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rational reasons for the victim's assessment that their life or that of their children was in danger. For example, if life-threatening attacks were preceded by a certain look in the eyes in the past, the victim may have had probable cause for believing that another life-threatening attack was likely to occur. Fourth, it does not provide for the possibility that a person may be abused, but have chosen to kill for reasons other than on-going abuse – for example, jealousy or greed. Fifth, it paints survivors of domestic violence exclusively as passive victims rather than resourceful survivors. Controversy has also surrounded the legal mechanisms of the use of the BWS, which usually rely on the use of existing general legal defenses, such as self-defense, provocation or insanity based defenses - defenses which themselves have been subjected to controversy regarding their exact definitions and standards with regard to the
944:
situation, the majority of people that would take advantage of this defense are women since they are generally abused more than men. In this notable instance of an attempted defense using BWS, Florida resident
Kathleen Weiand shot and killed her husband Todd Weiand. She used the battered woman syndrome in her defense and the defense expert agreed that she was suffering from the syndrome. However, the jury rejected her defense and Kathleen was sentenced to 18 years in prison for second degree murder. Kathleen appealed, eventually reaching Florida's Supreme Court who regarded her case as high priority. Ultimately, the Court overturned the ruling, in favor of Kathleen Weiand.
759:(2003) EWCA Crim 415, following threats of sexual and violent abuse against herself and her daughter, the defendant killed her obsessive, jealous, controlling partner while he was restrained by handcuffs, blindfolded and gagged as part of their regular sexual activity. The term of five years' imprisonment was reduced to three and a half years because of the terrifying threats made by a man determined to dominate and control the defendant's life. The threats created a genuine fear for the safety of herself and more significantly, her daughter, and this caused the defendant to lose control and make the ferocious attack.
832:, a 28-year-old, pregnant immigrant, killed her abusive husband Pietro with an axe after he tried to force her into prostitution. She confessed and was sentenced to hang after a brief trial, but during the delay before the sentence was carried out (a delay necessary to allow her to give birth to her child), a public campaign for her release began. Napolitano's supporters argued that the judge in the case had been wrong to throw out evidence of her long-standing abuse at Pietro's hands (including an incident five months before when he stabbed her nine times with a pocket knife). The
50:
734:, she claimed provocation. The judge directed the jury to consider whether, if she did lose her self-control, a reasonable person having the characteristics of a well-educated married Asian woman living in England would have lost her self-control given her husband's provocation. On appeal, it was argued that he should have directed the jury to consider a reasonable person suffering from 'battered woman syndrome'. Having considered fresh medical evidence, the
506:
gestures of contrition. However, the partner does not find solutions to avoid another phase of tension building and release so the cycle repeats. The repetition of the violence, despite the abuser's attempts to "make nice", results in the abused partner feeling at fault for not preventing a repeat cycle of violence. However, since the victim is not at fault and the violence is internally driven by the abuser, this self-blame results in feelings of
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937:" (Rothenberg, "Social Change", 782). Instead of using the term "battered woman", the terminology "battering and its effects" became acceptable. The decision to change this terminology was based on a changing body of research indicating there is more than one pattern to battering and a more inclusive definition more accurately represented the realities of domestic violence.
705:
For a variety of reasons, victims are reluctant to testify against their abusers and pursue civil and criminal remedies." Even with those who experience domestic violence do testify, they "are often not believed. Despite changes in legal and popular conceptions of domestic violence, judges and juries continue to ignore or discount victims' testimony about the abuse."
752:(1996) 2 AER 1023 the battered wife adduced fresh evidence that she had a personality disorder and the Court of Appeal ordered a retrial considering that, if the evidence had been available at the original trial, the jury might have reached a different decision. The victim does not have to be in a position to carry out the threats immediately.
816:, which are intended to address this perceived imbalance. Under the new laws, victims of family violence will be able to put evidence of their abuse before the court as part of their defence, and argue self-defence even in the absence of an immediate threat, and where the response of killing involved greater force than the threatened harm.
780:
Whether the provocative acts or words and the defendant's response met the 'ordinary person' standard prescribed by the statute is the question the jury must consider, not the altogether looser question of whether, having regard to all the circumstances, the jury consider the loss of self-control was
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and had a violent and abusive relationship. The evidence was that the deceased was drunk and taunted him by telling him that she had sex with another man. The defendant then struck the deceased with an axe which was an accident of availability. Psychiatric evidence was that his consumption of alcohol
911:
The partial defense of provocation that converted what would otherwise be murder into manslaughter was abolished in 2009 in New
Zealand, because the historical reason for its existence (mandatory life sentence for murder) no longer exists. However, the provocative behavior of the victim can be taken
807:
In
Australia, self-defence might be considered the most appropriate defence to a charge of murder for a woman who kills to protect her life or the lives of her children in a domestic violence context. It is about the rational act of a person who kills in order to save her (or his) own life. But the
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as wrongly decided, interpreting the Act as setting a purely objective standard. Thus, although the accused's characteristics were to be taken into account when assessing the gravity of the provocation, the standard of self-control to be expected was invariable except for the accused's age and sex.
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The effectiveness of new laws in "reducing the incidence of domestic violence, however, has been limited for a number of reasons." A major barrier "to using these laws to protect women is that proving domestic violence in court is difficult. First, the victim is often the only witness to the abuse.
