
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3095:Deborah Tucker
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Elizabeth Celi
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Ruahine Albert
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3034:Linda Saltzman
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2950:United Kingdom
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2507:Economic abuse
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Cycle of abuse
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2264:(11 July 1997)
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2209:
2202:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2160:
2145:
2139:, p. 13,
2121:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2039:
2027:
2011:
1981:
1965:
1953:
1927:
1882:
1859:
1832:(1): 131–149.
1816:
1801:
1794:
1766:
1754:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1684:
1661:
1640:
1621:(5): 771–787.
1602:
1589:
1564:
1545:
1528:
1509:
1491:
1469:
1462:
1444:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1354:(1): 142–157.
1338:
1331:
1311:
1298:
1284:
1266:
1247:
1206:
1191:
1166:
1160:978-0826170996
1159:
1128:
1122:978-0826196781
1121:
1084:
1078:978-1506353227
1077:
1044:
1038:978-0826133496
1037:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
960:
957:
928:
925:
894:Tuvalu Islands
873:
870:
865:R. v. Lavallee
832:
829:
815:
812:
794:
793:
756:Similarly, in
721:
718:
701:
700:
694:
687:
681:
675:
545:as a defense.
534:
533:In legal cases
531:
513:
510:
509:
508:
497:
494:
491:
481:hypervigilance
474:
473:
471:
461:
452:
451:
449:
439:
427:
426:
424:
414:
389:
388:
378:
368:
359:
358:
348:
338:
332:
331:
321:
311:
309:for their life
301:
300:
292:
287:
271:
268:
243:
240:
214:(BPS) or even
209:gender-neutral
207:rather than a
191:
188:
103:
102:
96:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
72:
66:
65:
52:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3912:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Victimisation
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:Organizations
3378:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:Silent Voices
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:Documentaries
3113:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Donna Ferrato
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Angela Barker
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3039:Murray Straus
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Mary Ellsberg
3012:
3010:
3009:Emily Douglas
3007:
3005:
3004:Kenneth Dodge
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:United States
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Sibling abuse
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:Embarrassment
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:Psychological
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Honor killing
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Bride burning
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2221:0-8142-0521-6
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:0-226-16159-5
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2146:9781136742088
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1902:on 2005-07-19
1901:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1795:9780199696796
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1711:R v Ahluwalia
1707:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1463:9781943338078
1459:
1455:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1396:Walker, 1979.
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
956:
953:
949:
943:
938:
934:
927:United States
924:
920:
917:
915:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
869:
867:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
811:
808:
806:
801:
799:
790:
789:
788:
785:
780:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
760:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
726:R v Ahluwalia
717:
713:
711:
707:
698:
695:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
670:
667:
665:
660:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
629:
624:
623:
622:R v Humphreys
618:
617:
616:R v Ahluwalia
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
595:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
544:
540:
530:
526:
524:
520:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
482:
472:
462:
458:
454:
453:
450:
440:
437:
433:
429:
428:
425:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:of violence,
399:
395:
391:
390:
379:
369:
365:
361:
360:
349:
339:
334:
333:
322:
312:
308:
303:
302:
297:
282:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
200:
197:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:psychological
117:
113:
109:
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
71:
67:
62:
56:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3900:Self-defense
3852:
3837:
3760:Minimisation
3755:Manipulation
3735:Exaggeration
3671:
3667:Verbal abuse
3647:Sexual abuse
3627:Social abuse
3597:Intimidation
3427:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3123:A Better Man
3121:
3029:Denise Hines
2920:South Africa
2915:Saudi Arabia
2734:Duluth model
2613:Bride-buying
2586:Verbal abuse
2536:Intimidation
2411:Marital rape
2376:Epidemiology
2294:
2285:(May, 1996)
2282:
2275:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2205:
2191:
2163:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2103:
2094:
2085:
2075:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2014:
1999:
1973:
1968:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1885:
1867:
1862:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1735:R v Charlton
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1643:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1567:
1558:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1512:
1503:
1485:
1481:
1453:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1250:
1226:(4): 13–25.
1223:
1219:
1209:
1194:
1180:
1145:
1107:
1063:
1023:
951:
950:
941:
930:
921:
918:
904:
902:
877:
875:
863:
857:
834:
825:jurisdiction
820:
817:
809:
804:
802:
795:
778:
774:
772:
768:R v Charlton
767:
765:
759:R v Thornton
757:
755:
743:marital rape
725:
723:
714:
702:
668:
663:
661:
653:
634:
632:2 AER 1023.
628:R v Thornton
626:
621:
615:
609:
601:
599:
593:
582:
571:
551:self-defense
547:
542:
536:
527:
521:rather than
519:helplessness
515:
485:
477:
402:unwanted sex
249:
247:Poisoning".