517:
Feelings of depression and passivity may also be created by lack of social support outside of the abusive situation. Research in the 1980s by
Gondolf and Fisher found that women in abusive situations increase help-seeking behavior as violence intensifies. However, their attempts at seeking help are
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was a landmark
Florida Supreme Court case that took place in March 1999. In this historic case, the state's Supreme Court granted Florida citizens the ability to rely upon battered spouse syndrome as a defense in killing their abuser. While the decision is effective for anyone who is in an abusive
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1 All ER 932: "Provocation is some act, or series of acts done (or words spoken) ... which would cause in any reasonable person and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not
692:
In recent years, BWS has been questioned as a legal defense on several grounds. First, legal changes in many states now make it possible to admit a history of past abuse into evidence. Second, not all battered persons act the same. Third, it pleads pathology when there may, in fact, be completely
467:
When battered woman syndrome (BWS) manifests as PTSD, it consists of the following symptoms: (a) re-experiencing the battering as if it were recurring even when it is not, (b) attempts to avoid the psychological impact of battering by avoiding activities, people, and emotions, (c) hyperarousal or
505:
The syndrome develops in response to a three-stage cycle found in intimate partner violence situations. First, tension builds in the relationship. Second, the abusive partner releases tension via violence while blaming the victim for having caused the violence. Third, the violent partner makes
187:
proposed the concept of battered woman syndrome (BWS). She described it as consisting "of the pattern of the signs and symptoms that have been found to occur after a woman has been physically, sexually, and/or psychologically abused in an intimate relationship, when the partner (usually, but not
662:
Self-defense when using a reasonable and proportionate degree of violence in response to the abuse might appear the most appropriate defense but, until recently, it almost never succeeded. Research in 1996 in
England found no case in which a battered woman successfully pleaded self-defense (see
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This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In
235:
ICD9 code 995.81 lists the syndrome under "battered woman/man/spouse/person NEC", and categorizes it as any person presenting with identified physical descriptors rather than psychological descriptors. It falls under the general heading of "Adult physical abuse", classified under "Injury and
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6, deals with a wife who pleaded provocation after she killed her husband with an axe when he proposed to leave her for another woman. There was some evidence of neglect, humiliation, and abuse but the court concluded that this was exaggerated. On appeal, the court was very conscious of the
643:
The courts in
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have accepted the extensive and growing body of research showing that battered women can use force to defend themselves. This may include even killing their abusers because of the abusive, and sometimes
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and set fire to the bed of her husband, Deepak, after he had gone to sleep. He suffered severe burns over 40% of his body and died 10 days later in the hospital. He allegedly had attempted to break her ankles and burn her with a hot iron on the night of her attack. Accusing him of
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life-threatening, situation in which they find themselves. These women act in the firm belief that there is no other way than to kill for self-preservation. The courts have recognized that this evidence may support a variety of defenses to a charge of murder or to mitigate the
514:. The feeling of being both responsible for and helpless to stop the violence leads in turn to depression and passivity. This learned depression and passivity makes it difficult for the abused partner to marshal the resources and support system needed to leave.
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often frustrated by unresponsive extended family and social services. In a 2002 study, Gondolf found that more than half of women had negative views of shelters and programs for battered women because of negative experiences with those programs.
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based defenses. The term "battered woman syndrome" has been criticized by some survivor advocates as being outdated terminology not used outside of courts. The newer term used among advocates and outside of the courts is "criminalized survivor".
2145:
addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'
1639:"Medicalization of the Battered Woman: A Historical-Social Construction of the Battered Woman Syndrome (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA (August 16, 2003)"
796:(2004) rejects the notion of creating a mitigatory defence to cover the use of excessive force in self-defence but accepts that the "all or nothing" effect of self-defence can produce unsatisfactory results in the case of murder.
1868:
142:
The condition is the basis for the battered woman legal defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused women who have killed their male partners. The condition was first researched extensively by
226:
It was estimated that in 2010, "roughly one woman" is "battered every seven seconds. It is estimated that one of every four
American women will be physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner during her lifetime."
191:
Walker stated, "As there are significant differences between the theory underlying the construct of BWS, and to date there are no empirically supported data, it has not yet been applied to men. Therefore, the term used is
537:
A legal defense using BWS may argue that the systematic abuse suffered by the victim of domestic violence has led her to believe that killing the abuser was the only way to avoid being killed herself and may rely on
222:
in some legal circles, "and sounds more politically neutral, the new term does not improve on the former in providing a unitary syndrome, and does not account for the characteristics unique to male victimization."
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was involuntary and that he had a number of other psychiatric conditions which, independently of the effects of the alcohol, might have caused the loss of self-control and induced him to kill. Lord
Nicholls said:
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139:(PTSD). Victims may exhibit a range of behaviors, including self-isolation, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse, and signs of physical injury or illness, such as bruises, broken bones, or chronic fatigue.
1264:"ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; Clinical Modification, 6th edition, 2006 / Practice Management Information Corporation (PMIC). Published Los Angeles, CA : PMIC, C2005"
928:
ordered an investigation into the role of battered woman syndrome expert testimony in the courts to determine its validity and usefulness. In 1997, they published the report of their investigation, titled
1414:
781:
sufficient excusable. The statute does not leave each jury free to set whatever standard they consider appropriate in the circumstances by which to judge whether the defendant's conduct is 'excusable'.
808:
lack of success in raising self-defence in
Australia for battered women has meant that provocation has been the main focus of the courts. In 2005, based on the Victorian Law Reform Commission's
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needed in court, given that the broad application of these defenses may provide a 'license to kill' to the people, including to abusive men who kill their partners and claim such defenses and
2259:
2053:
1394:
Battered women as survivors: An alternative to treating learned helplessness. Gondolf, Edward W.; Fisher, Ellen R. Lexington, MA, England: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com. (1988).
1507:
663:
Noonan at p. 198). After analyzing 239 appellate decisions on trials of women who killed in self-defense in the U.S., Maguigan (1991) argues that self-defense is gender biased.
1934:
247:
does not provide a distinct diagnostic category for reactions to battering. The diverse reactions of battered women are treated as separate diagnoses; for example, PTSD or
485:
The abused fears for their life, and/or, the lives of loved ones whom the abuser might or has threatened to harm (e.g., children-in-common, close relatives, or friends).
2118:
McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (2011), "Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence", in McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (ed.),
908:
A report of the New Zealand Law Commission examines not only violence by men against women, but also violence by women against men and in same-sex relationships.
933:. "The federal report ultimately rejected all terminology related to the battered woman syndrome...noting that these terms were 'no longer useful or appropriate
2272:
The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials: Report Responding to Section 40507 of the Violence Against Women Act
565:
cases in England involving women who had killed violent partners in response to what they described as cumulative abuse rather than in response to a single
1403:
Gondolf, Edward. "Service Barriers for Battered Women With Male Partners in Batterer Programs". J Interpers Violence February 2002 vol. 17 no. 2 217–227.
905:
culture in New Zealand in restricting the power of the wife to act independently of her husband and reduced her sentence for manslaughter to five years.
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is another defense that may be used. A legal defense using BWS seeks to obtain an acquittal, a mitigated sentence or a conviction of a lesser offense.
2049:
Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001) found at
3132:
2235:
Noonan, S (1996). "Battered Woman Syndrome: Shifting the Parameters of Criminal Defences (or (re)inscribing the Familiar?)" in Bottomely, A (ed)
1764:
207:(BMS). Of course, men are abused by women, but the psychological impact on the man does not appear to be consistent with trauma in most cases."
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always a man) exerted power and control over the woman to coerce her into doing whatever he wanted, without regard for her rights or feelings."
2050:
1949:
2254:
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Report of the New Zealand Law Commission on Some Criminal Defences with Particular Reference to Battered Defendants, report 73 (May 2001)
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for being killed. The broadening of self-defense laws in the US has been especially controversial due to fears about its potential abuse.
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2311:
472:, (d) disrupted interpersonal relationships, (e) body image distortion or other somatic concerns, and (f) sexuality and intimacy issues.
2139:
2626:
2088:
1928:
1909:
1294:
Roth D. L. & Coles E. M. (1995). "Battered woman syndrome: a conceptual analysis of its status vis a vis DSM-IV mental disorders".
1543:
885:, received a two-year sentence for manslaughter by provocation. Mrs. Fate spoke no English and was isolated within a small close-knit
255:, the diagnosis is absent from the manual. It may, however, be used as a classification to guide treatment plans and forensic issues.
2677:
739:
637:
2938:
1884:
1525:
2265:
Falling Short of the Challenge? A Comparative Assessment of the Australian Use of Expert Evidence on the Battered Woman Syndrome
1813:
Rix, Keith (January 2001). "'Battered woman syndrome' and the defence of provocation: two women with something more in common".
3698:
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2737:
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1319:
1245:
978:
2883:
2467:
2414:
1659:
2394:
735:
1602:
Rothenberg, Bess (2003). "'We Don't have Time for Social Change': Cultural Compromise and the Battered Woman Syndrome".
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1147:
1109:
1065:
1025:
2275:
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Dutton, D. G. & Painter, S. (1993) "The battered woman syndrome: effects of severity and intermittency of abuse".
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has been used to apply to men, especially as part of a legal defense. Author John Hamel stated that although the term
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2903:
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Although the diagnosis has mainly centered on women, it has occasionally been applied to men when employing the term
2404:
2035:
1797:
789:, the defence of provocation—used in a number of the aforementioned cases—has been replaced with 'loss of control'.
3354:
2913:
2843:
1989:
526:
In the US, the battered woman syndrome as a legal defense started to be developed in the 1970s. In 1977 in the US,
2228:
McMahon, M. (1999) "Battered women and bad science: the limited validity and utility of battered woman syndrome".
3454:
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Additionally, repeated cycles of violence and reconciliation can result in the following beliefs and attitudes:
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2768:
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546:. Alternatively, the victim may argue that the abuse has severely affected her mental state, in which case the
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International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law
1994:
162:, especially as part of a legal defense. As a legal defense, it may be incorporated in defenses such as
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2011:
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2621:
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825:
799:
A 2001 study reported that the use of the provocation defense was rising in cases of battered woman.
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551:
104:
74:
1660:"Feminist (or "Feminist") Reform of Self-Defense Law: Some Critical ReflectionsCritical Reflections"
49:
3763:
3509:
3326:
3312:
3199:
2457:
1174:
561:
In the UK, battered woman syndrome emerged as a legal defense in the 1990s, as a result of several
424:
2181:
More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law (Morality and Society Series)
1774:
3421:
3287:
3241:
3164:
1864:
984:
848:
837:
633:
530:' trial for the murder of her husband was one of the first cases involving what was later called
3273:
3248:
3185:
2349:
1766:
Principles and Values in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Andrew Ashworth
1585:
Downs, Donald A. "Battered Woman Syndrome: Tool of Justice or False Hope in Defense Cases?" in
1097:
Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse, Second Edition: Evidence-Based Approaches
1051:
968:
925:
666:
573:
543:
1984:
1309:
1011:
251:. Because there are no subcategories of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in the
3888:
3733:
3548:
3484:
2409:
2119:
1589:. Eds. Donileen R. Loseke, Richard J. Gelles, and Mary M. Cavanaugh, SAGE Publications, 2005.
1133:
1095:
694:
658:
Battered woman syndrome is not a legal defense in and of itself, but may legally constitute:
420:
2251:
Self Defence Review: Final Report to the Minister of Justice and Solicitor-General of Canada
2096:
3768:
3213:
1860:
1681:
Aiken, Jane and Jane C. Murphy (2000). "Evidence Issues in Domestic Violence Civil Cases".