245:
236:
230:
226:
222:
220:
215:
211:
204:
201:
193:
175:self defense
170:
168:
152:
139:
111:
107:
106:
3810:Victimology
3785:Psychopathy
3607:Persecution
3582:Humiliation
3572:Gaslighting
3555:Elder abuse
3506:Child abuse
3387:Gulabi Gang
3309:Periodicals
3168:Other films
3090:Erin Pizzey
3085:Ellen Pence
2925:South Korea
2895:Philippines
2855:New Zealand
2684:Child abuse
2628:Elder abuse
2531:Gaslighting
2516:Humiliation
2459:Dowry death
2444:Acid attack
1938:, found at
903:Similarly,
886:New Zealand
872:New Zealand
847:eventually
835:In 1911 in
732:), created
684:provocation
619:4 AER 889;
602:provocation
594:provocation
567:Provocation
523:empowerment
501:omnipresent
406:degradation
394:Manipulated
364:Performance
305:The person
179:provocation
158:, who used
41:Other names
3879:Categories
3765:Narcissism
3587:Incivility
3577:Harassment
3260:Submission
3197:Bordertown
3075:Anne Cools
3065:Sarah Buel
2930:Tajikistan
2785:Bangladesh
2722:Prevention
2551:Mind games
1906:2006-01-17
1876:High Court
1655:2011-05-13
1583:2011-05-13
1002:References
898:Wellington
880:(1998) 16
784:alcoholics
643:with the
505:omniscient
260:depression
55:Psychology
3740:Isolation
3560:Financial
3211:Daughters
3048:Activists
2992:Academics
2850:Lithuania
2780:Australia
2765:Argentina
2541:Isolation
1893:found at
1854:143826913
1846:0958-5184
1750:The Times
1635:145483033
1578:aaets.org
1242:244781266
814:Australia
610:R v Duffy
410:isolation
256:DSM-IV-TR
242:Diagnosis
194:In 1979,
100:Diagnosis
50:Specialty
3652:Stalking
3565:Marriage
3526:marriage
3521:military
3501:Bullying
3246:Provoked
2964:Religion
2935:Thailand
2885:Paraguay
2875:Pakistan
2810:Colombia
2672:Children
2648:Misogyny
2643:Misandry
2581:Stalking
2497:Bullying
2436:Physical
2151:archived
2065:Archived
2035:R v Fate
1946:Archived
1915:cite web
1700:: 43–62.
1376:17189503
1151:Springer
1113:Springer
1029:Springer
992:(C-PTSD)
959:See also
878:R v Fate
849:commuted
657:sentence
606:Devlin J
412:and more
396:through
285:Symptoms
270:Symptoms
183:insanity
124:physical
86:violence
76:Symptoms
70:Symptoms
3673:more...
3602:Neglect
3511:neglect
3412:Respect
3190:Blinded
2985:Experts
2900:Romania
2865:Nigeria
2815:Ecuador
2790:Bolivia
2775:Albania
2770:Armenia
2758:Country
2638:Lesbian
2599:Victims
2556:Nagging
2346:Outline
2339:General
2293:(1979)
2114:20 June
2104:FindLaw
1437:July 3,
1384:2709248
1356:Bibcode
907:(2002)
890:Nanumea
720:England
398:threats
3863:995.81
3720:Denial
3516:sexual
3407:Refuge
3218:Enough
2945:Uganda
2940:Turkey
2905:Russia
2880:Panama
2870:Norway
2860:Norway
2840:Mexico
2825:Guyana
2795:Brazil
2606:Adults
2398:Sexual
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914:Samoan
831:Canada
761:(No 2)
734:napalm
693:); and
630:(No 2)
574:murder
512:Causes
459:issues
298:(PTSD)
181:, and
136:995.81
134:(code
128:sexual
82:Causes
57:
3848:T74.1
3750:Lying
3483:Types
3475:Abuse
3421:Legal
3277:Books
3108:Media
2910:Samoa
2845:Kenya
2830:India
2820:Ghana
2805:China
2800:Chile
2390:Forms
2351:Abuse
1870:
1850:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1238:S2CID
779:Smith
307:fears
264:DSM-5
144:DSM-5
138:) as
132:ICD-9
126:, or
3858:9-CM
2890:Peru
2835:Iran
2474:Sati
2217:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2116:2022
1921:link
1889:See
1866:See
1842:ISSN
1790:ISBN
1681:(4).
1458:ISBN
1439:2017
1372:PMID
1352:1087
1327:ISBN
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1033:ISBN
909:NZCA
882:CRNZ
858:The
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587:and
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3854:ICD
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1782:doi
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