1344:
973:
507:
152:
844:. She was the first woman in Canada to use the battered woman defense on a murder charge.
8:
3846:
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3605:
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3471:
3447:
3178:
3125:
3111:
3012:
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1419:
1139:
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672:
581:
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167:
108:
1348:
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The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials
352:
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3650:
3600:
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3521:
3504:
3380:
3227:
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1838:
1619:
1368:
1226:
1013:
Social Work and Family Violence, Second Edition: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention
747:
718:
698:
679:
655:, the defense has occasionally been used by men in reference to their abusive spouses.
616:
603:
124:
58:
1888:
103:) is a pattern of signs and symptoms displayed by a woman who has suffered persistent
3783:
3538:
3400:
2369:
2359:
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2184:
2129:
1903:
1842:
1830:
1778:
1638:
1623:
1446:
1360:
1315:
1230:
1205:"Gender-Based Violence, Law Reform, and the Criminalization of Survivors of Violence"
1143:
1105:
1061:
1057:
1021:
953:
841:
833:
727:
577:
248:
82:
38:
1508:"Law Report: Classic direction to jury on provocation defence upheld: R v Ahluwalia"
77:, depression, passivity, and lack of social support outside of the abusive situation
3645:
3620:
3531:
3526:
3027:
2997:
2992:
2564:
2514:
2279:
1822:
1770:
1611:
1372:
1352:
1216:
547:
482:
The abused has an inability to place the responsibility for the violence elsewhere.
184:
171:
144:
394:
3713:
3630:
3340:
3234:
3192:
3007:
2462:
2057:
1938:
1168:
572:
In a series of appeals against murder convictions, feminist groups (particularly
527:
445:
148:
1966:
738:
ordered a retrial on the basis that the new evidence showed an arguable case of
3788:
3718:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3610:
3514:
3440:
3280:
3146:
3058:
3043:
3022:
2495:
2424:
2354:
2175:
American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence, Bibliography Archives
1763:
Mitchell, Barry (2012). "Years of Provocation, Followed by a Loss of Control".
882:
853:
645:
609:
469:
197:
112:
3836:
1826:
851:
set a precedent for the use of the battered women defence in the 1990 case of
766:(2005) 3 AER 371, the Privy Council regarded the Court of Appeal precedent in
3867:
3793:
3499:
3206:
3068:
3048:
3002:
2692:
2500:
2452:
2437:
1834:
1615:
1445:(First ed.). Chandler Lake Books / Mission Point Press. pp. 17–18.
2216:
Battered Women as Survivors: An Alternative to Treating Learned Helplessness
1356:
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3625:
3615:
3585:
3017:
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1364:
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community of 12 families, so she felt trapped in the abusive relationship.
731:
539:
390:
163:
116:
1415:"Francine Hughes Wilson, whose 'burning bed' became a TV film, dies at 69"
812:, the Victorian government announced changes to the homicide laws in that
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3570:
3560:
3543:
3494:
3375:
3078:
3073:
2672:
2616:
2519:
2504:
2447:
2432:
874:
511:
489:
3819:
1335:
Walker, L. E. A. (2006). "Battered Woman Syndrome: Empirical Findings".
1221:
1204:
3753:
3575:
3565:
3063:
3053:
2539:
1311:
Social Work and Family Violence: Theories, Assessment, and Intervention
886:
772:
493:
43:
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theory to explain why women stayed in relationships with abusive men.
244:
2289:
2242:
Peterson, Christopher; Maier, Steven & Seligman, Martin. (1993)
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3640:
3489:
2636:
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2485:
2244:
Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control
398:
3590:
2544:
2223:
Battered Women and Provocation: The Implications of R v Ahluwalia
878:
1170:
Southern California review of law and women's studies, Volume 13
586:
and secured the courts' recognition of battered woman syndrome.
3831:
3708:
2202:
Justifiable Homicide: Battered Women, Self Defense, and the Law
1473:". In Hunter, Rosemary; McGlynn, Clare; Rackley, Erica (eds.).
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602:
master of his or her mind." Three cases helped to change this:
562:
386:
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2490:
2339:
1209:
International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy
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into accountant in deciding the length of a murder sentence.
902:
252:
132:
120:
16:
Condition resulting from emotional, physical, or sexual abuse
355:
at work or other important daily life activities is affected
897:
870:
295:
3738:
1493:
Feminist Perspectives on The Foundational Subjects of Law
1053:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology
3432:
2237:
Feminist Perspectives on the Foundational Subject of Law
1307:
488:
The abused has an irrational belief that the abuser is
2491:
Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
1544:"Trial forced plight of battered wives into the open"
3809:
1486:
1484:
479:
The abused thinks that the violence was their fault.
1477:. Oxford: Hart Publishing. pp. (292–310), 292.
1464:
1462:
1563:"Critique of the 'Battered Woman Syndrome' Model"
1481:
771:The defendant and the deceased were both chronic
3865:
1459:
1301:
1244:Aiken, Jane H. and Katherine Goldwasser (2010).
1049:
1009:
119:—from her male partner. It is classified in the
3133:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
1955:
3341:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1993:. Vol. XV (1921–1930) (online ed.).
3448:
2305:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1597:
1595:
1518:
1188:Panic Button: The April Wilkens Case (2022).
589:Until the mid-1990s, the legal definition of
3386:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
1495:. London: Cavendish Publishing. p. 201.
1314:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 151.
678:insanity (usually within the meaning of the
1475:Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice
1308:Dr. Joan McClennen PhD. (8 February 2010).
1163:
1161:
1159:
1135:The Battered Woman Syndrome, Fourth Edition
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
3455:
3441:
2312:
2298:
2071:"Partial defence of provocation abolished"
1987:. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.).
1971:
1965:, March 13, 2006. Accessed June, 2008 via
1601:
1592:
1337:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
243:(PTSD), has mainly centered on women. The
178:
135:. It may be diagnosed as a subcategory of
48:
1982:
1775:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696796.003.0008
1526:"Abnormal traits relevant to provocation"
1490:
1220:
239:The diagnosis, especially with regard to
2678:Effects of domestic violence on children
2001:
1867:(Australia). Cf R v Lavallee 1 SCR 852
1762:
1657:
1587:Current Controversies on Family Violence
1468:
1202:
1156:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
996:
740:diminished responsibility in English law
638:diminished responsibility in English law
2221:Nicolson, Donald & Sanghvi, Rohit.
2156:
2117:
2111:
1505:
1469:Connelly, Clare (2010). "Commentary on
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
3866:
3699:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
2960:Domestic violence in Christian culture
2183:Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
1908:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1412:
1334:
1131:
3436:
2319:
2293:
2068:
1680:
1541:
1243:
1118:
1093:
1034:
979:Complex posttraumatic stress disorder
580:) challenged the legal definition of
2965:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
2415:Sexual violence by intimate partners
2218:. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
1985:"Napolitano (Neapolitano), Angelina"
1967:A Guide to Women in Canadian History
1471:Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley
1440:
1406:
1074:
1050:McClennen J, Keys AM, Day M (2017).
1010:McClennen J, Keys AM, Day M (2016).
264:Symptoms of battered woman syndrome,
2395:Genital modification and mutilation
2263:Stubbs, Julie & Tolmie, Julia.
2204:Ohio: Ohio State University Press.
2014:Online version accessed June, 2008.
1812:
267:a few of which are shared with PTSD
13:
3391:National Domestic Violence Hotline
2246:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2168:
1961:Platinum Image Film press release
1931:Defences to Homicide: Final Report
1929:Victorian Law Reform Commission's
1925:Defences to Homicide: Final Report
1923:Victorian Law Reform Commission's
1815:The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry
1560:
810:Defences to Homicide: Final Report
636:. In addition to loss of control,
14:
3900:
3334:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
2142:from the original on 2016-05-15,
2069:Power, Simon (28 November 2009).
1636:
1298:. Vol. 14(7–8): pp. 641–658.
648:if convicted of lesser offenses.
521:
2179:Downs, Donald Alexander, (1996)
2159:"Battered spouse case is closed"
1990:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1963:New Film About Italian Immigrant
1250:Georgetown University Law Center
915:
452:
430:
405:
369:
359:
339:
329:
325:Is fearful for more than 4 weeks
312:
302:
2728:Management of domestic violence
2612:Domestic violence and pregnancy
2443:Domestic violence and pregnancy
2157:Carlton, Sue (27 August 1999).
2150:
2095:. 11 March 1999. Archived from
2081:
2062:
2043:
2039:(2002) NZCA 6(21 February 2002)
2029:
2017:
1943:
1917:
1880:Battered Women and Self Defence
1872:
1849:
1806:
1791:
1756:
1744:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1674:
1651:
1630:
1579:
1554:
1535:
1506:Magrath, Paul (3 August 1992).
1499:
1434:
1413:Langer, Emily (April 1, 2017).
1397:
1388:
1379:
1328:
1288:
1274:
2230:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
2195:American Journal of Psychiatry
1542:Mills, Heather (30 May 1996).
1256:
1237:
1196:
1181:
860:
640:is also an available defense.
285:Post-traumatic stress disorder
137:post-traumatic stress disorder
88:
1:
3480:Adverse childhood experiences
3348:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
3256:What's Love Got to Do with It
2688:Parental bullying of children
2668:Adverse childhood experiences
2607:Domestic violence against men
2200:Gillespie, Cynthia K. (1990)
1798:The Law Commission Report on
1524:Ying Hui Tan (11 July 1995).
990:
959:Domestic violence against men
792:The Law Commission Report on
787:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
626:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
241:posttraumatic stress disorder
64:
3884:Psychopathological syndromes
2652:Social emotional development
2037:The Queen v Epifania Suluape
2012:SooToday.com, May 06, 2004.
964:Outline of domestic violence
894:The Queen v Epifania Suluape
802:
230:
7:
3306:Contemporary Family Therapy
2555:Passive-aggressive behavior
2468:Situational couple violence
2286:. New York: Harper and Row.
2056:September 28, 2007, at the
1995:University of Toronto Press
1803:(2004), Part 4 (pp. 78-86).
1751:HM's AG for Jersey v Holley
1246:"The Perils of Empowerment"
947:
873:88 a woman who had come to
764:HM's AG for Jersey v Holley
258:
10:
3905:
2718:Domestic violence hotlines
2642:Parental abuse by children
2051:New Zealand Law Commission
1983:Iacovetta, Franca (2005).
1937:December 30, 2005, at the
1800:Partial Defences to Murder
1637:Noh, Marianne; Lo, Celia.
1282:"Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes"
922:Violence Against Women Act
794:Partial Defences to Murder
717:(1992) 4 AER 889 a woman (
708:
630:provocation in English law
220:battered person's syndrome
3879:Intimate partner violence
3813:
3689:Abusive power and control
3671:
3470:
3462:
3409:
3368:
3297:
3265:
3156:
3119:The Conspiracy of Silence
3103:
3096:
3036:
2980:
2973:
2952:
2746:
2710:
2698:Stress in early childhood
2660:
2622:Intimate partner violence
2594:
2587:
2535:Major depressive disorder
2476:
2423:
2385:
2378:
2345:Abusive power and control
2327:
2270:US Department of Justice
1863: (10 December 1998),
1827:10.1080/09585180010027860
1658:Dressler, Joshua (2010).
877:from the small island of
819:
785:Since the passage of the
686:diminished responsibility
593:in England had relied on
552:diminished responsibility
500:
282:
277:
272:
105:intimate partner violence
81:
70:
57:
37:
29:
24:
3764:Psychological projection
3626:Referee and umpire abuse
3327:Journal of Family Issues
2458:Murder of pregnant women
1616:10.1177/0891243203255633
1491:Bottomley, Anne (1996).
1203:Goodmark, Leigh (2021).
1175:University of California
920:In 1994, as part of the
653:battered person syndrome
628:replaced the defence of
212:battered person syndrome
201:battered person syndrome
160:battered person syndrome
129:battered person syndrome
33:Battered person syndrome
3422:Domestic violence court
3242:Sleeping with the Enemy
2214:Gondolf, E. F. (1988).
1357:10.1196/annals.1385.023
1190:"The True Experts | 11"
985:Battered-child syndrome
881:, which is part of the
849:Supreme Court of Canada
634:loss of control defence
532:battered-woman syndrome
279:Battered woman syndrome
218:has been replaced with
210:Occasionally, the term
179:Concept and terminology
97:Battered woman syndrome
25:Battered woman syndrome
3417:Battered woman defense
3355:Violence Against Women
2738:Prevention initiatives
2647:Same-sex relationships
2405:Birth control sabotage
2350:Conflict tactics scale
2225:. (1993) Crim. LR 728.
2197:Vol. 63(4): pp614–622.
969:Violence against women
926:United States Congress
667:imperfect self defense
574:Southall Black Sisters
544:imperfect self defense
3734:Just-world hypothesis
3485:Anti-social behaviour
2410:Reproductive coercion
2232:, Vol. 6(1): pp 23–49
1861:[1998] HCA 75
1726:(2003) EWCA Crim 415.
554:defense may be used.
425:somatic health issues
205:battered man syndrome
3769:Psychological trauma
3214:Looking for Angelina
2239:, London: Cavendish.
2126:Taylor & Francis
1769:. pp. 113–132.
1683:Family Law Quarterly
1664:Marquette Law Review
1604:Gender & Society
1268:icd9.chrisendres.com
1177:. 2003. p. 107.
1020:. pp. 184–186.
974:Violence against men
614:4 All ER 1008); and
421:Dislike their bodies
153:learned helplessness
131:, but is not in the
3679:Abusive supervision
3606:Psychological abuse
3581:Institutional abuse
3126:Defending Our Lives
3013:Nicola Graham-Kevan
2683:Narcissistic parent
2510:Emotional blackmail
2124:, Oxford New York:
2008:I just killed a pig
1712:R v Thornton (No 2)
1443:Blood on the Mitten
1420:The Washington Post
1349:2006NYASA1087..142W
1222:10.5204/ijcjsd.1994
830:Angelina Napolitano
269:
3759:Playing the victim
3651:Surveillance abuse
3601:Professional abuse
3522:Cruelty to animals
3381:ManKind Initiative
3228:One Minute to Nine
3221:Once Were Warriors
2988:Jacquelyn Campbell
2560:Setting up to fail
2550:Narcissistic abuse
2284:The Battered Woman
2026:(1998) 16 CRNZ 88.
1857:Osland v The Queen
1736:R v Smith (Morgan)
1714:(1996) 2 AER 1023.
1561:Dutton, Mary Ann.
1441:Carr, Tom (2016).
1142:. pp. 49–54.
1132:Walker LE (2016).
1104:. pp. 38–40.
719:Kiranjit Ahluwalia
263:
3874:Criminal defenses
3861:
3860:
3807:
3806:
3784:Traumatic bonding
3430:
3429:
3364:
3363:
3092:
3091:
2706:
2705:
2583:
2582:
2370:Traumatic bonding
2360:Cycle of violence
2321:Domestic violence
2280:Walker, Lenore E.
2099:on 6 October 2013
2089:"WEIAND v. STATE"
2010:by David Helwig.
1753:(2005) 3 AER 371.
1702:(1992) 4 AER 889.
1321:978-0-8261-1133-3
1058:SAGE Publications
954:Domestic Violence
842:life imprisonment
728:domestic violence
578:Justice for Women
465:
464:
449:
427:
402:
356:
326:
299:
288:
280:
275:
268:
94:
93:
83:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
3896:
3811:
3810:
3646:Structural abuse
3621:Police brutality
3527:Disability abuse
3457:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3320:Family Relations
3288:The War on Women
3165:American Tragedy
3101:
3100:
2978:
2977:
2592:
2591:
2565:Silent treatment
2515:False accusation
2383:
2382:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2249:Ratushny, Lynn.
2163:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1887:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1305:
1299:
1296:Medicine and Law
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1094:Hamel J (2013).
1091:
1072:
1071:
1047:
1032:
1031:
1007:
936:
840:her sentence to
826:Sault Ste. Marie
699:blame the victim
548:insanity defense
459:
456:
455:
444:
437:
434:
433:
419:
412:
409:
408:
381:
376:
373:
372:
366:
363:
362:
351:
346:
343:
342:
336:
333:
332:
324:
319:
316:
315:
309:
306:
305:
293:
283:
278:
273:
270:
266:
262:
185:Lenore E. Walker
145:Lenore E. Walker
53:
52:
22:
21:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3822:
3808:
3803:
3779:Rationalization
3714:Destabilisation
3667:
3631:Religious abuse
3466:
3461:
3431:
3426:
3405:
3360:
3293:
3274:Life with Billy
3261:
3193:The Burning Bed
3152:
3088:
3032:
3008:David Finkelhor
2969:
2948:
2742:
2733:Women's shelter
2702:
2656:
2579:
2472:
2419:
2374:
2323:
2318:
2267:(1999) MULR 27.
2171:
2169:Further reading
2166:
2155:
2151:
2136:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2075:Beehive.govt.nz
2067:
2063:
2058:Wayback Machine
2048:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
1981:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1950:The Age article
1948:
1944:
1939:Wayback Machine
1922:
1918:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1885:"Archived copy"
1883:
1877:
1873:
1854:
1850:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:, 29 July 1998.
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1675:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1548:The Independent
1540:
1536:
1530:The Independent
1523:
1519:
1512:The Independent
1504:
1500:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1242:
1238:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1130:
1119:
1112:
1092:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1035:
1028:
1008:
997:
993:
950:
941:Weiand v. State
934:
918:
863:
834:federal cabinet
822:
805:
736:Court of Appeal
711:
695:burden of proof
680:M'Naghten Rules
651:Under the term
567:provocative act
528:Francine Hughes
524:
503:
457:
453:
446:Sexual intimacy
435:
431:
423:and experience
410:
406:
374:
370:
364:
360:
344:
340:
334:
330:
317:
313:
307:
303:
265:
261:
233:
181:
149:Martin Seligman
47:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3839:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:Classification
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Victim blaming
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Discrimination
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Dehumanization
3701:
3696:
3694:Child grooming
3691:
3686:
3684:Abuse of power
3681:
3675:
3673:
3672:Related topics
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Physical abuse
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3539:Domestic abuse
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:military draft
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3313:Family Process
3309:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3281:Mommie Dearest
3277:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3172:Black and Blue
3168:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3147:Sin by Silence
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3084:Deborah Tucker
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Elizabeth Celi
3056:
3051:
3046:
3044:Ruahine Albert
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3023:Linda Saltzman
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:United Kingdom
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
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2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2496:Economic abuse
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Cycle of abuse
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2253:(11 July 1997)
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2198:
2191:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2134:
2128:, p. 13,
2110:
2080:
2061:
2042:
2028:
2016:
2000:
1970:
1954:
1942:
1916:
1871:
1848:
1821:(1): 131–149.
1805:
1790:
1783:
1755:
1743:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1673:
1650:
1629:
1610:(5): 771–787.
1591:
1578:
1553:
1534:
1517:
1498:
1480:
1458:
1451:
1433:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1343:(1): 142–157.
1327:
1320:
1300:
1287:
1273:
1255:
1236:
1195:
1180:
1155:
1149:978-0826170996
1148:
1117:
1111:978-0826196781
1110:
1073:
1067:978-1506353227
1066:
1033:
1027:978-0826133496
1026:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
982:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
949:
946:
917:
914:
883:Tuvalu Islands
862:
859:
854:R. v. Lavallee
821:
818:
804:
801:
783:
782:
745:Similarly, in
710:
707:
690:
689:
683:
676:
670:
664:
534:as a defense.
523:
522:In legal cases
520:
502:
499:
498:
497:
486:
483:
480:
470:hypervigilance
463:
462:
460:
450:
441:
440:
438:
428:
416:
415:
413:
403:
378:
377:
367:
357:
348:
347:
337:
327:
321:
320:
310:
300:
298:for their life
290:
289:
281:
276:
260:
257:
232:
229:
203:(BPS) or even
198:gender-neutral
196:rather than a
180:
177:
92:
91:
85:
79:
78:
72:
68:
67:
61:
55:
54:
41:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3901:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Victimisation
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:Organizations
3367:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:Silent Voices
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:Documentaries
3102:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Donna Ferrato
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Angela Barker
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3028:Murray Straus
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Mary Ellsberg
3001:
2999:
2998:Emily Douglas
2996:
2994:
2993:Kenneth Dodge
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2944:United States
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Sibling abuse
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:Embarrassment
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2478:Psychological
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Honor killing
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Bride burning
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:0-8142-0521-6
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:0-226-16159-5
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2135:9781136742088
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1891:on 2005-07-19
1890:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1784:9780199696796
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1700:R v Ahluwalia
1696:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1452:9781943338078
1448:
1444:
1437:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1385:Walker, 1979.
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
945:
942:
938:
932:
927:
923:
916:United States
913:
909:
906:
904:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
800:
797:
795:
790:
788:
779:
778:
777:
774:
769:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
749:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
715:R v Ahluwalia
706:
702:
700:
696:
687:
684:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
661:
660:
659:
656:
654:
649:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
618:
613:
612:
611:R v Humphreys
607:
606:
605:R v Ahluwalia
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
519:
515:
513:
509:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
461:
451:
447:
443:
442:
439:
429:
426:
422:
418:
417:
414:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:of violence,
388:
384:
380:
379:
368:
358:
354:
350:
349:
338:
328:
323:
322:
311:
301:
297:
292:
291:
286:
271:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
199:
195:
189:
186:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:psychological
106:
102:
98:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
60:
56:
51:
45:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3889:Self-defense
3841:
3826:
3749:Minimisation
3744:Manipulation
3724:Exaggeration
3660:
3656:Verbal abuse
3636:Sexual abuse
3616:Social abuse
3586:Intimidation
3416:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3112:A Better Man
3110:
3018:Denise Hines
2909:South Africa
2904:Saudi Arabia
2723:Duluth model
2602:Bride-buying
2575:Verbal abuse
2525:Intimidation
2400:Marital rape
2365:Epidemiology
2283:
2274:(May, 1996)
2271:
2264:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2201:
2194:
2180:
2152:
2143:
2120:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2092:
2083:
2074:
2064:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1988:
1962:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1879:
1874:
1856:
1851:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1724:R v Charlton
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1632:
1607:
1603:
1586:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1474:
1470:
1442:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1418:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1239:
1215:(4): 13–25.
1212:
1208:
1198:
1183:
1169:
1134:
1096:
1052:
1012:
940:
939:
930:
919:
910:
907:
893:
891:
866:
864:
852:
846:
823:
814:jurisdiction
809:
806:
798:
793:
791:
784:
767:
763:
761:
757:R v Charlton
756:
754:
748:R v Thornton
746:
744:
732:marital rape
714:
712:
703:
691:
657:
652:
650:
642:
623:
621:2 AER 1023.
617:R v Thornton
615:
610:
604:
598:
590:
588:
582:
571:
560:
540:self-defense
536:
531:
525:
516:
510:rather than
508:helplessness
504:
474:
466:
391:unwanted sex
238:
236:Poisoning".
234:
225:
219:
215:
211:
209:
204:
200:
193:
190:
182:
164:self defense
159:
157:
141:
128:
100:
96:
95:
3799:Victimology
3774:Psychopathy
3596:Persecution
3571:Humiliation
3561:Gaslighting
3544:Elder abuse
3495:Child abuse
3376:Gulabi Gang
3298:Periodicals
3157:Other films
3079:Erin Pizzey
3074:Ellen Pence
2914:South Korea
2884:Philippines
2844:New Zealand
2673:Child abuse
2617:Elder abuse
2520:Gaslighting
2505:Humiliation
2448:Dowry death
2433:Acid attack
1927:, found at
892:Similarly,
875:New Zealand
861:New Zealand
836:eventually
824:In 1911 in
721:), created
673:provocation
608:4 AER 889;
591:provocation
583:provocation
556:Provocation
512:empowerment
490:omnipresent
395:degradation
383:Manipulated
353:Performance
294:The person
168:provocation
147:, who used
30:Other names
3868:Categories
3754:Narcissism
3576:Incivility
3566:Harassment
3249:Submission
3186:Bordertown
3064:Anne Cools
3054:Sarah Buel
2919:Tajikistan
2774:Bangladesh
2711:Prevention
2540:Mind games
1895:2006-01-17
1865:High Court
1644:2011-05-13
1572:2011-05-13
991:References
887:Wellington
869:(1998) 16
773:alcoholics
632:with the
494:omniscient
249:depression
44:Psychology
3729:Isolation
3549:Financial
3200:Daughters
3037:Activists
2981:Academics
2839:Lithuania
2769:Australia
2754:Argentina
2530:Isolation
1882:found at
1843:143826913
1835:0958-5184
1739:The Times
1624:145483033
1567:aaets.org
1231:244781266
803:Australia
599:R v Duffy
399:isolation
245:DSM-IV-TR
231:Diagnosis
183:In 1979,
89:Diagnosis
39:Specialty
3641:Stalking
3554:Marriage
3515:marriage
3510:military
3490:Bullying
3235:Provoked
2953:Religion
2924:Thailand
2874:Paraguay
2864:Pakistan
2799:Colombia
2661:Children
2637:Misogyny
2632:Misandry
2570:Stalking
2486:Bullying
2425:Physical
2140:archived
2054:Archived
2024:R v Fate
1935:Archived
1904:cite web
1689:: 43–62.
1365:17189503
1140:Springer
1102:Springer
1018:Springer
981:(C-PTSD)
948:See also
867:R v Fate
838:commuted
646:sentence
595:Devlin J
401:and more
385:through
274:Symptoms
259:Symptoms
172:insanity
113:physical
75:violence
65:Symptoms
59:Symptoms
3662:more...
3591:Neglect
3500:neglect
3401:Respect
3179:Blinded
2974:Experts
2889:Romania
2854:Nigeria
2804:Ecuador
2779:Bolivia
2764:Albania
2759:Armenia
2747:Country
2627:Lesbian
2588:Victims
2545:Nagging
2335:Outline
2328:General
2282:(1979)
2103:20 June
2093:FindLaw
1426:July 3,
1373:2709248
1345:Bibcode
896:(2002)
879:Nanumea
709:England
387:threats
3852:995.81
3709:Denial
3505:sexual
3396:Refuge
3207:Enough
2934:Uganda
2929:Turkey
2894:Russia
2869:Panama
2859:Norway
2849:Norway
2829:Mexico
2814:Guyana
2784:Brazil
2595:Adults
2387:Sexual
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1841:
1833:
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1024:
924:, the
903:Samoan
820:Canada
750:(No 2)
723:napalm
682:); and
619:(No 2)
563:murder
501:Causes
448:issues
287:(PTSD)
170:, and
125:995.81
123:(code
117:sexual
71:Causes
46:
3837:T74.1
3739:Lying
3472:Types
3464:Abuse
3410:Legal
3266:Books
3097:Media
2899:Samoa
2834:Kenya
2819:India
2809:Ghana
2794:China
2789:Chile
2379:Forms
2340:Abuse
1859:
1839:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1369:S2CID
1227:S2CID
768:Smith
296:fears
253:DSM-5
133:DSM-5
127:) as
121:ICD-9
115:, or
3847:9-CM
2879:Peru
2824:Iran
2463:Sati
2206:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2105:2022
1910:link
1878:See
1855:See
1831:ISSN
1779:ISBN
1670:(4).
1447:ISBN
1428:2017
1361:PMID
1341:1087
1316:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1022:ISBN
898:NZCA
871:CRNZ
847:The
730:and
624:The
576:and
492:and
87:see
63:see
3843:ICD
3828:ICD
1823:doi
1771:doi
1612:doi
1353:doi
1217:doi
865:In
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755:In
713:In
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550:or
542:or
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